Article(id=1321170402022376238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921170001, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921170001, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921170001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921170001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=342, endPage=351, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170402211119919, articleId=1321170402022376238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Physicochemical Properties of Enzymatic Chicken Soup Microcapsule Powder and the Release of Characteristic Odors during Storage, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The odor of enzymatic chicken broth is volatile, leading to reduced food quality. A microencapsulation system can be employed to protect the odor. In this study, enzymatic chicken broth was used as the raw material, and three different samples were prepared by spray drying technology: unencapsulated enzymatic chicken broth powder (EB), enzymatic chicken broth microcapsule powder (BPA) with pea albumin as the wall material, and enzymatic chicken broth microcapsule powder (BPAT) with pea albumin and aciculin as a composite wall material. The physical properties and structures of the different powders were compared, and the release characteristics of key odor compounds during storage and dissolution were investigated. The results indicated that, compared to the EB sample, the particle size and moisture content of the BPA and BPAT samples increased, while solubility slightly decreased. Specifically, BPA had the largest particle size (51.58±0.08 μm), whereas BPAT displayed the highest moisture content (6.14%±0.13%) and the lowest solubility (73.33%±2.88%). During storage, significant losses of key odor compounds were observed in the EB sample. In particular, 2-n-amylfuran and 1-octene-3-ol were not detected at the start of storage. In contrast, the BPA and BPAT samples formed an odor-encapsulating microcapsule system, which effectively maintained a high retention and stable release of odor compounds. For example, the release of hexanal in the BPA sample after dissolution increased by 3.67 times, reaching 7396.94 μg/L. The BPA samples exhibited protective effects on most of the selected key odor compounds, whereas the BPAT samples demonstrated better retention of 1-octene-3-ol. Additionally, the odor released from the powder before dissolution was significantly lower than that released after dissolution, suggesting that most odor compounds were effectively confined within the powder matrix. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the microcapsule system formed by pea albumin and aciculin could reduce odor evaporation, providing a new theoretical basis for the microencapsulation of enzymatically hydrolyzed chicken powder and the protection of its characteristic odor substances.

, authors=Jiajia ZHAO1, Siyi PENG1, Haibin GUO2, Lingjun MA1, Fang CHEN1, Xiaosong HU1, Junfu JI1, *, authorsList=Jiajia ZHAO, Siyi PENG, Haibin GUO, Lingjun MA, Fang CHEN, Xiaosong HU, Junfu JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junfu JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170403700097854, articleId=1321170402022376238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末的理化性质及贮藏期间特征气味释放研究, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

酶解鸡汤气味易挥发造成食品品质降低,可通过构建微胶囊体系保护气味物质。本研究以酶解鸡汤为原料,利用喷雾干燥技术制备了三种样品:未包埋的酶解鸡汤粉末(EB)、以豌豆白蛋白为壁材的酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末(BPA)和以豌豆白蛋白、刺云实胶为复合壁材的酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末(BPAT)。比较了不同粉末物理性质和结构的差异,并研究了它们在贮藏和溶解过程中特征气味物质的释放特性。结果显示,与EB样品相比,BPA和BPAT样品的粒径和水分含量均有所增加,而溶解度略有降低。具体而言,BPA样品的粒径最大,为51.58±0.08 μm;BPAT样品的水分含量最高,为6.14%±0.13%;而其溶解度最低,为73.33%±2.88%。在贮藏期间,EB样品的特征气味化合物出现了显著损失。尤其是2-正戊基呋喃和1-辛烯-3-醇,在贮藏初期均未被检测到。相比之下,BPA和BPAT样品通过形成气味包埋的微胶囊体系,实现了气味物质的高保留和稳定释放。如BPA中己醛溶解后的释放量提高了3.67倍,为7396.94 μg/L。BPA样品对所选的大部分特征气味物质有保护作用,BPAT样品则在保留1-辛烯-3-醇方面表现更优。此外,研究发现粉末未溶解前的气味释放量明显小于溶解后的释放量,表明多数气味化合物在粉末内部得到了有效保护。总之,本研究证明了豌豆白蛋白和刺云实胶形成的微胶囊体系可以减少气味的逸散,为酶解鸡汤粉末的微胶囊化及特征气味物质的保护提供了新的理论依据。

, authors=赵佳佳1, 彭思怡1, 郭海滨2, 马玲君1, 陈芳1, 胡小松1, 季俊夫1, *, authorsList=赵佳佳, 彭思怡, 郭海滨, 马玲君, 陈芳, 胡小松, 季俊夫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=季俊夫, authorNote=

赵佳佳(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬功能组分递送体系构建,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
季俊夫(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物源新食品资源挖掘,E-mail:。
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注:(a)三种粉末的热重曲线图;(b)三种粉末的微分热重曲线图。

, figureFileSmall=wTvEv+y+DJ0K93NyM29+5Q==, figureFileBig=5ghsw70G40Hqdi5aP21Tsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411065295734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fluorescence emission spectra of EB, BPA and BPAT powders, figureFileSmall=mPHPbt+CacurQ/5g9Pa0ow==, figureFileBig=HuWy8EHcllWTdz+Odw1RTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411149181815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=CN, label=图3, caption=EB、BPA和BPAT粉末的荧光发射光谱图, figureFileSmall=mPHPbt+CacurQ/5g9Pa0ow==, figureFileBig=HuWy8EHcllWTdz+Odw1RTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411241456504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Hygroscopic behavior of EB, BPA and BPAT powders under storage conditions of 80% relative humidity, figureFileSmall=Gp74znxj/vg2YTUnfen+Eg==, figureFileBig=Secc8XjJ6DJjQPcRIbajaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411367285625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EB、BPA和BPAT粉末在80%相对湿度下吸湿性的变化

注:不同字母表示同一时间不同处理组间差异显著(P<0.05),未标注字母表示同一时间不同处理组间无显著差异,图6~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=Gp74znxj/vg2YTUnfen+Eg==, figureFileBig=Secc8XjJ6DJjQPcRIbajaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411476337530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=FTIR spectra of EB, BPA and BPAT powders stored at 80% relative humidity for 0, 1 and 5 days, figureFileSmall=4+hfvurJ+wYjLtfnwaexgg==, figureFileBig=9uNG/tg7YT82vOFZB8oDtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411589583739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EB、BPA和BPAT粉末在80%相对湿度下贮藏0、1、5 d的FTIR光谱图, figureFileSmall=4+hfvurJ+wYjLtfnwaexgg==, figureFileBig=9uNG/tg7YT82vOFZB8oDtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411694441340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Critical flavor release of EB, BPA and BPAT powders under storage conditions of 80% relative humidity, figureFileSmall=Yzz/XlD5UAEV1adhIBOyXg==, figureFileBig=n1ORRKe6ZZZDjgRi+TVK8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411790910333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EB、BPA和BPAT粉末在80%相对湿度下贮藏的特征气味释放量, figureFileSmall=Yzz/XlD5UAEV1adhIBOyXg==, figureFileBig=n1ORRKe6ZZZDjgRi+TVK8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170411887379326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Critical flavor release during the dissolution of EB, BPA and BPAT powders after 0, 7 and 14 days of storage, figureFileSmall=9A02AEg36RKfSa/BeOtHYA==, figureFileBig=yEK3+obT9eoR/Hx1jQoMvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170412013208447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=CN, label=图7, caption=EB、BPA和BPAT粉末溶解后贮藏0、7、14 d的特征气味释放量, figureFileSmall=9A02AEg36RKfSa/BeOtHYA==, figureFileBig=yEK3+obT9eoR/Hx1jQoMvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170412113871744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Particle size, moisture content, bulk density and solubility of EB, BPA and BPAT powders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品D10(μm)D50(μm)D90(μm)水分含量(%)堆积密度(g/mL)溶解度(%)
EB20.48±0.29c39.17±0.63c62.52±1.70c4.75±0.54b0.59±0.02a90.67±0.81a
BPA31.04±0.08a49.98±0.09a77.51±0.21a4.29±0.39b0.62±0.01a78.33±1.44b
BPAT26.22±0.46b45.45±0.22b73.05±0.88b6.14±0.13a0.63±0.01a73.33±2.88b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170412248089473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170402022376238, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

EB、BPA和BPAT粉末的粒径、水分含量、堆积密度和溶解度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品D10(μm)D50(μm)D90(μm)水分含量(%)堆积密度(g/mL)溶解度(%)
EB20.48±0.29c39.17±0.63c62.52±1.70c4.75±0.54b0.59±0.02a90.67±0.81a
BPA31.04±0.08a49.98±0.09a77.51±0.21a4.29±0.39b0.62±0.01a78.33±1.44b
BPAT26.22±0.46b45.45±0.22b73.05±0.88b6.14±0.13a0.63±0.01a73.33±2.88b
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酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末的理化性质及贮藏期间特征气味释放研究
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赵佳佳 1 , 彭思怡 1 , 郭海滨 2 , 马玲君 1 , 陈芳 1 , 胡小松 1 , 季俊夫 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(3): 342-351
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (3) : 342 -351
酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末的理化性质及贮藏期间特征气味释放研究
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赵佳佳1 , 彭思怡1, 郭海滨2, 马玲君1, 陈芳1, 胡小松1, 季俊夫1, *
作者信息
  • 1国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2联合利华(中国)有限公司研发中心,上海 200335
通讯作者:
季俊夫(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物源新食品资源挖掘,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵佳佳(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬功能组分递送体系构建,E-mail:

Physicochemical Properties of Enzymatic Chicken Soup Microcapsule Powder and the Release of Characteristic Odors during Storage
Jiajia ZHAO1 , Siyi PENG1, Haibin GUO2, Lingjun MA1, Fang CHEN1, Xiaosong HU1, Junfu JI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Unilever Research & Development Center, Unilever (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200335, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120010
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酶解鸡汤气味易挥发造成食品品质降低,可通过构建微胶囊体系保护气味物质。本研究以酶解鸡汤为原料,利用喷雾干燥技术制备了三种样品:未包埋的酶解鸡汤粉末(EB)、以豌豆白蛋白为壁材的酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末(BPA)和以豌豆白蛋白、刺云实胶为复合壁材的酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末(BPAT)。比较了不同粉末物理性质和结构的差异,并研究了它们在贮藏和溶解过程中特征气味物质的释放特性。结果显示,与EB样品相比,BPA和BPAT样品的粒径和水分含量均有所增加,而溶解度略有降低。具体而言,BPA样品的粒径最大,为51.58±0.08 μm;BPAT样品的水分含量最高,为6.14%±0.13%;而其溶解度最低,为73.33%±2.88%。在贮藏期间,EB样品的特征气味化合物出现了显著损失。尤其是2-正戊基呋喃和1-辛烯-3-醇,在贮藏初期均未被检测到。相比之下,BPA和BPAT样品通过形成气味包埋的微胶囊体系,实现了气味物质的高保留和稳定释放。如BPA中己醛溶解后的释放量提高了3.67倍,为7396.94 μg/L。BPA样品对所选的大部分特征气味物质有保护作用,BPAT样品则在保留1-辛烯-3-醇方面表现更优。此外,研究发现粉末未溶解前的气味释放量明显小于溶解后的释放量,表明多数气味化合物在粉末内部得到了有效保护。总之,本研究证明了豌豆白蛋白和刺云实胶形成的微胶囊体系可以减少气味的逸散,为酶解鸡汤粉末的微胶囊化及特征气味物质的保护提供了新的理论依据。

酶解鸡汤粉末  /  微胶囊  /  特征气味物质  /  贮藏  /  顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法

The odor of enzymatic chicken broth is volatile, leading to reduced food quality. A microencapsulation system can be employed to protect the odor. In this study, enzymatic chicken broth was used as the raw material, and three different samples were prepared by spray drying technology: unencapsulated enzymatic chicken broth powder (EB), enzymatic chicken broth microcapsule powder (BPA) with pea albumin as the wall material, and enzymatic chicken broth microcapsule powder (BPAT) with pea albumin and aciculin as a composite wall material. The physical properties and structures of the different powders were compared, and the release characteristics of key odor compounds during storage and dissolution were investigated. The results indicated that, compared to the EB sample, the particle size and moisture content of the BPA and BPAT samples increased, while solubility slightly decreased. Specifically, BPA had the largest particle size (51.58±0.08 μm), whereas BPAT displayed the highest moisture content (6.14%±0.13%) and the lowest solubility (73.33%±2.88%). During storage, significant losses of key odor compounds were observed in the EB sample. In particular, 2-n-amylfuran and 1-octene-3-ol were not detected at the start of storage. In contrast, the BPA and BPAT samples formed an odor-encapsulating microcapsule system, which effectively maintained a high retention and stable release of odor compounds. For example, the release of hexanal in the BPA sample after dissolution increased by 3.67 times, reaching 7396.94 μg/L. The BPA samples exhibited protective effects on most of the selected key odor compounds, whereas the BPAT samples demonstrated better retention of 1-octene-3-ol. Additionally, the odor released from the powder before dissolution was significantly lower than that released after dissolution, suggesting that most odor compounds were effectively confined within the powder matrix. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the microcapsule system formed by pea albumin and aciculin could reduce odor evaporation, providing a new theoretical basis for the microencapsulation of enzymatically hydrolyzed chicken powder and the protection of its characteristic odor substances.

enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken soup powder  /  microcapsule  /  key odor substance  /  storage  /  headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
赵佳佳, 彭思怡, 郭海滨, 马玲君, 陈芳, 胡小松, 季俊夫. 酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末的理化性质及贮藏期间特征气味释放研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 342 -351 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120010
Jiajia ZHAO, Siyi PENG, Haibin GUO, Lingjun MA, Fang CHEN, Xiaosong HU, Junfu JI. Physicochemical Properties of Enzymatic Chicken Soup Microcapsule Powder and the Release of Characteristic Odors during Storage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 342 -351 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120010
鸡汤因其丰富的营养价值和卓越的风味特性而受到全球消费者的青睐[1]。为了进一步改善鸡汤的风味并提高其营养价值,酶解技术已被证实是一种安全且易于控制的方法[2]。通过使用适当的酶,不仅可以将蛋白质分解成氨基酸和多肽,从而显著提高肉类的营养价值,还能促进香气前体或中间体的生成,进一步改善鸡汤的风味和口感[3−6]。Liao等[7]采用复合蛋白酶成功制备了营养丰富、香气浓郁的酶解鸡汤,并通过顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术分离鉴定出9种最关键的特征气味成分,包括己醛、庚醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-正戊基呋喃、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛。但由于这些成分具有高挥发性,在生产、加工、运输和储藏过程中容易损失,从而影响鸡汤的品质[7]。
现如今,微胶囊技术已成为保护这些挥发性风味化合物、防止其损失和变质的有效手段[8−10]。将酶解鸡汤制成酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末,有望在运输和储藏期间保持其风味稳定。壁材的性质在一定程度上影响着微胶囊粉末的最终效果[11]。豌豆白蛋白(Pea albumin)是一种5~80 kDa的低分子量水溶性蛋白质[12],具有良好的水合能力和乳化性,能有效包裹水相和油相中的气味分子,减少气味物质散失[13−14]。Jansen-alves等[15]采用喷雾干燥的方法,利用豌豆蛋白作为壁材制备蜂胶微粒。研究发现,添加豌豆蛋白作为微胶囊的载体,不仅可以降低蜂胶的气味,还能保护其生物活性化合物。但豌豆蛋白在加工过程中对pH、离子浓度和温度敏感,容易影响包埋体系的稳定性。为了克服这一问题,将豌豆蛋白与天然多糖结合是一种有效策略,多糖通过空间稳定机制和增加膜厚度、连续相粘度,能在较宽的pH和离子强度范围内提高包埋体系的功能性[16−18]。塔拉胶(Tara gum),也称刺云实胶,是从刺槐树种子中提取的一种天然胶质。它以其高凝胶强度和热稳定性而著称,能更好地保持包埋的气味物质,减少高温加工过程中的破坏,维持食品的原有气味[19−20]。因此,本研究利用植物蛋白与天然多糖的协同增效作用,创新性地构建了以豌豆白蛋白和刺云实胶为复合壁材的微胶囊体系,用于酶解鸡汤的包埋。该复合壁材有望突破单一壁材的环境敏感性,并达到贮藏期间延缓特征气味逸散,溶解时气味物质大量释放的目的,为酶解鸡汤的品质提升提供了新的研究思路。
本研究以复合蛋白酶酶解的鸡汤为基础原料,采用喷雾干燥技术,制备了未包埋的酶解鸡汤粉末(EB)、以豌豆白蛋白为壁材的酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末(BPA)和以豌豆白蛋白、刺云实胶为壁材的酶解鸡汤微胶囊粉末(BPAT)。通过粒径、水分含量、堆积密度和溶解性等参数来表征粉末的物理性质,并使用热重分析法评估粉末的热稳定性。同时,通过荧光光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析酶解鸡汤粉末中的分子间相互作用力。此外,研究还将三种粉末置于80%相对湿度环境中贮藏,以探究9种关键鸡汤特征气味在贮藏后及溶解后含量的变化,旨在评估添加蛋白和多糖后形成的保护体系对粉末气味释放的影响,为酶解鸡汤特征气味物质的保护提供研究基础与思路。
鸡胸肉 食品级,四川新希望六和股份有限公司;鸡油 食品级,山东泰和食品集团有限公司;复合蛋白酶(1.6×105 U/g) 食品级,诺维信生物技术有限公司;脂肪酶(2×104 U/g) 食品级,天野酶制剂(江苏)有限公司;豌豆 山西东方亮生命科技有限公司提供;刺云实胶 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;正己烷 分析纯,上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;三水合醋酸钠、硫酸铵、盐酸 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(Tris) 分析纯,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;冰醋酸、氯化钠、2-甲基-3庚酮 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
RCT digital 2.07磁力搅拌器 德国IKA公司;SCIENTZ-150高压均质机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;BUCHI B–290喷雾干燥机 瑞士步琦有限公司;LGJ-25D真空冷冻干燥机 北京四环启航科技有限公司;YP K6002电子天平 上海光正医疗仪器有限公司;YP202N分析天平 上海天美天平仪器有限公司;TGL-16G高速离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;HE83/02水分测定仪 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;LS I3 320激光粒度分析仪 贝克曼库尔特公司;XMTD-82222电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;STA449F3 Jupiter热重分析仪 德国耐驰公司;57348-U固相微萃取头 美国Supelco公司;GC-MS 7890A-5975C气相色谱-质谱联用仪、19091S-433 HP-5MS色谱柱(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm) 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;SPECTRUM 100傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国PkinElmer 公司;HWS-26电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;F55稳态瞬态荧光光谱仪 英国爱丁堡公司。
参考以前的研究方法制备豌豆白蛋白[21]。首先,将豌豆磨成粉并过60目筛,得到生豌豆粉。然后,将生豌豆粉与正己烷按照1:3(m/v)的比例混合,搅拌2 h(4 ℃)后静置以去除上清液,此步骤重复三次。经过三次处理后,将沉淀物风干得到豌豆脱脂粉。接着,将豌豆脱脂粉与醋酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L,pH4.9)按照1:10(m/v)混合,在4 ℃搅拌均匀后离心(10000×g,30 min)取沉淀。将沉淀透析(10 kDa,72 h)后离心(10000×g,30 min)取上清液,并加入硫酸铵,使最终浓度为608 g/L。在4 ℃搅拌均匀后再次离心取沉淀,将沉淀复溶于0.05 mol/L Tris缓冲液中。最后,将样品透析(10 kDa,72 h)并进行冷冻干燥,得到豌豆白蛋白。
参考以前的研究方法制备酶解鸡汤[7]。解冻后的鸡胸肉去除多余的结缔组织和脂肪组织,切成小块(1 cm×1 cm×1 cm),鸡肉块和超纯水按照7:13(m/v)的比例添加,在55 ℃使用复合蛋白酶酶解2 h(复合蛋白酶的添加量为鸡肉的1.5%)。酶解结束后迅速升温至100 ℃灭酶,然后保持微沸状态熬煮鸡汤0.5 h。冷却后,去除大块鸡肉,过滤除去肉渣,得到酶解鸡肉样品。为更好地模拟传统鸡汤的特征气味成分,将解冻后的鸡油切成小块(5 cm×5 cm×5 cm),然后按照1:1(m/v)的比例将鸡油与超纯水混合,在45 ℃使用脂肪酶酶解1 h(脂肪酶的添加量为鸡油量的0.05%)。酶解结束后迅速升温至100 ℃灭酶,随后保持微沸1 h。冷却后,取上层鸡油,按照1:6(v/v)的比例与酶解鸡肉样品混合得到酶解鸡汤。
对酶解鸡汤高压均质(1600 MPa)后直接进行喷雾干燥,制得纯鸡汤粉末(EB);在酶解鸡汤中添加0.8% w/v的豌豆白蛋白,高压均质后进行喷雾干燥,制得由豌豆白蛋白包埋的微胶囊鸡汤粉末(BPA);在鸡汤中添加0.8% w/v的豌豆白蛋白,4 ℃过夜后加入0.8% w/v的刺云实胶溶液(9:1,v/v),高压均质后进行喷雾干燥,制得由豌豆白蛋白和刺云实胶共同包埋的微胶囊鸡汤粉末(BPAT)。喷雾干燥条件:入口温度为170 ℃;出口温度为80±2 ℃;喷雾气体流速为601 L/h;雾化空气压力为24 psi;进料速度为7.5 mL/min(蠕动泵的泵速为25%)。
三种酶解鸡汤粉末粒径使用带有粉末测量模块的激光粒度仪测定,共设置3次平行。真空范围为142.1~181.3 Pa,阴影度为8%。样品运行3次,每次测定时间为90 s。
根据GB/T 5009.3-2016[22]中第一法—直接干燥法,使用水分测定仪测定三种不同壁材的微胶囊粉末水分含量,设置3次平行。放置的微胶囊粉末质量为0.5 g,加热温度为105 ℃。
三种酶解鸡汤粉末的堆积密度采用Chang等[23]的方法测定,设置3次平行。取1 g粉末于25 mL量筒中,涡旋1 min后量取粉末的体积,根据以下公式计算粉末样品的堆积密度。
$ \rho (\text{g/m}\text{L})=\frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{V}} $
式中:ρ表示粉末的堆积密度,g/mL;m表示称取样品的质量,g;V表示样品涡旋后在量筒中的体积,mL。
将0.5 g粉末样品溶解于25 mL水中,在25 ℃下搅拌1 min,吸取底部溶液5 mL于玻璃平皿中,将玻璃皿在105 ℃下干燥至恒重。每组样品进行3次平行实验,溶解度计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{S}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{m}_1}{\mathrm{m}_2}\times100 $
式中:S为样品溶解度,%;m2为样品溶解前的质量,g;m1为吸取溶液干燥后的质量,g。
三种酶解鸡汤粉末的热稳定性用热重分析仪进行测定。在氮气氛围下,称取适量粉末样品置于同步热重分析仪样品盘中,以10 ℃/min的升温速率将样品从25 ℃加热到600 ℃进行测定,并绘制对应热重损失趋势图。每组样品设置3次平行。
使用pH6.8的PBS缓冲液配制1 mg/mL的粉末溶液,使用稳态瞬态荧光光谱仪对其进行扫描,所有样品重复测定三次。荧光光谱扫描参数:激发波长为280 nm;扫描范围为290~450 nm;激发、发射狭缝宽度均为5 nm。
三种酶解鸡汤粉末在80%相对湿度下贮藏期间的吸湿性通过重量法测定。称取0.5 g粉末于顶空瓶中,放置在已平衡湿度的干燥皿内贮藏0~5 d,每天记录粉末的重量。吸湿性的计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{H}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{b}}-{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{a}}}\times 100 $
式中:H表示样品吸湿性,%;mb表示样品贮藏后的质量,g;ma表示样品的初始质量,g。
用FTIR测定三种酶解鸡汤粉末在80%的相对湿度环境中贮藏0、1、5 d粉末的光谱图。取2 mg样品与198 mg溴化钾混合后充分研磨,使用压片机在20 MPa下保持1 min压制成片。FTIR设置参数:波数扫描范围为400~4000 cm−1;扫描次数为32次;分辨率为4 cm−1。
参考以前的研究方法[7],利用HS-SPME-GC-MS测定酶解鸡汤粉末在相对湿度为80%环境下贮藏0、1、2、3、4、5 d顶空中特征气味释放情况。使用2-甲基-3-庚酮水溶液(0.0001%,v/v)作为内标液。在顶空瓶中依次加入1.5 g样品、1.5 g氯化钠和150 μL内标液,旋紧瓶盖后在60 ℃下平衡10 min。用固相微萃取头(50/30 µm DVB/CAR/PDMS,Stableflex,2 cm)富集样品气味,萃取时间为30 min。萃取结束后,迅速将萃取头插入气相色谱-质谱仪(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进样口,解析5 min。最后,使用GC-MS对气味物质进行分析测定。每组样品设置3组平行。
气相参数:色谱柱为HP-5MS(30 m×250 µm,0.25 µm);进样口温度为250 ℃;载气(氦气,99.999%纯度)流速1 mL/min,以不分流模式进样;进样量为0.5 µL;程序升温,初始柱温40 ℃,保持2 min,之后以10 ℃/min升温至60 ℃,保持1 min,以3 ℃/min升温至130 ℃,保持1 min,以12 ℃/min升温至210 ℃,保持1 min,再以4 ℃/min升温至230 ℃,保持2 min,最后以10 ℃/min升温至250 ℃,保持2 min。
质谱参数:采用全扫描模式采集信号;扫描质量范围为50~550 amu;采用EI电离;电子轰击能量为70 eV;离子源温度300 ℃。
根据总离子流色谱图(TIC)和与标准质谱库(NIST11)对检测到的各挥发性成分进行比对,选取匹配率高于80%的化合物进行分析。同时以2-甲基-3-庚酮作为内标物计算样品中挥发性气味化合物的含量。
将0.5 g酶解鸡汤粉末溶解在3.5 mL水中,在相对湿度为80%环境下贮藏0、7、14 d,在顶空瓶中依次加入0.5 g样品、0.5 g氯化钠、3.5 mL水和50 μL内标,旋紧瓶盖后具体处理方法同1.2.3.3。
所有实验均设置3组平行,实验结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。采用SPSS 17.0进行显著性分析,使用Excel、GraphPad Prism进行绘图。两组数据之间的显著性差异表示为P<0.05。
粒径是衡量粉末颗粒尺寸的基本指标。图1展示了EB、BPA和BPAT三种样品的粒径分布情况。结果显示,三种样品的粉末粒径均呈现单峰分布,表明其粒径较为均匀,没有明显的结块现象。具体来说,EB、BPA和BPAT样品的平均粒径分别为41.15±0.63、51.58±0.08和46.97±0.26 μm。其中,BPA样品的粒径显著大于其他两种样品(P<0.05),这可能是由于豌豆白蛋白在高温干燥过程中发生了热变性,导致样品颗粒聚集变大[24]。相比之下,BPAT样品中热稳定性更好的多糖刺云实胶减轻了高温对蛋白质的影响,因此其粒径相对较小。Liu等[25]的研究也发现,麦芽糖糊精与大豆分离蛋白或豌豆分离蛋白共喷雾干燥时,获得的颗粒粒径更小。
经喷雾干燥后制备的三种酶解鸡汤粉末的一些基本物理性质如表1所示。三种粉末的堆积密度没有显著差异,这与Kha等[26]的研究结果一致。BPA和BPAT样品的溶解度略低于EB样品,但均大于70%。BPAT样品的水分含量最高,为6.14%±0.13%,而BPA样品的水分含量最低,为4.29%±0.39%。BPAT样品较高的水分含量归因于其含有的刺云实胶,这是一种由多糖组成的植源性树胶,具有较高的亲水性[19]。然而,过高的含水量对粉末是不利的,因为它会导致颗粒易团聚发粘,降低流动性,并可能引起粉末表面结构塌陷,从而加速气味化合物的散失[27]。
利用热重分析法对样品的热稳定性进行表征,结果如图2所示。TG曲线反映了样品质量随温度变化的轨迹,曲线平台区为样品的热稳定区,曲线下降处为样品失重区。DTG曲线上的峰面积与样品质量变化成正比,峰顶位置表示样品失重速率最快的温度点[28]。从图2a可见,在200 ℃以下,三种粉末的失重曲线较为平稳,表明在此温度范围内样品基本不发生分解。在200~500 ℃之间,EB、BPA和BPAT三种粉末开始热分解,其总重量损失分别为56.09%、59.59%和59.54%。在500 ℃之后,失重曲线再次趋于平稳,表明分解过程已完全结束。图2b显示,在213 ℃和295 ℃时,粉末样品的失重速率达到最大值,其中在213 ℃时EB样品的质量变化小于其他样品。综合来看,三种粉末的质量变化随温度的差异不大,且失重速率的最大点无明显差异,表明样品间的热稳定性差异较小。
三种酶解鸡汤粉末样品的荧光光谱图如图3所示。EB粉末的最大发射波长为348 nm,而BPA和BPAT粉末的最大发射波长为335 nm,最大发射波长蓝移,同时荧光强度增加。这种变化可能是由于酶解鸡汤中存在的物质与豌豆白蛋白、刺云实胶之间发生非共价相互作用,这些相互作用使荧光基团进入了更加疏水的环境中,改变了分子能级,从而引起最大发射波长的蓝移[29]。BPA和BPAT粉末荧光强度的明显升高表明,粉末中的荧光基团从极性表面转移到了疏水内部[30],进一步证实了与EB粉末相比,BPA和BPAT粉末的稳定性更高。王林[31]采用酪蛋白和β-环糊精作为微胶囊包封壁材,对黑果腺肋花楸花青素进行包封,酪蛋白荧光强度的线性变化,说明分子间相互作用的改变。Yuan等[32]采用酶解大豆分离蛋白纳米体系对姜黄素进行包封,发现最大发射波长发生蓝移,并伴随着荧光强度的增加。这说明姜黄素与酶解蛋白的疏水结构域发生结合,从而有助于体系的稳定。
吸湿性是衡量酶解鸡汤粉末在储存过程中对水分的吸收能力,是评价其稳定性的一个重要指标[33]。吸湿性较低意味着产品不易结块或变质。图4展示了在80%相对湿度条件下,三种粉末吸湿性的变化情况。在贮藏期间,所有粉末样品的吸湿性均呈上升趋势。具体来说,BPAT样品的吸湿性在前2 d迅速上升,之后增速减缓。而EB和BPA样品的吸湿性在第2 d至第5 d期间增长较快。最终,EB、BPA和BPAT的吸湿性分别为40.67%、37.33%、37.33%。与EB粉末相比,BPA和BPAT粉末的吸湿性显著降低(P<0.05)。在0~5 d贮藏期间内样品吸湿性呈现持续上升而无减缓现象,可能是因为粉末贮藏在较高的相对湿度环境下,样品和环境湿度相差大,导致难以在短时间内达到水分平衡状态。许多研究表明,喷雾干燥粉末中挥发性气味的释放速率受到环境相对湿度的显著影响[34]。随着环境相对湿度的增加,气味释放的速度也随之加快。与EB粉末相比,BPA和BPAT粉末显示出较低的吸湿性,这表明它们的稳定性更高,可能对气味有更好的保护效果。
利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析三种粉末在高湿度环境下贮藏0、1和5 d后的相互作用变化,结果如图5所示。样品中在2963~3068 cm−1处的峰显示为不饱和碳上的-C-H伸缩振动,主要基团为-CH3;1633 cm−1处的波动归因于C=C、C=N、N=N、N=O等的伸缩振动以及苯环的骨架振动;850 cm−1处的峰对应于烯烃和芳烃的C-H面外弯曲振动[35−36]。各粉末样品在不同贮藏时间下的红外谱图未见明显差异,这可能是由于酶解鸡汤粉末中含有的化合物种类复杂,难以准确判断某一化合物是否成功被保护在粉末内部。研究发现,在3400 cm−1附近的吸收峰对应-OH的拉伸振动,通常峰值波数越低,表示氢键越弱,样品中的疏水相互作用越强[19]。EB、BPA和BPAT粉末的-OH伸缩振动的特征峰分别在3390、3406 cm−1和3406 cm−1。与EB粉末相比,BPA和BPAT粉末的-OH伸缩峰值发生蓝移,表明这两种粉末的疏水性更强。蛋白质和多糖的加入为粉末提供了一定程度的疏水性,这对贮藏期间气味物质的保留具有积极影响[37]。
按照Liao等[7]的研究结果,本研究选取了酶解鸡汤中的9种特征气味化合物,主要包括己醛、庚醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-正戊基呋喃、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛,以探究在高湿度环境下贮藏后的粉末中关键挥发性化合物的释放变化。三种粉末均以鸡汤为芯材,通过喷雾干燥法制备。如图6所示,在贮藏初期(0 d),不同样品中化合物含量存在显著差异。EB样品中的多数化合物浓度极低,特别是易挥发的化合物如1-辛烯-3-醇,在EB样品中未被检测到。相比之下,BPA和BPAT样品则显示出较高的气味释放量。进一步分析所有化合物在贮藏期间的浓度变化,发现EB样品中整体化合物浓度也明显低于BPA和BPAT样品。这些结果表明,未经包埋处理的EB样品在喷雾干燥过程中气味成分损失较大,特征气味化合物的残留量极少。相反,经过豌豆白蛋白包埋的BPA和经过豌豆白蛋白和刺云实胶共同包埋的BPAT样品,在喷雾干燥后实现了气味成分的高保留,有效减少了喷雾干燥过程中挥发性化合物的热损失。金旭冉等[38]以麦芽糊精、阿拉伯胶和β-环糊精为壁材,通过喷雾干燥法制备姜气味微胶囊;Bangs等[39]研究了不同模型食品系统(包括基于大豆、酪蛋白和乳清蛋白)对挥发性气味化合物保留的影响。这些研究表明,由蛋白质和多糖形成的微胶囊外壳能有效保护气味物质,尤其在高温条件下,壁材的保护效果更为显著。
在9种特征气味化合物中,作为易挥发化合物,1-辛烯-3-醇在BPA和BPAT样品中也仅在前4 d被检测到,这表明1-辛烯-3-醇在4 d内已完全从粉末基质扩散到空气中,这一结论得到了黄福宁[40]研究的支持。对于除己醛、庚醛和1-辛烯-3-醇之外的其他六种化合物,BPA和BPAT样品在贮藏5 d后的浓度仍然较高。(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛和(E)-2-癸烯醛这三种关键的鸡汤气味物质在贮藏后期释放量较高,显示出较为稳定的化合物特性。特别是(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛,作为鸡汤中特征气味的最重要贡献者[7],在BPA样品中从贮藏第2 d至第5 d均持续稳定释放。Han等[41]的研究发现,挥发性气味物质的同系物中,碳链越长,其被蛋白质保留的效果越强;徐思佳等[42]、Zhang等[43]的研究也表明,结构紧密的小分子气味物质难以与蛋白质内部的疏水区域结合,因此被壁材保留的时间更短。这些研究结果与本文的发现一致。此外,BPAT样品在不同贮藏时间的最大释放量均高于其他两种样品,可能是因为其粉末本身含有较多的气味物质,同时还受到刺云实胶亲水特性的影响[44],使得吸收的水分子能更快渗透至粉末内部,因此气味释放量较高。然而,由于各化合物从粉末逸出的时间不同,且真实体系中存在许多未知变量,因此无法确切判断化合物是与其他化合物反应后消失,还是仅在粉末结构破坏后逐渐扩散至空气中。
在高湿度环境下贮藏后,粉末溶解导致内部包埋的气味物质释放至顶空瓶上部。对溶解后逸出的9种特征气味物质进行分析,结果如图7所示。总体来看,BPA和BPAT样品通过形成气味包埋的微胶囊体系,实现了气味物质的高保留。尤其是对己醛来说,BPA中己醛溶解后的释放量较EB提高了3.67倍,为7396.94 μg/L。样品溶解后大部分气味物质的浓度随贮藏时间的延长而降低,尤其在贮藏前期,降低速度明显高于贮藏后期。在贮藏0 d时,BPA粉末溶解后释放的各化合物浓度一般都高于其他两种样品,即使经过14 d的贮藏,这一趋势依然存在,说明BPA样品对所选择的大部分特征气味物质有保护作用。例如,2-正戊基呋喃作为一种易被氧化的化合物[45],在贮藏7~14 d范围内,BPA样品中该化合物的释放稳定且释放浓度略高于其他两种样品。对于易挥发性物质1-辛烯-3-醇,其被检测到的浓度从高到低依次为BPAT、BPA和EB样品,表明虽然BPA样品对大部分特征气味物质均能提供保护作用,但BPAT样品在保留1-辛烯-3-醇方面具有优势。豌豆白蛋白、刺云实胶作为微胶囊壁材在酶解鸡汤周围形成了保护层,减少了气味成分的逸散[46−47]。BPAT粉末对1-辛烯-3-醇的保护优势可归因于多糖和蛋白质复合壁材对易挥发性气味物质的保留效果对易挥发性气味物质的保留效果优于单一壁材[48]。
结合图6g和图7g可知,以微胶囊形式存在的粉末,不论是以固体还是液态,BPAT中(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛在贮藏前期(0~7 d)的浓度均呈上升趋势,表明贮藏前期粉末中某些化合物可能通过脂质氧化反应又重新生成了(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛[49]。类似地,在溶解后BPA和BPAT样品的贮藏后期,(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛也出现了缓慢上升的趋势,说明贮藏后期同样有新的(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛生成。金旭冉等[38]的研究发现,在姜气味微胶囊的贮藏过程中,α-姜黄烯的含量也随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,是因为β-倍半水芹烯等成分在一定条件下重排为α-姜黄烯。这一结果与本文的研究结果相似。总体对比图6和图7,可以发现气味包埋体系的构建使得未经贮藏的粉末在固体形态时的气味释放量显著低于溶解后的释放量。这一现象说明该体系在一定程度上实现了贮藏时延缓气味逸散,溶解时气味物质大量释放的目的。
本文首次系统探讨了豌豆白蛋白和刺云实胶作为复合壁材对酶解鸡汤粉末理化性质和贮藏期间特征气味释放情况的影响。研究结果显示,三种样品的粉末粒径均呈单峰分布且粒径均一。与EB样品相比,BPA和BPAT样品的粒径增大,水分含量和溶解度降低,稳定性增强。BPA和BPAT样品由于形成了包埋体系,多数气味化合物被有效保护在粉末内部。BPA粉末对所选的大部分特征气味物质有保护作用,而BPAT样品在保留1-辛烯-3-醇方面表现更优。本研究为酶解鸡汤粉末的微胶囊化及特征气味物质的保护提供了新的理论依据,未来可进一步探索不同温度和pH条件下粉末的贮藏性能,为食品工业提供更全面的技术支持。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120010
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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    1国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2联合利华(中国)有限公司研发中心,上海 200335

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季俊夫(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物源新食品资源挖掘,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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