Article(id=1321170454644109775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921182546, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921182546, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921182546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921182546, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=352, endPage=360, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170454832853456, articleId=1321170454644109775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Various Freezing Methods on the Quality of Prepared Abalone during Frozen Storage, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of various freezing methods on the quality of frozen prepared abalone, steamed abalone was treated using −18 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF−18 ℃), −35 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF−35 ℃), −80 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF−80 ℃), liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF−80 ℃), and immersion freezing (IF−30 ℃). The freezing rates, physicochemical properties, and volatile components of abalone stored at −18 ℃ for 30 days were measured. The results showed that the times taken by abalone to pass through the maximum ice crystal zone were 81 min (RF−18 ℃), 39 min (RF−35 ℃), 31 min (RF−80 ℃), 5 min (LNF−80 ℃), and 13 min (IF−30 ℃), respectively. Both LNF−80 ℃ and IF−30 ℃ groups effectively shortened the entire freezing period and were more efficient than RF in inhibiting the formation of TBARS and TVB-N. Abalone treated with LNF−80 °C and IF−30 °C exhibited a more compact microstructure. During frozen storage, the contents of nonanal and hexanal in abalone increased, leading to a stronger fishy odor. However, rapid freezing could delay the oxidation of lipids and proteins, thereby slowing down the deterioration of quality. Both LNF−80 ℃ and IF−30 ℃ effectively maintained the quality of abalone during the freezing process. However, from the perspective of energy consumption and equipment investment, IF−30 ℃ demonstrated higher cost-effectiveness. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and practical references for the selection of freezing technologies in the abalone processing and prepared dishes industries.

, authors=Jili WANG1, 2, Yilin LIN3, Wenjuan JIAO1, Tiantian ZHAO1, Jun LIU1, Yehui ZHANG1, *, Saiyi ZHONG2, Chunxia ZHOU2, Lihua HUANG4, authorsList=Jili WANG, Yilin LIN, Wenjuan JIAO, Tiantian ZHAO, Jun LIU, Yehui ZHANG, Saiyi ZHONG, Chunxia ZHOU, Lihua HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yehui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170456648987103, articleId=1321170454644109775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同冻结方式对预制鲍鱼冻藏期间品质的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同冻结方式对预制鲍鱼品质的影响,采用−18 ℃冰柜(−18 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−18 ℃)、−35 ℃冰柜(−35 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−35 ℃)、−80 ℃冰柜(−80 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−80 ℃)、液氮速冻(Liquid nitrogen freezing,LNF−80 ℃)和浸渍冻结(Immersion freezing,IF−30 ℃)处理蒸制鲍鱼,测定在−18 ℃贮藏30 d鲍鱼的冻结速率、理化性质和挥发性成分的变化。结果表明,不同冻结处理后,鲍鱼通过最大冰晶带的时间分别为81 min(RF−18 ℃)、39 min(RF−35 ℃)、31 min(RF−80 ℃)、5 min(LNF−80 ℃)和13 min(IF−30 ℃)。LNF−80 ℃组和IF−30 ℃组均能有效缩短整个冻结期,在抑制TBARS和TVB-N形成方面比RF有效。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的鲍鱼具有更紧密的微观结构。鲍鱼在冻藏期间导致壬醛、己醛含量均上升,腥味加重;而快速冻结可以延缓脂肪及蛋白质的氧化从而减缓品质劣变。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃均能有效维持鲍鱼在冻结过程中的品质。然而,从能量消耗和设备投入的角度进行成本分析后,IF−30 ℃展现出更高的性价比。研究结果为鲍鱼加工及预制菜产业的冻藏技术选择提供了重要的理论依据与实践参考。

, authors=王吉丽1, 2, 林以琳3, 焦文娟1, 赵甜甜1, 刘俊1, 张业辉1, *, 钟赛意2, 周春霞2, 黄利华4, authorsList=王吉丽, 林以琳, 焦文娟, 赵甜甜, 刘俊, 张业辉, 钟赛意, 周春霞, 黄利华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张业辉, authorNote=

王吉丽(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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张业辉(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1GnqQc71LKbGp7FQkRPTdA==, magXml=UAeiWdpOIHM5sNDdSF+gig==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OF5GEM/sO+uAGVLkd62GwQ==, pdfFileSize=4214938, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=124+rwerYSS/r1iyvyB6nQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zEp3Xue/LZ8xAZNteRT8UA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170457211023853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=14793919961@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170457303298544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, authorId=1321170457211023853, language=EN, stringName=Jili WANG, firstName=Jili, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Sericulture & Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
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注:A0~A3、B0~B3、C0~C3、D0~D3、E0~E3分别为RF−18 ℃、RF−35 ℃、RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃鲍鱼在0、7、15、30 d的表观形态图。

, figureFileSmall=JG3Y31JfZa68H/mFQY3dkQ==, figureFileBig=1q8gBpCQ+h77uMwkxtCLEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170460633575976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of freezing methods on the whiteness of abalone, figureFileSmall=C+BgGD/xOaY77pILaAK/Ig==, figureFileBig=eEv78Ot3yHCFDjfGl4eciw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170460692296233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=图3, caption=冻结方式对鲍鱼白度的影响

注:不同字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05),大、小写字母分别表示组内、组间差异,图4~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=C+BgGD/xOaY77pILaAK/Ig==, figureFileBig=eEv78Ot3yHCFDjfGl4eciw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170460759405098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of freezing methods on the pH of abalone, figureFileSmall=qWu9Ml9xOacGWciHQUIfFg==, figureFileBig=qYwJAI7RkMRyjYmqTx/NEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170460826513963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冻结方式对鲍鱼pH的影响, figureFileSmall=qWu9Ml9xOacGWciHQUIfFg==, figureFileBig=qYwJAI7RkMRyjYmqTx/NEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170460910400044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of freezing methods on the TBARS of abalone, figureFileSmall=hxphqyyt0OIulG8Le0Cm2w==, figureFileBig=2XV2beg2VcHFI7rS0Xhl5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170460994286125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冻结方式对鲍鱼TBARS的影响, figureFileSmall=hxphqyyt0OIulG8Le0Cm2w==, figureFileBig=2XV2beg2VcHFI7rS0Xhl5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170461078172206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of freezing methods on the TVB-N of abalone, figureFileSmall=s/XWb5r2UyZztYLRZ69QxA==, figureFileBig=YhtWvXirbn2AXjsbzfeUEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170461162058287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=图6, caption=冻结方式对鲍鱼TVB-N的影响, figureFileSmall=s/XWb5r2UyZztYLRZ69QxA==, figureFileBig=YhtWvXirbn2AXjsbzfeUEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170461317247536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of freezing methods on the microstructure of abalone, figureFileSmall=LNhbDKcKUzxRqiVjjj5mKQ==, figureFileBig=d/OaDD4CSy2T3ubuvewalg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170461392745009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=图7, caption=冻结方式对鲍鱼微观结构的影响

注:A1~A6:对照、RF−18 ℃、RF−35 ℃、RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃、IF−30 ℃(1000×);对照组是指0 d鲜熟样品,表3同。

, figureFileSmall=LNhbDKcKUzxRqiVjjj5mKQ==, figureFileBig=d/OaDD4CSy2T3ubuvewalg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170461468242482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of freezing methods on the freezing characteristics of abalone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻结方式冻结速率(cm/h)相变时间(min)
RF−18 ℃0.6381
RF−35 ℃1.3139
RF−80 ℃1.6531
LNF−80 ℃10.25
IF−30 ℃5.3113
), ArticleFig(id=1321170461552128563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冻结方式对鲍鱼冻结特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻结方式冻结速率(cm/h)相变时间(min)
RF−18 ℃0.6381
RF−35 ℃1.3139
RF−80 ℃1.6531
LNF−80 ℃10.25
IF−30 ℃5.3113
), ArticleFig(id=1321170461631820340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of freezing methods on the texture of abalone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻结方式质构0 d7 d15 d30 d
RF−18 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa916.50±2.50Bc745.00±6.00Cd665.50±12.50Dc
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.15±0.03Bb6.81±0.05Cc6.82±0.09Cb
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa36.00±2.20Bb24.15±0.85Cd21.10±0.90Cd
RF−35 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1112.00±97.00Bb851.00±13.00Cc705.00±19.00Cc
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.14±0.01Bb6.93±0.05BCb6.82±0.08Cb
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa37.15±1.55Bb27.25±0.45Cc26.30±0.40Cc
RF−80 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1211.50±58.50Bab1065.50±30.50Cb766.00±15.00Db
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.37±0.01Bab7.07±0.02Ca6.90±0.01Cab
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa38.50±0.50Bb32.70±0.50Bc27.80±0.10Cbc
LNF−80 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1371.00±6.00Ba1316.50±43.50Ba863.50±3.50Ca
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.51±0.09Ba7.18±0.01Ca7.10±0.09Ca
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa49.50±2.60ABa44.60±0.50Ba34.35±0.35Ca
IF−30 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1316.50±43.50Ba1239.50±30.50Ba786.50±5.50Cb
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.33±0.10Ba7.09±0.04BCa7.04±0.02Cab
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa41.55±0.25Bb34.55±0.65BCb29.50±0.80Cb
), ArticleFig(id=1321170461715706421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冻结方式对鲍鱼质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻结方式质构0 d7 d15 d30 d
RF−18 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa916.50±2.50Bc745.00±6.00Cd665.50±12.50Dc
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.15±0.03Bb6.81±0.05Cc6.82±0.09Cb
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa36.00±2.20Bb24.15±0.85Cd21.10±0.90Cd
RF−35 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1112.00±97.00Bb851.00±13.00Cc705.00±19.00Cc
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.14±0.01Bb6.93±0.05BCb6.82±0.08Cb
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa37.15±1.55Bb27.25±0.45Cc26.30±0.40Cc
RF−80 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1211.50±58.50Bab1065.50±30.50Cb766.00±15.00Db
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.37±0.01Bab7.07±0.02Ca6.90±0.01Cab
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa38.50±0.50Bb32.70±0.50Bc27.80±0.10Cbc
LNF−80 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1371.00±6.00Ba1316.50±43.50Ba863.50±3.50Ca
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.51±0.09Ba7.18±0.01Ca7.10±0.09Ca
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa49.50±2.60ABa44.60±0.50Ba34.35±0.35Ca
IF−30 ℃硬度(g)1577.70±8.50Aa1316.50±43.50Ba1239.50±30.50Ba786.50±5.50Cb
弹性(mm)7.98±0.08Aa7.33±0.10Ba7.09±0.04BCa7.04±0.02Cab
咀嚼性(mJ)56.40±3.50Aa41.55±0.25Bb34.55±0.65BCb29.50±0.80Cb
), ArticleFig(id=1321170461795398198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of freezing methods on volatile compounds of abalone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类挥发性物质含量(μg/kg)
对照组RF−18 ℃RF−35 ℃RF−80 ℃LNF−80 ℃IF−30 ℃
醛类庚醛2.16±0.54−−−−−
辛醛1.06±0.12−−−−−
壬醛0.74±0.14d2.11±0.74b2.30±0.75a1.88±1.15c2.06±1.18b2.06±1.18b
苯甲醛0.15±0.09−−−−−
己醛1.26±0.04d12.31±1.04bc14.97±1.79a11.40±0.75c13.85±0.35ab13.85±0.35ab
醇类桉叶油醇0.13±0.02−−−−−
2-乙基-1-己醇−−1.71±0.28a0.30±0.01b−−
4-萜烯醇−−−−−22.04±0.39
芳樟醇−−−−−0.63±0.3
酯类邻苯二甲酸二丁酯0.28±0.13−−−−−
邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯0.17±0.02−−−−−
酮类beta-紫罗酮−−0.22±0.05a0.28±0.01a−−
烷烃类三氯甲烷0.60±0.12a0.31±0.03a0.62±0.01a0.57±0a−0.67±0.08a
十四烷0.20±0.06c1.13±0.03b1.23±0.12b1.19±0.11b1.22±0.15b1.42±0.05a
二十八烷0.12±0.13c−1.09±1.35a−0.80±0.07b0.65±0.11b
十六烷0.07±0.01d1.22±0.04b1.39±0.28a1.36±0.05a1.42±0.05a1.06±0.45c
二十烷0.06±0.07a0.90±0.53a−−−−
二十四烷0.05±0.05a−0.71±0.48a−−−
十五烷0.11±0b0.52±0.23b0.41±0.05b0.40±0.03b0.47±0.15b3.18±0.09a
十二烷0.10±0.02−−−−0.67±0.13a
二十六烷0.02±0d1.05±0.45b0.44±0.27c1.83±1.53a−−
十三烷−1.28±0.01a1.38±0.17a1.09±0.03a1.10±0.07a1.22±0.15a
十七烷−2.61±0.67b2.97±0.65b2.87±0.07b3.18±0.09b6.25±1.66a
十八烷−1.32±0.06a1.28±0.2a1.09±0.16a1.46±0.15a0.80±0.07a
2-溴十四烷−0.21±0.13−−−−
四十四烷−0.55±0.08b0.60±0.43b−1.06±0.45a−
1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷−−4.83±1.02−−−
十九烷−0.45±0.13a0.51±0.05a0.41±0.01a0.61±0.07a0.67±0.07a
二十一烷−−0.52±0.55a0.58±0.41a0.65±0.11a−
碘代十六烷−−−1.18±0.29−−
三十六烷−−−0.36±0.18a−0.67±0.17a
二十七烷−−−−−0.67±0.04
烯烃类苯乙烯3.83±0.41a−−0.81±0.42b−−
右旋萜二烯0.11±0.02e1.24±0.09b1.43±0.1a1.12±0.24c1.09±0d1.09±0d
1,3,5,7-环辛四烯−−3.13±0.21−−−
芳香烃类甲苯13.61±0.94−−−−−
乙基苯0.27±0.04−−−−−
1,3-二甲基苯−1.18±0.95ab−0.52±0.24b2.28±0.27a0.67±0.10ab
对二甲苯−−2.95±0.62a−−0.67±0.11b
邻二甲苯−−−0.25±0.14−−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170461900255799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170454644109775, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冻结方式对鲍鱼挥发性成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类挥发性物质含量(μg/kg)
对照组RF−18 ℃RF−35 ℃RF−80 ℃LNF−80 ℃IF−30 ℃
醛类庚醛2.16±0.54−−−−−
辛醛1.06±0.12−−−−−
壬醛0.74±0.14d2.11±0.74b2.30±0.75a1.88±1.15c2.06±1.18b2.06±1.18b
苯甲醛0.15±0.09−−−−−
己醛1.26±0.04d12.31±1.04bc14.97±1.79a11.40±0.75c13.85±0.35ab13.85±0.35ab
醇类桉叶油醇0.13±0.02−−−−−
2-乙基-1-己醇−−1.71±0.28a0.30±0.01b−−
4-萜烯醇−−−−−22.04±0.39
芳樟醇−−−−−0.63±0.3
酯类邻苯二甲酸二丁酯0.28±0.13−−−−−
邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯0.17±0.02−−−−−
酮类beta-紫罗酮−−0.22±0.05a0.28±0.01a−−
烷烃类三氯甲烷0.60±0.12a0.31±0.03a0.62±0.01a0.57±0a−0.67±0.08a
十四烷0.20±0.06c1.13±0.03b1.23±0.12b1.19±0.11b1.22±0.15b1.42±0.05a
二十八烷0.12±0.13c−1.09±1.35a−0.80±0.07b0.65±0.11b
十六烷0.07±0.01d1.22±0.04b1.39±0.28a1.36±0.05a1.42±0.05a1.06±0.45c
二十烷0.06±0.07a0.90±0.53a−−−−
二十四烷0.05±0.05a−0.71±0.48a−−−
十五烷0.11±0b0.52±0.23b0.41±0.05b0.40±0.03b0.47±0.15b3.18±0.09a
十二烷0.10±0.02−−−−0.67±0.13a
二十六烷0.02±0d1.05±0.45b0.44±0.27c1.83±1.53a−−
十三烷−1.28±0.01a1.38±0.17a1.09±0.03a1.10±0.07a1.22±0.15a
十七烷−2.61±0.67b2.97±0.65b2.87±0.07b3.18±0.09b6.25±1.66a
十八烷−1.32±0.06a1.28±0.2a1.09±0.16a1.46±0.15a0.80±0.07a
2-溴十四烷−0.21±0.13−−−−
四十四烷−0.55±0.08b0.60±0.43b−1.06±0.45a−
1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷−−4.83±1.02−−−
十九烷−0.45±0.13a0.51±0.05a0.41±0.01a0.61±0.07a0.67±0.07a
二十一烷−−0.52±0.55a0.58±0.41a0.65±0.11a−
碘代十六烷−−−1.18±0.29−−
三十六烷−−−0.36±0.18a−0.67±0.17a
二十七烷−−−−−0.67±0.04
烯烃类苯乙烯3.83±0.41a−−0.81±0.42b−−
右旋萜二烯0.11±0.02e1.24±0.09b1.43±0.1a1.12±0.24c1.09±0d1.09±0d
1,3,5,7-环辛四烯−−3.13±0.21−−−
芳香烃类甲苯13.61±0.94−−−−−
乙基苯0.27±0.04−−−−−
1,3-二甲基苯−1.18±0.95ab−0.52±0.24b2.28±0.27a0.67±0.10ab
对二甲苯−−2.95±0.62a−−0.67±0.11b
邻二甲苯−−−0.25±0.14−−
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不同冻结方式对预制鲍鱼冻藏期间品质的影响
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王吉丽 1, 2 , 林以琳 3 , 焦文娟 1 , 赵甜甜 1 , 刘俊 1 , 张业辉 1, * , 钟赛意 2 , 周春霞 2 , 黄利华 4
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(3): 352-360
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (3) : 352 -360
不同冻结方式对预制鲍鱼冻藏期间品质的影响
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王吉丽1, 2 , 林以琳3, 焦文娟1, 赵甜甜1, 刘俊1, 张业辉1, * , 钟赛意2, 周春霞2, 黄利华4
作者信息
  • 1广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
  • 2广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东湛江 524088
  • 3华南理工大学,广东广州 510641
  • 4广州城市职业学院食品健康学院,广东广州 510405
通讯作者:
张业辉(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王吉丽(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Various Freezing Methods on the Quality of Prepared Abalone during Frozen Storage
Jili WANG1, 2 , Yilin LIN3, Wenjuan JIAO1, Tiantian ZHAO1, Jun LIU1, Yehui ZHANG1, * , Saiyi ZHONG2, Chunxia ZHOU2, Lihua HUANG4
Affiliations
  • 1Sericulture & Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
  • 2School of Food Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 4School of Food Health, Guangzhou City Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510405, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120042
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为探究不同冻结方式对预制鲍鱼品质的影响,采用−18 ℃冰柜(−18 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−18 ℃)、−35 ℃冰柜(−35 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−35 ℃)、−80 ℃冰柜(−80 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−80 ℃)、液氮速冻(Liquid nitrogen freezing,LNF−80 ℃)和浸渍冻结(Immersion freezing,IF−30 ℃)处理蒸制鲍鱼,测定在−18 ℃贮藏30 d鲍鱼的冻结速率、理化性质和挥发性成分的变化。结果表明,不同冻结处理后,鲍鱼通过最大冰晶带的时间分别为81 min(RF−18 ℃)、39 min(RF−35 ℃)、31 min(RF−80 ℃)、5 min(LNF−80 ℃)和13 min(IF−30 ℃)。LNF−80 ℃组和IF−30 ℃组均能有效缩短整个冻结期,在抑制TBARS和TVB-N形成方面比RF有效。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的鲍鱼具有更紧密的微观结构。鲍鱼在冻藏期间导致壬醛、己醛含量均上升,腥味加重;而快速冻结可以延缓脂肪及蛋白质的氧化从而减缓品质劣变。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃均能有效维持鲍鱼在冻结过程中的品质。然而,从能量消耗和设备投入的角度进行成本分析后,IF−30 ℃展现出更高的性价比。研究结果为鲍鱼加工及预制菜产业的冻藏技术选择提供了重要的理论依据与实践参考。

鲍鱼  /  液氮冻结  /  浸渍冻结  /  挥发性成分  /  品质

To investigate the effects of various freezing methods on the quality of frozen prepared abalone, steamed abalone was treated using −18 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF−18 ℃), −35 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF−35 ℃), −80 ℃ refrigerator freezing (RF−80 ℃), liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF−80 ℃), and immersion freezing (IF−30 ℃). The freezing rates, physicochemical properties, and volatile components of abalone stored at −18 ℃ for 30 days were measured. The results showed that the times taken by abalone to pass through the maximum ice crystal zone were 81 min (RF−18 ℃), 39 min (RF−35 ℃), 31 min (RF−80 ℃), 5 min (LNF−80 ℃), and 13 min (IF−30 ℃), respectively. Both LNF−80 ℃ and IF−30 ℃ groups effectively shortened the entire freezing period and were more efficient than RF in inhibiting the formation of TBARS and TVB-N. Abalone treated with LNF−80 °C and IF−30 °C exhibited a more compact microstructure. During frozen storage, the contents of nonanal and hexanal in abalone increased, leading to a stronger fishy odor. However, rapid freezing could delay the oxidation of lipids and proteins, thereby slowing down the deterioration of quality. Both LNF−80 ℃ and IF−30 ℃ effectively maintained the quality of abalone during the freezing process. However, from the perspective of energy consumption and equipment investment, IF−30 ℃ demonstrated higher cost-effectiveness. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and practical references for the selection of freezing technologies in the abalone processing and prepared dishes industries.

abalone  /  liquid nitrogen freezing  /  immersion freezing  /  volatile components  /  quality
王吉丽, 林以琳, 焦文娟, 赵甜甜, 刘俊, 张业辉, 钟赛意, 周春霞, 黄利华. 不同冻结方式对预制鲍鱼冻藏期间品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 352 -360 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120042
Jili WANG, Yilin LIN, Wenjuan JIAO, Tiantian ZHAO, Jun LIU, Yehui ZHANG, Saiyi ZHONG, Chunxia ZHOU, Lihua HUANG. Effects of Various Freezing Methods on the Quality of Prepared Abalone during Frozen Storage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 352 -360 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120042
鲍鱼是中国沿海地区广泛养殖的贝类,具有独特的风味、高营养价值,具有抗疲劳、抗氧化及免疫调节等药用功效[1]。据研究调查结果显示,2023年中国鲍鱼年产量达到2.45万吨,与上一年度相比,呈现出7.36%的显著增长态势。然而,目前市场上鲍鱼主要以直接销售为主,很少经过进一步的加工,导致产品的附加值较低。近年来,预制菜的发展为鲍鱼的精深加工提供重要途径[2]。目前市场上的鲍鱼产品主要分为三大类:干制鲍鱼、冷冻鲍鱼和鲍鱼罐头。除此之外,还有一些新兴的鲍鱼加工产品,如预制鲍鱼菜肴等,也在市场中流通。鲍鱼具有丰富的营养价值、味道醇厚,可满足消费者对便捷和健康食品的需求。但因鲍鱼高水分含量,且易氧化变质,在贮藏过程中极易受内源酶和微生物影响,导致腐败、品质下降,影响食用价值和经济效益[3]。
冷冻技术对延长预制菜肴的保质期、维持其新鲜度、风味、营养价值和外观至关重要[4]。冷冻过程产生的冰晶破坏食品组织结构,导致品质下降和营养流失[5]。快速降温冷冻能够形成更细小均匀冰晶,对食品结构破坏更小[5−6]。浸渍冻结(Immersion freezing,IF)和液氮速冻(Liquid nitrogen freezing,LNF)作为快速冷冻技术,其主要通过提高冷冻速度和控制冰晶大小来减少对细胞的机械损伤,进一步提高食品的贮藏期[7]。林国荣等[8]研究发现,相较于RF−18 ℃和RF−30 ℃冻结,LNF处理显著提高了鲍鱼的质构特性,降低了解冻损失率和蒸煮损失率。欧阳杰等[9]运用空气速冻与液体速冻两种不同的速冻方式处理鲜活鲍鱼。液体速冻的冻结速率较空气速冻始终高出10倍左右,盐溶性蛋白溶解度下降率低,Ca2+-ATPase活性和Mg2+-ATPase活性更稳定,蛋白质的变性程度较小。Teng等[10]利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(GC-IMS)分析了LNF温度对太平洋牡蛎VOCs的影响,发现−80 ℃时LNF组可以形成更小的冰晶,延缓蛋白质和脂质的降解,保留了更多太平洋牡蛎的风味物质。
随着预制鲍鱼产品销量的激增,鲍鱼的品质也影响预制食品最终的价值。产业需要更多研究来探索适合家庭或餐饮终端的冻结技术,满足消费者对高品质鲍鱼的需求。因此,研究不同冻结方式的冷冻预制鲍鱼的品质差异,对于提升冷冻预制鲍鱼的品质有着重要意义。中式菜肴工业化研究多关注风味保真方面[5],而冷冻加工作为菜肴保鲜的重要手段,对维持品质至关重要。因此,本研究通过比较不同冻结技术对预制鲍鱼在冻藏期间品质的影响,分析冻结曲线、色差、质构、新鲜度、微观结构和挥发性成分的变化,旨在为水产预制菜的工业化加工及冷冻锁鲜技术提供理论依据。
鲜活鲍鱼 购于广东省广州市盒马鲜生超市(重量约为50.0±9.2 g);三氯乙酸、无水碳酸钾、硼酸、无水乙醇 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;2-硫代巴比妥酸、戊二醛 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;溴甲酚绿、甲基红、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、盐酸 广州化学试剂厂。
TGL-16M冷冻高速离心机 湖南湘仪仪器有限公司;SYU-22-600DTD超声波清洗机 郑州生元仪器有限公司;Picolog TC-08数据记录器 Pico Technology(英国);CT-3质构仪 美国Brookfield;KAAE-WDJ50微冻机 江苏楷益智能科技有限公司;DJL-QF60液氮速冻机 深圳德捷力冷冻科技有限公司;CR-400色差仪 柯尼卡美能达(日本)公司;UV-1800紫外-可见分光光度计 日本岛津;6890N/5975B气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国安捷伦公司;S-3400N扫描电子显微镜 Hitachi(日立)。
鲍鱼经去壳,刷洗表面后,在流动水下除去内脏,于100 ℃条件下蒸制10 min,待样品冷却至室温后用PA+PE材质真空袋进行密封包装。样品随机分为5组,每组3只鲍鱼,备用。
RT(Refrigerator Freezing)样品:将样品分别置于−18 ℃冰柜(−18 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−18 ℃)、−35 ℃冰柜(−35 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−35 ℃)和−80 ℃冰柜(−80 ℃ Refrigerator freezing,RF−80 ℃)中冻结。LNF−80 ℃样品:以−80 ℃液氮速冻机处理液氮速冻样品。IF−30 ℃样品:利用−30 ℃液体的微冻机制备浸渍样品。通过温度探头检测不同样品在不同冻结技术中的中心温度变化,当其到达−18 ℃时将其取出,并迅速转移到−18 ℃冰柜中冻藏,备用。
将鲍鱼样品真空包装后,在包装袋上戳一个小口,将温度探头从小口穿过包装袋插入样品的几何中心位置(探头深入鲍鱼的距离均约为0.85 cm),并用防水胶封住探头。冷却曲线采用数据记录器记录,每1 min记录一次样品的中心温度,直至降到目标温度−18 ℃。
将速冻鲍鱼流水解冻,后用手术刀沿中间部位横向切开,取鲍鱼内部切面进行色差分析。每次测定前用白板对色差仪进行校正。其中L*代表亮度值、a*代表红度值,b*代表黄度值,并按以下公式计算其白度值(W)。
$ {\rm W}=100-\sqrt{(100-{L}^{*})^{2}+{{a}^{*}}^{2}+{{b}^{*}}^{2}} $
参照杨慧等[11]的方法对解冻后样品的pH进行测定[12]。取3.00 g鲍鱼于50 mL离心管中,加入30 mL蒸馏水,均质后离心10 min,转速7000 r/min,取上清液测定其pH。
依据GB 5009.181-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中丙二醛的测定》[12],并进行部分修改。将冷冻后的鲍鱼置于室温流动水解冻30 min。参照分光光度法加入7.5%三氯乙酸(含0.1% ETDA)溶液进行混合、均质,加入0.02 mol/L TBA溶液水浴加热进行显色反应。冷却后于532 nm处测定吸光度值。
依据GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》,用微量扩散法测定TVB-N值[13]。取解冻后的鲍鱼,绞碎搅匀。按照微量扩散法进行加样、均质、孵育等过程,最后用盐酸溶液滴定。
采用质构仪测定不同冻结方式处理下解冻后鲍鱼的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性。将鲍鱼切成1.5 cm×1.5 cm×1 cm大小进行测定。测试探头为P/5。测试条件参数:测试前速度1 mm/s,测试中速度1 mm/s,测试后速度1 mm/s,形变50%,触发值5 g。
参考叶安妮[14]的方法,将解冻后的鲍鱼样品切成0.5 cm×0.5 cm×0.2 cm的组织块,在4 ℃下用2.5%戊二醛固定12 h,经漂洗、洗脱、干燥、粘样和镀膜,于扫描电子显微镜下观察。
参考傅宝尚[15]的方法取冻藏0、30 d的鲍鱼样品进行解冻,搅碎后称取2.00 g加入4 mL饱和食盐水溶液和100 µL 0.1632×10−3 mg/mL的2-甲基-3-庚酮充分混合密封。50 ℃条件下萃取20 min,将萃取针插入进样口(250 ℃)中解析3 min。萃取头在首次使用时需于250 ℃条件下老化1 h。
色谱条件:DB-5MS型毛细管色谱柱(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm);载气为高纯He;进样口温度250 ℃,恒流恒压模式,流量为1.8 mL/min,压力为136 kPa,不分流模式。升温程序:初温35 ℃下恒温3 min,以3 ℃/min的速率升至70 ℃,再以10 ℃/min升至200 ℃,再以20 ℃/min in升至260 ℃,保持5 min。
质谱条件:电子轰击离子源(EI),电子能量70 eV;离子源温度230 ℃,接口温度280 ℃,四极杆温度150 ℃;扫描质量范围35~350 m/z。
定性定量分析:利用气相色谱质谱联用仪工作站内置的NIST谱库检索,选择匹配度大于80(满分100)作为鉴定结果。根据与内标峰面积比值计算出各挥发性风味物质的含量,结果用μg/kg表示。
所有实验均重复三次,实验结果用Origin、SPSS等软件对数据进行分析处理,结果用平均值±标准差(SD)表示。
冻结曲线反映了食品中心温度随冷冻时间的变化,反映了食品冷冻过程的特性。冷冻速率与冷冻样品中冰晶的分布和大小密切相关。快速冷冻会使冰晶更细小且分布均匀,从而减少对细胞结构的损伤,进而提升冷冻样品的整体品质。冷冻曲线包括预冷阶段4~0 ℃、相变阶段0~−5 ℃和深冷阶段−5~−18 ℃三个阶段。通常,相变阶段是冰晶形成最多的关键区域,影响冰晶的数量和大小[16]。5种冻结技术的冻结曲线如图1所示。从图1中可以看出,处理后的鲍鱼冻结曲线呈现先下降、逐渐平缓和再下降3个阶段。通过计算各组样品的冻结速率也可以发现(表1),相较于RF−18 ℃(0.63 cm/h),RF−35 ℃显著缩短了鲍鱼的冷冻时间。相较于RF−35 ℃处理,RF−80 ℃进一步提高了鲍鱼的冻结速率,说明较低的冷冻温度能提高冻结速率。然而,相较于RF−80 ℃处理,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理后鲍鱼的冻结速率分别提高了8.55 cm/h和3.66 cm/h。表1中,相较于RF−80 ℃,IF−30 ℃处理显著缩短了鲍鱼通过最大冰晶生成区的时间,这是由于液体的传热系数高于空气,液体的流动性可以加速热量传递,迅速将食物的热量带走。董佳等[17]在对鲟鱼进行冷冻处理和贮藏的研究中发现,液体浸渍冷冻处理的鲟鱼冷冻速率比传统空气冷冻快12.47倍,表明液体浸渍冷冻技术相较于传统空气冷冻技术更具有显著优势。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理通过相变区总时间仅为5 min和13 min,均有效降低了鲍鱼经过相变区的时间。此外,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理在整个冻藏期所需时间最短,分别为13 min和22 min,显著减少鲍鱼冻结所需总时间。冷冻速率是影响冰晶形成的重要因素,较快的冷冻速率在冷冻过程中对细胞造成的损伤相对较小。因此,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃是较为快速的冷冻技术。
颜色是判断肉类质量的重要指标,影响着消费者的购买行为[18]。图2展示了鲍鱼在贮藏过程中的表观形态变化。随着贮藏时间的延长,5种冻结处理鲍鱼的表面白度值(W)均呈下降趋势,说明鲍鱼在不同贮藏条件下色泽均发生劣变,感官品质降低。由图3可得知,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃组W值在冻藏初期出现小幅度上升后下降的趋势。造成这一结果可能的原因是样品的冷冻速度越快,导致鲍鱼内部的固定水向自由水转化更多。鲍鱼体内与表层之间的温差会导致肌肉膨胀并破裂,一些水分迁移后无法再被吸收。随着表面自由水的增多,造成光的反射率增加,使W增大。随着贮藏时间的增加,蛋白质氧化加重,使得肌肉色泽变暗,W降低[7,19]。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃的鲍鱼W值下降趋势较小。当贮藏时间达到30 d时,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃的鲍鱼相较于其他冻结方式表现出较高的W值,分别为75.44和75.21,表明样品在该冷藏条件下品质下降速率较小,色泽变化较慢。Liu等[7]分析比较LNF和IF相较于RF冻结更显著抑制冻藏过程中的脂质氧化现象,更好地维持草鱼、鳙鱼和罗非鱼在冷冻贮藏中的色泽品质。
pH是衡量鲍鱼肉品质的一个重要指标[20]。如图4所示,冻藏初期,不同处理组鲍鱼的pH均下降,且均在7 d时达到最低点,这表明鲍鱼冻藏过程中水分流失和氢离子释放,导致细胞损伤,保水性降低[21]。冻藏中后期,鲍鱼pH逐渐升高,在冻藏期间,冰晶的形成导致鲍鱼肌肉结构损伤,内源酶作用加速了蛋白质的降解和氧化,产生更多碱性物质,导致pH升高[8]。RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的鲍鱼pH上升速率较小且没有显著性变化(P>0.05)。另外,在整个冻藏期间,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的样品pH变化趋势缓慢,且两者之间趋势变化相似,pH变化差异不显著(P>0.05),表明速冻处理能够在一定程度上降低样品组织损伤,有效延缓品质下降。
TBARS是肉制品脂质氧化的主要指标之一。如图5所示,随着冷冻贮藏时间的延长,所有处理组的TBARS含量均显著增加(P<0.05),说明鲍鱼在冻藏过程中发生了脂质氧化现象。在整个冻藏期间5组样品的TBARS以不同的速率持续增加,这也解释了鲍鱼表面变黄的原因。新鲜鲍鱼的TBARS约为0.34 mg/kg。当冻藏30 d后,RF−18 ℃、RF−35℃、RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃的TBARS显著增加,其分别为0.67、0.62、0.59、0.47和0.52 mg/kg(P<0.05)。其中,LNF−80 ℃的TBARS含量最低,其次是IF−30 ℃。研究表明,肌肉组织在冷冻及解冻过程中,冰晶的形成与生长会破坏肌肉细胞的完整性,导致细胞内的氧化前体物质被释放。这些前体物质会加速脂质氧化反应,从而使氧化反应的速度加快[22]。然而,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃通过相对较快的冷冻速率在肌肉组织中产生小而均匀的冰晶,这可能是二者在长时间冷冻贮藏中保持较低脂质氧化的主要原因。
TVB-N是评估肌肉新鲜度的主要指标[23]。冻结方式对冻藏鲍鱼TVB-N的影响如图6所示。由图可以看出,各组鲍鱼的TVB-N含量随着冻藏时间的延长呈增大趋势。新鲜鲍鱼的TVB-N初始值为5.37 mg/100 g。随着冷冻时间的延长,RF处理组的TVB-N显著增加(P<0.05),LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的TVB-N增长幅度较小。在30 d时,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的TVB-N值分别比RF−18 ℃、RF−35 ℃、RF−80 ℃处理的样品低28.66%、15.69%、7.26%和28.18%、11.58%、2.74%(P<0.05)。快速冻结速率可以减少鲍鱼样品在冷冻贮藏过程中TVB-N的形成。贮藏期间TVB-N含量的升高可能是微生物活性和自溶活性共同作用的结果[24]。贮藏30 d,所有样品的TVB-N含量小于15 mg/100 g时,均符合国标。另外,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的TVB-N含量上升幅度较小,且二者没有显著性差异(P>0.05),说明快速冻结可以更好地维持鲍鱼品质,抑制肌肉质量的劣化。
表2描述了鲍鱼在不同冻藏时间下的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性变化情况。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的增加,鲍鱼肌肉的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均呈现出递减的趋势,这一变化与王莹[19]的研究结果一致。在贮藏初期,RF组处理的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均低于LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃,说明快速冷冻有助于保持肉制品的良好质地。RF−18 ℃处理30 d后,鲍鱼的硬度从初始的1577.50 g降至665.50 g,相较于RF−18 ℃冻结,RF−35 ℃、RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的鲍鱼硬度分别提高了5.60%、13.12%、22.93%和15.38%。冻结速率越慢,硬度的整体下降趋势越明显,这可能是RF−18 ℃处理时形成了较大的冰晶,伴有溶质浓缩等现象,容易造成样品肌肉的机械损伤及蛋白质变性程度严重[25]。冻藏第30 d,RF−18 ℃处理的鲍鱼弹性下降到6.82 mm,相较于RF−18 ℃冻结,RF−35 ℃、RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的鲍鱼弹性分别提高了0.00%、1.16%、3.94%和3.13%。LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的弹性变化较小且没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。此外,在冻藏过程中,不同冻结处理的鲍鱼咀嚼性呈下降趋势。这可能是因为随着冷冻、解冻温度的升高,鲍鱼肉的代谢活性增强,在酶和微生物的作用下,鲍鱼肉容易发生生化反应,导致解冻损失,蛋白质降解,嚼劲下降[26]。其中,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理的鲍鱼在贮藏过程中无显著性差异,说明快冻结均可以维持鲍鱼在冻藏过程中的质构特性。
图7为不同冻结处理对冻藏30 d鲍鱼的微观结构。图7A1表示鲜熟鲍鱼表面结构,其展现出清晰的肌纤维纹理。随着冻藏时间的增加,各处理的结构逐渐变得疏松且模糊,肌纤维凌乱无序、间隙逐渐增大。进一步证实了表2中鲍鱼质构变化结果,随着冻藏时间的增加,其硬度值逐渐下降,且在30 d时达到最小值。RF−18 ℃、RF−35 ℃冻藏的鲍鱼肌肉纤维结构明显疏松,这可能是由于较慢的冻结速度会在细胞内产生较大的冰晶,进而破坏肌肉细胞的结构[27]。相比之下,LNF−80 ℃后的鲍鱼表面组织间隙小,几乎接近鲜熟样品,其次是IF−30 ℃,这可能是由于速冻促进冰晶细化和均匀分布,从而抑制冰晶对肌肉组织的破坏作用,保持鲍鱼的肌肉品质。从表2也可得知,RF−18 ℃冻结处理鲍鱼的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性相较于其他冻结组呈现显著下降趋势,这与其松散的微观结构结果保持一致。然而,LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃处理在冻藏过程中有效保持了其质构特性。
不同冻结方式处理后的鲍鱼在冻藏30 d后的挥发性物质结果如表3所示。由表3可知,鲍鱼共鉴定出40种挥发性风味物质。其中包括5种醛类,4种醇类,2种酯类,1种酮类,20种烷烃类,3种烯烃类,5种芳香烃类。对照组与RF−18 ℃、RF−35 ℃、RF−80 ℃、LNF−80 ℃和IF−30 ℃分别鉴定出21、16、21、20、14和19种挥发性物质,主要以醛类、醇类及烃类为主,物质种类及含量不同的挥发性成分赋予了不同冻结处理鲍鱼的差异性风味。
醛类化合物是鲍鱼挥发性风味物质中的主要成分之一,主要来源于脂肪氧化过程中过氧化物的降解[28]。由于其阈值较低,醛类化合物对鲍鱼整体风味的贡献显著,通常呈现出青草香、花果香和鱼腥味等特征。如表3所示,对照组与不同冻结方式处理的鲍鱼中醛类化合物含量分别为5.37、14.42、17.27、13.28、15.91和15.91 μg/kg。冻藏处理后,鲍鱼中醛类物质的含量显著增加,这可能是由于冷冻过程中冰晶的生长导致肌肉结构受损,进而加剧了脂质氧化,导致风味化合物的损失[29]。苯甲醛具有令人愉悦的杏仁香味,能够丰富鲍鱼的整体风味[30]。壬醛是油酸氧化的产物,是鱼腥味的主要来源,对水产品的整体气味影响较大;己醛则是亚油酸氧化的产物,具有鱼腥和青草味,也是鱼腥味的主要来源之一[31]。研究发现,鲍鱼经冻藏后,壬醛和己醛的含量均显著增加,与张艳霞等[32]在大黄鱼冻藏过程中观察到的结果一致,即壬醛和己醛含量的增加加剧了鱼肉的腥味。此外,Huang等[33]研究发现,冷藏过程中鲭鱼的鱼腥风味主要来源于不饱和脂肪酸的氧化分解,产生的醛类和酮类等低分子量挥发性化合物会导致风味品质下降。因此,不同冻结方式处理的鲍鱼在贮藏过程中,由于脂肪氧化分解,腥味加重,对鲍鱼风味产生了不利影响。
烃类化合物是鲍鱼在不同冻结方式处理后鉴定出的种类最多的挥发性成分,含量分别为19.15、13.97、25.49、15.63、15.34和20.36 μg/kg。烃类主要由脂质自动氧化过程中烷基自由基的裂解产生,其阈值相对较高,对整体风味的贡献较小[34]。酮类化合物主要由不饱和脂肪酸氧化或氨基酸降解产生,通常具有清香和花果香味[35]。酯类化合物则是通过醇和酸的酯化作用缩合而成,具有愉快的水果香味或轻微的油脂味[36]。研究过程中发现,酯类和酮类的检出种类和含量较少,这可能是由于鲍鱼自身含量偏低以及冷冻过程中挥发性成分的损失所致。在鲍鱼的挥发性风味成分中,还检测到4种醇类物质,分别为桉叶油醇、2-乙基-1-己醇、4-萜烯醇和芳樟醇。桉叶油醇在水产品冻藏中主要起到增加鲜味的作用,龚恒[37]在鲟鱼冷藏研究中也检测到少量桉叶油醇。2-乙基-1-己醇能够提升鲍鱼整体的清新味[34],4-萜烯醇和芳樟醇则具有花香和香草的气味,鱿鱼风味中也检测到少量该物质[38]。此外,IF−30 ℃处理组的醇类含量达到最高值(22.67 μg/kg),表明IF−30 ℃在保持鲍鱼风味方面具有积极作用。
本研究采用5种不同冻结方式,探讨预制鲍鱼在冻藏期间的品质变化。结果表明,使用IF−30 ℃和LNF−80 ℃处理能够显著提高鲍鱼的冻结速率,显著缩短了鲍鱼的冷冻时间。同时,IF−30 ℃和LNF−80 ℃抑制了冻藏过程中鲍鱼TVB-N和TBARS值的上升,更好维持了鲍鱼的色泽品质。相比于RF,IF−30 ℃和LNF−80 ℃中鲍鱼的质地和微观结构显著优于其他处理组,保持了较好的口感,鲍鱼的组织形态完整、质地更好。此外,GC-MS结果显示,不同冻结方式对鲍鱼挥发性成分的种类和含量产生了显著影响,进而影响了鲍鱼的整体风味。快速冻结方式在减少风味劣变和保持鲍鱼新鲜度方面表现出一定的优势。尽管IF−30 ℃对食品物料的影响与LNF−80 ℃相似,但液氮冷冻设备的成本相对较高。因此,随着预制食品行业的不断发展,浸渍冷冻作为一种新兴的冷冻技术,因其良好的冷冻效果和较低的使用成本而展现出明显的优势。如果能够解决其在生产过程中冷冻物料产量较低的问题,浸渍冷冻技术有望在水产品加工领域得到更广泛的应用。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120042
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
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    1广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
    2广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东湛江 524088
    3华南理工大学,广东广州 510641
    4广州城市职业学院食品健康学院,广东广州 510405

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张业辉(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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