Macro-micro coupled analysis of synchronous grouting in coarse-grained strata: CFD-DEM insights into ground settlement control and fabric evolution

Macro-micro coupled analysis of synchronous grouting in coarse-grained strata: CFD-DEM insights into ground settlement control and fabric evolution

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Chao Liu^a^,^b^,^*, Wei Chen^a, Delin Zhu^a, Junzuo He^a, Jie Cui^a^,^b, Xin Huang^c

Underground Space | 2026, 27 : 194 - 215

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Underground Space | 2026, 27: 194-215

• Research Paper •

Macro-micro coupled analysis of synchronous grouting in coarse-grained strata: CFD-DEM insights into ground settlement control and fabric evolution

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Chao Liu^a^,^b^,^*, Wei Chen^a, Delin Zhu^a, Junzuo He^a, Jie Cui^a^,^b, Xin Huang^c

Affiliations

^aSchool of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

^bGuangdong Engineering Research Center for Underground Infrastructural Protection in Coastal Clay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

^cDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Published: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.10.005

Outline

Abstract

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This study investigates the macro- and micro-mechanism of synchronous tail grouting in ground surface settlement (GSS) control of coarse-grained strata through a computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupled model, focusing on two grouting port configurations (Type I: upper-lower symmetrical layout; Type II: lateral staggered distribution) in six-grouting-port shield machines. Analyzing particle contact characteristics and force chain evolution patterns, the connection between particle-scale behavior and macroscale GSS during grouting is elucidated. Key findings demonstrate that grouting duration is the primary factor for GSS development. Grout injection disrupted the particle contacts and force-chain networks above the tunnel center, weakening natural arching and redistributing interparticle forces. The central axis of the soil-arching effect exhibited a strong linear correlation with the spatial position of the uppermost grouting port. The soil located 0.25D-0.5D (where D represents the tunnel diameter) from the tunnel centerline horizontally, exhibited heightened sensitivity to grouting, with a low fabric anisotropy (α) and oscillating principal direction (β) sharply between 0° and 180°, reflecting pronounced displacement and isotropy. This study provides theoretical support for intelligent shield machine selection and grouting strategy optimization in geotechnical engineering, with significant implications for soil displacement control in complex strata.

Key words

Synchronous grouting / CFD-DEM / Coarse-grained ground / Microstructure / Fabric evolution

Cite this Article

Chao Liu, Wei Chen, Delin Zhu, Junzuo He, Jie Cui, Xin Huang. Macro-micro coupled analysis of synchronous grouting in coarse-grained strata: CFD-DEM insights into ground settlement control and fabric evolution[J]. Underground Space, 2026 , 27 : 194 -215 . DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.10.005

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Funding

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National Natural Science Foundation of China(52020105002; 52178385)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024B1515040017)

Appendix

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Year 2026 volume 27 Issue 0

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Article Info

doi: 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.10.005

Receive Date：2025-04-27
Online Date：2026-06-17
Published：2026-04-10

Article Data

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History

Received：2025-04-27
Revised：2025-10-14
Accepted：2025-10-28

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52020105002; 52178385)

Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024B1515040017)

Affiliations

^aSchool of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

^bGuangdong Engineering Research Center for Underground Infrastructural Protection in Coastal Clay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

^cDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Corresponding:

^* School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail address: chaoliu@gzhu.edu.cn (C. Liu).

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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