CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems
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2026, 10(1): 44-54
• Regular Paper •
Research on Power Factor Improvement of a PM Vernier In-Wheel Motor with Collaborative Design of PM and Armature Flux Linkage
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Zixuan Xiang1, Lei Peng1, Xiaoyong Zhu1, Jiaqiang Wei1, Zhe Yue1
Affiliations
1 the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
About Author:
Zixuan Xiang: Zixuan Xiang received the B.Sc. degree from Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China, in 2010, the M.Sc. and the Ph.D. degrees in power electronics and power transmission from the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, China, in 2017.
He is currently an associate professor in School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, China. His main research interests include design, optimization, and drive control of high performance permanent magnet motor and novel double mechanical port permanent magnet motor for application in modern electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
Lei Peng: Lei Peng graduated from Jiangsu University in China in 2021 with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering and is currently pursuing a master’s degree in electrical engineering.
His current research interests include the design and analysis of flux-modulated permanent magnet machines for electric vehicles (EVs).
Xiaoyong Zhu: Xiaoyong Zhu (M’09) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China, in 1997 and 2002, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2008.
He has been with Jiangsu University since 1999, where he is currently a professor with the School of Electrical Information Engineering. From 2007 to 2008, he was a research assistant with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. From 2012 to 2013, he was a visiting professor with the Department of Energy-Funded Graduate Automotive Technology Education Center for Electric Drive Transportation, University of Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan, USA. His current research interests include design and drive control of electric machines with wide-speed range, less rareearth permanent magnet motor, and multi-port permanent magnet motor. In these areas, he has authored and co-authored more than 70 referred technical papers, and holds 12 patents.
Jiaqiang Wei: Jiaqiang Wei received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 2021 from Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering.
His current research interests include design and analysis of flux-modulated permanent magnet machines for electric vehicles.
Zhe Yue: Zhe Yue received the B.Sc. Electrical Engineering and Automation from Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China, in 2023, where He is currently working towards the M.Sc. degree in control engineering. His current research interests include the control of permanent magnet synchronous motors.
doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2026.00001
Outline
Abstract—This paper proposes a collaborative design method for enhancing the power factor and torque of electric motors. First, the intrinsic relationship between flux linkage analysis of the permanent magnet (PM) and armature field and the power factor is explored. Then, the connection between flux linkage and harmonics is established, clarifying the mechanism for improving power factor and torque. Improvements are focused on the PM and permeance. Regarding the PM structure, employing a Y-shaped PM structure effectively increases PM utilization, reduces leakage flux at the outer ends, and enhances the PM flux linkage. Concerning permeance, stator tooth design is optimized to cooperatively improve permeance harmonics, reduce the non-working flux linkage of the armature field, and enhance the fundamental modulation wave of the armature field responsible for torque generation. This improves the power factor while maintaining motor torque. Finally, through PM structural design, the motor torque performance is optimized. Furthermore, the performance of the Y-shaped PM motor is evaluated. A prototype was manufactured and tested. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to a significant extent.
Permanent magnet vernier motor
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Flux linkage
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Power factor
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Torque
Zixuan Xiang, Lei Peng, Xiaoyong Zhu, Jiaqiang Wei, Zhe Yue.
Research on Power Factor Improvement of a PM Vernier In-Wheel Motor with Collaborative Design of PM and Armature Flux Linkage[J].
CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems,
2026
, 10
(1)
: 44
-54
.
DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2026.00001
Year 2026 volume 10 Issue 1
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doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2026.00001