Article(id=1321170390064419583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733328000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921167150, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921167150, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921167150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921167150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=392, endPage=402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170390311883520, articleId=1321170390064419583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Metabolites in Fermentation Broth of Tolypocladium sinense and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the major metabolites of Tolypocladium sinense fermentation broth (TSFB) and evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity, as well as its ability to alleviate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was employed for untargeted metabolomic analysis of TSFB. An antioxidant evaluation system combined with Western blotting was used to assess the antioxidant effects of TSFB and its influence on the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The results revealed that detected 2745 metabolites from TSFB, primarily composed of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The dominant bioactive constituents included sphingosine, citric acid, and phytosphingosine, which exhibited the highest relative peak areas. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that TSFB possessed strong free radical scavenging capacity. In the oxidative stress cell model, the results showed that both low and high doses of TSFB treatment significantly increased cell survival rates (P<0.001). Meanwhile, oxidative stress markers such as MDA content, LDH levels, and relative ROS levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the antioxidant capacity indicator GSH-Px levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05). Additionally, the high-dose TSFB group notably increased SOD levels (P<0.01). Both low- and high-dose TSFB treatment groups significantly upregulated the protein relative expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, and SOD1 (P<0.05), and the high-dose group further significantly increased SOD2 protein relative expression (P<0.001). This study systematically analyzed the major metabolites and bioactive components of TSFB, elucidating its antioxidant mechanisms and highlighting its potential therapeutic applications.

, authors=Cong BIAN, Chang ZHANG, Deshuang LU, Yue HU, Chaojun LI*, Lin LI*, authorsList=Cong BIAN, Chang ZHANG, Deshuang LU, Yue HU, Chaojun LI, Lin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chaojun LI, Lin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170393809933073, articleId=1321170390064419583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=中国弯颈霉发酵液代谢物分析及其抗氧化活性评估, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文主要探究中国弯颈霉发酵液(Tolypocladium sinense fermentation broth,TSFB)的主要代谢物及其体外抗氧化活性及抑制过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导小鼠海马神经元细胞(HT22)氧化应激的能力。采用超高液相色谱-质谱联用对TSFB进行非靶代谢组分析;应用抗氧化评价体系结合Western Blot技术评价TSFB抗氧化作用及对超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf-2)、超氧化物歧化酶2(SOD2)和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达量的影响。结果显示:TSFB共检测到2745种代谢产物,主要以脂质及类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物、有机杂环化合物为主,其中相对峰面积最大的活性物质以鞘氨醇、柠檬酸和植物鞘氨醇等为主。体外抗氧化实验表明TSFB有较强的自由基清除率;氧化应激细胞模型研究结果发现经TSFB低、高剂量给药治疗后,细胞生存率均非常显著上升(P<0.001);同时细胞中氧化应激指标MDA含量、LDH水平、相对ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.05),抗氧化能力指标GSH-Px水平显著升高(P<0.05),TSFB高剂量给药组可高度显著升高SOD水平(P<0.01);TSFB低、高剂量给药组均可显著增加Nrf-2、HO-1和SOD1蛋白相对表达量(P<0.05),高剂量给药组可非常显著增加SOD2蛋白相对表达量(P<0.001)。本研究系统地分析了TSFB主要代谢物及活性物质,揭示了其抗氧化活性及潜在应用价值。

, authors=边聪, 张畅, 卢德霜, 胡月, 李超君*, 李林*, authorsList=边聪, 张畅, 卢德霜, 胡月, 李超君, 李林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李超君, 李林, authorNote=

边聪(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质与代谢性疾病调控,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李超君(1986−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:代谢性疾病与内分泌调控,E-mail:。
李林(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:代谢性疾病的发病机制与诊疗策略研究,E-mail:。
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Journal of the American Heart Association, 2023, 12(4): e027568., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170394044814098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170394053202707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, companyId=1321170394044814098, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170394061591316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, companyId=1321170394044814098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=齐齐哈尔医学院医学技术学院,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170398146843455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Classification and quantity of TSFB metabolites, figureFileSmall=sybHeTJj9UvjaUKv1sZm3A==, figureFileBig=UenABaLuxVU01wnFxV8mzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398260089664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TSFB代谢物分类及数量, figureFileSmall=sybHeTJj9UvjaUKv1sZm3A==, figureFileBig=UenABaLuxVU01wnFxV8mzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398448833345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis, figureFileSmall=1SBUrFrRvskB83Q04F/GWw==, figureFileBig=t4bE679bHEezc2rOabhvWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398528525122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图2, caption=KEGG富集分析, figureFileSmall=1SBUrFrRvskB83Q04F/GWw==, figureFileBig=t4bE679bHEezc2rOabhvWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398604022595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Radical scavenging rate of TSFB, figureFileSmall=W4ao0Z/5yynzuHheRKCnAg==, figureFileBig=8JiKMMf8t967hSaQS/04pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398671131460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TSFB自由基清除率

注:A:羟自由基清除率,B:超氧阴离子自由基清除率,C:DPPH自由基清除率;*表示TSFB与VC组差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=W4ao0Z/5yynzuHheRKCnAg==, figureFileBig=8JiKMMf8t967hSaQS/04pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398738240325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of TSFB on the survival rate of HT22 cells injured by H2O2, figureFileSmall=RqJvSG/3r/D2bhXDup8KXg==, figureFileBig=XMdTIVUweEDuvDCvp29PkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398801154886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TSFB对H2O2损伤HT22细胞生存率的影响

注:A:TSFB给药浓度选择,B:H2O2造模浓度选择,C:TSFB保护H2O2损伤HT22细胞;#表示与Control组相比差异显著,P<0.05、##表示与Control组相比差异高度显著,P<0.01、###表示与Control组相比差异非常显著,P<0.001、####表示与Control组相比差异极显著,P<0.0001;ns表示与Model组相比无显著差异,P>0.05、*表示与Model组相比差异显著,P<0.05、**表示与Model组相比差异高度显著,P<0.01、***表示与Model组相比差异非常显著,P<0.001、****表示与Model组相比差异极显著,P<0.0001,图5~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=RqJvSG/3r/D2bhXDup8KXg==, figureFileBig=XMdTIVUweEDuvDCvp29PkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398864069447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of TSFB on the release of lactate dehydrogenase in HT22 cells injured by H2O2, figureFileSmall=S9E2bugr3dNOCyIwaidtQQ==, figureFileBig=u6ekwUu6tJwFIToI6abX/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170398952149832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TSFB对H2O2损伤HT22细胞乳酸脱氢酶释放量的影响, figureFileSmall=S9E2bugr3dNOCyIwaidtQQ==, figureFileBig=u6ekwUu6tJwFIToI6abX/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399015064393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of TSFB on the apoptosis of HT22 cells injured by H2O2, figureFileSmall=2yKe5SkyHI8Pf0X0yz3EGg==, figureFileBig=Jg8icAHMjlcgjpNrA3Kxdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399077978954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图6, caption=TSFB对H2O2损伤HT22细胞凋亡的影响

注:A:细胞凋亡水平,B:细胞凋亡率。

, figureFileSmall=2yKe5SkyHI8Pf0X0yz3EGg==, figureFileBig=Jg8icAHMjlcgjpNrA3Kxdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399145087819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of TSFB on oxidative stress level of HT22 cells injured by H2O2, figureFileSmall=gWyeYbsLdT64yK6S2haRzg==, figureFileBig=FHqcd8NByxCqKT25ofD7XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399228973900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TSFB对H2O2损伤HT22细胞氧化应激水平的影响

注:A:细胞GSH-Px水平,B:细胞MDA水平,C:细胞SOD水平,D:ROS分析图,E:相对ROS水平。

, figureFileSmall=gWyeYbsLdT64yK6S2haRzg==, figureFileBig=FHqcd8NByxCqKT25ofD7XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399308665677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of TSFB on expression of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway-related proteins in HT22 cells injured by H2O2, figureFileSmall=rLQMSSEN6RIlk1Emq/YACw==, figureFileBig=/xZGFVK5HRbii40U0WEBzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399363191630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TSFB对过氧化氢损伤HT22细胞Nrf-2/HO-1通路相关蛋白表达影响, figureFileSmall=rLQMSSEN6RIlk1Emq/YACw==, figureFileBig=/xZGFVK5HRbii40U0WEBzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170399430300495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Major metabolites of TSFB

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号代谢物分子式质荷比(m/z)保留时间RT
(min)
相对峰面积相对含量(%)HMDB分类
1鞘氨醇
Sphinganine
C18H39NO2302.30596.434385709.08462.67有机氮化合物
Organonitrogen compounds
2柠檬酸
Citric acid
C6H8O7191.01920.802319445.97922.21羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
3植物鞘氨醇
Phytosphingosine
C18H39NO3318.30065.863123535.12420.85有机氮化合物
Organonitrogen compounds
4长春新碱
Vincristine
C46H56N4O10847.39252.34175630.487040.52羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
5焦谷氨酸
Pyroglutamic acid
C5H7NO3128.03470.80273454.178550.51羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
6香草胺VanillylamineC8H11NO2329.13845.71468724.159250.48酚类Phenols
7赤霉素 A8
Gibberellin A8
C19H24O7746.34152.42663949.573910.44异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
8蜜二糖醇MelibiitolC12H24O11344.1340.79663690.481010.44脂肪酰类Fatty Acyls
9莫西沙星
Moxifloxacin
C21H24FN3O4384.18036.14963409.887860.44喹啉及其衍生物
Quinolines and derivatives
105-氧代二十碳四烯酸
5-OxoETE
C20H30O3339.19928.82560194.86170.42脂肪酰类
Fatty Acyls
11巴卡亭 Ⅲ
Baccatin Ⅲ
C31H38O11604.27992.54752322.761230.36异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
12鞘氨醇-1-磷酸
Sphinganine 1-phosphate
C18H40NO5P399.30548.06944761.159090.31鞘脂类
Sphingolipids
13麦角甾醇
Ergosterol
C28H44O379.33558.03336920.562390.26类固醇及类固醇衍生物
Steroids and steroid derivatives
146-姜辣素[6]-GingerolC17H26O4293.17828.37135907.025380.25酚类Phenols
15高柠檬酸
Homocitrate
C7H10O7205.03441.3829765.062680.21羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
16罗克福汀
CRoquefortine C
C22H23N5O2412.1746.08428984.281720.20吲哚及其衍生物
Indoles and derivatives
172-植基-1,4-萘醌
2-Phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
C30H44O2475.29898.42527402.478870.19异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
18赤霉素 A5
Gibberellin A5
C19H22O5699.31932.68327122.241710.19异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
19异分支酸
Isochorismate
C10H10O6244.08160.65325760.39770.18羟基酸及其衍生物
Hydroxy acids and derivatives
20癸酸Decanoic acidC10H20O2362.32675.90624913.873110.17脂肪酰类Fatty Acyls
21秋水仙碱ColchicineC22H25NO6398.15986.14724548.608970.17卓酮类化合物Tropones
22巴龙霉素
Paromomycin
C23H45N5O14636.29092.75523474.076630.16有机氧化合物
Organooxygen compounds
23麦角胺
Ergotamine
C33H35N5O5580.23462.02922427.223390.16麦角新碱及其衍生物
Ergoline and derivatives
24紫云英苷AstragalinC21H20O11490.13013.48122370.842950.15类黄酮Flavonoids
25阿柔比星N
Aclacinomycin N
C42H55NO15796.35652.75421443.931230.15吡啶及其衍生物
Pyridines and derivatives
26根皮苷PhlorizinC21H24O10454.17333.07419821.798510.14类黄酮Flavonoids
27甜菊糖苷SteviosideC38H60O18805.39952.87514062.71380.10异戊烯醇脂质Prenol lipids
28绿原酸
Chlorogenic acid
C16H18O9353.08692.49913666.144240.09有机氧化合物
Organooxygen compounds
29紫杉醇PaclitaxelC47H51NO14854.33895.74912770.643910.09苯及其取代衍生物
Benzene and substituted derivatives
30辣椒素CapsaicinC18H27NO3270.19212.02711564.776930.08酚类Phenols
), ArticleFig(id=1321170399539352400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170390064419583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TSFB 主要代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号代谢物分子式质荷比(m/z)保留时间RT
(min)
相对峰面积相对含量(%)HMDB分类
1鞘氨醇
Sphinganine
C18H39NO2302.30596.434385709.08462.67有机氮化合物
Organonitrogen compounds
2柠檬酸
Citric acid
C6H8O7191.01920.802319445.97922.21羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
3植物鞘氨醇
Phytosphingosine
C18H39NO3318.30065.863123535.12420.85有机氮化合物
Organonitrogen compounds
4长春新碱
Vincristine
C46H56N4O10847.39252.34175630.487040.52羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
5焦谷氨酸
Pyroglutamic acid
C5H7NO3128.03470.80273454.178550.51羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
6香草胺VanillylamineC8H11NO2329.13845.71468724.159250.48酚类Phenols
7赤霉素 A8
Gibberellin A8
C19H24O7746.34152.42663949.573910.44异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
8蜜二糖醇MelibiitolC12H24O11344.1340.79663690.481010.44脂肪酰类Fatty Acyls
9莫西沙星
Moxifloxacin
C21H24FN3O4384.18036.14963409.887860.44喹啉及其衍生物
Quinolines and derivatives
105-氧代二十碳四烯酸
5-OxoETE
C20H30O3339.19928.82560194.86170.42脂肪酰类
Fatty Acyls
11巴卡亭 Ⅲ
Baccatin Ⅲ
C31H38O11604.27992.54752322.761230.36异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
12鞘氨醇-1-磷酸
Sphinganine 1-phosphate
C18H40NO5P399.30548.06944761.159090.31鞘脂类
Sphingolipids
13麦角甾醇
Ergosterol
C28H44O379.33558.03336920.562390.26类固醇及类固醇衍生物
Steroids and steroid derivatives
146-姜辣素[6]-GingerolC17H26O4293.17828.37135907.025380.25酚类Phenols
15高柠檬酸
Homocitrate
C7H10O7205.03441.3829765.062680.21羧酸及其衍生物
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
16罗克福汀
CRoquefortine C
C22H23N5O2412.1746.08428984.281720.20吲哚及其衍生物
Indoles and derivatives
172-植基-1,4-萘醌
2-Phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
C30H44O2475.29898.42527402.478870.19异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
18赤霉素 A5
Gibberellin A5
C19H22O5699.31932.68327122.241710.19异戊烯醇脂质
Prenol lipids
19异分支酸
Isochorismate
C10H10O6244.08160.65325760.39770.18羟基酸及其衍生物
Hydroxy acids and derivatives
20癸酸Decanoic acidC10H20O2362.32675.90624913.873110.17脂肪酰类Fatty Acyls
21秋水仙碱ColchicineC22H25NO6398.15986.14724548.608970.17卓酮类化合物Tropones
22巴龙霉素
Paromomycin
C23H45N5O14636.29092.75523474.076630.16有机氧化合物
Organooxygen compounds
23麦角胺
Ergotamine
C33H35N5O5580.23462.02922427.223390.16麦角新碱及其衍生物
Ergoline and derivatives
24紫云英苷AstragalinC21H20O11490.13013.48122370.842950.15类黄酮Flavonoids
25阿柔比星N
Aclacinomycin N
C42H55NO15796.35652.75421443.931230.15吡啶及其衍生物
Pyridines and derivatives
26根皮苷PhlorizinC21H24O10454.17333.07419821.798510.14类黄酮Flavonoids
27甜菊糖苷SteviosideC38H60O18805.39952.87514062.71380.10异戊烯醇脂质Prenol lipids
28绿原酸
Chlorogenic acid
C16H18O9353.08692.49913666.144240.09有机氧化合物
Organooxygen compounds
29紫杉醇PaclitaxelC47H51NO14854.33895.74912770.643910.09苯及其取代衍生物
Benzene and substituted derivatives
30辣椒素CapsaicinC18H27NO3270.19212.02711564.776930.08酚类Phenols
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中国弯颈霉发酵液代谢物分析及其抗氧化活性评估
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边聪 , 张畅 , 卢德霜 , 胡月 , 李超君 * , 李林 *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(3): 392-402
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (3) : 392 -402
中国弯颈霉发酵液代谢物分析及其抗氧化活性评估
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边聪 , 张畅, 卢德霜, 胡月, 李超君* , 李林*
作者信息
  • 齐齐哈尔医学院医学技术学院,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006
通讯作者:
李超君(1986−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:代谢性疾病与内分泌调控,E-mail:。
李林(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:代谢性疾病的发病机制与诊疗策略研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

边聪(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质与代谢性疾病调控,E-mail:

Analysis of Metabolites in Fermentation Broth of Tolypocladium sinense and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity
Cong BIAN , Chang ZHANG, Deshuang LU, Yue HU, Chaojun LI* , Lin LI*
Affiliations
  • Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120031
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本文主要探究中国弯颈霉发酵液(Tolypocladium sinense fermentation broth,TSFB)的主要代谢物及其体外抗氧化活性及抑制过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导小鼠海马神经元细胞(HT22)氧化应激的能力。采用超高液相色谱-质谱联用对TSFB进行非靶代谢组分析;应用抗氧化评价体系结合Western Blot技术评价TSFB抗氧化作用及对超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf-2)、超氧化物歧化酶2(SOD2)和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达量的影响。结果显示:TSFB共检测到2745种代谢产物,主要以脂质及类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物、有机杂环化合物为主,其中相对峰面积最大的活性物质以鞘氨醇、柠檬酸和植物鞘氨醇等为主。体外抗氧化实验表明TSFB有较强的自由基清除率;氧化应激细胞模型研究结果发现经TSFB低、高剂量给药治疗后,细胞生存率均非常显著上升(P<0.001);同时细胞中氧化应激指标MDA含量、LDH水平、相对ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.05),抗氧化能力指标GSH-Px水平显著升高(P<0.05),TSFB高剂量给药组可高度显著升高SOD水平(P<0.01);TSFB低、高剂量给药组均可显著增加Nrf-2、HO-1和SOD1蛋白相对表达量(P<0.05),高剂量给药组可非常显著增加SOD2蛋白相对表达量(P<0.001)。本研究系统地分析了TSFB主要代谢物及活性物质,揭示了其抗氧化活性及潜在应用价值。

中国弯颈霉  /  发酵液  /  代谢物  /  细胞凋亡  /  抗氧化  /  氧化应激

This study aimed to investigate the major metabolites of Tolypocladium sinense fermentation broth (TSFB) and evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity, as well as its ability to alleviate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was employed for untargeted metabolomic analysis of TSFB. An antioxidant evaluation system combined with Western blotting was used to assess the antioxidant effects of TSFB and its influence on the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The results revealed that detected 2745 metabolites from TSFB, primarily composed of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The dominant bioactive constituents included sphingosine, citric acid, and phytosphingosine, which exhibited the highest relative peak areas. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that TSFB possessed strong free radical scavenging capacity. In the oxidative stress cell model, the results showed that both low and high doses of TSFB treatment significantly increased cell survival rates (P<0.001). Meanwhile, oxidative stress markers such as MDA content, LDH levels, and relative ROS levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the antioxidant capacity indicator GSH-Px levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05). Additionally, the high-dose TSFB group notably increased SOD levels (P<0.01). Both low- and high-dose TSFB treatment groups significantly upregulated the protein relative expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, and SOD1 (P<0.05), and the high-dose group further significantly increased SOD2 protein relative expression (P<0.001). This study systematically analyzed the major metabolites and bioactive components of TSFB, elucidating its antioxidant mechanisms and highlighting its potential therapeutic applications.

Tolypocladium sinense  /  fermentation broth  /  metabolites  /  cell apoptosis  /  antioxidant  /  oxidative stress
边聪, 张畅, 卢德霜, 胡月, 李超君, 李林. 中国弯颈霉发酵液代谢物分析及其抗氧化活性评估. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 392 -402 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120031
Cong BIAN, Chang ZHANG, Deshuang LU, Yue HU, Chaojun LI, Lin LI. Analysis of Metabolites in Fermentation Broth of Tolypocladium sinense and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 392 -402 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120031
冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)是中国传统名贵中药,据《本草从新》记载其“味甘、性温”“入肺肾二经”,有明显滋肺阴、补肾阳作用,是一种阴阳双补的药物[1],其可作为食疗材料,添加到食品中可制作具有补气强身、健胃安神的功能食品。现代药理学研究表明,其在调节免疫功能、干预呼吸系统疾病、肝脏疾病、肾脏疾病病理进程、抗肿瘤及延缓衰老等领域展现出广泛药理活性,且现有研究未发现其显著毒副作用,故有“药中黄金”之美誉[2]。然而,冬虫夏草主要分布于我国青藏高原等高海拔生态脆弱区域,受限于严苛的生长环境要求及长期过度人为采挖的双重影响,该物种自然储量呈显著下降趋势,市场价格持续高企,这一现状严重制约了其在临床应用及产业开发中的普及。冬虫夏草是麦角菌科真菌冬虫夏草菌的子座及其寄主蝙蝠蛾科昆虫虫草蝙蝠蛾等的幼虫体(菌核)的复合体。大量研究表明,冬虫夏草内生真菌种类丰富多样,如中国被毛孢、蝙蝠蛾拟青霉、中国拟青霉等,其发酵产物具有多种生物代谢活性物质,已经开发出基于这些菌种发酵的药用品,如百令胶囊、金水宝胶囊、虫草菌胶囊等药物,丰富了冬虫夏草的开发利用价值[3]。中国弯颈霉(Tolypocladium sinense)是从冬虫夏草的菌核和子座的菌丝组织分离而得到的虫生真菌,其菌丝体培养物在以小鼠构建的动物模型中具有显著的镇静、抗炎、抗缺氧、扩张器官和促进雄性激素样作用[4];在体外研究中,也发现中国弯颈霉菌丝体提取物及多糖对DPPH自由基具有较强的清除作用,而且乙酸乙酯提取物具有抑制白血病细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡功能[5]。鉴于其明确的来源背景和已证实的生物活性,中国弯颈霉可作为极具开发潜力的冬虫夏草替代资源。然而,目前对其活性物质基础,特别是发酵液小分子代谢产物的系统研究及其应用价值的挖掘尚显不足,亟需深入探索以支撑其产业化开发。
鉴于上述应用潜力,抗氧化活性是评估中国弯颈霉开发利用价值的关键方向之一。本课题组前期研究发现其菌丝体提取物能够缓解肥胖导致的糖脂代谢紊乱和慢性炎症,其多糖具有抗氧化和抑制氧化应激活性[6−7]。然而,现有研究多聚焦于菌丝体本身或其提取物,对发酵液产物抗氧化活性及机制的系统研究仍属空白。当前抗氧化研究领域的发展趋势是深入解析天然产物中活性物质的组成、作用靶点及分子机制。因此,全面分析中国弯颈霉发酵液的代谢组学特征,并基于细胞模型阐明其抗氧化作用机制,不仅是对现有菌丝体研究的必要补充,更是推动该资源深度开发的关键环节。
为此,本研究通过非靶代谢组学技术分析中国弯颈霉发酵液(TSFB)的小分子代谢产物组成,鉴定其主要活性物质基础;通过体外实验初步评价TSFB抗氧化活性;进而利用H2O2刺激小鼠海马神经元细胞(HT22)构建氧化应激损伤细胞模型,深入探究TSFB在该细胞模型中的抗氧化作用及其可能分子机制。本研究旨在为中国弯颈霉发酵液资源的科学评价与开发利用奠定坚实的实验基础,并为开发新型天然抗氧化剂提供潜在候选。
维生素C(Vitamin C,VC) 东北制药;1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(P-1,1-diphenylpicryl phenylhydrazine,DPPH) 江莱生物有限公司;硫酸亚铁、磷酸二氢钾 天津天大化学试剂厂;酵母浸粉、蛋白胨 北京鸿润宝顺科技有限公司;硫酸镁、葡萄糖、水杨酸 Sigma;小鼠海马HT22细胞株 中国医学科学院基础医学研究所基础医学细胞中心;Dulbe-cco's modified Eagle's medium,High Glucose培养基、Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒 凯基生物;胎牛血清 Gibco;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)测定试剂盒、MTT试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司;超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、邻苯三酚、活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)检测试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;Nrf-2、SOD1、SOD2抗体 华安生物。
UVP Chemstudio PLUS自动化分子成像仪 美国Analytik Jena US LLC公司;Infinite E Plex多功能全波段连续光谱检测仪 瑞士Tecan公司;JY300E电泳仪 北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司;液质联用系统Acquity I-Class PLUS超高效液相串联沃特世Xevo G2-XS QTof高分辨质谱仪 美国沃特世科技有限公司;高速冷冻离心机、二氧化碳培养箱 德国Eppendorf公司;全温振荡培养箱 中国浙江美壁仪器有限公司。
参考白明健等[8]的方法进行中国弯颈霉菌种的体外培养。将菌丝体接种到马铃薯培养基后,置于摇床上,以150 r/min的转速、37 ℃的温度培养96 h。中国弯颈霉菌丝体在摇床中培养后,进行离心处理(4000 r/min,15 min),将滤液通过负压抽滤装置过滤,即可获得中国弯颈霉发酵液(TSFB)。随后,将发酵液在60 ℃下进行常压蒸发浓缩至固态,再置于60 ℃烘箱中烘干,最终得到发酵液干粉。
为了校正仪器误差,提高实验的稳定性和准确性,在提取液中加入了2 mg/L L-2-氯苯丙氨酸作为内标。称取50 mg发酵液干粉,加入1000 μL含有内标的提取液(甲醇:乙腈:水体积比=2:2:1),涡旋混匀30 s;加入瓷珠,45 Hz研磨仪处理10 min,超声10 min(冰水浴);零下20 ℃静置1 h后,4 ℃,12000 r/min离心15 min;小心地取出500 μL上清于EP管中;在真空浓缩器中干燥提取物;向干燥后的代谢物加入160 μL提取液(乙腈:水体积比=1:1)复溶;涡旋30 s,冰水浴超声10 min;将样本4 ℃,12000 r/min离心15 min;小心地取出120 μL上清于2 mL进样瓶,每个样本各取10 μL混合成QC样本上机检测[9]。
沃特世Acquity I-Class PLUS超高效液相系统,使用ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 µm)色谱柱,0.3 mL/min的流速,40 ℃的柱温,进样量2 μL。流动相A:0.1%甲酸水溶液;流动相B:0.1%甲酸乙腈,进样体积1 μL[10]。
沃特世Xevo G2-XS QTof高分辨质谱仪能够在采集软件(MassLynx V4.2,Waters)控制下的MSe模式进行一级、二级质谱数据采集。在每个数据采集循环中,能够同时对低碰撞能量及高碰撞能量进行双通道数据采集。低碰撞能量2 V,高碰撞能量区间为10~40 V,扫描频率为0.2 s一张质谱图。ESI离子源参数如下:毛细管电压:2000 V(正离子模式)或−1500 V(负离子模式);锥孔电压:30 V;离子源温度:150 ℃;脱溶剂气温度500 ℃;反吹气流速:50 L/h;脱溶剂气流速:800 L/h[11]。
从原始质谱数据中提取代谢物峰信息,生成“特征表”(包含 m/z、RT、峰面积等),使用MassLynx V4.2采集的原始数据通过Progenesis QI软件做峰提取、峰对齐等数据处理操作,基于Progenesis QI软件在线METLIN数据库、HMDB数据库、KEGG COMPOUND数据库等进行定性鉴定,使用峰面积归一化法,利用峰面积进行相对定量。
参考文献方法[12]在试管中加入不同浓度的TSFB溶液和浓度为6 mmol/L的H2O2和硫酸亚铁溶液各2 mL,振荡摇匀后静置。待静置10 min后,再将2 mL浓度为6 mmol/L的水杨酸溶液加入其中并振荡摇匀。空白对照组将TSFB溶液换成纯水,阳性对照组将TSFB换成相同浓度VC。在37 ℃水浴中反应30 min后通过酶标仪测定510 nm处的吸光度并带入下方公式,进而计算TSFB的羟自由基清除率。
$\rm 清除率(\text{%})= \left(1- \frac{H_{样品}}{H_{空白}} \right)\times 100$
式中:H样品代表样品组吸光度,H空白代表空白组吸光度。
参考文献方法[13]精确量取TSFB干粉并溶解于纯水中,得到10 mg/mL的TSFB母液。精确量取5 mL的磷酸盐缓冲液(浓度为0.1 mol/L、pH为7.2)和0.1 mL浓度为0.4 mg/mL的邻苯三酚溶液于试管中并振荡混匀。再分别加入1 mL不同浓度的TSFB溶液和3.9 mL纯水振荡混匀。空白对照组将TSFB溶液换成纯水,阳性对照组将TSFB换成相同浓度VC溶液进行检测。利用酶标仪检测该混合液在320 nm处不同时间(3、6、9、12、15、18、21、24、27、30 min)的吸光度并分别做出各组曲线,通过把上述曲线的斜率带入下方公式从而计算出TSFB的超氧阴离子自由基清除率。
$\rm 清除率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{O_{样品}}{O_{空白}} \right)\times 100 $
式中:O样品代表样品组斜率,O空白代表空白组斜率。
参考冯书珍等[14]方法进行检测并计算DPPH自由基清除率。取5 mg/mL TSFB溶液,进行2倍梯度等比稀释5次,获得不同质量浓度的待测液,取500 μL上述TSFB溶液,分别加入500 μL浓度为0.04 mg/mL的DPPH溶液,混匀后室温避光反应30 min,测定517 nm处吸光度值(D)。样品对照组将DPPH溶液换成无水乙醇,空白对照组将TSFB溶液换成纯水,阳性对照组将TSFB换成相同浓度VC,将各组结果带入下方公式可得TSFB对DPPH自由基的清除率。
$ \rm 清除率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{D_{样品}-D_{对照}}{D_{空白}} \right)\times 100 $
式中:D样品代表样品组吸光度,D对照代表对照组吸光度,D空白代表空白组吸光度。
HT22细胞系是小鼠海马神经元细胞系。HT22细胞培养于含1%青链霉素混合液、10%胎牛血清、89% DMEM高糖培养基的混合培养基中,并放入5% CO2和37 ℃的细胞培养箱中进行细胞培养。
配制10 mg/mL的含TSFB培养基和1 mmol/L H2O2培养基母液待用。取细胞融合度达60%~70%时的HT22细胞,按每孔5000个细胞接种于96孔板中37 ℃培养24 h,分别用浓度为(10、5、2.5、1.25、0.625、0.3125、0.156、0.078、0.039、0.02、0.01 mg/mL)的含TSFB的培养基和浓度为(50、100、150、200、250 μmol/L)的含H2O2培养基处理细胞24 h[8],MTT法检测生存率变化,选取适宜浓度H2O2和TSFB。
$\rm 生存率(\text{%})= \frac{实验组OD值}{空白对照组OD值}\times 100 $
根据MTT结果进行实验分组:将细胞分为空白对照组(Control),模型组(Model),低剂量给药组(Low-TSFB)和高剂量给药组(High-TSFB)。各组细胞均置于配制好的DMEM培养基中正常培养24 h至完全贴壁,模型组仅给予200 μmol/L H2O2处理24 h,低、高剂量组在H2O2处理的同时分别添加不同浓度的TSFB(0.156、0.625 mg/mL)。
取1.2.4.3培养后的细胞,将细胞按照LDH试剂盒说明书离心收集上清并进行LDH释放量检测。
取1.2.4.3培养后的细胞,将细胞通过胰酶消化收集并按照细胞凋亡试剂盒说明书添加荧光探针,最后使用流式细胞仪进行检测。
取1.2.4.3培养后的细胞,将细胞按照SOD、MDA、GSH-Px和ROS试剂盒说明书收集并计数,并按照试剂盒说明书进行SOD、MDA、GSH-Px和ROS一系列氧化应激指标的检测,酶标仪测定SOD、MDA、GSH-Px试剂盒处理后的吸光度,ROS使用流式细胞仪进行检测。
取1.2.4.3培养后的细胞加入细胞裂解液并用细胞刮刮取细胞从而提取细胞总蛋白,10% SDS-PAGE凝胶将其分离并转至PVDF膜,4% BSA室温封闭1 h,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST清洗后二抗孵育2 h,TBST洗膜。加入ECL显色液后进行显影曝光。
非靶代谢组分析使用MassLynx V4.2采集的原始数据通过Progenesis QI软件做峰提取、峰对齐等数据处理操作,基于Progenesis QI软件在线METLIN数据库及百迈客自建库进行鉴定,同时进行理论碎片识别,质量数偏差均在100 ppm以内。体外抗氧化实验数据采用均数±标准差(mean±SD)的形式表示,用SPSS进行统计分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
采用非靶代谢组学技术对浓缩干燥发酵液干粉活性物质进行测定,如图1所示。TSFB共检测出2745种代谢产物成分,其中正离子模式下1446个代谢物,负离子模式下1299个代谢物。在KEGG COMPOUND数据库定性到758种代谢物,所有定性代谢物可归为以下14类,如图1所示。从代谢物的种类来看,脂质及类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物、有机杂环化合物、有机氧化合物数量较多,分别占比26.3%、20.8%、15.6%和14.9%,其次是核苷、核苷酸及其类似物、苯类化合物、苯丙素类和聚酮类化合物和生物碱及其衍生物,分别占比6.9%、5.8%、4.9%和2.4%。方焕谋等[15]采用薄层层析及红外吸收光谱扫描等方法对中国弯颈霉培养物的化学成分分析的研究中发现,其富含有机酸、氨基酸、生物碱及甾醇类物质,与本研究结果一致。目前关于中国弯颈霉发酵液成分的报道较少,为更好地明确TSFB中主要活性物质,本研究筛选相对峰面积前30的化合物,如表1所示。TSFB中富含多种具有重要生物活性的代谢物,主要有机氮化合物、羧酸及其衍生物、酚类、异戊烯醇脂质、类固醇、脂肪酰类等成分。具体为:a.有机氮化合物,如鞘氨醇、植物鞘氨醇和鞘氨醇-1-磷酸,都属于鞘脂类前体,参与细胞膜结构组成和细胞信号转导,可调节细胞增殖、凋亡及应激反应,其中鞘氨醇-1-磷酸是鞘脂代谢的关键信号分子,通过结合S1P受体调控血管稳态、免疫细胞转运及神经元存活,在免疫细胞迁移、血管生成和炎症调控中起关键作用[16]。植物鞘氨醇具有抗氧化作用,能够清除细胞内的自由基,减少氧化应激对细胞的损伤。它可以通过调节细胞内的抗氧化酶系统,如超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等,增强细胞的抗氧化能力[17−18]。b.羧酸及其衍生物类,如柠檬酸、焦谷氨酸等,其中柠檬酸是三羧酸循环的重要中间产物,可通过参与细胞内的代谢过程来调节能量代谢,调节线粒体氧化磷酸化状态,影响细胞内氧化-还原稳态。焦谷氨酸是谷氨酸的环状衍生物,参与谷胱甘肽合成,间接增强细胞抗氧化能力[19]。c.酚类物质如香草胺、6-姜辣素和辣椒素等,参与抗氧化活性。香草胺是香草醛的衍生物,可清除自由基并抑制炎症因子释放;6-姜辣素具有抗氧化、抗炎及抗癌作用,可诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡;辣椒素可通过消耗感觉神经递质P物质、促进代谢及抗肿瘤作用[20]。d.异戊烯醇脂质类如巴卡亭Ⅲ是抗癌药紫杉醇的前体物质,可通过抑制微管解聚诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[21];2-植基-1,4-萘醌作为维生素K类似物,参与凝血因子合成。e.脂肪酰类物质,如癸酸,是中链脂肪酸,具有抗菌活性,尤其对革兰氏阳性菌(如葡萄球菌)有效,也能够促进CD8+T细胞活化、增强其抗肿瘤免疫反应能力[22]。另外其它代谢物如紫云英苷和绿原酸均具有很强的抗氧化能力,能够清除自由基,减少氧化应激损伤,还可通过抑制炎症细胞因子的产生和炎症信号通路的激活来发挥抗炎功效[23−25];长春新碱、紫杉醇和阿柔比星N均具有抗肿瘤和细胞毒性生物活性[26−28];莫西沙星、巴龙霉素、麦角甾醇和罗克福汀C具有抗菌和抗真菌作用[29−31]。以上结果说明TSFB可能具有较好的抗氧化、减少氧化应激损伤、抗炎和抑菌作用。
对TSFB代谢产物进行代谢通路富集分析,结果如图2所示,富集到的主要代谢通路如核黄素代谢(Riboflavin metabolism),其中核黄素是辅酶FAD和FMN的前体,是谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的关键辅因子,维持细胞内谷胱甘肽氧化还原系统的平衡。叶酸生物合成(Folate biosynthesis)是参与一碳单位代谢,影响NADPH的生成,而NADPH是谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)的必需辅因子,直接维持GSH和硫氧还蛋白(Trx)的还原状态,对维持线粒体抗氧化应激发挥重要作用。卟啉代谢(Porphyrin metabolism)参与血红素合成,而血红素是过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(如GPX)的活性中心,直接参与过氧化物的代谢,调节氧化还原稳态。星形孢菌素生物合成(Staurosporine biosynthesis),可合成吲哚咔唑类生物碱、具有强效的蛋白激酶抑制剂活性,可为肿瘤药物的研发提供研究材料[32]。类固醇生物合成(Steroid biosynthesis)通路可合成植物麦角固醇等,添加到食品中可作为维生素D的原料,促进人体钙的吸收。不饱和脂肪酸生物合成(Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids)通路合成不饱和脂肪酸(如油酸、亚油酸),引入双键以调节脂质性质。α-亚麻酸代谢(alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism)主要功能是代谢ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,生成生物活性分子,生成植物性多不饱和脂肪酸(如EPA/DHA),其衍生物(resolvins,protectins)具有抗炎与抗氧化活性作用,同时可以将不饱和脂肪酸转化为类二十烷酸,具有调节炎症反应和神经功能;而且研究表明α-亚麻酸与心血管疾病和冠心病死亡风险降低密切相关[33]。以上结果表明TSFB在这些代谢途径中可能存在重要的调控作用,这为进一步探究其生物活性机制提供了方向。
如图3所示,TSFB能够较好地清除多种体外自由基,且在一定范围内自由基清除率随着TSFB的浓度增加而增高,当TSFB浓度在0.156~5 mg/mL范围内其羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基清除率分别为20.65%~81.76%、9.86%~85.35%、48.01%~89.89%。同时TSFB对羟自由基、超氧阴离子和DPPH自由基的IC50分别为0.7160、1.640和0.1605 mg/mL(图3A~C),其中TSFB对DPPH自由基清除效果明显高于羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基。虽然TSFB有较好的抗氧化活性,但与VC组相比仍然具有一定差距(P<0.05)。叶文姣等[34]发现蛹虫草发酵液提取物的羟自由基、超氧阴离子和DPPH自由基的IC50分别为3.94、4.07和1.15 mg/mL。通过与上述蛹虫草发酵液提取物相比,TSFB表现出较强的自由基清除能力。
如图4所示,首先通过MTT实验确定TSFB的合适治疗浓度及氧化应激HT22细胞模型的H2O2刺激浓度。在使用不同浓度TSFB处理HT22细胞后,与对照组相比,TSFB浓度在0.01~1.25 mg/mL范围内对HT22细胞生存率无显著影响(P>0.05)(图4A),当TSFB浓度达到2.5 mg/mL时,细胞生存率出现最高值(P<0.05),之后随着浓度的增加细胞的生存率出现高度显著降低(P<0.01),表明在低于2.5 mg/mL浓度时TSFB对HT22细胞无细胞毒性作用,结合上文中自由基清除的有效浓度,分别选择TSFB自由基清除率较低的浓度作为低剂量治疗组(0.156 mg/mL),选取自由基清除率较高的TSFB浓度作为高剂量治疗组(0.625 mg/mL)。在通过不同浓度的H2O2处理HT22细胞后,与对照组相比,H2O2刺激后,HT22细胞的生存率随着H2O2浓度的增高而逐渐降低(图4B),一般选取细胞生存率70%~80%的浓度作为最佳刺激浓度[8],因此选取200 μmol/L作为H2O2刺激HT22细胞氧化应激的最适浓度。在TSFB治疗后,研究发现TSFB能明显抑制因H2O2刺激而导致的细胞生存率降低(图4C)。与空白对照组相比,在给予H2O2刺激后模型组细胞生存率极显著下降到70.14%(P<0.0001);与模型组相比,在给予低、高剂量TSFB保护后细胞生存率非常显著升高到84.28%和98.89%(P<0.001),且随着给药浓度增高细胞生存率不断增高。以上结果表明,TSFB给药可显著抑制氧化应激诱导的细胞存活率下降,提示其具有潜在的抗氧化活性。
LDH大部分存在于细胞内部,在细胞受到损伤后细胞膜结构被破坏导致LDH被释放,通过检测LDH的浓度可以分析细胞膜的被破坏程度[35−36]。在给予H2O2刺激后,与空白对照组相比,模型组培养基中LDH含量极显著上升(P<0.0001),表明HT22的细胞膜结构遭到破坏(图5);与模型组相比,在给予低、高剂量的TSFB保护后培养基中LDH含量显著降低至106.00±10.40 U/L和77.74±9.11 U/L(P<0.05)。结果表明,TSFB能够有效保护H2O2刺激后的细胞膜完整性。
细胞凋亡是指因特定信号诱导触发了细胞内的死亡级联反应而出现的生理性或病理性的主动性死亡过程,主要是为了维持内环境稳定。在受到H2O2刺激后,超出了细胞可以承受的强度与阈值抑或受机体病理状态影响则可导致病理情况下的细胞凋亡[37]。如图6A~B所示,与空白对照组相比,在给予H2O2刺激后模型组细胞凋亡率非常显著上升至9.87%(P<0.001),同时,与模型组相比在给予低、高剂量TSFB保护后细胞凋亡率显著下降至6.73%和4.21%(P<0.05),表明通过TSFB给药可以改善细胞在H2O2刺激下的凋亡情况,进一步证实了TSFB在疾病状态下对细胞具有保护效果的潜在价值。
氧化应激反应不仅可以直接损伤细胞,还会影响线粒体的代谢功能。氧化应激以“超氧化物”为中心,其病理来源包括氧衍生自由基,这些自由基可引发多种类型的分子破坏。同时,机体存在抗氧化防御机制,其中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等保护酶发挥着重要作用[38]。GSH-Px、SOD在机体内源性抗氧化酶中占据着重要的作用,机体抗氧化能力主要靠GSH-Px、SOD的水平展现[39],MDA是脂质过氧化的副产物,可用于评价氧化应激损伤[40−41]。如图7所示,与空白对照组相比,给予H2O2刺激后的模型组MDA水平高度显著升高(P<0.01),SOD和GSH-Px水平非常显著降低(P<0.001),与模型组相比,在给予低、高剂量TSFB保护后GSH-Px水平显著升高(P<0.05)(图7A),MDA水平显著降低(P<0.05)(图7B),TSFB高剂量给药组SOD水平高度显著增高(P<0.01)(图7C)。
ROS包括各种氧自由基及H2O2等,可以与细胞内的一些生物大分子发生化学反应,破坏细胞的结构和功能,从而影响细胞凋亡[42]。ROS结果显示(图7D~E),与空白对照组相比,模型组细胞相对ROS水平极显著上升至230.6%(P<0.0001),与模型组相比,在给予低、高剂量TSFB保护后细胞相对ROS水平非常显著下降至157.1%和134.5%(P<0.001),以上结果表明在TSFB给药后能够增加细胞内GSH-Px和SOD的水平并降低MDA和ROS的水平,从而缓解因H2O2诱导细胞发生氧化应激而产生的损伤。
核转录因子红系2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶-1(Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1,Nrf-2/HO-1)是调控氧化应激反应的重要通路,能够抑制ROS的产生,减少SOD的消耗。在氧化应激状态时,ROS能促进Nrf-2进入细胞核内与抗氧化反应元件(Antioxidant response element,ARE)结合,上调HO-1的表达发挥细胞的自我保护作用[43]。有研究证实Nrf-2蛋白表达增高的同时氧化应激水平也随之减少[44]。Western bolt结果表明(图8),与空白对照组相比,H2O2处理的模型组细胞中HO-1和Nrf-2相对表达量高度显著降低(P<0.01),与模型组相比,TSFB低、高剂量给药均可显著增加细胞中HO-1和Nrf-2的相对表达量(P<0.05)。
SOD作为生物体内重要的抗氧化酶之一,可通过结合金属离子种类不同将其分为SOD1、SOD2等,而SOD1和SOD2都能参与清除氧自由基,从而保护细胞免受氧化性损伤[45]。为进一步评价TSFB对细胞氧化应激水平的影响,本研究通过Western blot检测SOD1和SOD2蛋白表达水平,结果表明,与空白对照组相比,模型组细胞SOD1和SOD2相对表达量非常显著降低(P<0.001);与模型组相比,低剂量给药组细胞中SOD1相对表达量显著增加(P<0.05),高剂量给药组细胞中SOD1和SOD2相对表达量非常显著增加(P<0.001)。以上结果说明,在给予H2O2刺激后,细胞发生氧化应激进而导致细胞发生凋亡,但是通过TSFB给药能够保护细胞免受因氧化应激而导致的凋亡情况。有研究表明,H2O2刺激细胞凋亡水平显著升高,给予药物治疗后能够显著减少凋亡水平,保持其细胞活性,可能与氧化应激水平降低相关[46],因此推测TSFB可能通过上调Nrf-2的表达水平,进而上调其下游基因HO-1表达,调控SOD1、SOD2的表达,增加SOD、GSH-Px等多种抗氧化酶活性并降低MDA水平来发挥其抗氧化功能。但是当机体处于氧化应激时,多种信号通路可能在氧化应激的作用下发生改变[47],因此,在未来研究中还需要进一步地研究TSFB作用于细胞内的抗氧化作用机制。
本研究综合运用非靶代谢组学技术、体外自由基清除实验及细胞氧化应激损伤模型,系统解析了TSFB的小分子化学成分,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了深入评估。非靶向代谢组学分析结果显示,TSFB中代谢物种类繁多且含量丰富,部分成分具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等多种潜在生物活性。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,TSFB对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基均表现出显著的清除作用。在细胞水平研究中,TSFB不仅能有效降低H2O2诱导的细胞氧化应激水平,减少细胞凋亡,还能通过上调Nrf-2/HO-1信号通路,进一步促进HO-1、SOD1和SOD2的表达,从而缓解氧化应激损伤。这些结果充分揭示了TSFB潜在的药用价值。然而,本研究存在一定局限性,目前仅开展了体外实验。为进一步验证TSFB的生物学功能,后续将构建氧化应激动物模型,深入探究TSFB对动物体内氧化应激水平及相关蛋白表达的影响,为TSFB的开发利用提供更坚实的理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120031
  • 接收时间:2024-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-05
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    齐齐哈尔医学院医学技术学院,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006

通讯作者:

李超君(1986−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:代谢性疾病与内分泌调控,E-mail:。
李林(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:代谢性疾病的发病机制与诊疗策略研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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