Article(id=1321170411023356825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730304000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921172147, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921172147, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921172147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921172147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170411216294810, articleId=1321170411023356825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Radio Frequency Heating Technology in Oilseed Drying and Storage, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oilseeds serve as a vital source of fats, proteins, and natural active ingredients, and effective drying and storage are critical for their secure supply. Radio frequency heating technology, with its advantages of deep penetration, rapid heating, is widely used in the field of oilseed drying and storage. This article first introduces the basic principles of radio frequency heating technology and its application advantages in the field of drying and storage. It also analyzes the factors affecting radio frequency heating of oilseeds. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of radio frequency heating technology in oilseed drying, pest control, sterilization and toxin degradation in recent years, highlighting that the main technical challenge remained the issue of uneven heating. The article suggests that future research should encompass the entire oilseed industry chain to explore radio frequency combined heating methods, to understand the impact of radio frequency heating on the intrinsic quality of oilseeds, and to clarify the mechanisms behind pest and mold control. Finally, it reviews the research progress of simulation analysis in improving the uniformity of radio frequency heating of oilseeds, revealing the laws of mass and heat transfer and the dynamics in pests and molds during radio frequency treatment. It points out that future research should expand the scope of oilseed studies. While focusing on improving the uniformity of radio frequency heating, more emphasis should be placed on the simulation analysis of pest and mold eradication by radio frequency heating, and the optimization of the eradication process. This will provide theoretical support for improving the industrial application of radio frequency heating technology in the field of oilseed drying and storage.

, authors=Jianan GAO1, Guangyue REN1, Jianfang SHI2, 3, Guangfei ZHU2, 3, *, Xu DUAN1, *, authorsList=Jianan GAO, Guangyue REN, Jianfang SHI, Guangfei ZHU, Xu DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guangfei ZHU, Xu DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170412201956257, articleId=1321170411023356825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=射频加热技术在油料干燥储藏中的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

油料是油脂、蛋白质和天然活性成分的重要来源,有效的干燥储藏是确保油料安全供给的关键环节。射频加热技术凭借其穿透深度大、加热速度快等优势,广泛应用于油料干燥储藏领域。本文首先介绍了射频加热技术的基本原理及其在干燥储藏领域的应用优势,并分析了影响油料射频加热的因素;其次综合分析了近年来射频加热技术在油料干燥、杀虫、杀菌、降解毒素等场景中的应用,明确了加热不均匀仍然是该技术在应用过程中面临的主要技术问题,指出未来应综合油料整体产业链条,进一步探究射频联合加热方法,明晰射频加热对油料内在品质的影响及杀灭虫霉的机制;最后综述了仿真分析在提高油料射频加热均匀性、揭示射频处理过程中质热传递和虫霉变化规律的研究进展,指出未来应拓展油料研究范围,在研究提高射频加热均匀性的同时,强化射频加热杀灭虫霉的仿真分析,优化虫霉杀灭工艺,以期为改善射频加热技术在油料干燥储藏领域的工业化应用提供理论支撑。

, authors=郜佳楠1, 任广跃1, 师建芳2, 3, 朱广飞2, 3, *, 段续1, *, authorsList=郜佳楠, 任广跃, 师建芳, 朱广飞, 段续, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱广飞, 段续, authorNote=

郜佳楠(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品精深加工理论与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱广飞(1988−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
段续(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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Application of radio frequency heating technology in oilseed drying processing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容工艺参数规律及效果参考文献
油菜籽射频加热射频加热处理对油菜籽干燥特性和理化特征的影响频率:27、915、2450 MHz,分别处理22、30和45 min2450 MHz条件下升温速率最高,但温度分布最不均匀;27 MHz处理得到的油菜籽油酸值和过氧化值较低,色泽变化小;27、915和2450 MHz处理后油脂提取率分别提高了12.28%、17.25%和22.08%[40]
花生真空射频真空射频对花生干燥速率、发芽率及营养品质的影响温度40 ℃;极板间距100 mm、真空度0.025 MPa;功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz干燥速率为0.0192 g/(g·h),发芽率为95.40%,蛋白质质量分数为24.72%;极板间距和真空度对平均干燥速率有显著影响,对发芽率无显著影响。真空度对花生蛋白质和油酸含量有显著影响[47]
花生射频热风
联合
热风辅助射频处理对花生的理化性质、挥发性化合物和感官品质的影响温度:70 ℃;极板间距:165 mm;样品厚度:6.8 cm;功率
12 kW、频率27.12 MHz
110~130 ℃处理45 min,含水率由7.7%降至3.1%,酸值和过氧化值分别为0.26±0.02 mg/g和2.46±0.10 meq/kg,品质良好;共鉴定出69种
挥发性化合物
[52]
花生射频脉冲
真空
射频脉冲真空联合(RFPVD)强化花生干燥热质传递温度40、45、50、55 ℃;真空压力0.07、0.08、0.09 MPa;脉冲比6:1、6:2、6:3、4:2、8:2与热风干燥(0.31 ℃/min)相比,RFPVD加热速率显著提高(1.98 ℃/min);花生蛋白和脂肪酸保留量更高。酸值随干燥温度升高和干燥时间延长而增加,过氧化值波动较小,但均符合食用油标准[53]
亚麻籽射频加热射频加热对亚麻籽油产量、理化性质和感官品质的影响温度:70、90、110、130、150 ℃;极板间距125 mm;功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz总酚、抗氧化能力、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量随着射频处理温度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05),油脂氧化指数也随之略有增加。150 ℃下射频加热处理,出油率从31.29%提高到38.23%[49]
橄榄果渣热风辅助
射频
橄榄果渣热风辅助射频(HA-RF)干燥特性及其对橄榄果渣油品质的影响温度:50 ℃;空气流速:1.5 m/s;极板间距:90、105和120 mm;样品厚度:2.5、5、7.5、10 cm;压实密度:0.45、0.60 和 0.82 g/cm3;功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz压实密度对干燥速率有显著影响;样品重量1 kg、产品厚度10 cm、压实密度0.45 g/cm3、极板间距为105 mm时,干燥效果最佳,效率较高。与热风干燥相比,HA-RF将干燥时间缩短了40%,与射频相比减少了62.5%[45]
油莎豆射频加热、热风辅助射频、真空射频油莎豆热风干燥(HD)、射频干燥(RFD)、射频辅助热风干燥(RFHD)和射频真空干燥(RFVD)特性和介电性能变化HD:热风速度0.45 m/s、温度
60 ℃;RFD:功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz;RFHD:热风系统
5.6 kW;功率6 kW、频率
27.12 MHz、温度60±5 ℃;RFVD:功率3 kW、频率
27.12 MHz、真空度0.02 MPa
与HD相比,射频干燥时间(包括RFD、RFHD和RFVD)显著缩短了38.60%~54.39%,但它同时显著影响微观结构;油莎豆中的自由水(A23)随着干燥进行而降低,而结合水(A22)先增加后降低。A23与介电常数和损耗因子呈强正相关[41]
澳洲坚果热风辅助
射频
坚果射频干燥和加热均匀性及其介电特性变化极板间距:145、155、165 mm;热风温度:40、50、60 ℃;功率
6 kW、频率27.12 MHz
极板间距对物料升温速度和平衡温度的影响比热风大;极板距离15.5 cm、热风温度50 ℃、热风辅助射频(360 min)干燥速度相较于热风(750 min)单独干燥更快[44]
核桃射频热风
联合
射频频率对核桃干燥特性、加热均匀性及品质的影响,两阶段射频热风干燥技术研发功率2.4 kW;频率:6.78、13.56、27.12、40.68 MHz;极板间距:115、160、240、195 mm加热均匀性随频率增加而降低,27.12 MHz频率下的干燥速率和能量利用率均最大;单阶段(使用单一的干燥温度)干燥时,160 mm 极板间距可实现快速干燥(210 min)和合格的产品品质,两阶段(干燥过程使用两个干燥温度)干燥可缩短20%的干燥时间[34]
腰果仁热风辅助
射频
热风辅助射频 (HA-RF)对腰果仁理化性质、感官品质和抗氧化活性的影响极板间距165 mm;功率12 kW;频率27.12 MHz;样品厚度5 cmHA-RF处理30 min可将含水率从6.2 g/100 g降到1.5 g/100 g。过氧化值和酸值显著低于140 ℃ 常规热风(P<0.05)。感官特性和抗氧化活性与常规热风法相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)[54]
杏仁射频热风
联合
轻度(110~120 ℃,10 min)、中度(120~130 ℃,15 min)、重度(120~130 ℃,20 min)HA-RF处理对杏仁品质与风味的影响极板间距:80、85、90 mm;频率27.12 MHz;样品厚度6 cm中度HA-RF处理,含水率从4.2%降至3.4%,酸值和过氧化值显著低于(P<0.05)烤箱处理。生杏仁和HA-RF干燥杏仁中分别有61种和87种挥发性化合物,贮藏18 周后产生21种新的挥发性化合物[55]
榛子射频热风
联合
带壳榛子射频(RF)和热风(HA)组合(HA;HA后RF (HAFRF);RF后HA (RFHA)和HA辅助RF(HARF))干燥特性及干燥策略极板间距:175和195 mm;时间:5、10、15、20、25和30 min;
功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz
HARF和RFHA干燥的前10 min内,榛子仁的温度始终高于榛子壳的温度,射频加热可有效去除果仁水分;将RF与HA相结合,可将干燥时间减少至少一半。HARF和RFHA干燥的带壳榛子干燥质量(脂质氧化和开裂率)明显优于HAFRF和高温HA(≥60 ℃)干燥[56]
油茶籽射频热风
联合
不同干燥方法(热风干燥、红外-热风联合干燥和射频-热风联合干燥)对油茶籽干燥特性和质量的影响射频-热风联合干燥:热风温度
60 ℃;频率27.12 MHz;
极板间距115 mm
相较于热风(600 min)和红外热风联合干燥
(562 min),射频-热风联合干燥所需干燥时间
(360 min)最短,油茶籽细胞的收缩率最小,所得油茶籽油的介电常数、熔融热流密度特征峰值、酸值和过氧化值最低且含有较多的不饱和脂肪酸
[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417155429335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

射频加热技术在油料干燥加工中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容工艺参数规律及效果参考文献
油菜籽射频加热射频加热处理对油菜籽干燥特性和理化特征的影响频率:27、915、2450 MHz,分别处理22、30和45 min2450 MHz条件下升温速率最高,但温度分布最不均匀;27 MHz处理得到的油菜籽油酸值和过氧化值较低,色泽变化小;27、915和2450 MHz处理后油脂提取率分别提高了12.28%、17.25%和22.08%[40]
花生真空射频真空射频对花生干燥速率、发芽率及营养品质的影响温度40 ℃;极板间距100 mm、真空度0.025 MPa;功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz干燥速率为0.0192 g/(g·h),发芽率为95.40%,蛋白质质量分数为24.72%;极板间距和真空度对平均干燥速率有显著影响,对发芽率无显著影响。真空度对花生蛋白质和油酸含量有显著影响[47]
花生射频热风
联合
热风辅助射频处理对花生的理化性质、挥发性化合物和感官品质的影响温度:70 ℃;极板间距:165 mm;样品厚度:6.8 cm;功率
12 kW、频率27.12 MHz
110~130 ℃处理45 min,含水率由7.7%降至3.1%,酸值和过氧化值分别为0.26±0.02 mg/g和2.46±0.10 meq/kg,品质良好;共鉴定出69种
挥发性化合物
[52]
花生射频脉冲
真空
射频脉冲真空联合(RFPVD)强化花生干燥热质传递温度40、45、50、55 ℃;真空压力0.07、0.08、0.09 MPa;脉冲比6:1、6:2、6:3、4:2、8:2与热风干燥(0.31 ℃/min)相比,RFPVD加热速率显著提高(1.98 ℃/min);花生蛋白和脂肪酸保留量更高。酸值随干燥温度升高和干燥时间延长而增加,过氧化值波动较小,但均符合食用油标准[53]
亚麻籽射频加热射频加热对亚麻籽油产量、理化性质和感官品质的影响温度:70、90、110、130、150 ℃;极板间距125 mm;功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz总酚、抗氧化能力、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量随着射频处理温度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05),油脂氧化指数也随之略有增加。150 ℃下射频加热处理,出油率从31.29%提高到38.23%[49]
橄榄果渣热风辅助
射频
橄榄果渣热风辅助射频(HA-RF)干燥特性及其对橄榄果渣油品质的影响温度:50 ℃;空气流速:1.5 m/s;极板间距:90、105和120 mm;样品厚度:2.5、5、7.5、10 cm;压实密度:0.45、0.60 和 0.82 g/cm3;功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz压实密度对干燥速率有显著影响;样品重量1 kg、产品厚度10 cm、压实密度0.45 g/cm3、极板间距为105 mm时,干燥效果最佳,效率较高。与热风干燥相比,HA-RF将干燥时间缩短了40%,与射频相比减少了62.5%[45]
油莎豆射频加热、热风辅助射频、真空射频油莎豆热风干燥(HD)、射频干燥(RFD)、射频辅助热风干燥(RFHD)和射频真空干燥(RFVD)特性和介电性能变化HD:热风速度0.45 m/s、温度
60 ℃;RFD:功率6 kW、频率27.12 MHz;RFHD:热风系统
5.6 kW;功率6 kW、频率
27.12 MHz、温度60±5 ℃;RFVD:功率3 kW、频率
27.12 MHz、真空度0.02 MPa
与HD相比,射频干燥时间(包括RFD、RFHD和RFVD)显著缩短了38.60%~54.39%,但它同时显著影响微观结构;油莎豆中的自由水(A23)随着干燥进行而降低,而结合水(A22)先增加后降低。A23与介电常数和损耗因子呈强正相关[41]
澳洲坚果热风辅助
射频
坚果射频干燥和加热均匀性及其介电特性变化极板间距:145、155、165 mm;热风温度:40、50、60 ℃;功率
6 kW、频率27.12 MHz
极板间距对物料升温速度和平衡温度的影响比热风大;极板距离15.5 cm、热风温度50 ℃、热风辅助射频(360 min)干燥速度相较于热风(750 min)单独干燥更快[44]
核桃射频热风
联合
射频频率对核桃干燥特性、加热均匀性及品质的影响,两阶段射频热风干燥技术研发功率2.4 kW;频率:6.78、13.56、27.12、40.68 MHz;极板间距:115、160、240、195 mm加热均匀性随频率增加而降低,27.12 MHz频率下的干燥速率和能量利用率均最大;单阶段(使用单一的干燥温度)干燥时,160 mm 极板间距可实现快速干燥(210 min)和合格的产品品质,两阶段(干燥过程使用两个干燥温度)干燥可缩短20%的干燥时间[34]
腰果仁热风辅助
射频
热风辅助射频 (HA-RF)对腰果仁理化性质、感官品质和抗氧化活性的影响极板间距165 mm;功率12 kW;频率27.12 MHz;样品厚度5 cmHA-RF处理30 min可将含水率从6.2 g/100 g降到1.5 g/100 g。过氧化值和酸值显著低于140 ℃ 常规热风(P<0.05)。感官特性和抗氧化活性与常规热风法相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)[54]
杏仁射频热风
联合
轻度(110~120 ℃,10 min)、中度(120~130 ℃,15 min)、重度(120~130 ℃,20 min)HA-RF处理对杏仁品质与风味的影响极板间距:80、85、90 mm;频率27.12 MHz;样品厚度6 cm中度HA-RF处理,含水率从4.2%降至3.4%,酸值和过氧化值显著低于(P<0.05)烤箱处理。生杏仁和HA-RF干燥杏仁中分别有61种和87种挥发性化合物,贮藏18 周后产生21种新的挥发性化合物[55]
榛子射频热风
联合
带壳榛子射频(RF)和热风(HA)组合(HA;HA后RF (HAFRF);RF后HA (RFHA)和HA辅助RF(HARF))干燥特性及干燥策略极板间距:175和195 mm;时间:5、10、15、20、25和30 min;
功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz
HARF和RFHA干燥的前10 min内,榛子仁的温度始终高于榛子壳的温度,射频加热可有效去除果仁水分;将RF与HA相结合,可将干燥时间减少至少一半。HARF和RFHA干燥的带壳榛子干燥质量(脂质氧化和开裂率)明显优于HAFRF和高温HA(≥60 ℃)干燥[56]
油茶籽射频热风
联合
不同干燥方法(热风干燥、红外-热风联合干燥和射频-热风联合干燥)对油茶籽干燥特性和质量的影响射频-热风联合干燥:热风温度
60 ℃;频率27.12 MHz;
极板间距115 mm
相较于热风(600 min)和红外热风联合干燥
(562 min),射频-热风联合干燥所需干燥时间
(360 min)最短,油茶籽细胞的收缩率最小,所得油茶籽油的介电常数、熔融热流密度特征峰值、酸值和过氧化值最低且含有较多的不饱和脂肪酸
[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417235121112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Application of radio frequency heating technology in insecticidal treatment in oilseed storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容工艺参数规律及效果参考文献
油菜籽射频加热50 Ω中试射频加热系统作用下油菜籽中害虫成虫的表观热死亡动力学功率:3、5、7 kW;频率27.12 MHz;温度:50、55、60、65 ℃;极板间距360 mm超过80%的昆虫在65 ℃所有功率条件下被杀死。成虫存活率随温度和射频功率的升高而降低[61]
油菜籽射频加热射频加热30~80 ℃温度范围内油菜籽赤拟谷盗成虫的热死亡率及动力学模型功率1.5 kW;频率27.12 MHz;含水率:5%、7%、9%、11%,样品装于直径和高度分别为50、100 mm和150、100 mm的透明聚碳酸酯样品容器中当温度达到60 ℃后,试验昆虫的热死亡率显著升高。除含水率11%的小体积样品外,建立的动力学模型预测准确性均较好[62]
核桃射频处理射频处理在核桃壳害虫防治中的应用研究功率12 kW;频率27.12 MHz;极板间距205 mm;样品装于直径和高度分别为335、200 mm的圆柱形聚乙烯样品容器射频处理将核桃加热至55 ℃以上,5龄脐橙虫死亡率100%,对核桃的品质没有负面影响,甚至可能降低核桃在储存过程中变质的可能性[60]
核桃射频联合热风射频加热对核桃采后害虫的杀灭效果及贮藏品质的影响频率27.12 MHz;热风温度55 ℃;堆叠厚度<270 mm;加热过程两次翻料射频可有效杀灭米蛾和印度谷螟,同时射频杀虫处理对核桃氧化值、游离脂肪酸值、色泽无显著影响[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417319007193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

射频加热技术在油料储藏中杀虫处理的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容工艺参数规律及效果参考文献
油菜籽射频加热50 Ω中试射频加热系统作用下油菜籽中害虫成虫的表观热死亡动力学功率:3、5、7 kW;频率27.12 MHz;温度:50、55、60、65 ℃;极板间距360 mm超过80%的昆虫在65 ℃所有功率条件下被杀死。成虫存活率随温度和射频功率的升高而降低[61]
油菜籽射频加热射频加热30~80 ℃温度范围内油菜籽赤拟谷盗成虫的热死亡率及动力学模型功率1.5 kW;频率27.12 MHz;含水率:5%、7%、9%、11%,样品装于直径和高度分别为50、100 mm和150、100 mm的透明聚碳酸酯样品容器中当温度达到60 ℃后,试验昆虫的热死亡率显著升高。除含水率11%的小体积样品外,建立的动力学模型预测准确性均较好[62]
核桃射频处理射频处理在核桃壳害虫防治中的应用研究功率12 kW;频率27.12 MHz;极板间距205 mm;样品装于直径和高度分别为335、200 mm的圆柱形聚乙烯样品容器射频处理将核桃加热至55 ℃以上,5龄脐橙虫死亡率100%,对核桃的品质没有负面影响,甚至可能降低核桃在储存过程中变质的可能性[60]
核桃射频联合热风射频加热对核桃采后害虫的杀灭效果及贮藏品质的影响频率27.12 MHz;热风温度55 ℃;堆叠厚度<270 mm;加热过程两次翻料射频可有效杀灭米蛾和印度谷螟,同时射频杀虫处理对核桃氧化值、游离脂肪酸值、色泽无显著影响[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417394504666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Application of radio frequency heating technology in sterilization treatment in oilseed storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容工艺参数规律及效果参考文献
花生射频联合热风分段干燥(SD)后进行热风干燥(HAD),探究射频处理对花生中黄曲霉菌的消减效果及其干燥后品质的影响40、45、50、55 ℃温度下分别处理20 min;45 ℃下分别处理10、20、30、40、50 min40 ℃射频处理下,花生仁的杀菌效果优于单独HAD。射频(45 ℃,40 min)SD下的杀菌率(47.55%)较高,且酸价(0.07 mg/g)低于热风干燥(0.2 mg/g)[43]
巴旦木射频联合热风采后巴旦木中大肠杆菌ATCC25922的耐热特性与射频杀菌技术研究功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz;热风温度55 ℃;空气流速:1.6 m/s;堆叠厚度60 mm;极板间距105 mm大肠杆菌ATCC 25922的D值随热处理温度的升高而降低;对带壳巴旦木进行1.5 min的杀菌,实现大肠杆菌ATCC 25922五个对数值的降低[13]
核桃射频加热、射频联合热风探究射频联合热风处理对核桃品质及金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923存活的影响功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz;温度60 ℃;极板间距140 mm;样品装于聚丙烯容器中金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923 损伤程度随射频加热时间的增加而加重,并减少4个对数值以上;相比对照组,色差和过氧化值无显著差异,酸值均低于0.30 mg/g[67]
榛子热风辅助射频探究新鲜带壳榛子中沙门氏菌在射频联合热风干燥过程中的热死亡动力学及高效巴氏杀菌的可行性功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz;热风温度75 ℃;极板间距140 mm;时间10、15、20 min射频加热20 min后,沙门氏菌减少了1个对数值;相同条件下,喷洒0.1%缓冲蛋白胨水(BPW)后,沙门氏菌灭活率提高了约1个对数值[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417461613531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

射频加热技术在油料储藏中杀菌处理的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容工艺参数规律及效果参考文献
花生射频联合热风分段干燥(SD)后进行热风干燥(HAD),探究射频处理对花生中黄曲霉菌的消减效果及其干燥后品质的影响40、45、50、55 ℃温度下分别处理20 min;45 ℃下分别处理10、20、30、40、50 min40 ℃射频处理下,花生仁的杀菌效果优于单独HAD。射频(45 ℃,40 min)SD下的杀菌率(47.55%)较高,且酸价(0.07 mg/g)低于热风干燥(0.2 mg/g)[43]
巴旦木射频联合热风采后巴旦木中大肠杆菌ATCC25922的耐热特性与射频杀菌技术研究功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz;热风温度55 ℃;空气流速:1.6 m/s;堆叠厚度60 mm;极板间距105 mm大肠杆菌ATCC 25922的D值随热处理温度的升高而降低;对带壳巴旦木进行1.5 min的杀菌,实现大肠杆菌ATCC 25922五个对数值的降低[13]
核桃射频加热、射频联合热风探究射频联合热风处理对核桃品质及金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923存活的影响功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz;温度60 ℃;极板间距140 mm;样品装于聚丙烯容器中金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923 损伤程度随射频加热时间的增加而加重,并减少4个对数值以上;相比对照组,色差和过氧化值无显著差异,酸值均低于0.30 mg/g[67]
榛子热风辅助射频探究新鲜带壳榛子中沙门氏菌在射频联合热风干燥过程中的热死亡动力学及高效巴氏杀菌的可行性功率6 kW;频率27.12 MHz;热风温度75 ℃;极板间距140 mm;时间10、15、20 min射频加热20 min后,沙门氏菌减少了1个对数值;相同条件下,喷洒0.1%缓冲蛋白胨水(BPW)后,沙门氏菌灭活率提高了约1个对数值[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417549693916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simulation study of radio frequency heating technology applied to oilseed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容规律模拟效果参考文献
大豆射频加热采用矩形塑料容器包装大豆,分析水平(20、40和60 mm)3层和垂直(0、150、300 mm)3层的温度分布,研究改善大豆射频干燥均匀性的计算模型在样品周围使用类似的介电材料、缩小顶板面积、将样品放置在两个极板电极的中间,可以改善射频加热均匀性实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,均表明中、底层的温度值高于顶层。在所有层中,角落和边缘的加热程度高于中心区域[36]
花生射频加热/热风辅助射频黄曲霉的热致死动力学,结合计算机模型指导设计花生仁射频杀菌工艺及分层处理;花生仁中黄曲霉在热风辅助射频巴氏灭菌过程中存活的计算模型较高的加热速率下花生中黄曲霉的耐热性减小;中间层的平均温度较高,微生物致死率高于上层和底层;每层的中心部分温度最低,该处的微生物致死率也最低该模型可以帮助确定达到所需杀菌要求的射频处理温度和时间[81−82]
花生射频加热带壳花生的介电特性及基于介电特性三次回归模型的射频加热数值模型,探究射频加热性能损耗因子对温度和含水量的影响比介电常数更敏感模拟得出最佳试验条件,在27.12 MHz射频干燥系统中,带壳花生的装载厚度应控制在11 cm以内[80]
花生热风射频联合应用数值模拟研究花生荚果的热质传递规律,为准确预测花生荚果不同部位的含水率提供技术和理论指导花生荚果、花生仁、花生壳的实验和模拟干燥速率分别为5.87%/h和5.89%/h、5.40%/h和5.39%/h、7.66%/h和7.49%/h该模型能够有效模拟花生荚果的薄层干燥过程。花生荚果、花生仁和花生壳的含水率模拟值与实验值的最大差异≤8.14%[79]
核桃仁射频加热研究微波和射频干燥过程中水分、温度和盐含量对核桃仁介电特性的影响,建立模型模拟不同频率下介电特性随温度和含水量的变化规律10~3000 MHz范围内,在射频波段,核桃仁的介电常数和损耗因子随频率的增加而显著降低,而在微波波段逐渐降低;损耗因子随盐含量的增加而急剧增大建立的模型可用于由温度和含水率精确预测损耗因子和介电常数。随着频率、温度和水分含量的增加,穿透深度急剧减小[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170417620997085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170411023356825, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

射频加热技术在油料应用中的模拟仿真研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物料技术类型研究内容规律模拟效果参考文献
大豆射频加热采用矩形塑料容器包装大豆,分析水平(20、40和60 mm)3层和垂直(0、150、300 mm)3层的温度分布,研究改善大豆射频干燥均匀性的计算模型在样品周围使用类似的介电材料、缩小顶板面积、将样品放置在两个极板电极的中间,可以改善射频加热均匀性实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,均表明中、底层的温度值高于顶层。在所有层中,角落和边缘的加热程度高于中心区域[36]
花生射频加热/热风辅助射频黄曲霉的热致死动力学,结合计算机模型指导设计花生仁射频杀菌工艺及分层处理;花生仁中黄曲霉在热风辅助射频巴氏灭菌过程中存活的计算模型较高的加热速率下花生中黄曲霉的耐热性减小;中间层的平均温度较高,微生物致死率高于上层和底层;每层的中心部分温度最低,该处的微生物致死率也最低该模型可以帮助确定达到所需杀菌要求的射频处理温度和时间[81−82]
花生射频加热带壳花生的介电特性及基于介电特性三次回归模型的射频加热数值模型,探究射频加热性能损耗因子对温度和含水量的影响比介电常数更敏感模拟得出最佳试验条件,在27.12 MHz射频干燥系统中,带壳花生的装载厚度应控制在11 cm以内[80]
花生热风射频联合应用数值模拟研究花生荚果的热质传递规律,为准确预测花生荚果不同部位的含水率提供技术和理论指导花生荚果、花生仁、花生壳的实验和模拟干燥速率分别为5.87%/h和5.89%/h、5.40%/h和5.39%/h、7.66%/h和7.49%/h该模型能够有效模拟花生荚果的薄层干燥过程。花生荚果、花生仁和花生壳的含水率模拟值与实验值的最大差异≤8.14%[79]
核桃仁射频加热研究微波和射频干燥过程中水分、温度和盐含量对核桃仁介电特性的影响,建立模型模拟不同频率下介电特性随温度和含水量的变化规律10~3000 MHz范围内,在射频波段,核桃仁的介电常数和损耗因子随频率的增加而显著降低,而在微波波段逐渐降低;损耗因子随盐含量的增加而急剧增大建立的模型可用于由温度和含水率精确预测损耗因子和介电常数。随着频率、温度和水分含量的增加,穿透深度急剧减小[21]
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射频加热技术在油料干燥储藏中的研究进展
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郜佳楠 1 , 任广跃 1 , 师建芳 2, 3 , 朱广飞 2, 3, * , 段续 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(3): 443-453
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (3) : 443 -453
射频加热技术在油料干燥储藏中的研究进展
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郜佳楠1 , 任广跃1, 师建芳2, 3, 朱广飞2, 3, * , 段续1, *
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
  • 2农业农村部规划设计研究院,北京 100125
  • 3农业农村部农产品产地初加工重点实验室,北京 100121
通讯作者:
朱广飞(1988−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
段续(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郜佳楠(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品精深加工理论与技术,E-mail:

Research Progress on Radio Frequency Heating Technology in Oilseed Drying and Storage
Jianan GAO1 , Guangyue REN1, Jianfang SHI2, 3, Guangfei ZHU2, 3, * , Xu DUAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Primary Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100121, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100362
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油料是油脂、蛋白质和天然活性成分的重要来源,有效的干燥储藏是确保油料安全供给的关键环节。射频加热技术凭借其穿透深度大、加热速度快等优势,广泛应用于油料干燥储藏领域。本文首先介绍了射频加热技术的基本原理及其在干燥储藏领域的应用优势,并分析了影响油料射频加热的因素;其次综合分析了近年来射频加热技术在油料干燥、杀虫、杀菌、降解毒素等场景中的应用,明确了加热不均匀仍然是该技术在应用过程中面临的主要技术问题,指出未来应综合油料整体产业链条,进一步探究射频联合加热方法,明晰射频加热对油料内在品质的影响及杀灭虫霉的机制;最后综述了仿真分析在提高油料射频加热均匀性、揭示射频处理过程中质热传递和虫霉变化规律的研究进展,指出未来应拓展油料研究范围,在研究提高射频加热均匀性的同时,强化射频加热杀灭虫霉的仿真分析,优化虫霉杀灭工艺,以期为改善射频加热技术在油料干燥储藏领域的工业化应用提供理论支撑。

射频加热  /  油料  /  干燥  /  储藏  /  仿真

Oilseeds serve as a vital source of fats, proteins, and natural active ingredients, and effective drying and storage are critical for their secure supply. Radio frequency heating technology, with its advantages of deep penetration, rapid heating, is widely used in the field of oilseed drying and storage. This article first introduces the basic principles of radio frequency heating technology and its application advantages in the field of drying and storage. It also analyzes the factors affecting radio frequency heating of oilseeds. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of radio frequency heating technology in oilseed drying, pest control, sterilization and toxin degradation in recent years, highlighting that the main technical challenge remained the issue of uneven heating. The article suggests that future research should encompass the entire oilseed industry chain to explore radio frequency combined heating methods, to understand the impact of radio frequency heating on the intrinsic quality of oilseeds, and to clarify the mechanisms behind pest and mold control. Finally, it reviews the research progress of simulation analysis in improving the uniformity of radio frequency heating of oilseeds, revealing the laws of mass and heat transfer and the dynamics in pests and molds during radio frequency treatment. It points out that future research should expand the scope of oilseed studies. While focusing on improving the uniformity of radio frequency heating, more emphasis should be placed on the simulation analysis of pest and mold eradication by radio frequency heating, and the optimization of the eradication process. This will provide theoretical support for improving the industrial application of radio frequency heating technology in the field of oilseed drying and storage.

radio frequency heating  /  oilseeds  /  drying  /  storage  /  simulation
郜佳楠, 任广跃, 师建芳, 朱广飞, 段续. 射频加热技术在油料干燥储藏中的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 443 -453 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100362
Jianan GAO, Guangyue REN, Jianfang SHI, Guangfei ZHU, Xu DUAN. Research Progress on Radio Frequency Heating Technology in Oilseed Drying and Storage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 443 -453 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100362
近年来,在国家大力实施油料产能提升工程的推动下,我国油料产量创历史新高,其中大豆、油菜籽、花生等主要油料年播种面积达3.3亿亩,产量接近6000万吨[1]。由于刚收获的油料水分含量较高,呼吸强度较大,酶活性高,需要及时进行干燥处理,以延长储藏期。同时,油料在收获、运输和储藏环节,一直暴露于自然环境中,极易受到害虫和微生物的侵染,一旦环境条件适宜,虫霉将大量繁殖代谢,造成油料数量和质量损失[2]。然而,由于目前我国油料产地干燥储藏机械化水平仍然较低,约为26.7%[3],导致油料产后因处理不及时容易出现腐烂、霉变、褐变和发芽等现象,造成严重的产后损失。据统计,我国油料产后综合损失率高达14%以上,其中干燥、储藏环节产地损失率分别为6.2%、20.0%[4],亟需改善产后干燥储藏条件。
加热处理是油料干燥储藏的必要手段,而不同加热方式在整个加工过程中的工作原理与能源消耗各有不同,加工效率及整体品质相差较大[5]。因此,探究适宜的加热技术以提高油料干燥与储藏效果,对于提高油料制品及最终产品的品质具有重要意义。射频是一种频率范围为3 kHz~300 MHz的高频交流电磁波,能引起物料内部带电离子的振荡迁移,将电能转化为热能,从而达到加热目的[6]。作为一种新型的加热方式,射频加热与传统加热方式相比具有明显特点,其能量可穿透至物料内部,实现物料内部和外部同时加热,而非依靠热量传导实现物料整体加热。近年来,射频技术在农产品及食品杀虫、杀菌、干燥和烘焙等多个领域已得到了广泛的应用研究[7],且由于射频加热具有较大的穿透深度,其在加热花生、油茶籽、核桃等尺寸较大的物料时优势尤为明显,加热过程中物料的温度控制更稳定[8]。
油料作为食用油的基本原料,含有丰富的油脂,可为人体提供必需脂肪酸并促进脂溶性维生素的吸收[9−10],但也因其含油率较高,若干燥和储藏方式不当容易导致其因氧化或水解而酸败[11],直接影响油料的出油率及品质。因此,深入探讨如何利用射频加热的技术优势以提高油料的干燥储藏水平,对于实现减损保供、提质增效具有重要的促进作用。本文在阐述射频加热技术的基本原理及优势特点的基础上,结合影响油料射频加热因素的研究,综述射频加热技术在油料干燥与储藏中的应用及研究现状(图1),并探究油料射频加热的模拟仿真分析进展,总结射频加热技术在应用过程中的不足之处,进而对其未来研究方向和前景进行展望,旨在为射频加热技术在该领域的工业化应用提供科学参考。
射频是一种高频交流电磁波,其频率范围为3 kHz~300 MHz。常用于农产品和食品加工领域的射频加热系统为平行极板式射频加热系统,可以简化为由上、下两极板构成的平行板电容器,如图2所示。当物料放置在上下两极板之间时将出现两种现象:一种是空间电荷极化;另一种是极性分子旋转。在两者共同作用下,物料中的带电离子和极性分子持续高速运动摩擦产生热能,导致物料内部与外部升温[12]。但在射频系统中,一般认为加热主要是由带电离子振荡引起的。由于电磁场强度随电流的增大而增大,而电流深受极板间距影响,因此可以通过调整上下极板的间距,调整电流大小,从而实现对耦合在物料中能量的有效控制,调节加热速率[13]。
目前,国际上工业、科研以及医药行业(ISM)常用的3个射频频率分别为13.56、27.12和40.68 MHz。射频加热是由离子的移动或者偶极子的极化将电磁能直接在物料内部转化为热能,穿透深度大,实现了物料内外同时加热(体积加热),升温速率快于传统加热。当射频加热技术运用于油料干燥时,由于射频波的穿透能力较强,加热过程中物料内部温度比外部温度高、温度梯度方向与水分扩散方向一致,干燥速率较快,同时由于其介电加热的特性,在干燥带壳油料时电磁能量可穿过外壳直接与籽仁耦合,能够克服干燥过程中因油籽收缩导致的籽壳间隙空气的阻隔作用,提高干燥效率,在油料等农产品干燥中优势明显,尤其适宜于颗粒较大的物料干燥。射频加热过程中物料的升温速率受介电特性影响,介电特性不同,加热过程中升温速率也明显不同,因此射频加热具有选择性,可以基本维持物料含水率自平衡[14],加热干燥均匀性较好。同时,由于害虫与物料介电特性的差异性导致虫霉升温较快,利用射频体积加热和选择性加热特性可以达到杀灭虫霉的目的[15]。另外,由于射频技术可在较低的物料温度和更短的时间内获得满意的干燥和虫霉杀灭效果,因此可以更好地保持物料的品质。
油料射频加热受到很多因素的影响,主要因素有:油料的介电特性、油料在电磁场中的位置、油料的堆积形态、射频系统工作参数等。
介电特性描述的是电磁场中物料与电磁波的相互作用,包括介电常数(ε')和损耗因子(ε")两个参数,体现了物料吸收和转化电磁能的能力[16−17]。不同物料具有不同的介电特性,甚至同一物料不同的部位介电特性也不一样[18]。根据射频加热计算公式(公式1[19]和公式2[13]),不同油料介电特性的差异可显著影响射频加热的穿透深度与加热速率,随着损耗因子的增加,射频加热的穿透深度减小,而升温速率会增大。介电特性受到密度、温度、水分含量、化学组成(如蛋白质、淀粉等)和频率等各种因素的影响[6],必要时可以通过调整上述变量来改变物料的介电特性[20],以优化射频加热。Zhang等[21]研究发现,在特定射频频率下,较高的物料温度、较大的物料含水率均会导致较大的升温速率,这是因为高温和高含水率提高了离子的迁移率和偶极子旋转,从而导致升温速率的增加[22],这在一定程度上解释了射频加热物料时含水率自平衡的原因。在一定的温度、含水率和频率范围内,随着频率增加,核桃仁的介电常数和损耗因子降低,这表明核桃仁射频加热在射频波段(10~300 MHz)的穿透深度大于在微波波段(300 MHz~3 GHz)的穿透深度。Zhang等[14]研究了不同频率、温度和含水率条件下花生仁的介电特性,基于测得的介电特性,利用实验和模拟确定了三种湿度水平下射频加热样品的温度分布,为开发适合花生的有效干燥方法提供了有益指导。Lei等[6]基于介电损耗机制和频率耦合的花生射频热处理性能提升的研究表明,蛋白质、脂肪和蔗糖表现出典型的极性损耗,但损耗强度较低,而由自由水引起的离子传导损耗是影响介电损耗正切值变化的主要因素,由于在13.56 MHz下难以实现理想的射频加热性能,且40.68 MHz下的较低穿透深度限制了加热负载,因此27.12 MHz被认为更适合用于花生的射频加热处理。可知,介电特性是射频系统设计和工艺优化必需的基础参数,对不同种类油料的介电特性进行研究,可以为通过物料的介电损耗和射频频率、加热温度等因素选择提高射频加热性能提供理论基础,针对性指导设计射频发射场,使射频加热得到最大化利用[8]。
$ {\mathrm{dp}} = \dfrac{{\mathrm{c}}}{{2\pi {\mathrm{f}}\sqrt {2\varepsilon '\left[ {\sqrt {1+{{\left({\dfrac{{\varepsilon ''}}{{\varepsilon '}}} \right)}^2}} - 1} \right]} }} $
式中:dp为射频加热的穿透深度(当电磁波能量衰减至物料表面能量的1/e(欧拉数e≈2.718)时,电磁波在物料内穿过的垂直距离即为穿透深度[23]),m;c为真空中光速,3×108 m/s;f为电磁场的频率,Hz;ε′为介电常数;ε′′为损耗因子。
$ \frac{{\Delta {\mathrm{T}}}}{{\Delta {\mathrm{t}}}} = \frac{{{{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{v}}}}}{{{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p}}} \cdot \rho }} = \frac{{2\pi {\mathrm{f}}{\varepsilon _0}\varepsilon ''{{\mathrm{E}}^2}}}{{{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p}}} \cdot \rho }} = \frac{{55.63 \times {{10}^{12}} \cdot \varepsilon '' \cdot {\mathrm{f}} \cdot {{\mathrm{E}}^2}}}{{{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p}}} \cdot \rho }} $
式中:ΔT和Δt为物料的温度增加值(℃)和加热时间(s);Cp为物料的比热容,J/(kg·℃);ρ为物料的密度,kg/m3;f为电磁场的频率,Hz;ε0为真空中的介质常数,8.854×10−12 F/m;ε′′为损耗因子;E为物料内部的电磁场强度,V/m。
射频系统极板内部电磁场分布的均匀性随物料放置位置的不同而产生变化,当物料置于下极板中心位置时,由于物料与其周围介质介电特性之间的差异导致电磁场分布不均而汇集于物料顶部边缘,产生边角效应[12];置于极板间的几何中心时,电磁场会发生偏转集中在物料中间层[24]。因此,可以通过在极板间不同位置放置不同含水率的物料以缓解边角效应对加热效果的影响,如张沛祯[25]在研究中发现将含水率低的黄豆放置在边角区域,将含水率高的黄豆放在极板中心,有效避免了边角效应,整体加热均匀性更好。Moirangthem 等[26]在油菜籽射频加热特性的研究中发现,平行电极间的管状摇种器中散装油菜籽在射频加热过程中温度分布不均匀,在靠近热电极的涂药器管状腔的前部可以观察到最热点。Zhou等[27]研究表明,在确定的极板间距和螺杆转速下,螺旋输送机中的大豆、玉米和花生样品以相似的加热速率进行射频加热,与静止处理相比,10个样品的最高和最低温度变化均明显减小,物料的射频加热均匀性指数(温度的标准差与平均温度的比值,较低的加热均匀性指数表明较好的加热均匀性)也明显降低。因此,可以利用螺旋输送机使样品稳定、连续、不间断地运动和混合,通过改变其在射频场中的位置,以改善射频加热效果,为进一步的大规模工业应用提供坚实的基础。
加热过程中射频波的反射、折射、穿透和吸收受物料整体形状、尺寸体积大小等因素影响,出现加热速率的差异,从而导致加热不均匀[28],可以通过利用不同尺寸、形状、材质的容器来影响油料的堆积形态,进而影响射频加热效果。Yu等[29]研究了不同大小容器中油菜籽的射频加热均匀性,结果显示,与小容器中的样品相比,中等大小容器中样品的边角效应更加严重,但大容器中的样品(尺寸大于极板面积)并未发现这一现象。Zuo等[30]研究表明,相同重量、较大尺寸的核桃仁在射频加热时,容器内物料堆叠程度越大,加热速率越高,但加热均匀性越差;同时在相同体积和加热速率下,样品的射频加热均匀性指数随籽粒尺寸的增大而增大(全粒0.124、半粒0.115、四分之一粒0.104、裂化粒0.082;该数值越低表明加热均匀性越好),随密度的增大而减小,因此可通过提高破碎粒占全粒或半粒的比例改善混合粒的加热均匀性。Tasci等[31]研究使用三维打印、不同形状的聚乳酸(PLA)容器(正方形、长方形和圆柱形)来放置花生进行射频加热,结果表明圆柱形容器加热更均匀。因此,通过控制物料的堆叠程度及容器的尺寸、形状、材料改变物料堆积形态,可以显著改善射频加热的均匀性,对于油料射频加工工艺的优化具有重要意义。
射频加热时极板的间距、尺寸和形状等因素的差异均会影响到物料的温度分布,因此调节射频系统的工作参数可显著改善射频加热效果[32−33]。对于固定功率射频加热系统而言,极板间距的大小决定了射频电磁场强度,间距越小,场强越大,引起场内物料离子振荡越强烈,产生热量越多,但会导致加热不均。Mao等[34]在开发带壳核桃处理方法(可同时实现干燥和除虫)时,通过采用2.4 kW、27.12 MHz、50欧姆射频系统和两阶段干燥策略研究了不同极板间距、加热速率和过渡温度对干燥特性、杀虫效果和产品质量的影响,发现160 mm的干燥极板间距,可以保证短的处理时间(210 min)、100%的头腹弧菌幼虫死亡率、合格的油脂质量指标(过氧化值和游离脂肪酸);极板面积直接影响电场的分布,通过调整极板的面积,可以优化电场分布、加热速率和加热均匀性,从而提高射频加热的整体性能[32,35]。Huang等[36]研究发现随着上极板面积的逐渐减小,加热均匀性指数会先减小后增大,当上极板面积与样品横截面积相近时,能够获得较好的加热均匀性;目前,实际生产使用的射频加热系统的电极板主要是平行板式,圆柱形电极板在射频加热中的应用正处于探究阶段[37−38],因其能有效地将电场集中在物料中心,同时降低了边缘和角落处的电场强度,不会产生过热点,在射频加热系统中增强电场均匀性方面展现出良好的应用前景[39]。因此,选取合适的工作参数是保障油料射频加热均匀性及加热效果的关键。
干燥处理作为防止腐烂、延长储藏期的关键工序,在油料产业链中发挥着重要作用。射频加热干燥因其穿透能力较强、干燥速率快、干燥品质高等优势,在油料干燥中的应用研究越来越受到关注。由表1可知,目前油料射频干燥的研究主要是以提高干燥效率及干燥品质等为目标,探究最佳的干燥参数(如频率、功率、极板间距、时间等),以达到最优化的干燥效果[40]。射频干燥效率优势明显,在油莎豆干燥中,与热风干燥相比,射频干燥(包括单一射频干燥、射频热风干燥和射频真空干燥)的干燥时间显著减少了38.60%~54.39%[41]。同时,由于射频加热存在一定的不均匀性[42],为提高射频干燥的效果,学者们也在尝试将射频加热与其他干燥技术相结合,以期找到更高效的干燥方案。其中,射频-热风联合干燥的研究报道较为常见,可以显著提高油料干燥效率,在花生[43]、澳洲坚果[44]、核桃[34]等油料干燥上得到应用,干燥速率均快于单一射频及单一热风干燥,如与热风干燥相比,射频-热风联合将干燥时间缩短了40%,与射频相比减少了62.5%[45],干燥时间明显缩短,同时可以改善干燥均匀性[46]。一些新型的射频联合干燥技术,如射频-真空[47]、射频-热泵[48]等技术也得到了探究,并取得一定的成效。另外,射频加热在提高干燥效率的同时,还是一种有效的预处理手段,可以通过破坏油料细胞的内部结构,提高出油率[40],如射频处理后可以将油菜籽出油率提高12.28%[40]、亚麻籽出油率提高6.94%[49];提高油脂的理化和营养品质,如射频热风联合干燥后得到的油茶籽油酸值和过氧化值与热风干燥和红外热风干燥处理相比均较低(分别为0.60±0.06 mg·g−1和4.80±0.07 mmol·kg−1),且含有较多的不饱和脂肪酸[50],而对油脂的分子结构和键合没有影响[49]。但由于物料本身成分及形状、尺寸的不同,得到的最优参数也存在差别。且现有的研究较少涉及油料的主要品质指标(酸值和过氧化值等)在射频处理前后的差异及过程中的变化,探究最佳参数时也极少将物料品质纳入考虑因素,同时,尽管射频干燥对油料物理品质有积极影响,但也会因干燥过程中过度的水分迁移而导致组织结构塌陷,最终导致更多的毛细管结构被破坏,影响物料的微观结构[41]。射频加热对油料内在品质的影响机制尚不清晰,基于脂质组学等[51]技术探索干燥过程中油料主要营养成分可能的变化机制,可以为进一步提高射频干燥的适应性及后续功能性油脂的研发与利用提供参考。此外,现有的射频加热技术在油料干燥中的应用大多数是试验性研究,对场地和规模都有一定的限制。因此,未来需要进一步对射频干燥技术进行优化并加大转化力度,为该技术在油料干燥领域的工业化应用提供支撑。
油料储藏常见的害虫有麦蛾、印度谷螟、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗、花生豆象、锈赤扁谷盗、米蛾、脐橙螟等[57−58],其对油料的污染和破坏主要包括油料表面留下的虫眼、内部的粪便积累以及幼虫吐出的大量丝和结成的茧,不仅会直接造成质量损失,还可能会促进霉菌生长并产生毒素引发食品安全问题[59]。目前,对油料害虫的杀灭多采用磷化氢等药剂熏蒸法,而对化学药剂使用的限制增加了开发产后替代处理方法的兴趣[60]。凭借快速加热、整体加热和选择性加热等技术优势,射频加热已被广泛应用于粮油杀虫研究(见表2)。
从表2可以看出,目前对油料贮藏害虫的射频杀灭研究主要分为两类:一是适应物料的最优杀虫工艺探究;二是不同条件射频加热作用下害虫的热死亡动力学研究。射频加热在核桃、油菜籽等油料害虫杀灭中得到研究应用[59,61],并取得了较好的杀虫效果。在射频频率27.12 MHz、功率3~7 kW、极板间距360 mm、65 ℃条件下,油菜籽中超过80%的昆虫均能被杀死,且成虫存活率随温度和射频功率的升高而降低[61];在射频频率27.12 MHz、功率12 kW、极板间距205 mm条件下,将核桃加热至55 ℃以上,5龄脐橙虫死亡率可达100%,而对核桃的品质没有负面影响[60],证实了射频杀虫的可行性。这主要是由于害虫与油料在介电特性上的差异使得二者在射频加热时的升温速率及温度上出现巨大差异,从而可以在保持产品原有品质的基础上实现较好的杀虫效果。同时,建立的射频杀虫动力学预测模型可以对射频杀虫过程中害虫的致死率进行预测,发现害虫存活率与温度和射频功率变化成反比,进而优化射频杀虫工艺[62]。然而,由于同种物料不同含水率的介电特性也存在差异性,现有的研究较少涉及物料不同状态下杀虫工艺及效果探究。同时现有研究大多集中在射频频率的影响上,射频系统其他工作参数如极板间距、尺寸对害虫死亡率的影响则较少报道。目前随着介电特性、害虫耐热特性等基础研究的发展,射频杀虫技术逐渐扩展到工业规模的产业工艺研究中,但由于对物料和害虫的介电特性研究仍然不够系统,在设备研发及加热过程参数设定时缺乏一定的理论支持,需要继续拓展射频加热杀灭油料害虫种类、强化基础理论和产业化应用研究。此外,由于射频杀虫所需强度较低,将其与巴氏杀菌、干燥或钝酶等目的结合[63],并研究优化工业处理工艺,有利于降低处理成本,进一步发挥射频加热技术的潜力。
油料在种植、收获和储运阶段均会受到各类微生物污染,一旦外界条件适宜,微生物就会迅速繁殖,危害食品安全,尤其是花生、核桃等油料,因其特殊的生长环境或结构形态,极易发生霉变[43,64]。射频加热处理被认为是具有吸引力的食品杀菌方法[65],目前已广泛用于巴氏杀菌,例如对黄曲霉菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭[66]。从表3可知,射频加热在油料杀菌上的应用研究主要集中在花生、核桃等杀菌工艺的探究上[67−68]。在射频(45 ℃,40 min)–热风分段加热条件下,花生表面黄曲霉菌的杀菌率较高,达到47.55%,且酸价(0.07 mg/g)低于热风干燥(0.2 mg/g)[43],在射频频率27.12 MHz、功率6 kW、温度60 ℃、极板间距140 mm条件下,射频处理可以使核桃上金黄色葡萄球菌减少4个对数值以上,而脂肪酸值均低于0.30 mg/g[67],表明了射频杀菌的有效性和安全性;在6 kW、27.12 MHz条件下,以75 ℃的热风辅助射频加热时,对数线性模型可以很好地模拟榛子壳和果仁中沙门氏菌和屎肠球菌的存活数据,进而为优化射频杀菌工艺提供理论支撑[63]。同时,可以通过调整极板间距、输送速度等系统参数及物料放置状态或增加搅拌操作以满足杀菌要求。综合来看,射频加热处理杀灭有害微生物的可行性,除了在于其热效应外,还可能在于其非热效应作用[69−70]。射频处理可以在亚致死温度下破坏微生物的细胞膜结构,抑制细胞壁的合成,同时可能会影响其翻译活性和能量代谢[64],但该破坏作用是否足以杀灭微生物并无定论[71]。同时,部分微生物由于耐热性极强,需要较高的射频强度,而射频强度过大会对油料中的热敏性组分产生不利影响,从而影响最终产品品质。因此,基于转录组学[7]进一步明确射频杀菌机制,并对油料作物中热敏性成分开展相关研究,对于提高杀菌效果,保障射频灭菌下油料及其制品的品质具有重要意义。
油料在储藏过程中,受到黄曲霉菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等微生物的污染,除了微生物繁殖造成的腐败变质问题外,其代谢产物带来的安全问题也不容小觑。以黄曲霉菌为例,其有毒代谢产物——黄曲霉毒素B1具有强致癌性,摄入体内还存在致畸、致突变的风险,且其性质非常稳定,简单加热等处理方法很难将其去除,常用的物理、化学、生物等降解方法在降解毒素的同时会产生试剂残留、环境污染等一系列问题。Appugol等[68]在探究射频加热对花生品质的影响及其降低黄曲霉毒素的潜力时,发现最小电极高度为180 mm、输送速度为5 m/h的条件下,花生的出油率最高,品质最好,黄曲霉毒素B1和B2的含量分别降低了92.64%和90.51%。Peng等[72]的研究结果表明,与热风处理(140 ℃)相比,射频处理使花生中黄曲霉毒素B1的降解率提高了18%,且花生的酸值更低,组织损伤更小,认为射频处理在花生加工中是一种很有前途的毒素降解技术[73],为油料等农产品中黄曲霉毒素B1等毒素的降解提供新思路。还有部分学者结合射频处理与化学添加降解毒素,研究发现在300 W射频等离子处理下,分别添加花生蛋白、油酸和VE后,黄曲霉毒素B1的含量分别下降了60%、40%和20%,均低于0、100、200 W条件下的含量[74]。上述研究表明了射频处理降解毒素的可行性,但目前对于射频降解毒素的研究尚无机制层面的探讨。因此,未来需要继续深入探究射频作用于毒素的降解机制,为提高射频处理降解毒素效用,并将其与化学、生物处理方法更好地结合提供理论依据。且微生物污染油料后其代谢所产毒素可能不止一种,对射频处理同步降解多种毒素开展相关研究,对保障油料及其制品安全性具有重要意义。
油料射频加热干燥储藏试验研究为射频处理在油料加工上的应用提供了重要的理论和技术支撑,但由于试验研究需要大量的人力、物力和时间成本,且不能全面地揭示干燥储藏中射频加热的规律。计算机模拟仿真具有速度快、成本低、数据分析全面等优势,其建模结果虽然不能完全代替实验工作和现场数据测量,但可以用于仿真特定几何空间内的流体动量、热量和质量传递及结构特征,模拟预测干燥储藏设备的性能及内部物料的热湿、虫霉状态,研究干燥、储藏系统中各参数间的相互关系及其对该系统性能的影响,并对其进行优化,在粮油加工及储藏领域得到越来越广泛的应用[75]。目前,尽管射频加热具有较大优势,但也存在因反射、折射、穿透和吸收等现象造成物料受热不均、电磁波能量汇集在物料边角区域导致边角效应以及物料温度相对较高的地方会被过度加热而产生热偏移现象[42]等问题,加热不均匀性已成为大规模射频应用面临的主要问题[31],并且影响处理后的干燥、杀虫、灭菌效果和产品品质[75−77]。
大量学者利用计算机模拟技术进行仿真分析,研究复杂射频电介质加热过程[78],以优化加热系统的设计,并确定关键变量的影响(图3)。表4展示了射频加热技术在油料应用中的模拟仿真研究,从研究对象来说主要集中在大豆、花生和核桃等油料射频加热仿真;从研究内容来说主要集中在射频加热均匀性及其影响因素[36]、质热传递[21]和虫霉杀灭[63]等方面;从研究结果来说,部分仿真研究的模拟和实验结果证实了边角效应的存在,可通过模拟调节射频系统工作参数或改变堆积形态缓解其对加热均匀性及杀虫杀菌效果产生的不利影响。Huang等[36]采用矩形塑料容器包装大豆,利用COMSOL软件研究改善其射频加热均匀性的计算模型,模拟结果表明将大豆周围使用与其介电特性相似的材料,采用与样品尺寸相似的顶板面积,并将其置于极板中心位置可改善边角效应,降低边缘角落与中心位置的温差(从24 ℃降至15 ℃),提高温度分布均匀性。Chen等[79]基于局域热平衡理论构建了射频加热质热传递模型,该模型能够有效模拟花生荚果的薄层干燥过程,花生荚果、花生仁和花生壳的含水率模拟值与实验值的最大差异分别为7.06%、5.84%和8.14%,表明了模拟结果的可靠性。Lei等[80]基于介电性能三次回归模型构建射频加热数值模型,模拟得出最佳试验条件为在27.12 MHz条件下,带壳花生的装载厚度应控制在11 cm以内,可以确保满足加热要求。Zhang等[81−82]在研究黄曲霉热致死动力学的基础上,构建了花生仁中黄曲霉在热风辅助射频巴氏灭菌过程中存活的计算模型,该模型可以帮助确定达到所需杀菌要求的射频处理温度和时间,验证实验结果表明,物料中心温度较低、边缘温度较高,微生物致死率分布与之一致,表明边角效应的存在及其对射频加热灭菌的影响,需要加以改善。且由于介电性质、包装材料形状、样品的颗粒尺寸、搅拌次数、极板间距和样品在电极中的位置等几个因素之间的差异及其彼此间相互作用会对油料射频加热均匀性产生影响[83],通过对加热过程中物料在不同因素条件下的温度分布进行模拟,进而通过选择适宜形状、材质的容器结合分层放置(分上、中、下层或在物料中放云母板进行分隔以形成气隙)等改善加热均匀性,据此优化射频加热系统设计。射频灭菌的模拟结果表明,结合现有的传热传质模型,耦合电磁传热模型、霉菌生长动力学及热致死模型[82−83],通过计算机仿真,用以辅助确定最优工艺参数以期达到最好的处理效果。然而,目前射频加热技术的研究主要局限于大豆、花生、核桃等油料方面,建立的仿真模型受限于物料差异,且关于油料射频杀虫的仿真研究未见报道,未来应拓展油料研究范围,强化油料及虫霉介电特性研究,在提高射频加热均匀性的同时,加强射频加热杀灭虫霉的仿真分析,以优化虫霉杀灭工艺和提高虫霉杀灭效果,促进油料产业的整体发展。
射频加热作为一种新型的加热技术,由于其具有穿透深度大、加热速度快等优点,在油料干燥及储藏中得到了广泛的应用研究。不仅可以在保障产品品质的同时进行干燥处理,还可以有效杀灭油料中的害虫和微生物以及降解微生物有毒代谢产物,便于油料后续的储藏与加工,确保油料高质安全。由于射频加热存在一定的不均匀性,不同油料本身特性差异,应用时需根据含水率、介电特性及热特性等来选择合适的射频处理条件,以达到最佳的处理效果。尽管射频加热技术已在油料干燥储藏领域得到应用,但涉及的油料品种有限,产业化应用程度不高,未来应综合油料整体产业链条,进一步探究优化适宜与射频加热结合的其他干燥方法,实现联合处理,提高油料干燥效率、改善干燥均匀性。目前,射频加热对油料内在品质的影响、杀灭虫霉及降解毒素的机制尚不清晰,今后的研究中应加大研究深度,从脂质组学的角度探索干燥过程中不同油料主要营养成分可能的变化机制,为后续功能性油脂的研发与利用提供参考。同时,继续拓展油料研究范围,基于转录组学探究虫霉杀灭、代谢产物降解的生物学机制,进一步提高虫霉杀灭效果,确保油料产地安全高效干燥与储藏。
油料射频加热仿真在提高射频加热均匀性、揭示射频处理过程中质热传递和虫霉变化规律及设备优化设计方面发挥了重要作用,但相关研究仍然处于起步阶段,仿真研究的广度和深度还有待提高。未来一方面应系统研究不同油料在不同温度、水分、频率下的介电特性变化规律,构建介电特性随不同因素变化的模型,通过仿真进一步揭示物料形态、位置、介电性质、包装材料等对射频加热过程的影响规律。另一方面,结合油料干燥特性、害虫和微生物的生长特性,建立准确的动力学模型,通过仿真优化加热工艺,为深化该技术在油料领域的工业化应用提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100362
  • 接收时间:2024-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-31
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    1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
    2农业农村部规划设计研究院,北京 100125
    3农业农村部农产品产地初加工重点实验室,北京 100121

通讯作者:

朱广飞(1988−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
段续(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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