Rare-earth permanent magnets (e.g., Sm-Co, Nd-Fe-B, Sm-Fe-N) are core components of high-performance magnetic materials, widely used in new energy, electronic information, and national defense. Compared with physical methods, chemical preparation techniques for rare-earth permanent magnets exhibit unique advantages such as atomic-level mixing, morphology controllability, and low-temperature synthesis, and are gradually becoming research hotspots. This review systematically summarized the research progress of chemical preparation technologies including the sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, co-precipitation method, thermal decomposition method, and emerging synthetic approaches. It analyzed the microstructure regulation mechanisms and magnetic performance optimization strategies, followed by discussion of current challenges and future development directions in this field.

With the rapid advancement of electronic information technology and accelerated replacement of electronic products, the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has continued to increase, becoming a major environmental and resource challenge worldwide. Efficient copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), a representative component of WEEE with high metal content, is particularly essential. This study focused on resource recovery of copper from WPCBs and systematically reviewed the main technological pathways currently applied, including physical-mechanical separation, thermal treatment, hydrometallurgical processing, and supercritical fluid extraction. Their performance was comparatively analyzed in terms of recovery efficiency, environmental impact, economic feasibility, and technical maturity. Results indicated that each technology exhibited distinct advantages in copper recovery, while several emerging technologies demonstrated strong potential to enhance recovery efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and mitigate secondary pollution. Based on these findings, the study proposed strategies to advance the high-value recycling of WPCBs, such as implementing multi-dimensional technology assessments, strengthening policy and financial support, establishing regional demonstration projects, developing localized green processes, and optimizing the recycling infrastructure. The novelty of this work lay in comparative analysis of multiple treatment technologies, comprehensive evaluation of their applicability to copper recovery, and formulation of systematic, context-specific countermeasures for China's WPCB recycling sector. These findings provided theoretical insights and technical guidance for promoting the sustainable and high-value utilization of WPCBs.

With the shortage of copper resources, bimetal matrix composites partly replacing copper with steel have high economic value. To combine high thermal conductivity of copper with high strength of stainless steel, this paper successfully prepared T1 copper/316L stainless steel composites by single-pass cold rolling. Effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and properties of T1 Cu/316L stainless steel composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy, hardness tests, tensile tests, tensile shear tests and electrical conductivity tests. Results showed that annealing can eliminate interface defects and improve interface structure. With the increase of annealing temperature, hardness and strength of copper/stainless steel composite materials gradually decreased, while elongation gradually increased, and electrical conductivity improved. After annealing at 700 ℃ for 2 h, excellent comprehensive properties can be obtained, with a yield strength of 539 MPa, a tensile strength of 689 MPa, an elongation of 33%, a shear strength of 191 MPa, and an electrical conductivity of 54.9%IACS.

Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) thin films, characterized by a high atomic number, tunable optical bandgap, and excellent photoelectric conversion performance, hold significant potential in advanced applications such as thin-film photovoltaic cells, infrared imaging, and high-energy radiation detection. However, achieving low-cost fabrication and high-quality film formation remains a critical challenge for their industrial deployment. In this work, we systematically reviewed the vapor deposition techniques for CdZnTe thin films. While methods such as physical vapor transport, vacuum thermal evaporation, hot-wall epitaxy, magnetron sputtering, and close spaced sublimation offer advantages in simplicity and cost-effectiveness, they suffer from issues such as poor film uniformity and high lattice defect density. In contrast, molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition enable atomic-level precision and superior lattice integrity, but are constrained by high process costs and complex equipment, limiting their scalability. To enhance the quality of CdZnTe thin films, this work highlighted three key optimization strategies: (1) refining growth parameters for precise process control, (2) improving heteroepitaxial quality through interfacial buffer layer design, and (3) mitigating intrinsic defects via annealing treatments. Ultimately, we concluded that balancing film performance with production costs and overcoming the technical challenges of large-area uniform film deposition would be critical for the future advancement of CdZnTe thin films.

Complex orebodies often exhibit intricate geometries, extensive branching and fault truncation, and the traditional practice of manually stitching wireframes one by one is inefficient and highly subjective. This paper proposed a refined and efficient modeling strategy tailored to complex orebody geometries. It formalized a signed distance field (SDF) definition and an efficient construction method based on contour lines, and implemented a hierarchical workflow—multi-wireframe automatic one-step modeling, local wireframe correction, and sporadic extrapolation modeling—that balanced automation with boundary fidelity. The method was validated on a structurally complex concession in the Democratic Republic of the Congo using the DIMINE platform. The overall modeling cycle was reduced from 230~440 h to 46~67 h. Over 170 mineralization models (≈1.91×10⁷ m³) and more than 180 orebody models (≈1.31×10⁷ m³) were successfully produced. Obtained models passed closure and topological validity checks with controllable errors. Results demonstrated that the proposed approach substantially improved automation for complex orebody modeling while retaining geometric accuracy at local mutation zones via secondary repairs, and thus offered a general technical path and implementation scheme for similar complex deposits.

With unique multi-principal element alloy system, medium and high entropy alloys exhibit a series of outstanding comprehensive properties: not only do they possess high strength and hardness, but they also have strong wear resistance and good chemical stability. In high-temperature environments, medium and high entropy alloys can still maintain stable structures and properties, and have excellent oxidation resistance. These properties make them widely used in aerospace, electronic processes, mechanical engineering and other fields. Due to the precise formula and uniform mixing of multiple elements involved in preparation of medium and high entropy alloys, there are extremely high requirements for purity of raw materials and accuracy of composition contents. At the same time, during the smelting process, in order to prevent problems such as composition segregation and non-uniform microstructure in medium and high entropy alloys, it is necessary to precisely control smelting parameters to ensure uniformity of the alloy composition and stability of the microstructure. This review sorted out a large number of domestic and international literatures. It summarized composition design of medium and high entropy alloys, and discussed preparation process of medium and high entropy alloy coatings and influence of process parameters on coating quality, providing references for innovation in material composition and structure of medium and high entroply alloy coatings.

To address challenges of high fluoride concentration and strong corrosivity in waste acid from nonferrous metal smelting flue gas purification, which hinder the automation of treatment processes, a novel defluoridation reagent (JCFRR001) was developed. This study investigated the defluoridation performance of the proposed reagent. Results showed that the reagent exhibited good adaptability under fluctuating concentrations of sulfuric acid (5~55 g/L) and fluoride ions (F⁻, 5~25 g/L), achieving a consistent reduction of F⁻ to below 2.5 g/L in treated waste acid. Treatment of actual waste acid further demonstrated that, with initial F⁻ concentrations ranging from 5.6 to 18.4 g/L, the effluent F⁻ concentration decreased to 0.97~2.49 g/L after defluoridation. Resulting fluorite slag contained 77.47%~88.21% CaF₂ by mass, meeting the FF-75 grade requirements for fluorite concentrate (YB/T 5217—2019). Moreover, the study confirmed that the front-end defluoridation process had no significant impact on subsequent sulfide-based heavy metal removal process, thereby providing technical support for the automation of waste acid treatment systems.