CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems
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2026, 10(1): 1-15
• Frontier •
Dual-Axis Versus Single-Axis Excited Constant and Variable Speed Electric Generator and Synchronous Condenser Systems: A Review with Perspective
Full
Ion Boldea1, Adrian Daniel Martin2, Lucian Tutelea2
Affiliations
1 Romanian Academy, Timisoara Branch, Timișoara 300223, Romania;
2 Department of Electrical Engineering Politehnnica University Timișoara, Timișoara 300223, Romania
About Author:
Ion Boldea: Prof. Ion Boldea: IEEE member from 1977, IEEE Fellow (1996), Life Fellow since 2011. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University Politehnica of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania, in 1967 and 1973, respectively.
He is currently a Full Professor with the University Politehnica of Timisoara, Timisoara. He has authored or coauthored research papers extensively (291 papers, 5395 citation, H index: 40 in Web of Science) in linear and rotary electric machines, drives, and MAGLEVs. He has authored or coauthored numerous books, with 6000 entrances in libraries worldwide WorldCat.com).
Dr. Boldea was the recipient of the 2015 IEEE Nikola Tesla Award.
Adrian Daniel Martin: Adrian Daniel Martin (IEEE Member ’25) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University Politehnica Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania, in 2017 and 2023, respectively.
He is currently a Lecturer at Politehnica University Timisoara, a position he has held since 2024. Additionally, he serves as a MES MOM Automation Senior Analyst at Accenture, Romania, and leads the Student Information and Counseling Office at UPT. His professional background includes a research visiting period at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2024. He has authored numerous scientific papers in Web of Science and IEEE-indexed journals and proceedings. His doctoral research focused on improved induction machine torque observers and virtual loading. His research interests include real-time processing, condition monitoring, torque and electrical parameter analysis in industrial applications, and automation processes.
Dr. Martin actively contributes to the academic community through his teaching, administrative roles, and research in electrical engineering and automation.
Lucian Tutelea: Prof. Lucian Nicolae Tutelea (Member, IEEE) received the B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University Politehnica of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania, in 1989 and 1997, respectively.
He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electric Drives and Power Electronics, University Politehnica Timisoara. He was a Visiting Researcher with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark (1997, 1999, 2000 and 2006) and with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University from Seoul, South Korea, in 2004.
Prof. Tutelea main research interests include design, modeling and control of electric machines and drives.
doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2026.00010
Outline
Modern/distributed electric energy systems, with ever larger penetration of renewable (photovoltaic, wind, wave, and hydro) energy sources and time-variable outputs, are in need of stronger/higher frequency and alternating current (AC) (direct current (DC)) voltage control. In fact, faster and more stable active and reactive power in the presence of frequency and voltage sags and swells is needed. Power electronics-controlled variable speed generators do not have enough energy storage (inertia) for the scope (static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) included). This is because power electronics tends to decouple the generator from the power system. While virtual inertia control in doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) offers a partial solution to these problems, a more robust and comprehensive framework is required for advanced grid support. This is how, by extending the dual-excitation principles, the dualaxis excited electric synchronous generators (DE-SG) provide superior flexibility in two variants summarized here: as a multifunctional DFIG and dual-axis vs. single-axis excited synchronous generator (SG), and as a synchronous condenser (SC), with dual DC and AC excitation (as a no-load DFIG with inertia wheel), where variable speed is used to accelerate/decelerate the SC and thus provide additional assistance in frequency stabilization. These solutions, good for short-time transients, are not meant, however, to replace the large bidirectional energy storage systems (pump-hydro, hydrogen, batteries, etc.) which are crucial for the daily inherent variations of output energy in modern power systems with multiple power sources. The present paper offers a summary of techniques used in the dual-axis excited vs. single-axis excited SGs (SE-SGs), and SCs topologies, modeling, and control for better stability in modern multiple-source energy systems. This survey includes multiple case studies to shed light on prominent methods.
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG)
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Dualaxis excited electric synchronous generator (DE-SG)
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Dual-axis excited electric synchronous condenser (DE-SC)
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Grid stability
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Virtual inertia
Ion Boldea, Adrian Daniel Martin, Lucian Tutelea.
Dual-Axis Versus Single-Axis Excited Constant and Variable Speed Electric Generator and Synchronous Condenser Systems: A Review with Perspective[J].
CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems,
2026
, 10
(1)
: 1
-15
.
DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2026.00010
Year 2026 volume 10 Issue 1
PDF
122
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Article Info
doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2026.00010
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