Article(id=1321766534419165905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110337, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732550400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793063299040, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793063299040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793063299040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793063299040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=183, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321766534922482386, articleId=1321766534419165905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Different Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures on the Quality of Sourdough and Steamed Bread, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effect of fermentation with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the digestibility and sensory characteristics of steamed bread, four LAB starter cultures, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus reuteri were respectively employed for sourdough preparation. Commercial yeast was subsequently added for further fermentation and steamed bread production. The fermentation time, organic acid content, and inhibition rate of α-amylase in sourdough were investigated. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed on the in vitro starch digestibility, simulated in vitro fermentation products, and sensory attributes of the steamed bread. The results showed that the sourdough fermented by L. plantarum and L. fermentum took a shorter time to reach pH 4, thereby exhibited a higher fermentation efficiency. The L. fermentum sourdough contained the highest acetic acid content, and the L. rhamnosus sourdough contained the highest lactic acid content. All the 4 sourdoughs showed an inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity. The inhibition rate of L. fermentum sourdough was more than 2 times than that of other sourdoughs, reaching approximately 15.13%. In vitro starch digestion test indicated that the starch digestibility of L. reuteri steamed bread was higher than that of white steamed bread, whereas the digestibility of steamed bread fermented by other LAB was significantly lower. The proportion of rapidly digestible starch in L. fermentum steamed bread was 13.51%, which was 0.40 times that of white steamed bread. The proportion of resistant starch was 64.29%, which was about 1.70 times that of white steamed bread. In vitro fermentation test showed that L. plantarum steamed bread was more effective in increasing the amount of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared to others. L. fermentum showed the best effect on the proliferation of intestinal probiotics. Sensory characteristic analysis revealed that L. fermentum and L. reuteri improved the specific volume and texture of steamed bread more significantly than other cultures. The overall sensory evaluation of steamed bread fermented with L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. fermentum was superior to that of white steamed bread, with L. fermentum demonstrating a significant enhancement in the structure of the steamed bread and the electronic nose showed that its flavor was more unique. Additionally, the result of electronic tongue indicated that L. rhamnosus steamed bread had a more distinctive salty and umami taste. In summary, Lactobacillus fermentum demonstrates the most comprehensive improvement effects on both the digestive characteristics and sensory qualities of steamed bread.

, authors=Ming GAO1, Chengxiang WANG2, Meina ZHANG2, Xueying ZENG1, Shiwei LIU1, Yuanyuan LIU1, Xishan MA1, Fengfeng SUN2, Jia LIU1, Shenglin DUAN1, *, authorsList=Ming GAO, Chengxiang WANG, Meina ZHANG, Xueying ZENG, Shiwei LIU, Yuanyuan LIU, Xishan MA, Fengfeng SUN, Jia LIU, Shenglin DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shenglin DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321766539154535131, articleId=1321766534419165905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同乳酸菌发酵剂对馒头消化特性及感官品质的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究不同的乳酸菌发酵对馒头的消化特性及感官品质的影响,采用植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌4种乳酸菌发酵剂分别发酵制备酸面团,然后加入商业酵母继续发酵并制备馒头。考察了酸面团的发酵时间、有机酸含量和对α-淀粉酶的抑制率,同时对馒头的淀粉体外消化率,体外模拟发酵产物以及感官品质进行了比较分析。结果表明,植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌面团pH降至4的时间较短,发酵效率更高;发酵乳杆菌酸面团乙酸含量最高,鼠李糖乳杆菌酸面团的乳酸含量最多;4种酸面团均对α-淀粉酶有抑制作用,其中发酵乳杆菌酸面团的抑制率是其他酸面团的2倍以上,约为15.13%。通过体外淀粉消化试验发现,罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的淀粉消化率比白馒头更高,而其他乳杆菌馒头的消化率则明显更低;发酵乳杆菌馒头的快消化淀粉占比13.51%,仅为白馒头的0.40倍;抗性淀粉占比为64.29%,约为白馒头的1.70倍。通过体外模拟发酵试验发现,植物乳杆菌馒头更有助于提高肠道短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的含量;而发酵乳杆菌对肠道益生菌的增殖效果最佳。感官品质分析显示,发酵乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌对馒头比容及质构的改善相较于其他菌更为显著;鼠李糖乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌发酵馒头的整体感官评价优于白馒头,其中发酵乳杆菌对馒头的结构有明显改善,且电子鼻显示其风味更独特;电子舌结果显示鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的咸鲜味更有特点。综合而言,发酵乳杆菌对馒头消化特性及感官品质的改善效果最全面。

, authors=高铭1, 王成祥2, 张美娜2, 曾雪莹1, 刘士伟1, 刘园园1, 马喜山1, 孙锋锋2, 柳嘉1, 段盛林1, *, authorsList=高铭, 王成祥, 张美娜, 曾雪莹, 刘士伟, 刘园园, 马喜山, 孙锋锋, 柳嘉, 段盛林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=段盛林, authorNote=

高铭(1992−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:功能食品研发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
段盛林(1968−),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向:功能食品研发与健康管理研究,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2018, 42(3): e13551., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321766539976618716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321766539985007325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, companyId=1321766539976618716, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321766539993395934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, companyId=1321766539976618716, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司,北京 100015)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321766540291191519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321766540299580128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, companyId=1321766540291191519, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hebei Tongfu Health Industry Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 051430, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321766540312163041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, companyId=1321766540291191519, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2河北同福健康产业有限公司,河北石家庄 051430)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321766549208281889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes of starch digestibility and hydrolysis rate of steamed bread in vitro within 3 h, figureFileSmall=aE94HBa5hK8QMw4s2O/p3g==, figureFileBig=vDmGHISt0H9zT5MQGYMX5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766549535437603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=图1, caption=馒头在体外3 h模拟淀粉消化中水解率的变化, figureFileSmall=aE94HBa5hK8QMw4s2O/p3g==, figureFileBig=vDmGHISt0H9zT5MQGYMX5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766549732569892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Concentration of short chain fatty acids acetic acid (A), propionic acid (B), butyric acid (C), isobutyric acid (D) in fermentation supernatant, figureFileSmall=dSqIL0ZepbdtX8f1OrB1PQ==, figureFileBig=Bq44tRltvDENqjCto55IMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766549816455973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发酵上清液中短链脂肪酸乙酸(A)、丙酸(B)、正丁酸(C)、异丁酸(D)的浓度, figureFileSmall=dSqIL0ZepbdtX8f1OrB1PQ==, figureFileBig=Bq44tRltvDENqjCto55IMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766549887759142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Number of Bifidobacterium(A), Lactobacillus(B), Akkermansiamucinipila(C) and all bacteria (D) in the in vitro fermentation system, figureFileSmall=+P++xPcs0aDYiYAB5H0WVA==, figureFileBig=tbEKNQa6mQ/WtM8NxnxPsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766551611618087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=图3, caption=体外发酵各组双歧杆菌属(A)、乳酸菌属(B)、阿克曼氏菌(C)、总菌数量(D)

注:不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=+P++xPcs0aDYiYAB5H0WVA==, figureFileBig=tbEKNQa6mQ/WtM8NxnxPsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766551783584552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principal component analysis spot of electronic nose response curve of steamed bread, figureFileSmall=CO4WDnlMzVJf/NUYfroYag==, figureFileBig=6ZDus2GUI9m+AQR7QURBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766551884247849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=图4, caption=馒头电子鼻主成分分析图, figureFileSmall=CO4WDnlMzVJf/NUYfroYag==, figureFileBig=6ZDus2GUI9m+AQR7QURBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321766552001688362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequence of primers for intestinal microbiota

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目引物名称引物序列5’-3’
总菌Uni-FACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
Uni-RATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG
双歧杆菌属gBifi-FGTGGAATGTGTAGATATCGGGAAGA
gBifi-RATCCAGCRTCCACCGTTTAC
乳酸菌属gLac-FGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATCTTC
gLac-RGGCCAGTTACTACCTCTATCCTTCTTC
阿克曼氏菌sAkk-FCAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC
sAkk-RCCTT GCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552127517483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肠道菌群菌属引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目引物名称引物序列5’-3’
总菌Uni-FACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
Uni-RATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG
双歧杆菌属gBifi-FGTGGAATGTGTAGATATCGGGAAGA
gBifi-RATCCAGCRTCCACCGTTTAC
乳酸菌属gLac-FGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATCTTC
gLac-RGGCCAGTTACTACCTCTATCCTTCTTC
阿克曼氏菌sAkk-FCAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC
sAkk-RCCTT GCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552198820652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Criteria for sensory evaluation of steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评价标准评分(分)
外观表面光滑对称12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
表皮粗糙和硬皮质形状不对称4.0~7.0
色泽棕色、黄棕色、浅白色8.0~10.0
中等6.0~7.0
发黄、发灰、发暗4.0~5.0
结构纵剖面气孔小、均匀12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
气孔大而不均匀4.0~7.0
口感咀嚼爽口不黏牙12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
咀嚼不爽口、发黏4.0~7.0
气味清香无异味8.0~10.0
中等6.0~7.0
有异味4.0~5.0
回弹性用手指按复原性好12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
复原性差4.0~7.0
比容比容大于或等于2.30 mL/g20
比容小于2.30 mL/g<20,每少0.1扣1分
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552291095341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

馒头感官评价评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评价标准评分(分)
外观表面光滑对称12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
表皮粗糙和硬皮质形状不对称4.0~7.0
色泽棕色、黄棕色、浅白色8.0~10.0
中等6.0~7.0
发黄、发灰、发暗4.0~5.0
结构纵剖面气孔小、均匀12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
气孔大而不均匀4.0~7.0
口感咀嚼爽口不黏牙12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
咀嚼不爽口、发黏4.0~7.0
气味清香无异味8.0~10.0
中等6.0~7.0
有异味4.0~5.0
回弹性用手指按复原性好12.0~15.0
中等8.0~11.0
复原性差4.0~7.0
比容比容大于或等于2.30 mL/g20
比容小于2.30 mL/g<20,每少0.1扣1分
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552374981422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fermentation time, organic acid content and α-amylase inhibition rate of sour dough

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标植物乳
杆菌面团
发酵乳
杆菌面团
罗伊氏乳
杆菌面团
鼠李糖乳
杆菌面团
发酵时间(h)6.56.58.511
乳酸含量(mg/g)7.11±0.09c6.24±0.01b5.54±0.11a7.45±0.05d
乙酸含量(mg/g)−1.12±0.06c0.62±0.02b0.40±0.00a
α-淀粉酶抑制率(%)6.13±0.71a15.13±2.32b7.09±1.67a7.30±5.91a
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552442090287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酸面团发酵时间、有机酸含量及α-淀粉酶抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标植物乳
杆菌面团
发酵乳
杆菌面团
罗伊氏乳
杆菌面团
鼠李糖乳
杆菌面团
发酵时间(h)6.56.58.511
乳酸含量(mg/g)7.11±0.09c6.24±0.01b5.54±0.11a7.45±0.05d
乙酸含量(mg/g)−1.12±0.06c0.62±0.02b0.40±0.00a
α-淀粉酶抑制率(%)6.13±0.71a15.13±2.32b7.09±1.67a7.30±5.91a
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552546947888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Contents and proportion of RDS, SDS and RS in steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品快消化淀粉(%)慢消化淀粉(%)抗性淀粉(%)
BMT33.54±1.38c29.26±0.54b37.20±1.36b
LR48.34±4.08d28.44±1.78b23.22±3.51a
SR18.91±3.89b21.49±2.49a59.90±4.31cd
ZR22.72±4.51b22.38±0.23a55.41±4.91c
FR13.51±1.05a22.20±1.38a64.29±2.29d
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552630833969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

馒头快消化、慢消化及抗性淀粉含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品快消化淀粉(%)慢消化淀粉(%)抗性淀粉(%)
BMT33.54±1.38c29.26±0.54b37.20±1.36b
LR48.34±4.08d28.44±1.78b23.22±3.51a
SR18.91±3.89b21.49±2.49a59.90±4.31cd
ZR22.72±4.51b22.38±0.23a55.41±4.91c
FR13.51±1.05a22.20±1.38a64.29±2.29d
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552706331442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Specific volume and texture properties of steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别比容(mL/g)硬度(N)弹性(%)内聚性(%)黏性咀嚼性回复性(%)
BMT2.13±0.03a92.37±5.57c92.07±5.57a83.77±11.97a7779.9±2845.85c71.89±30.15c33.11±1.75a
ZR2.50±0.05c63.69±18.49b95.39±1.21a83.14±15.99a5343.75±2503.09bc51.02±24.46bc37.91±3.69b
FR3.00±0.05e26.61±4.58a97.98±2.24b84.69±16.00a2265.45±802.78a22.20±7.91a45.45±7.14c
LR2.825±0.13d31.20±8.10a95.77±5.08ab83.38±15.70a2621.56±1112.06a25.20±11.76ab38.35±4.76b
SR2.41±0.06b49.37±6.37b95.75±2.35ab81.40±15.00a4034.42±1229.22b38.68±12.59ab36.11±4.26ab
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552786023219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

馒头的比容和质构分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别比容(mL/g)硬度(N)弹性(%)内聚性(%)黏性咀嚼性回复性(%)
BMT2.13±0.03a92.37±5.57c92.07±5.57a83.77±11.97a7779.9±2845.85c71.89±30.15c33.11±1.75a
ZR2.50±0.05c63.69±18.49b95.39±1.21a83.14±15.99a5343.75±2503.09bc51.02±24.46bc37.91±3.69b
FR3.00±0.05e26.61±4.58a97.98±2.24b84.69±16.00a2265.45±802.78a22.20±7.91a45.45±7.14c
LR2.825±0.13d31.20±8.10a95.77±5.08ab83.38±15.70a2621.56±1112.06a25.20±11.76ab38.35±4.76b
SR2.41±0.06b49.37±6.37b95.75±2.35ab81.40±15.00a4034.42±1229.22b38.68±12.59ab36.11±4.26ab
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552869909300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Specific volume and texture properties of steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CH酸苦涩后苦后涩鲜丰富度咸味甜味
参比0f0a0f0a0b0a0e0a0c
SR−41.85±0.09a1.45±0.32c−7.36±0.09b0.16±0.12ab−0.54±0.09a12.84±0.03f−1.32±0.03b9.62±0.04f−0.38±0.28bc
ZR−34.4±0.02e1.35±0.23c−5.41±0.04e0.04±0.06a−0.44±0.08a8.59±0.06c−1.04±0.05c5.47±0.06c−1.43±0.17a
FR−36.52±0.08c1.03±0.17c−6.41±0.03c0.22±0.05b−0.44±0.05a9.31±0.06d−1.14±0.04c7.01±0.09d−1.47±0.12a
LR−41.61±0.04b−0.03±0.09a−7.79±0.08a0.67±0.17c−0.07±0.08b11.59±0.14e−1.41±0.04a8.69±0.1e−0.82±0.12b
BMT−34.68±0.04d0.37±0.07b−6.16±0.08d0.4±0.14bc0.07±0.06b7.78±0.09b−1.01±0.05d3.86±0.06b2.55±0.01d
), ArticleFig(id=1321766552974766901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

馒头的电子舌味觉值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CH酸苦涩后苦后涩鲜丰富度咸味甜味
参比0f0a0f0a0b0a0e0a0c
SR−41.85±0.09a1.45±0.32c−7.36±0.09b0.16±0.12ab−0.54±0.09a12.84±0.03f−1.32±0.03b9.62±0.04f−0.38±0.28bc
ZR−34.4±0.02e1.35±0.23c−5.41±0.04e0.04±0.06a−0.44±0.08a8.59±0.06c−1.04±0.05c5.47±0.06c−1.43±0.17a
FR−36.52±0.08c1.03±0.17c−6.41±0.03c0.22±0.05b−0.44±0.05a9.31±0.06d−1.14±0.04c7.01±0.09d−1.47±0.12a
LR−41.61±0.04b−0.03±0.09a−7.79±0.08a0.67±0.17c−0.07±0.08b11.59±0.14e−1.41±0.04a8.69±0.1e−0.82±0.12b
BMT−34.68±0.04d0.37±0.07b−6.16±0.08d0.4±0.14bc0.07±0.06b7.78±0.09b−1.01±0.05d3.86±0.06b2.55±0.01d
), ArticleFig(id=1321766553079624502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of sensory evaluation of steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类外观色泽结构口感气味回弹性比容总评分
BMT13.05±2.77a7.9±1.40a11.40±2.71a12.10±2.75a8.20±1.74a11.90±1.89a1882.55±4.80a
ZR13.40±2.56a8.45±2.12a11.80±2.33ab11.10±2.75a8.80±2.15a12.40±2.04ab2085.95±4.43ab
FR12.65±2.45a8.55±1.70a13.30±2.54c11.25±2.06a8.75±1.75a13.00±2.19b2087.50±4.45b
SR13.55±2.39a8.75±2.06a11.80±2.65ab11.65±2.10a8.05±2.39a12.70±2.20ab2086.5±4.72b
LR12.60±1.33a8.10±1.66a12.70±2.20bc12.00±2.00a8.20±1.96a12.60±2.40ab2086.2±4.61b
), ArticleFig(id=1321766553184482103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766534419165905, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

馒头感官评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类外观色泽结构口感气味回弹性比容总评分
BMT13.05±2.77a7.9±1.40a11.40±2.71a12.10±2.75a8.20±1.74a11.90±1.89a1882.55±4.80a
ZR13.40±2.56a8.45±2.12a11.80±2.33ab11.10±2.75a8.80±2.15a12.40±2.04ab2085.95±4.43ab
FR12.65±2.45a8.55±1.70a13.30±2.54c11.25±2.06a8.75±1.75a13.00±2.19b2087.50±4.45b
SR13.55±2.39a8.75±2.06a11.80±2.65ab11.65±2.10a8.05±2.39a12.70±2.20ab2086.5±4.72b
LR12.60±1.33a8.10±1.66a12.70±2.20bc12.00±2.00a8.20±1.96a12.60±2.40ab2086.2±4.61b
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不同乳酸菌发酵剂对馒头消化特性及感官品质的影响
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高铭 1 , 王成祥 2 , 张美娜 2 , 曾雪莹 1 , 刘士伟 1 , 刘园园 1 , 马喜山 1 , 孙锋锋 2 , 柳嘉 1 , 段盛林 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(8): 183-192
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (8) : 183 -192
不同乳酸菌发酵剂对馒头消化特性及感官品质的影响
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高铭1 , 王成祥2, 张美娜2, 曾雪莹1, 刘士伟1, 刘园园1, 马喜山1, 孙锋锋2, 柳嘉1, 段盛林1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司,北京 100015
  • 2河北同福健康产业有限公司,河北石家庄 051430
通讯作者:
段盛林(1968−),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向:功能食品研发与健康管理研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

高铭(1992−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:功能食品研发,E-mail:

Effect of Different Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures on the Quality of Sourdough and Steamed Bread
Ming GAO1 , Chengxiang WANG2, Meina ZHANG2, Xueying ZENG1, Shiwei LIU1, Yuanyuan LIU1, Xishan MA1, Fengfeng SUN2, Jia LIU1, Shenglin DUAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
  • 2Hebei Tongfu Health Industry Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 051430, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110337
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为研究不同的乳酸菌发酵对馒头的消化特性及感官品质的影响,采用植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌4种乳酸菌发酵剂分别发酵制备酸面团,然后加入商业酵母继续发酵并制备馒头。考察了酸面团的发酵时间、有机酸含量和对α-淀粉酶的抑制率,同时对馒头的淀粉体外消化率,体外模拟发酵产物以及感官品质进行了比较分析。结果表明,植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌面团pH降至4的时间较短,发酵效率更高;发酵乳杆菌酸面团乙酸含量最高,鼠李糖乳杆菌酸面团的乳酸含量最多;4种酸面团均对α-淀粉酶有抑制作用,其中发酵乳杆菌酸面团的抑制率是其他酸面团的2倍以上,约为15.13%。通过体外淀粉消化试验发现,罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的淀粉消化率比白馒头更高,而其他乳杆菌馒头的消化率则明显更低;发酵乳杆菌馒头的快消化淀粉占比13.51%,仅为白馒头的0.40倍;抗性淀粉占比为64.29%,约为白馒头的1.70倍。通过体外模拟发酵试验发现,植物乳杆菌馒头更有助于提高肠道短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的含量;而发酵乳杆菌对肠道益生菌的增殖效果最佳。感官品质分析显示,发酵乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌对馒头比容及质构的改善相较于其他菌更为显著;鼠李糖乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌发酵馒头的整体感官评价优于白馒头,其中发酵乳杆菌对馒头的结构有明显改善,且电子鼻显示其风味更独特;电子舌结果显示鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的咸鲜味更有特点。综合而言,发酵乳杆菌对馒头消化特性及感官品质的改善效果最全面。

乳酸菌  /  酸面团  /  馒头  /  淀粉体外消化  /  体外模拟发酵  /  感官评价

In order to investigate the effect of fermentation with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the digestibility and sensory characteristics of steamed bread, four LAB starter cultures, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus reuteri were respectively employed for sourdough preparation. Commercial yeast was subsequently added for further fermentation and steamed bread production. The fermentation time, organic acid content, and inhibition rate of α-amylase in sourdough were investigated. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed on the in vitro starch digestibility, simulated in vitro fermentation products, and sensory attributes of the steamed bread. The results showed that the sourdough fermented by L. plantarum and L. fermentum took a shorter time to reach pH 4, thereby exhibited a higher fermentation efficiency. The L. fermentum sourdough contained the highest acetic acid content, and the L. rhamnosus sourdough contained the highest lactic acid content. All the 4 sourdoughs showed an inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity. The inhibition rate of L. fermentum sourdough was more than 2 times than that of other sourdoughs, reaching approximately 15.13%. In vitro starch digestion test indicated that the starch digestibility of L. reuteri steamed bread was higher than that of white steamed bread, whereas the digestibility of steamed bread fermented by other LAB was significantly lower. The proportion of rapidly digestible starch in L. fermentum steamed bread was 13.51%, which was 0.40 times that of white steamed bread. The proportion of resistant starch was 64.29%, which was about 1.70 times that of white steamed bread. In vitro fermentation test showed that L. plantarum steamed bread was more effective in increasing the amount of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared to others. L. fermentum showed the best effect on the proliferation of intestinal probiotics. Sensory characteristic analysis revealed that L. fermentum and L. reuteri improved the specific volume and texture of steamed bread more significantly than other cultures. The overall sensory evaluation of steamed bread fermented with L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. fermentum was superior to that of white steamed bread, with L. fermentum demonstrating a significant enhancement in the structure of the steamed bread and the electronic nose showed that its flavor was more unique. Additionally, the result of electronic tongue indicated that L. rhamnosus steamed bread had a more distinctive salty and umami taste. In summary, Lactobacillus fermentum demonstrates the most comprehensive improvement effects on both the digestive characteristics and sensory qualities of steamed bread.

lactic acid bacteria  /  sourdough  /  steamed bread  /  starch digestion in vitro  /  simulation fermentation in vitro  /  sensory evaluation
高铭, 王成祥, 张美娜, 曾雪莹, 刘士伟, 刘园园, 马喜山, 孙锋锋, 柳嘉, 段盛林. 不同乳酸菌发酵剂对馒头消化特性及感官品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 183 -192 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110337
Ming GAO, Chengxiang WANG, Meina ZHANG, Xueying ZENG, Shiwei LIU, Yuanyuan LIU, Xishan MA, Fengfeng SUN, Jia LIU, Shenglin DUAN. Effect of Different Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures on the Quality of Sourdough and Steamed Bread[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 183 -192 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110337
馒头是深受我国人们喜爱的传统主食。近年来,随着国家经济的快速发展和消费升级的趋势,人们的健康饮食理念不断提高,越来越多的消费者将健康营养作为购买食品的主要考虑因素之一。风味多元、营养均衡的馒头更加受到消费者喜爱。其中,使用酸面团制备的老面馒头因具有一定的健康功效且风味独特,得到了广泛关注。
酸面团根据具体的发酵工艺可分为三种类型:Ⅰ型采用传统自然发酵法,通过面粉与水的混合实现微生物(乳酸菌、酵母菌等)的自然富集与发酵,例如老面;Ⅱ型利用乳酸菌或乳酸菌复配酵母菌对原料进行发酵;Ⅲ型则是在Ⅱ型基础上经干燥处理制得的。通过酸面团发酵,不仅可以改善面制品的组织结构、营养成分和感官特性,还能增加部分生物活性物质的含量,延缓淀粉水解,延长产品的保质期限,提高矿物质的生物利用率[1−2]。
酸面团面制品在制备过程中主要参与发酵的微生物是酵母菌和乳酸菌,其中酵母菌的发酵作用主要是产生气体,使面团蓬松,而乳酸菌则通过发酵产生了有机酸、胞外多糖、酶类等多种代谢产物[3−4]。有机酸可抑制α-淀粉酶活性,促使淀粉结构重组并提升抗性淀粉含量,从而有效稳定餐后血糖波动[5−6];同时,发酵产生的醇类、醛类、酯类及氨基类等风味物质能显著提升产品的风味层次与味觉丰富度[7]。乳酸菌发酵过程还能优化蛋白与淀粉的溶解特性,延缓面团老化进程,增强保水能力与粘弹性[8]。此外,酸面团制备的馒头或酸面包中存在无活性的乳酸菌及其代谢物(后生元),可调节肠道菌群平衡,对维护肠道健康具有积极意义[9−10]。与仅依赖酵母发酵的普通馒头相比,乳酸菌发酵剂在改善面团功能特性、优化产品感官品质及强化健康功效方面具有不可替代的核心作用。
酸面团中乳酸菌种类繁多,目前已在传统酸面团中鉴定出80余种乳酸菌[4,11]。其中,植物乳杆菌可显著改善面制品整体品质,在国内外应用最为广泛[12−15];鼠李糖乳杆菌能有效分解谷物膳食纤维,改善产品功能特性[16];发酵乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌则对产品的质构优化和风味提升具有积极作用[17−19]。尽管已有相关研究探讨了单一或复配乳酸菌发酵对酸面团面制品品质及风味的影响,但在同一发酵工艺条件下,不同乳酸菌发酵对馒头品质、消化特性以及其他健康功效的影响的对比研究存在空白,乳酸菌中对面制品品质改良、淀粉酶消化特性改善以及维护肠道健康等方面的优势菌还未明确。因此本文选取上述4种乳酸菌分别发酵酸面团并制备馒头,探究4种乳酸菌发酵对馒头品质的影响,为馒头的工业化、标准化生产及商业化发展提供理论依据。
小麦粉 益海嘉里香满园美味富强小麦粉;食用碱 北京古松经贸有限公司;高活性酵母(低糖型) 安琪酵母(亦峰)有限公司;罗伊氏乳杆菌GL-104(活力1500亿CFU/g)、发酵乳杆菌TFS331(活力1500亿CFU/g) 锦乔生物科技有限公司;植物乳杆菌Lp90(活力10000亿CFU/g)、鼠李糖乳杆菌LRa05(活力6000亿CFU/g) 微康益生菌(苏州)股份有限公司;唾液淀粉酶(5 U/mg)、胃蛋白酶(250 U/mg)、胰酶(4×USP)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(120 U/mg)、α-淀粉酶(10.2 U/mg) 美国Sigma-aldrich公司;3号胆盐 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;可溶性淀粉、3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)试剂、淀粉含量检测试剂盒(BC0705)、黏蛋白、L-半胱氨酸 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;F00-1-1葡萄糖测定试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;磷酸盐(PBS)试剂 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;蛋白胨、酵母提取物 奥博星生物技术有限公司;乙醚 色谱纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;其他化学试剂均为分析纯,北京化工厂。
TS-5000Z型电子舌 日本Insent公司;FOX 4000型电子鼻 法国Alpha M.O.S公司;20 mL顶空瓶 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司;刺入式pH检测计 东莞万创电子制品有限公司;ARB120型电子天平 美国OHAUS公司;SEC-P型恒温培养箱 江苏三麦食品机械有限公司;HM740型和面机 Hauswirt厨师机;TA.XTplus型质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;GC-2010型气相色谱仪、LC-20A型高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津公司;LG-1.0型冻干机 沈阳航天新阳速冻设备制造有限公司;L18-P510型高速破壁调理机 九阳股份有限公司;HC-3018R型离心机 安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司;CFX Connect Real-Time PCR系统 美国BIO-RAD公司。
将500 g面粉、260 g水、菌粉(按照每克面粉对应0.3亿CFU活力折算)混合均匀,使用和面机将面团揉制光滑,于37 ℃,湿度90%的条件下发酵至pH4[20−21],分别制备植物乳杆菌酸面团、发酵乳杆菌酸面团、罗伊氏乳杆菌酸面团及鼠李糖乳杆菌酸面团。面团pH通过刺入式pH计进行测试。
冻干样品制备:使用冻干机制备4种酸面团的冻干粉,将100 g酸面团置于−50 ℃速冻仓预冻4 h后,在冷阱温度<−40 ℃,真空压力为50 Pa的真空条件下进行冻干,结束后将样品进行粉碎,过60目筛,得到酸面团冻干粉。参照Rizzello等[22]的方法,取10 g酸面团冻干粉,溶解于40 mL 蒸馏水中,在20 ℃、250 W下超声提取2 h,混合物在4 ℃、10000×g下离心10 min,而后取2 mL上清液在4 ℃、10000×g下离心30 min,最后取上清液置于液相瓶中待测。在25 ℃、0.8 mL/min 的流速下,使用C18柱(5 μm×4.6 mm×250 mm)通过超高效液相色谱法测定酸面团中的乳酸和乙酸含量。0.1%磷酸作为流动相,注射量为10 μL。使用紫外检测器(214 nm)进行检测。
参考1.2.1酸面团的制备方法,制备不加菌粉且不经过发酵的白面团。取白面团和4种乳酸菌面团上锅蒸25 min,蒸熟后经冻干、打粉(冻干工艺参考1.2.2),分别为空白组和样品组。参照吴小霞[21]的方法进行操作,其中空白背景组和样品背景组不添加α-淀粉酶酶液;酶标仪测定540 nm处吸光度值以A表示,α-淀粉酶抑制率的计算公式如下:
$ \alpha\text{-}淀粉酶抑制率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{样品}-{\text{A}}_{样品背景}}{{\text{A}}_{空白}-{\text{A}}_{空白背景}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A样品、A样品背景、A空白、A空白背景分别表示样品组、样品背景组、空白组、空白背景组在540 nm处的吸光度值。
参考传统老面馒头配方制备植物乳杆菌馒头(ZR)、发酵乳杆菌馒头(FR)、罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头(LR)、鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头(SR),添加小麦粉500 g、酸面团200 g、酵母1 g、碱1.6 g、水248 g,混合均匀,使用和面机将面团揉制光滑;参考传统白馒头配方制备白馒头(BMT),添加面粉624 g、酵母1 g、水324 g,混合均匀,使用和面机将面团揉制光滑。揉制好的面团均在37 ℃ 90%的温度湿度条件下醒发1 h,然后上锅蒸25 min,4种乳酸菌馒头及白馒头制备完成。
4种乳酸菌馒头经冻干成冻干粉样品后,根据淀粉含量检测试剂盒提供的操作方法及试剂进行淀粉含量的检测。
参考Brodkorb等[23]和Ding等[24]的方法配制模拟口腔液、胃液、小肠液。根据1.2.5.1的测试结果,分别称取含200 mg淀粉的BMT、ZR、FR、LR、SR样品按1:1(W/W)加入模拟口腔液混匀,于200 r/min、37 ℃条件下模拟口腔消化2 min。而后将混合好的样品转移至溶出试验仪中并加入10 mL的模拟胃液,在200 r/min、37 ℃条件下模拟胃消化阶段1 h,随后加入NaOH将消化液调至pH7.0终止胃消化,并加入20 mg淀粉葡萄糖苷酶与10 mL模拟肠液充分混匀,于模拟肠消化阶段的0、20、40、60、90、120、150、180 min时间点吸取样品500 μL到10 mL离心管中,加入4.5 mL无水乙醇灭酶。将灭酶后的样品于5000 r/min离心5 min取上清液,用葡萄糖试剂盒测定样品中葡萄糖浓度,测三次平行,取平均值。消化时间为t时的淀粉水解率计算公式如下:
$ \text{水解率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{×0.9}}{\text{TS}}\text{×100} $
式中:0.9为淀粉与葡萄糖的质量转换系数;Gt是模拟肠道消化时间为t时产生的葡萄糖的量(mg);TS为样品中总淀粉的含量(mg)。
根据消化时间,整个消化过程可分为三个阶段:0~20 min消化水解的淀粉属于快消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS),20~120 min内消化水解的是慢消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch,SDS),而120 min内都未被水解的是抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)[25]。参考Wang等[26]的方法,计算馒头中的RDS、SDS及RS的比例:
$ \text{RDS}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{G}}_{20\;\min }\text{×0.9}}{\text{TS}}\text{×100} $
$ \text{SDS}(\text{%})=\frac{{(\mathrm{G}}_{120\;\min }-{\mathrm{G}}_{20\;\min }\text{)×0.9}}{\text{TS}}\text{×100} $
$ \text{RS}(\text{%})=\frac{{(\text{TS}-{\mathrm{G}}_{120\min }\times 0.9)}_{}}{\text{TS}}\text{×100} $
式中:0.9为淀粉与葡萄糖的质量转换系数,G20 min、G120 min分别是模拟肠道消化时间为20 min和120 min时产生的葡萄糖的量(mg),TS为样品中总淀粉的含量(mg)。
参考Tedeschi等[27]、Ding等[24]及Chen等[28]的方法,具体试验步骤:新鲜的粪便样本由4名健康志愿者(没有消化系统疾病,近3个月内没有服用抗生素和益生元补充剂)提供。将收集到的粪便样品与pH7.0无菌PBS缓冲液以1:9(w/v)混合稀释,均质10 min,粪便混合液1000 r/min,离心10 min去除杂质,留取上层浑浊液为粪便发酵液备用;配制1 L发酵培养基,准确称量以下成分:NaCl 0.1 g,K2HPO4 0.04 g,KH2PO4 0.04 g,MgSO4 0.01 g,CaCl2 0.01 g,NaHCO3 2 g,蛋白胨2.5 g,酵母提取物4 g,葡萄糖 0.4 g,黏蛋白 2 g,胆盐 0.5 g,Cysteine HCl 0.46 g,Tween-80 2 mL,混合后调至pH7.0(0.5 mol/L HCl),121 ℃高压湿热灭菌15 min,冷却后备用;在厌氧培养箱中,将馒头冻干粉配制为10%(V/V)的溶液,在10 mL无菌离心管中加入4 mL发酵培养基,0.5 mL粪便发酵液和0.5 mL的不同样品液,混匀后密封,并转移至37 ℃的厌氧恒温培养箱中发酵,以等体积的蒸馏水代替样品组设为空白对照组。在发酵的0、6、12、24和48 h时收集4管以上发酵液,12000 r/min离心10 min,发酵上清液和发酵沉淀分开保存于-80 ℃冰箱,用于后续SCFAs分析和菌群数量分析。
样品处理:将发酵上清液从−80 ℃冰箱取出解冻,充分涡旋后,取800 μL发酵上清液并加入50%硫酸溶液200 μL,立即加入1 mL乙醚,振荡涡旋10 s后,冰上静置10 min,4 ℃、12000 r/min离心10 min,离心结束后轻轻加入无水CaCl2吸水后,吸取上层有机相转移到进样瓶中,过膜(尼龙膜0.22 μm),待上机测定。
标准品处理:将系列短链脂肪酸标准品用乙醚配制为4种不同浓度梯度的标准品溶液,过膜(尼龙膜0.22 μm),待上机测定。
气相检测:采用CD-2560色谱柱,测定乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和异戊酸的峰面积,作浓度关于峰面积的标准曲线。具体气相检测参数如下:检测器为氢火焰检测器(Flame ionization detector,FD),载气为N2,流速30 mL/min,分流比1:10,空气流速400 mL/min,H2流速为40 mL/min。检测器温度250 ℃,进样口温度250 ℃,色谱柱初始温度130 ℃(5 min),升温至240 ℃(4 ℃/min)保持20 min。进样量1 μL,重复3次,作不同浓度SCFAs关于峰面积的标准曲线。同样的方法检测样品峰面积,代入标准曲线得到样品中不同SCFAs的浓度。
丁酸:y=674663x−9751.3,R2=0.9991;异戊酸:y=10000000x−2859.9,R2=0.9993;乙酸:y=301748x−302.63,R2=0.999;丙酸:y=10000000x−2025.7,R2=0.9995。
采用实时荧光定量绝对定量法测定样品发酵沉淀中乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia mucinipila)等有益菌数量。采用上述菌种和总菌的相对应特异性扩增引物,构建各菌种的质粒标准品作为扩增模板,利用特异性引物进行实时荧光绝对定量PCR(qPCR),该反应采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR系统进行测定,实时荧光定量PCR反应体系为20 μL,其中SYBR qPCR Master mix 10 μL,10 μmol/L上下游引物各0.4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,去离子水补足至20 μL。反应程序:94 ℃预变性2 min;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,40个循环。利用Cq值计算拷贝数,结果用lg(copies·mL-1)表示,菌种引物序列见表1。
比容:将制成的馒头置于室温冷却1 h,采用小米置换法[29]测定馒头的体积,比容(mL/g)=体积/质量。
质构:馒头置于室温冷却1 h后将馒头的顶部和底部去掉,取馒头的中间部位,切成一个厚度为2 cm、切面直径约为4±0.3 cm的均匀薄片。用质构仪测量馒头的质构特性,测试使用TPA模式[30],SMS P/36R的探头。参数设置为:测试前的速度1 mm/s,测试速度1 mm/s,测试后的速度5 mm/s,压缩时间5 s,探头的触发力5 g。在测试时,馒头片放置时应保持馒头的中心与探头的中心在同一垂直线上,以免使探头受力不均而影响实验结果的正确性。随后通过软件分析出馒头的质构特性参数值,包括:硬度、弹性、内聚性、黏性、咀嚼性及回复性。
取100 g馒头,加300 g水,用高速破壁调理机打成均匀浆液,用小型冷冻离心机在3000 r/min转速下离心10 min,取上清液,用Insent电子舌检测样品的酸味、甜味、苦味、咸味、鲜味、涩味、苦回味、涩回味及丰富度。
Alpha M.O.S电子鼻包含18个传感器,可采集样品的18种气味响应值。采集时间120 s,数据采集延迟1080 s,进样量5000 μL,进样速度1000 μL/s。自动进样仪参数:孵化器150 s;孵化温度80 ℃;注射器温度90 ℃。每个样品做4组平行。
培训并筛选出10名具有食品专业知识及良好感官敏锐性的评价员组成评审组,参考GB/T 35991-2018《粮油检验 小麦粉馒头加工品质评价》及谢水琪等[31]针对乳酸菌发酵馒头的感官评价方法,依据色泽、口感、外观、气味等方面对馒头进行评价,评分细则如表2所示,总评分取10位评价员的平均值。
实验重复3~4次;电子鼻数据通过Alpha Soft 12.45版数据处理软件对数据进行主成分分析,采用Origin 2022软件进行绘图,通过SPSS(IBM Statistics 22.0)软件进行显著性分析,P<0.05表示显著性差异。
如表3所示,不同乳酸菌的产酸效率存在明显差异。其中,植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌的产酸效率较强,能使面团pH迅速降至4;而鼠李糖乳杆菌的产酸效率最低。
乳酸菌发酵酸面团产生的有机酸主要包括乳酸和乙酸。当pH为4时,酸面团中乳酸含量普遍高于乙酸,具体含量因菌种类型而异:兼性异型发酵菌(鼠李糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌)主要生成乳酸,而专性异型发酵菌(发酵乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌)产生了更多的乙酸[32]。4种乳酸菌产生的乳酸、乙酸含量存在显著差异,其中鼠李糖乳杆菌产生的乳酸最多,发酵乳杆菌产生的乙酸最多。
此时,与未发酵的白面团相比,四种酸面团均体现出了对α-淀粉酶的明显抑制作用;其中,发酵乳杆菌面团的抑制率高达15.13%,是其他酸面团抑制率的2倍以上。当酸面团酸化至pH<4.5时,部分淀粉分子发生重排并形成更致密的堆积结构,酸面团中直链淀粉含量、抗性淀粉含量和聚合度显著提高,导致α-淀粉酶活性被抑制[21,33]。将酸面团应用于后续的馒头制备有助于降低馒头的淀粉消化率[21]。
综上所述,不同的单一乳酸菌发酵对酸面团性质(酸化效率、有机酸含量及对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用)的影响存在差异。分析不同乳酸菌的发酵特性,对酸面团的应用优化具有重要的指导意义。
通过淀粉体外消化试验模拟了馒头在体内的淀粉消化情况,整体水解率的变化如图1所示,所有样品的水解率均随消化时间的延长而逐渐升高。馒头淀粉中快消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉的占比如表4所示。
罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头在0~180 min的整体淀粉水解率高于白馒头及其他乳酸菌馒头,其快消化淀粉含量最高,占比高达48.34%,约为白馒头的1.4倍;抗性淀粉含量最少,仅占比23.22%,显著低于白馒头。这说明罗伊氏乳杆菌的发酵过程能有效提升馒头的淀粉消化率。目前,已有研究表明酸面团的应用能够有效降低面制品的淀粉消化率[6],但关于酸面团可能提升馒头淀粉消化率的现象尚未见文献报道。本研究表明,罗伊氏乳杆菌对馒头淀粉消化特性的影响与其它乳酸菌存在明显区别,在实际酸面团应用中需充分考虑所用乳酸菌的菌株特性。
植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌及鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的整体水解率均低于白馒头,且快、慢消化淀粉率显著较低,抗性淀粉率显著较高。植物乳杆菌馒头与鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的整体淀粉水解情况相似,两者的快、慢消化淀粉率及抗性淀粉率无明显差异。发酵乳杆菌馒头的快消化淀粉含量显著低于其他馒头,仅约为白馒头的0.40倍;其抗性淀粉占比最高,为64.29%,约为白馒头的1.70倍,且显著高于植物乳杆菌。植物乳杆菌作为目前国内外应用最为广泛的酸面团发酵剂,不仅有助于降低老面馒头的淀粉消化率,还是国外最常用的低GI酸面包发酵剂[20-21]。本研究结果表明,在抑制馒头淀粉消化率方面,鼠李糖乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌效果相当,而发酵乳杆菌馒头对淀粉消化的抑制效果最好。由于抗性淀粉含量的增加会提高α-淀粉酶抑制率,且发酵乳杆菌酸面团的α-淀粉酶抑制率显著高于其他乳酸菌,因此推测这可能是发酵乳杆菌在发酵过程中能更有效地产生抗性淀粉的原因。
人体肠道内SCFAs的增加有助于改善肠道健康[34],通过体外发酵试验模拟了乳酸菌馒头与白馒头摄入后对人体肠道中SCFAs的影响情况。由图2可知,在体外发酵过程中,肠道微生物利用馒头样品主要产生的短链脂肪酸是乙酸,而产生的丙酸、丁酸和异丁酸的含量较低且低于空白组(NC)。随着发酵时间的延长,样品组的乙酸含量逐渐增加。所有样品在发酵12 h后,乙酸含量均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),其中,植物乳杆菌馒头从发酵12 h起乙酸含量显著高于其他馒头样品(P<0.05),当发酵至24 h时,植物乳杆菌馒头产生的乙酸达到2.83 μg/mL,而后随着时间延长乙酸含量未见显著变化。可见,植物乳杆菌馒头更有助于提升肠道中SCFAs的含量,且其乙酸含量在发酵至24 h时达到最高,随后保持相对稳定。
如图3所示,qPCR的结果显示了样品模拟结肠体外发酵48 h后对总肠道菌数及三类常见益生菌(双歧杆菌属、乳酸菌属、阿克曼氏菌)数量的影响。与空白对照组(NC)相比,馒头样品未提升阿克曼氏菌及肠道总菌数,但对双歧杆菌(bif)和乳酸菌(lac)的生长具有明显的促进作用,说明馒头样品对肠道益生菌的改善作用具有选择性。相较于白馒头,发酵乳杆菌馒头能显著促进bif的生长;同时,发酵乳杆菌馒头和罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头均对lac具有更好的增殖作用,其中发酵乳杆菌馒头的效果更佳。由此可见,与白馒头相比,发酵乳杆菌馒头与罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头对肠道益生菌增殖具有明显优势,其中发酵乳杆菌馒头效果更突出。
比容和质构是评价馒头基本品质的重要指标,其中,比容越大代表馒头质量越好。由表5可知,与白馒头相比,经乳酸菌发酵后馒头的比容均显著提高,其中发酵乳杆菌馒头的比容最大,达到了3 mL/g,其次是罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头。
馒头的比容取决于面团中二氧化碳含量及面团自身的流变学特性[35]。乳酸菌在发酵过程中分解大分子蛋白和纤维素,提高面团的延展性,使得面筋网络结构更加紧密并利于二氧化碳的积累[36]。发酵乳杆菌与罗伊氏乳杆菌同属于专性异型发酵菌,在生长过程中通过消耗葡萄糖产生CO2使面团体积膨大,比容相对较大;而植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌属于兼性异型发酵菌,几乎不产生CO2[32],因此比容相对较小,但仍大于白馒头。
在馒头的质构指标中,黏性反映了样品的粘着作用,内聚性表示测试样品经过第一次压缩变形后所表现出来的对第二次压缩的相对抵抗能力;弹性是指样品经过第一次压缩后能够再恢复原样的程度,回复性则表示样品在第一次压缩过程中回弹的能力。由表5可知,经乳酸菌发酵的馒头硬度均显著低于白馒头,说明其口感比白馒头更蓬松,其中发酵乳杆菌馒头与罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的硬度最低。发酵乳杆菌馒头的弹性、黏性、咀嚼性及回复性均优于白馒头,罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的黏性、咀嚼性及回复性显著改善,鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的黏性和咀嚼性显著优化,植物乳杆菌馒头的回复性较白馒头明显增强。进一步分析发现,发酵乳杆菌馒头与罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性无明显差异,但明显优于另外2种乳杆菌馒头;同时,发酵乳杆菌馒头的回复性也明显优于其他三种乳酸菌馒头。由此可见,乳酸菌发酵显著改善了馒头的大部分质构特性。其中,发酵乳杆菌馒头除内聚性外,其余指标均显著优化;罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头则显著改善了除弹性、内聚性之外的其他指标。
电子舌通过模仿人的味觉感知原理,对样品的味道进行客观评定,其数据越大说明味道越重,除了酸、咸味外,其他味道的数据低于0可视为无味。
由表6的电子舌结果可知,所有馒头样品均体现出了明显的鲜味与咸味,且乳酸菌馒头的味道强于白馒头;白馒头表现出微甜味,乳酸菌馒头则无甜味;乳酸菌馒头的酸味强度低于或与白馒头相近,已知白馒头不发酸,可见乳酸菌馒头酸味不明显;其他味道强度较弱或低于0,可忽略。
对比4种乳酸菌发酵馒头的鲜味和咸味,强度排序均为SR>LR>FR>ZR,可见鼠李糖乳杆菌的咸鲜味更为突出。
电子鼻通过模仿人的嗅觉感知原理,对样品的风味进行客观评定。通过电子鼻的主成分分析可模拟分析不同样品间的风味差异。如图4所示可知,白馒头与罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的数据更接近,说明罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的风味可能最接近白馒头,其老面风味最弱;植物乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的数据接近,说明两者风味可能更接近;而发酵乳杆菌的数据与其他馒头都相距较远,说明发酵乳杆菌馒头较其他馒头而言风味可能更独特。
由表7可知,与白馒头相比,4种乳酸菌馒头在外观、色泽、口感、气味方面未表现出显著差异。发酵乳杆菌馒头的回弹性较白馒头有显著提升,发酵乳杆菌馒头与罗伊氏乳杆菌馒头的结构优于白馒头。进一步对比发现,发酵乳杆菌馒头的结构与植物乳杆菌馒头、鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头存在显著性差异,可能由于发酵乳杆菌馒头的比容较大,结构更为松软因此结构更佳。除植物乳杆菌馒头外,其他乳酸菌馒头的感官总评分均显著高于白馒头,其中发酵乳杆菌馒头总分最高。
通过对比传统酸面团中4种常见乳酸菌单独发酵酸面团时对其酸化能力、α-淀粉酶抑制率和对馒头体外淀粉消化、体外模拟发酵以及感官品质的影响发现,不同种类乳酸菌的发酵特性确有不同。在淀粉消化特性方面,经罗伊氏乳杆菌发酵的馒头更有助于淀粉的快速消化,而其他菌种发酵更有助于降低馒头的淀粉消化速率,其中发酵乳杆菌的优势最为显著。在对肠道菌群的影响方面,植物乳杆菌可能更有助于增加肠道内短链脂肪酸的含量;发酵乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌则可能有助于提升益生菌的活性,其中发酵乳杆菌的效果更佳。在感官品质上,罗伊氏乳杆菌与发酵乳杆菌对于优化馒头的比容、质构更有优势,其中发酵乳杆菌的优势更突出;发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌均可显著提升馒头的整体感官评分,其中鼠李糖乳杆菌馒头的咸鲜味更强,发酵乳杆菌对馒头气味和结构的改善更显著。综合而言,不同的乳酸菌对馒头的淀粉消化特性、肠道菌群及感官品质均体现出了不同程度的影响;其中,发酵乳杆菌体现出了更为全面的改善效果。本研究结果有助于了解单一乳酸菌发酵剂对酸面团及馒头所带来的不同影响,为发酵技术在粮食制品中的工业化应用提供理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110337
  • 接收时间:2024-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-26
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    1中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司,北京 100015
    2河北同福健康产业有限公司,河北石家庄 051430

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段盛林(1968−),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向:功能食品研发与健康管理研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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