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To investigate the effects of different Ca2+ concentrations (control group, Ca1 0.86 mmol/L, Ca2 2.58 mmol/L, Ca3 17.2 mmol/L, Ca4 34.4 mmol/L) on the structure and physicochemical properties of catechin-ovalbumin amyloid fibril hydrogels (C-OVAF), conducted a systematic analysis using techniques such as thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, rheology, low-field NMR, particle size analysis, Zeta potential measurement, surface hydrophobicity assessment, antioxidant experiments, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular docking. The results showed that, compared with the control group, Ca2+ cross-linking significantly altered the secondary structure (α-helix increased from 6% in the control to 12% in Ca4, β-turns increased from 16% (control) to 29% (Ca4), β-sheets decreased from 50% (control) to 43% (Ca4), and random coils decreased from 28% (control) to 15% (Ca3). As Ca2+ concentration increased, the storage modulus (G') first rose and then fell, with the Ca2+ group exhibiting the highest G' (indicating the highest network density and elasticity). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed an increase in the proportion at this concentration, with significantly optimized water retention, the lowest surface hydrophobicity, and DPPH, ABTS+ radicals reached 61.9% and 53.4%, respectively, with optimal antioxidant activity, while the system's particle size and Zeta potential stabilized. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Ca2 group formed a regular, continuous network structure, and molecular docking confirmed that C-OVAF forms complexes via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, with Ca2+ in the Ca2 group enhancing intermolecular interactions through coordination. In summary, Ca2+ crosslinking significantly improves the structure and properties of C-OVAF hydrogels. A Ca2+ concentration of 2.58 mmol/L balances molecular intermolecular forces to simultaneously optimize water retention and antioxidant activity. This study provides theoretical guidance for the performance regulation, preparation optimization, and food processing applications of metal ion-crosslinked polyphenol-protein hydrogels.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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