Article(id=1321170357533397490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921159393, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921159393, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921159393, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921159393, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=475, endPage=483, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170357772472819, articleId=1321170357533397490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Eye-protective Function of Flavonoids, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flavonoids are a class of natural products that include flavonoids, flavanones, and flavonols, which are found widely in nature and have a diverse range of important physiological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have revealed the ameliorative effects of flavonoids on different ocular diseases, including ocular surface diseases, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, the recent progress in basic research on flavonoids interventions for ocular diseases is summarized, which have indicated that flavonoids may have a certain eye-protective effects, for which the main mechanisms of action have been identified as the antioxidant defense, modulation of anti-inflammatory and immune responses, and regulation of cell apoptosis. This review provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the eye-protective effects of flavonoids, as well as a scientific basis for further research and development on flavonoids, and also indicates the potential direction of future research.

, authors=Yiming DU1, Shuyu LIU1, Ziyi REN1, Si MI1, 2, Xianghong WANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Yiming DU, Shuyu LIU, Ziyi REN, Si MI, Xianghong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianghong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170358544224760, articleId=1321170357533397490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=黄酮类化合物护眼功能的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄酮类化合物作为一类天然产物,包括黄酮类、黄烷酮类以及黄酮醇类等,在自然界中广泛存在,并且具有抗氧化、抗炎症等多种重要生理活性。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了黄酮类化合物对多种眼部疾病的改善作用,包括眼表疾病、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变等。本文总结了近年来黄酮类化合物干预眼部疾病的基础研究进展,其主要干预机制为抗氧化防御、抗炎与免疫调节、调节细胞凋亡等,说明了黄酮类化合物具有一定的护眼功能。本综述为揭示黄酮类化合物护眼功能的机制提供了理论依据和思路,为黄酮类化合物的研究和开发提供科学依据,并展望了未来的研究方向。

, authors=杜一铭1, 柳书玉1, 任子怡1, 米思1, 2, 王向红1, 2, *, authorsList=杜一铭, 柳书玉, 任子怡, 米思, 王向红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王向红, authorNote=

杜一铭(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王向红(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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杜一铭(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

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杜一铭(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

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注:a:木犀草素;b:槲皮素;c:柚皮素;d:橙皮素;e:儿茶素;f:染料木素。

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黄酮类化合物护眼功能的研究进展
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杜一铭 1 , 柳书玉 1 , 任子怡 1 , 米思 1, 2 , 王向红 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(3): 475-483
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (3) : 475 -483
黄酮类化合物护眼功能的研究进展
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杜一铭1 , 柳书玉1, 任子怡1, 米思1, 2, 王向红1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000
  • 2河北农业大学,河北省膳食组分互作与精准营养重点实验室,河北保定 071000
通讯作者:
王向红(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杜一铭(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

Research Progress on Eye-protective Function of Flavonoids
Yiming DU1 , Shuyu LIU1, Ziyi REN1, Si MI1, 2, Xianghong WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2Laboratory of Dietary Component Interactions and Precision Nutrition, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010060
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黄酮类化合物作为一类天然产物,包括黄酮类、黄烷酮类以及黄酮醇类等,在自然界中广泛存在,并且具有抗氧化、抗炎症等多种重要生理活性。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了黄酮类化合物对多种眼部疾病的改善作用,包括眼表疾病、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变等。本文总结了近年来黄酮类化合物干预眼部疾病的基础研究进展,其主要干预机制为抗氧化防御、抗炎与免疫调节、调节细胞凋亡等,说明了黄酮类化合物具有一定的护眼功能。本综述为揭示黄酮类化合物护眼功能的机制提供了理论依据和思路,为黄酮类化合物的研究和开发提供科学依据,并展望了未来的研究方向。

黄酮类化合物  /  炎症反应  /  氧化应激反应  /  眼部疾病  /  细胞凋亡

Flavonoids are a class of natural products that include flavonoids, flavanones, and flavonols, which are found widely in nature and have a diverse range of important physiological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have revealed the ameliorative effects of flavonoids on different ocular diseases, including ocular surface diseases, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, the recent progress in basic research on flavonoids interventions for ocular diseases is summarized, which have indicated that flavonoids may have a certain eye-protective effects, for which the main mechanisms of action have been identified as the antioxidant defense, modulation of anti-inflammatory and immune responses, and regulation of cell apoptosis. This review provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the eye-protective effects of flavonoids, as well as a scientific basis for further research and development on flavonoids, and also indicates the potential direction of future research.

flavonoids  /  inflammations reaction  /  oxidative stress response  /  eye diseases  /  apoptosis
杜一铭, 柳书玉, 任子怡, 米思, 王向红. 黄酮类化合物护眼功能的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 475 -483 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010060
Yiming DU, Shuyu LIU, Ziyi REN, Si MI, Xianghong WANG. Research Progress on Eye-protective Function of Flavonoids[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 475 -483 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010060
黄酮类化合物是一类重要的次生代谢产物,广泛存在于植物体内,比如芹菜、甜椒、柑橘、苹果等水果和蔬菜中,对植物的生长发育有重要作用,其作为膳食组分的安全性和生物利用度已得到充分验证[1]。因具有清除自由基、抗氧化、抗衰老、免疫调节、抗肿瘤和预防慢性疾病等重要生理作用,黄酮类化合物在膳食补充剂以及营养食品等方面的应用得到了人们的广泛关注[2]。
眼部疾病在全球范围内影响着人类健康,且随着电子屏幕使用时长增加,多种眼病不仅发病率逐年增加,并且逐步向低龄化发展[3]。目前对于眼病的治疗方式存在着功能单一和具有一定副作用等方面的缺点,在此背景下,天然生物活性物质通过膳食途径来预防或改善眼部健康问题成为了一个热点。近年来,大量相关细胞和动物实验研究结果表明,黄酮类化合物在预防和改善眼部疾病中发挥积极作用[4−7]。基于此,本文创新性整合了食品科学与眼科医学交叉视角,系统介绍了黄酮类化合物的分类及生理作用,揭示了黄酮类化合物通过抗氧化-抗炎-凋亡调控网络干预眼病的分子机制,梳理了黄酮类化合物“药食同源”特性在眼健康领域的应用,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,为构建基于膳食干预的眼健康防护体系,开发护眼功能性食品提供了理论依据和思路。
黄酮类化合物是一种以2-苯基色原酮为母核而衍生的一类黄色色素,广泛分布在植物界,通过植物光合作用产生,多存在于有色植物中,如绿色植物叶片以及颜色鲜艳的花朵中,还普遍存在于中草药的根、茎、叶中[8],大多数黄酮类化合物在植物体内是以与糖结合后形成的苷类或者糖碳基形式存在,少数以游离形式存在。黄酮类化合物大多为水溶性色素,主要活性结构是羟基取代基,易溶于水、乙醇、甲醇等极性较大的溶剂,具有三个碳原子连接两个苯环(C6-C3-C6)的结构[9],含有多个酚羟基[10]。黄酮类化合物属于植物次生代谢产物,从结构上可分为多种类型,主要有六类:黄酮和黄酮醇类,二氢黄酮和二氢黄酮醇类,黄烷醇类,异黄酮及二氢异黄酮类,双黄酮类以及花色苷等其他黄酮类化合物[11]。常见的黄酮类化合物有木犀草素、槲皮素、柚皮素、橙皮素、儿茶素、染料木素等,图1(a~f)分别为其结构式。
黄酮类化合物已被证实具有多种生物活性,包括抗炎:槲皮素能够抑制白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumour necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)细胞因子的产生[12];抗氧化:木犀草素能够降低细胞氧化应激模型内活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)的积累,保护氧化损伤的细胞[13];血管保护作用:黄芩素可以改善血管舒张功能等[14]。同时黄酮类化合物作为天然活性物质,与合成药物相比具有更低的毒性,并且来源广泛,因此黄酮类化合物在医药和功能性食品领域具有广阔的应用前景。正因为其多样的生物功能以及更低的毒性,在眼科疾病防治方面,黄酮类化合物展现出独特的优势。
氧化应激是体内氧化/抗氧化系统失衡导致的病理状态,主要表现为活性氧(ROS)过度积累,引发DNA、脂质和蛋白质氧化损伤[15−16]。氧化应激反应的发生造成体内氧化还原平衡状态被破坏,从而影响角膜、视网膜、视神经等,导致眼部疾病的发生。氧化应激通过破坏眼组织的氧化还原稳态,在退行性眼病发病中起核心作用。ROS的过度积累会导致:a.角膜损伤:ROS攻击角膜上皮紧密连接蛋白(如ZO-1),破坏泪膜稳定性(与干眼症相关)[17];b.视网膜病变:在视网膜色素上皮细胞(RPE)中,ROS诱导RPE下基底层沉积物堆积,引发Bruch膜增厚和玻璃膜疣(年龄相关性黄斑病变(Age-relatedmacular degeneration,AMD)早期病理标志)[18−20];c.晶状体混浊:晶状体上皮细胞(LECs)的抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT))活性随年龄增长衰退,氧化应激使LECs内的蛋白质、脂质以及核酸被氧化,导致其生理结构和功能改变,影响晶状体的光学清晰度(白内障核心机制)[21−22]。氧化应激这一过程受Keap1-Nrf 2-ARE通路动态调控。生理状态下,NF-E2相关因子2(NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf 2)因泛素化和蛋白酶降解会以低水平存在于溶质溶胶中,当ROS累积时,Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap 1)的BTB/IVR结构域半胱氨酸残基被氧化,促使Nrf 2入核激活抗氧化应答元素(Antioxidant response element,ARE),启动SOD、血红素氧合酶1(Heme Oxygenase-1,HO-1)等抗氧化基因表达,从而调节氧化反应[23]。
黄酮类化合物可以通过激活体内抗氧化系统改善氧化应激相关眼病,具体过程涉及激活Keap1-Nrf 2-ARE通路发挥多维度抗氧化保护作用,从而发挥改善相关眼病的作用。在细胞层面,橙皮素(20 μmol/L)处理使过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的人视网膜色素上皮细胞(ARPE-19)Nrf 2核内水平明显提升,激活Keap1-Nrf 2/HO-1信号通路来抑制氧化诱导后的细胞凋亡,显著降低ROS和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的过量生成,同时提高SOD和谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)的水平[24]。动物实验进一步验证保护效应:槲皮素固体分散体(200 mg/kg/d)通过调控Nrf 2信号通路降低AMD小鼠血清和视网膜组织中的ROS、MDA水平,提高SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶的活性减轻小鼠的眼部损伤[25];黄芩素(100 mg/kg)能够通过降低白内障模型大鼠血清和透镜中MDA的含量,升高总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的含量,增强大鼠抗氧化能力,从而逆转氧化损伤进程[26]。
黄酮类化合物作为天然膳食抗氧化剂,可通过靶向调控Keap1-Nrf 2-ARE信号轴,结合Keap1关键结构域,促进Nrf 2核转位,系统激活SOD、HO-1及GSH-Px等内源性抗氧化酶,有效清除ROS,抑制氧化应激反应,在细胞与动物模型中显著减轻视网膜及晶状体氧化损伤,逆转AMD与白内障等退行性眼病的病理进程。这一作用机制,为黄酮类化合物干预氧化应激相关眼病提供了核心理论支撑。
炎症反应是机体在组织损伤与微生物感染同时发生时产生的防御机制[27]。作为一种复杂的免疫应答过程,成功的炎症反应由病原体、受损细胞和毒性化合物共同触发,涉及先天性和适应性免疫系统的协同作用。其生物学意义在于清除损伤源、消除坏死组织,并通过启动伤口愈合、促进血管生成等机制实现受损组织的修复与重建[28]。慢性眼病的发生加重与炎症反应密切相关,其核心涉及促炎信号通路的异常激活与免疫细胞功能紊乱。炎症反应的加重会导致:a.泪膜稳定性破坏:泪膜高渗环境触发角膜上皮细胞释放IL-1β、TNF-α等促炎因子,激活MAPK/NF-κB信号通路,导致杯状细胞凋亡及黏蛋白分泌减少、脂质层结构破坏,形成“炎症-高渗-泪膜破裂”的恶性循环(干眼症状加重核心机制)[29];b.内皮屏障损伤:炎症因子上调促使血-视网膜内屏障通透性增加,导致视网膜血管内皮细胞的损伤和炎症细胞的浸润;c.新生血管生成:持续的缺氧和炎症刺激推动视网膜中新血管的形成,标志着糖尿病视网膜病变(Diabetic retinopathy,DR)的晚期[30]。
在炎症反应中,核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路发挥着重要作用。NF-κB抑制蛋白(Inhibitor of κB,IκB)被磷酸化从而被泛素降解,导致NF-κB异二聚体亚基p50和p65从细胞质移动到细胞核,从而促进炎症基因的表达[31]。黄酮类化合物通过抑制炎症信号通路、调控免疫细胞功能和抑制炎症小体激活,在缓解慢性炎症性眼病中发挥重要作用。在炎症信号通路抑制方面,槲皮素(腹腔注射100 mg/kg)可以抑制DR小鼠视网膜组织中NF-κB的活性,降低促炎因子IL-1β和TNF-α的表达,以及视网膜组织中颗粒细胞的浸润,从而达到改善视网膜炎症模型小鼠症状的作用,为槲皮素改善视网膜炎症提供了支持[32];洋蓟苷(1、10、20 μmol/L)处理损伤的ARPE-19细胞能够通过抑制NF-κB的核转位,降低IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子表达,并清除过度活化的炎性小体,改善炎症诱导的视网膜变性[33]。在免疫细胞功能调控方面,山奈酚在最有效剂量50 mmol/L下能够抑制促炎因子TNF-α和IL-6的蛋白水平,并且通过增加Nrf 2的总核水平,减少p53、Nrf 2、NF-κB和叉头转录因子1(FOXO 1)的乙酰化改善视网膜色素上皮细胞的细胞炎症[34]。
黄酮类化合物通过抑制炎症信号传导、调节免疫应答等方式,达到干预炎症相关眼病(如AMD、葡萄膜炎、DR)的最终目的。其作用涵盖分子、细胞及动物模型层面,为黄酮类化合物作为天然膳食成分在炎症性眼病防治中的应用提供了系统化理论依据。
细胞凋亡也被称为细胞的程序性死亡,指的是由基因控制的以维持内环境稳定为目的的细胞自主的有序死亡[35]。正常生理状态下,细胞凋亡通过清除损伤细胞维持眼组织稳态,发生失衡便会引发多种退行性眼部疾病。凋亡信号过度激活后会导致:a.视网膜损伤:线粒体功能障碍会导致细胞能量代谢紊乱,进而引发细胞凋亡,受损的视网膜节细胞(Retinal ganglion cell,RGC)无法修复或再生,从而导致视神经纤维层的逐渐变薄和视功能的不可逆性损害(青光眼症状加重的标志)[36];b.视网膜外层结构退化:通过线粒体途径主导的RPE的变性和死亡会加剧黄斑区玻璃膜疣沉积,从而加速视网膜外层结构退化[37];c.眼表屏障功能障碍:角膜上皮细胞的损伤会触发角膜上皮凋亡,从而破坏眼表屏障完整性(干眼症的诱因)[38]。
细胞凋亡过程多涉及PI3K/AKT信号通路,当相应的酪氨酸激酶受体被各种胞外因子(生长因子,胰岛素等)结合后,会激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)磷酸化并移动至细胞膜上使磷脂酰肌醇3磷酸(Phosphatidylinositol triphosphate,PIP3)磷酸化,进一步激活丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(AKT),调控ROS及含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase)等凋亡蛋白的表达,从而抑制凋亡以及氧化炎症相关过程[39]。黄酮类化合物通过多靶点干预凋亡相关信号通路,在护眼功能中发挥重要作用。在调节信号通路层面,黄芩苷(腹腔注射,50 mg/kg)能够通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)诱导的RGC凋亡、自噬和氧化应激,减轻高眼压引起的小鼠视网膜的病理改变,从而减轻小鼠视网膜损伤[5];槲皮素(0、1.25、2.5、5、10、20 µmol/L)能够通过降低PI3K和pAKT的表达,下调Bcl-2-Associated X(B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein,Bax)的蛋白质、半胱天冬蛋白酶-3(Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase,Caspase-3)的蛋白表达,上调B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)的表达来保护ARPE-19免受碘酸钠(NaIO 3)诱导的凋亡,并且呈现剂量依赖性。这表明槲皮素具有预防和延迟涉及NaIO 3介导的细胞凋亡的视网膜疾病的潜力[40]。在调节Bax/Bcl-2平衡层面,花青素(经口给予,500 mg/kg/d)能够发挥神经保护作用,降低小鼠视网膜层Bax蛋白表达量,增加小鼠视网膜中伴侣分子的水平,保护小鼠RGC细胞免受细胞凋亡[41]。
黄酮类化合物通过调控细胞凋亡相关通路,抑制线粒体介导的凋亡途径及相关凋亡信号,从而阻断退行性眼病中视网膜及角膜细胞的异常死亡进程,为黄酮类化合物通过靶向抗凋亡策略干预退行性眼病提供了理论基础。
黄酮类化合物通过多靶点机制在眼健康保护中发挥重要作用,主要包括抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡等方面(图2)。这些机制共同作用,为黄酮类化合物在多种眼病的干预中提供了科学依据,同时也为其在功能性食品和药物开发中的应用奠定了理论基础。
AMD是一种致盲性退行性眼底病变,与年龄相关,也被称作老年性黄斑变性,简称老黄,主要发生在老年人的黄斑区,会严重影响老年人的生活质量,已经成为困扰人类的主要致盲性疾病之一[42]。目前对于AMD的治疗有手术治疗、放射治疗、药物治疗等,目前以糖皮质激素和血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)拮抗剂等药物治疗为主[43]。但糖皮质激素的多次使用可能会产生诸多副作用,如眼内压的升高甚至白内障;VEGF拮抗剂需要长期使用,且价格昂贵[44],因此黄酮类化合物通过多靶点干预AMD的病理过程,展现出潜在应用价值。
有研究发现山奈酚(50 µmol/L)可通过调节ROS和SOD的活性,上调RPE细胞VEGF蛋白表达,改善ARPE-19的氧化损伤,证明山奈酚在预防和治疗由氧化应激介导的AMD或其他视网膜疾病中具有潜在的作用[34]。氧化应激长期发生会产生大量ROS堆积,超出视网膜抗氧化能力,从而发生氧化损伤,故抗氧化也是改善AMD的一条重要途径[45]。有研究制备了包含芹菜素的固体分散体(AP-SD),研究发现制备的AP-SD能够通过促进Nrf 2的核转位,提高SOD和GSH-Px活性,降低ROS和MDA含量,抑制视网膜氧化损伤,对干性AMD小鼠模型的视网膜发挥保护作用,提示芹菜素在AMD预防和改善中展现出应用潜力[46]。从沙棘果实中提取的沙棘总黄酮(25 mg/L)可以通过增加细胞存活率,提高抗氧化酶活性,减轻脂质过氧化水平,清除细胞内的ROS,减少细胞凋亡等途径有效减轻紫外线诱导的ARPE-19细胞氧化损伤,表明沙棘果实中含有的黄酮类活性成分可能在延缓 AMD 发展中发挥作用[47]。
由此可见,黄酮类化合物(如山奈酚、芹菜素等)在年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)干预中展现出显著效果,能够改善视网膜损伤并抑制新生血管形成。研究表明,这些化合物通过多种途径有效缓解AMD症状,为开发安全、经济的AMD干预策略提供了新方向。
糖尿病是一种以血葡萄糖升高为主要特征的危害人类身体健康的慢性疾病,能够产生多种并发症。患糖尿病后,机体会表现出长期的高血糖水平,这会对全身多个器官和组织造成慢性损伤,其中对眼部的损害最为常见[48]。随着人们生活习惯及环境的改变,世界卫生组织预测全球糖尿病患者数量会不断增加,且根据数据统计,截至2021年,中国的糖尿病患者高达1.4亿,中国对于糖尿病的治疗也面临非常严峻的形势[49]。根据国际糖尿病联合会(IDF)的数据,超过三分之一的糖尿病患者患有DR[50]。随着糖尿病视网膜病变发病率和患病率的升高,糖尿病患者在糖尿病视网膜病变的筛查项目成本也随之升高,进而给公共卫生系统带来了更大的负担。目前治疗DR的常见手段包括激光治疗和药物治疗,但都存在频繁用药且无法根治的缺点,因此发掘DR的发病机制以及开发针对DR的预防及改善药物也是非常重要的。多数研究证明黄酮类化合物在DR干预中发挥重要作用。
柚皮苷(75 μmol/L)预处理能够抑制ARPE-19 细胞活力的下降,并且能够通过降低ROS水平、调节各氧化指标活性来降低细胞氧化应激水平,柚皮苷还能够通过调控Bax等凋亡相关蛋白的表达量抑制细胞凋亡程度,结果为柚皮苷在DR保健食品等领域的开发和利用提供了一定的理论基础[51]。研究发现,柚皮素(75 µmol/L)能恢复斑马鱼幼虫眼部区域的GSH水平,使葡萄糖水平降低,细胞损伤消退,同时抑制成年斑马鱼视网膜中的黄斑变性,并使VEGF的过表达正常化,提示柚皮素能够作为DR的潜在治疗策略[52]。对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠模型腹腔注射150 mg/kg槲皮素,连续16周,显著增加了视网膜细胞层厚度,以及神经节细胞数量,降低了视网膜组织中促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的过度表达,以及高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB-1)的过度表达和NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP 3)炎性体的过度激活,降低了VEGF和细胞间黏附分子(Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)的表达,发挥改善DR的作用,提示槲皮素在糖尿病视网膜病变中发挥治疗作用[53]。
多个研究结果表明,槲皮素、柚皮素、芦丁等黄酮类化合物能够通过多种途径多维度调控糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的病理过程,在DR干预中展现出显著效果,能够改善视网膜病变并保护视觉功能,为开发低副作用、高可及性的DR防治方案提供了理论支撑。
干眼症,又称为角结膜干燥综合征,是指任何原因引起的泪液质或量或动力学异常,导致泪膜稳定性下降,并伴有眼部不适或眼表组织病变特征的多种疾病的总称[54]。干眼症在中国的发病率约为21%~30%,并且逐步向低龄化发展[55],加重医疗负担。干眼症的常见症状包括眼睛不适,干涩,疲劳,有异物感,虽然干眼症一般情况下为中轻度症状,但对于患者来说,眼表不适对于生活质量有直接的影响,在严重时会造成视力的损伤,甚至失明。因此,干眼症的早期治疗是十分重要的。目前对于干眼症的治疗方式,主要是“人工泪液”等滴眼液以及一些抗炎药物,但存在功能单一和具有一定副作用等方面的缺点。天然活性物质黄酮类化合物因其低毒性以及广泛来源在干眼症的干预中展示出较大潜力。
将槲皮素制备为0.5%槲皮素滴眼液局部应用于干眼症小鼠,能够增加泪液体积,降低角膜不规则评分,显著降低泪腺中基质金属蛋白酶-2(Matrix metallopeptidase-2,MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(Matrix metallopeptidase-9,MMP-9)水平,改善角膜表面不规则性损伤,增加泪液体积和杯状细胞密度,表明槲皮素可以用来改善干眼症的眼表疾病,为槲皮素用于滴眼剂中提供有力支撑[56]。有研究使用羟丙甲纤维素E15和泊洛沙姆407来制备载100 mg姜黄素的纳米粒局部处理干眼症小鼠,结果表明制备的纳米粒子具有更好的药物释放能力,同时通过对山羊角膜进行组织学分析,证明了其安全性,制备出的纳米粒处理干眼症小鼠后,处理组的泪液分泌在整个处理期间接近正常小鼠,研究结果证明了制备的姜黄素纳米粒在治疗干眼症中的有用性[57]。此外,包封5 mg黄腐酚的聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸)纳米颗粒能够抑制氧化损伤的人角膜上皮细胞系(HCE-T)细胞活力的损失,增加Nrf 2蛋白表达,表明制备的纳米颗粒对氧化损伤细胞具有保护作用,同时在体内实验中可显著降低小鼠干眼病模型中眼表损伤和角膜上皮细胞中氧化应激相关的DNA损伤,为黄腐酚在干眼症的应用提供了新的思路,并且此纳米颗粒代表了将疏水性小分子递送至眼表面的安全且有效的药物递送载体,为干眼症的未来治疗提供了新选择[58]。除此之外,研究还发现给小鼠每日口服10 mg/kg木犀草素可以通过调控Sirt 1/NF-κB/NLRP 3信号通路降低角膜和角膜组织中促炎因子的分泌,从而减轻小鼠抑郁行为相关的干眼症造成的泪液分泌异常以及角膜受损情况,提示木犀草素对Sirt 1/NF-κB/NLRP 3信号通路的调控作用,可能为治疗抑郁症相关干眼病提供新策略[59]。
由此可知,黄酮类化合物能够显著改善干眼症小鼠的眼表损伤和泪液分泌异常,展现出高效且低毒的治疗潜力,并且已有研究开展了纳米粒等食品加工技术对黄酮生物利用度的提升策略,推动了从实验室研究到产业应用的转化,为开发新型干眼症药物提供了重要依据。
青光眼是一组进行性损害视神经及神经通路的视神经疾病,主要特征是视神经的损伤和RGC的变性及凋亡,是导致不可逆失明和视力损害的主要原因,影响着全球超7000万人的眼部健康,并且患病率还在逐年上升[60]。早期的青光眼会长时间无明显的症状,很容易被忽视,但到了晚期会导致对比度和颜色敏感度下降以及进行性视野缺损[61]。因此青光眼的早期预防、发现与治疗对患者保持视力是十分重要的。目前对于青光眼的治疗方式依旧集中在通过手术治疗与药物治疗将眼内压(Intraocular pressure,IOP)降低至正常水平,但此手段仅能恢复患者的部分视功能,并无法完全逆转青光眼造成的视网膜损伤[62]。因此探索青光眼的其他发病机制,寻找预防和改善青光眼症状的新物质尤为重要。黄酮类化合物通过抑制视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)凋亡等途径,在青光眼干预中展现出潜力。
研究发现,槲皮素通过改善线粒体功能抑制线粒体介导的凋亡,促进了缺氧处理的原代培养RGCs的存活,证明槲皮素对RGCs具有直接的保护作用,表明槲皮素可能是一种有前途的治疗药物,可改善青光眼神经变性患者的RGCs存活率和功能[63]。对缺血-再灌注(Ischemia/Reperfusion,I/R)损伤大鼠腹腔注射250 mg/kg白藜芦醇3 d,能够通过减少TUNEL染色,抑制凋亡相关蛋白Bax的早期上调表达,并减少随后裂解的Caspase-3,抑制视网膜I/R损伤后胶质细胞增生相关的炎症而防止RGC死亡,这些结果表明白藜芦醇可以预防RGC的死亡,为白藜芦醇作为青光眼的一种可能的治疗策略提供可靠支撑[64]。对水凝胶诱导的单侧慢性高眼压小鼠灌胃灯盏乙素300 mg/kg,可显示出更少的视网膜变薄和更少的视觉行为缺陷。同时灯盏乙素可能通过NLRP 3炎性体信号通路(包括NLRP 3)抑制视网膜神经变性的炎症过程,证实口服灯盏乙素治疗能够在小鼠慢性IOP升高时保留视网膜结构和视觉功能。结果揭示灯盏乙素可能成为一种新的青光眼神经治疗药物[65]。对青光眼模型小鼠每日灌胃一次150 mg/kg汉黄芩素,连续灌胃两个月,可以减轻小鼠IOP,恢复RGC细胞数量,调控SOD等氧化指标从而减轻小鼠眼部氧化损伤,同时通过降低IL-6等促炎因子的表达降低炎症反应,多方面调控从而减轻青光眼小鼠病理症状,证明了汉黄芩素能够对青光眼小鼠RGC发挥重要的保护作用,提示汉黄芩素能够成为干预青光眼的新选择[66]。
这些实验结果都表明槲皮素、白藜芦醇等黄酮类化合物能够有效保护RGCs并改善视觉功能,在青光眼的干预中展现出显著效果,为开发新型青光眼治疗药物提供了重要科学依据。
早产儿视网膜病变(Retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是一种影响早产儿的眼部疾病,在视网膜血管发育的特定阶段暴露于高水平的氧气会刺激VEGF表达增强,新生血管生成,从而造成视网膜新生血管和视网膜脱离,是导致儿童失明的主要原因之一[67]。给暴露于高压氧环境中的幼鼠给予10 mg/kg黄芩苷腹腔注射,发现黄芩苷明显减少了中心无血管区以及新生血管束和管腔的数量,并且显著降低了MMP-2、MMP-9、血管紧张素II和VEGF的表达,表明黄芩苷是一种有效的抗血管生成化合物,全身给药后可抑制视网膜新生血管的形成,表明黄芩苷在ROP干预方面发挥积极作用[68]。向ROP小鼠模型的玻璃体腔注射10−1 mol/L木犀草素1 μL,能够抑制视网膜新生血管,VEGF诱导的迁移和微管形成,显示木犀草素可能是一种有效的抗视网膜新生血管生成剂,证明黄芩苷可以安全地应用于抑制视网膜新生血管的ROP[69]。
白内障包括晶状体混浊,是全球视力障碍的主要原因。白内障的主要原因是衰老、紫外线辐射、炎症、糖尿病、吸烟和类固醇药物的应用,这会导致晶状体中氧化应激的产生[70]。橙皮素可以抑制人晶状体上皮细胞系和小鼠晶状体上皮细胞晚期的糖基化终产物和N(ε)-羧甲基赖氨酸的产生和修饰晶状体蛋白,防止晶状体硬化,并降低晶状体蛋白质中的伴侣活性,达到预防老花眼和白内障的效果,这些结果表明橙皮素及其衍生物是预防老花眼和白内障的良好候选物[71]。研究发现,柚皮素(200 µmol/L)能够通过调控Smad 2/3通路抑制人晶状体上皮细胞(LEC)的迁移、自噬以及病理性上皮-间充质转化,从而提高白内障的治疗效果,揭示柚皮素有望成为治疗白内障的理想药物[72]。
综上,黄酮类化合物在AMD、DR、干眼症和青光眼等眼病中展现出显著干预效果,为开发新型眼健康功能性食品和药物提供了科学依据。其在眼健康领域的应用潜力,推动了产业发展,为提升产品功能性和扩大市场应用范围提供了重要研究方向。
近年来,天然活性物质因其安全可靠、生物利用度高、副作用小等优点受到了广泛关注。黄酮类化合物作为一类天然活性成分,探究其各种生物活性及分子机制对于其应用研究具有重要意义。眼部疾病发生的核心常与炎症反应与氧化反应相关,涉及PI3K/AKT以及NF-κB等多条信号通路。黄酮类化合物通过抗氧化、抗炎、血管保护及神经调节等多靶点作用机制,在眼病预防与干预中展现出独特的科学价值与应用潜力。本文明确了黄酮类化合物通过调控Nrf 2/ARE、NF-κB等信号通路,缓解氧化应激、炎症和异常血管生成的分子机制,为护眼功能提供了坚实的科学依据。同时揭示了黄酮类化合物在DR、AMD等眼病中的多靶点干预特性,揭示了天然成分在复杂眼病机制中的研究。
尽管黄酮类化合物的护眼功能已取得显著进展,但仍存在一些局限性,如目前大多数研究集中于动物实验和体外模型,缺乏大规模、长期的人群临床试验数据,难以全面评估其实际应用效果和安全性。此外,黄酮类化合物的生物利用度较低,其在眼部的靶向递送效率仍需优化。未来研究可开展基于口服摄入的人群干预试验,更好地评估生物利用度和靶向效果,同时可着重研究食品基质(如蛋白质、膳食纤维)与黄酮的互作机制,设计协同增效的功能性食品配方,有助于黄酮类化合物在护眼功能性食品中的进一步开发。相信在未来随着对黄酮类化合物护眼机制的深入探索和食品加工技术的不断创新,基于黄酮的功能性食品有望成为眼健康管理的重要策略,为全球眼病患者提供安全、高效且经济的干预方案。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010060
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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    1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000
    2河北农业大学,河北省膳食组分互作与精准营养重点实验室,河北保定 071000

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王向红(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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