Gas chromatography technology is an important analytical method in the detection of pesticide residues in food. It provides reliable technical support for food safety by separating and detecting pesticide components in samples. However, the technology faces challenges during its application, such as complex sample pretreatment, insufficient detection sensitivity and selectivity, and poor accuracy and reproducibility of results. To address these issues, this paper describes the application and optimization strategies of gas chromatography technology in the inspection of pesticide residues in food. These include optimizing sample pretreatment methods to improve detection efficiency, technological improvements to enhance detection sensitivity and selectivity, and quality control measures to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of test results. Through these optimization strategies, the application effect of gas chromatography technology in the detection of pesticide residues in food can be significantly improved, providing stronger technical support for ensuring food safety.