Article(id=1321170355406877314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010225, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921158886, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921158886, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921158886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921158886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=375, endPage=382, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170356996518531, articleId=1321170355406877314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Variable Temperature and High Humidity Combined with Low Voltage Electrostatic Field Treatment on Thawing Effect and Protein Oxidation of Beef, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to optimize a new efficient and safe thawing method for frozen beef, and maintain its sensory and edible quality. The frozen beef was used for the test material, the traditional low-temperature thawing (4 ℃, RH 65%~73%) treatment was set as the control (CK). The treatments were the variable temperature and high humidity (2~6~2 ℃, RH 90%) combined with four different low-voltage electrostatic fields (the distances between the partition plates were 0, 25, 30, and 35 cm, respectively). The thawing effects of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low voltage electrostatic field (V-L) of the beef were investigated. The influence on the protein oxidation were analyzed on the basis of screening the appropriate treatment. The results showed that the variable temperature and high humidity combined with different low-voltage electrostatic fields had a certain thawing effect, the treatment of 2~6~2 ℃, RH 90% combined with V-L 30 was the best. Compared with CK, the thawing time was shortened by 27.30%, the juice loss rate was reduced by 25.21%, a* value was increased by 7.75%, and the malondialdehyde content was decreased by 36.17%. It was conducive to maintain the myofibril structure, significantly slowed down the degree of the protein cross-linking degradation of the beef, the carbony content was reduced by 50%, the sulfhydryl content was increased by 38.40%, and at the same time, it inhibited the oxidative denaturation of the beef proteins, enabled it keep a relatively high denaturation temperature and denaturation enthalpy. The result provides a new idea for the optimization and upgrading of the beef thawing technology in production, and offers a scientific basis for its application and promotion.

, authors=Huixin FU1, 2, Ting ZHANG1, 2, *, Xue QIAO1, 2, Yajie QIAO1, 2, Xintao MENG1, 2, authorsList=Huixin FU, Ting ZHANG, Xue QIAO, Yajie QIAO, Xintao MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ting ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170358619714194, articleId=1321170355406877314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻效果及蛋白氧化的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为优化高效、安全的冷冻牛肉新型解冻方法,维持其解冻后感官和食用品质,本研究以冷冻牛肉为试材,以传统低温解冻(4 ℃,相对湿度(Relative humidity,RH)65%~73%)为对照(CK),以变温高湿(2~6~2 ℃,RH 90%)协同四个不同低压静电场(板间距分别为0、25、30、35 cm)解冻为处理组,分析变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻对牛肉解冻效果的影响,在筛选适宜的变温高湿协同低压静电场(Variable temperature and high humidity synergistic low voltage electrostatic field thawing,V-L)处理条件基础上,解析变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻后蛋白氧化的影响。结果表明,变温高湿协同不同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻均有一定的效果,其中变温高湿协同V-L 30静电场解冻效果最好,与CK相比,其解冻时间缩短了27.30%,汁液流失率降低了25.21%,a*值提高了7.75%,丙二醛含量降低了36.17%;变温高湿协同低压静电场解冻处理有利于维持牛肉的肌原纤维结构,显著减缓其蛋白交联降解程度,使羰基含量降低50%,巯基含量增加38.40%,同时抑制了牛肉蛋白氧化变性,使其保持较高的变性温度和变性热焓。该结果为生产中牛肉解冻技术的优化升级提供了新思路,为其应用推广提供了科学依据。

, authors=付慧鑫1, 2, 张婷1, 2, *, 乔雪1, 2, 乔雅洁1, 2, 孟新涛1, 2, authorsList=付慧鑫, 张婷, 乔雪, 乔雅洁, 孟新涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张婷, authorNote=

付慧鑫(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮运保鲜,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张婷(1980−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品贮运与加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ibGPAm3prZfleWCJYnY/mg==, magXml=OXWosdEyCaOFzH280jLTZA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VWjbYDBsz2V3d54So7jlCQ==, pdfFileSize=1587184, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qHj+rqK730P1ztPi+jg/qg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CAf6wqV7NnILbFriTcfBkA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170359047533210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=251483675@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170359123030685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, authorId=1321170359047533210, language=EN, stringName=Huixin FU, firstName=Huixin, middleName=null, lastName=FU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Processing of Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
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付慧鑫(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮运保鲜,E-mail:

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注:不同的小写字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),图2同。

, figureFileSmall=+lrTvMK8x4uKPQZWUWBnGw==, figureFileBig=qHj+rqK730P1ztPi+jg/qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170362969207491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with different low-pressure electrostatic field treatments on malondialdehyde content in beef, figureFileSmall=2sffrjzVbdRGK/4/PjKaNA==, figureFileBig=UX3HUNZJthC2xWB8HQ6XwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363057287876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=图2, caption=变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻处理对牛肉丙二醛含量的影响, figureFileSmall=2sffrjzVbdRGK/4/PjKaNA==, figureFileBig=UX3HUNZJthC2xWB8HQ6XwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363132785349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low pressure electrostatic field treatment on the microstructure of beef thawing, figureFileSmall=i9D1vL6xrg946LKh4OK9kQ==, figureFileBig=Ol5QQd65XVlmL8pemoFimg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363208282822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=图3, caption=变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻微观组织结构的影响

注:透射电镜照片,a:放大倍数4800×;b:放大倍数13000×。

, figureFileSmall=i9D1vL6xrg946LKh4OK9kQ==, figureFileBig=Ol5QQd65XVlmL8pemoFimg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363287974599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low pressure electrostatic field treatment on thawing carbonyl and mercapto content of beef, figureFileSmall=tEmpolCwXwyrDKsU4Kcdzw==, figureFileBig=FyJeAXsNhTVSyENQ1VPTOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363367666376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻羰基和巯基含量的影响

注:*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异高度显著(P<0.01);***表示差异极其显著(P<0.001),图5、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=tEmpolCwXwyrDKsU4Kcdzw==, figureFileBig=FyJeAXsNhTVSyENQ1VPTOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363438969545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low pressure electrostatic field treatment on beef thawing protein solubility, figureFileSmall=x7ixMlQiOiEDlOkhSWm85Q==, figureFileBig=ZKiqSmJMRiXjTn3g8/zbQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363510272714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=图5, caption=变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻蛋白溶解度的影响, figureFileSmall=x7ixMlQiOiEDlOkhSWm85Q==, figureFileBig=ZKiqSmJMRiXjTn3g8/zbQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363577381579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low-pressure electrostatic field treatment on protein denaturation of beef thawing, figureFileSmall=hdpjMJjM3+fZfq4M6E5xlQ==, figureFileBig=DyGSVurFZ4B+382I5AEdLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363652879052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=图6, caption=变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻蛋白变性的影响, figureFileSmall=hdpjMJjM3+fZfq4M6E5xlQ==, figureFileBig=DyGSVurFZ4B+382I5AEdLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363719987917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low pressure electrostatic field treatment on the secondary structure of beef thawed protein, figureFileSmall=4ZR3hlVXRsHodKUxgx7BdQ==, figureFileBig=zZCupltq1Cws+JLop+FQfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363782902478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=图7, caption=变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻蛋白二级结构的影响, figureFileSmall=4ZR3hlVXRsHodKUxgx7BdQ==, figureFileBig=zZCupltq1Cws+JLop+FQfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170363845817039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of variable temperature and high humidity combined with different low-pressure electrostatic field treatments on thawing time, juice loss rate, cooking loss rate, color and shear force of beef

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标解冻处理
CKV-L 0V-L 25V-L 30V-L 35
解冻时间(h)6.08±0.29a4.63±0.33b4.54±0.24b4.42±0.10b4.58±0.15b
汁液流失率(%)9.56±0.77a8.89±2.20a7.52±0.11b7.15±0.17b8.67±1.44a
蒸煮损失率(%)32.70±0.08a28.96±0.43b25.07±0.96c24.89±1.72c27.71±0.26b
色泽L*32.84±0.65d36.93±1.08a35.51±0.54b35.28±0.37b34.42±0.31c
a*14.20±0.96bc14.11±0.75c15.03±0.40abc15.30±0.58a15.09±0.85ab
b*13.83±0.61a11.47±0.76b12.03±0.59b11.83±0.64b11.48±0.60b
剪切力(N)生32.56±1.61a28.09±1.16b20.62±2.36d20.54±2.46d23.10±1.67c
熟133.91±6.54a120.19±8.76b98.59±10.91c96.23±11.92c114.39±9.37b
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变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻处理对牛肉解冻时间、汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率、色泽和剪切力的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标解冻处理
CKV-L 0V-L 25V-L 30V-L 35
解冻时间(h)6.08±0.29a4.63±0.33b4.54±0.24b4.42±0.10b4.58±0.15b
汁液流失率(%)9.56±0.77a8.89±2.20a7.52±0.11b7.15±0.17b8.67±1.44a
蒸煮损失率(%)32.70±0.08a28.96±0.43b25.07±0.96c24.89±1.72c27.71±0.26b
色泽L*32.84±0.65d36.93±1.08a35.51±0.54b35.28±0.37b34.42±0.31c
a*14.20±0.96bc14.11±0.75c15.03±0.40abc15.30±0.58a15.09±0.85ab
b*13.83±0.61a11.47±0.76b12.03±0.59b11.83±0.64b11.48±0.60b
剪切力(N)生32.56±1.61a28.09±1.16b20.62±2.36d20.54±2.46d23.10±1.67c
熟133.91±6.54a120.19±8.76b98.59±10.91c96.23±11.92c114.39±9.37b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170363996811985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Denaturation temperature Tm and denaturation enthalpy ∆H of proteins treated with variable temperature and high humidity combined with low pressure electrostatic field

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组别峰1峰2峰3
Tm(℃)∆H(J/g)Tm(℃)∆H(J/g)Tm(℃)∆H(J/g)
CK51.81±0.35b0.76±0.04b59.08±0.70b1.11±0.02b74.21±0.88b0.79±0.02b
V-L 3052.55±0.20a0.84±0.03a62.88±0.45a1.58±0.02a76.64±0.48a0.86±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170364059726546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170355406877314, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变温高湿协同低压静电场处理后蛋白的变性温度Tm和变性热焓∆H

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组别峰1峰2峰3
Tm(℃)∆H(J/g)Tm(℃)∆H(J/g)Tm(℃)∆H(J/g)
CK51.81±0.35b0.76±0.04b59.08±0.70b1.11±0.02b74.21±0.88b0.79±0.02b
V-L 3052.55±0.20a0.84±0.03a62.88±0.45a1.58±0.02a76.64±0.48a0.86±0.02a
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变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻效果及蛋白氧化的影响
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付慧鑫 1, 2 , 张婷 1, 2, * , 乔雪 1, 2 , 乔雅洁 1, 2 , 孟新涛 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(3): 375-382
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (3) : 375 -382
变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻效果及蛋白氧化的影响
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付慧鑫1, 2 , 张婷1, 2, * , 乔雪1, 2, 乔雅洁1, 2, 孟新涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 2新疆农副产品精深加工工程技术中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
张婷(1980−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品贮运与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

付慧鑫(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮运保鲜,E-mail:

Effects of Variable Temperature and High Humidity Combined with Low Voltage Electrostatic Field Treatment on Thawing Effect and Protein Oxidation of Beef
Huixin FU1, 2 , Ting ZHANG1, 2, * , Xue QIAO1, 2, Yajie QIAO1, 2, Xintao MENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Processing of Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
  • 2Xinjiang Agricultural and Sideline Products Deep Processing Engineering Technology Center, Urumqi 830091, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010225
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为优化高效、安全的冷冻牛肉新型解冻方法,维持其解冻后感官和食用品质,本研究以冷冻牛肉为试材,以传统低温解冻(4 ℃,相对湿度(Relative humidity,RH)65%~73%)为对照(CK),以变温高湿(2~6~2 ℃,RH 90%)协同四个不同低压静电场(板间距分别为0、25、30、35 cm)解冻为处理组,分析变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻对牛肉解冻效果的影响,在筛选适宜的变温高湿协同低压静电场(Variable temperature and high humidity synergistic low voltage electrostatic field thawing,V-L)处理条件基础上,解析变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻后蛋白氧化的影响。结果表明,变温高湿协同不同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻均有一定的效果,其中变温高湿协同V-L 30静电场解冻效果最好,与CK相比,其解冻时间缩短了27.30%,汁液流失率降低了25.21%,a*值提高了7.75%,丙二醛含量降低了36.17%;变温高湿协同低压静电场解冻处理有利于维持牛肉的肌原纤维结构,显著减缓其蛋白交联降解程度,使羰基含量降低50%,巯基含量增加38.40%,同时抑制了牛肉蛋白氧化变性,使其保持较高的变性温度和变性热焓。该结果为生产中牛肉解冻技术的优化升级提供了新思路,为其应用推广提供了科学依据。

牛肉  /  变温高湿协同低压静电场  /  解冻效果  /  微观结构  /  蛋白氧化

This study aimed to optimize a new efficient and safe thawing method for frozen beef, and maintain its sensory and edible quality. The frozen beef was used for the test material, the traditional low-temperature thawing (4 ℃, RH 65%~73%) treatment was set as the control (CK). The treatments were the variable temperature and high humidity (2~6~2 ℃, RH 90%) combined with four different low-voltage electrostatic fields (the distances between the partition plates were 0, 25, 30, and 35 cm, respectively). The thawing effects of variable temperature and high humidity combined with low voltage electrostatic field (V-L) of the beef were investigated. The influence on the protein oxidation were analyzed on the basis of screening the appropriate treatment. The results showed that the variable temperature and high humidity combined with different low-voltage electrostatic fields had a certain thawing effect, the treatment of 2~6~2 ℃, RH 90% combined with V-L 30 was the best. Compared with CK, the thawing time was shortened by 27.30%, the juice loss rate was reduced by 25.21%, a* value was increased by 7.75%, and the malondialdehyde content was decreased by 36.17%. It was conducive to maintain the myofibril structure, significantly slowed down the degree of the protein cross-linking degradation of the beef, the carbony content was reduced by 50%, the sulfhydryl content was increased by 38.40%, and at the same time, it inhibited the oxidative denaturation of the beef proteins, enabled it keep a relatively high denaturation temperature and denaturation enthalpy. The result provides a new idea for the optimization and upgrading of the beef thawing technology in production, and offers a scientific basis for its application and promotion.

beef  /  variable temperature and high humidity combined with low voltage electrostatic field  /  thawing effect  /  microstructure  /  protein oxidation
付慧鑫, 张婷, 乔雪, 乔雅洁, 孟新涛. 变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻效果及蛋白氧化的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 375 -382 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010225
Huixin FU, Ting ZHANG, Xue QIAO, Yajie QIAO, Xintao MENG. Effects of Variable Temperature and High Humidity Combined with Low Voltage Electrostatic Field Treatment on Thawing Effect and Protein Oxidation of Beef[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 375 -382 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010225
牛肉肉质鲜嫩,营养丰富,作为一种高蛋白、低脂的健康食品,备受消费者的青睐。冷冻为生产中最为常见且高效的牛肉储存方式,肉品在冷冻条件下,其内部的绝大部分水会发生冻结,微生物活动及生化反应受到抑制,从而保持肉品品质[1]。冷冻肉品在加工或食用前都需要进行解冻处理,由于在冷冻过程中,肉品内部水分子在冰点以下经历相变变为冰晶,使细胞结构受到破坏,对肌细胞造成机械损伤,导致肉品在解冻后出现汁液损失、蛋白和脂肪氧化等品质劣变问题[2],严重影响其食用品质和质量安全。因此,研发牛肉高效、安全和实用的新型解冻技术具有重要的生产实践意义。
变温高湿解冻技术是一种新型解冻技术,其主要原理为通过改变肉品内部水的密度加快传热,结合高湿环境最大限度减少其重量损失,且低变温可以有效抑制微生物繁殖和酶活性,从而抑制脂肪蛋白氧化,该技术已在猪肉[3]、羊肉[4]、牛肉[5]等肉品中被初步研究。低压静电场解冻作为一种新型解冻技术,具有易操作、安全、节能的优点,主要通过在电极板间产生电晕风,形成湍流和旋涡,加快热量交换,从而提高物料的解冻速率,已在羊肉[6]、猪肉[7]等中应用。目前,国内外也有学者将上述两项解冻技术进行有机结合,协同发挥其在肉品解冻过程中的作用,如杨川等[8]利用低压静电场结合高湿技术解冻羊肉,不仅可以缩短解冻时间,并且可以稳定蛋白结构,从而有效减缓蛋白氧化变性并维持肉品的保水性;胡斐斐[7]利用低压静电场结合高湿处理对猪肉进行解冻处理,发现其有利于缩短猪肉解冻时间,有效维持其保水性,从而维持肉样色泽。本团队前期研究发现,单一的高湿处理[9]、变温高湿[4]和低压静电场[10]均可一定程度改善解冻后牛肉品质,但对其汁液流失率、色泽、嫩度等维持有限。可见,如何充分利用牛肉不同解冻技术特点与优势,开展其之间的协同作用效果及内在品质影响研究是本文研究的重点。
为此,本研究以新疆西门塔尔牛背最长肌为试材,以传统低温解冻作为对照组(CK),以变温高湿分别协同四个低压静电场(板间距分别为0、25、30、35 cm)条件为处理组,分析变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻处理对牛肉解冻效果的影响,筛选出变温高湿条件下适宜的低压静电场间距,在此基础上,进一步探讨变温高湿协同低压静电场解冻处理对牛肉蛋白结构及蛋白氧化的影响,以期研发牛肉新型解冻技术,为生产中牛肉解冻技术的优化升级提供新思路,为其应用推广提供科学依据和技术支持。
新疆西门塔尔牛 2岁龄,于2024年9月12日购于新疆小巴依牧业有限公司,企业常规屠宰和排酸24 h后送至实验室,立即切分取得牛背最长肌;氧化镁、硼酸、乙醇、氯化钠、磷酸钠、氯化镁、EGTA、磷酸二氢钾、溴酚蓝、碘化钾、磷酸钾 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;甲基红、溴甲酚绿 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;盐酸 四川西陇科学有限公司;丙二醛含量检测试剂盒、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、蛋白质羰基含量检测试剂盒、总巯基含量检测试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
DW-60W321EU1型低温冷冻柜 青岛海尔特种电冰柜有限公司;KSE16A0R型多路数据测试仪 宁波科顺仪器仪表有限公司;QSJ-B02X5型切碎机 小熊电器股份有限公司;testo 205-pH型酸碱度/温度测量仪 德图仪器国际贸易(上海)有限公司;YS6060型台式分光测色仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;DZKW-S-4型电热恒温水浴锅 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;C-LM3B型数显式肌肉嫩度仪 南农畜牧技术(北京)有限公司;SCI-VS型可调式混匀仪 美国Scilogex公司;K9840型自动凯氏定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司;TGL-20bR型高速冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;UV-2600型紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;ICTHI-150T型恒温恒湿箱 施都凯仪器设备(上海)有限公司;自制低压静电场装置 北京艾德创机器人科技有限公司;Synergy H1型多功能微孔板检测仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;DZKW-S-4型电热恒温水浴锅 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;DSC2-00674型差示扫描量热仪 美国TA仪器;J-1500型圆二色谱仪 日本分光株式会社(JASCO);Tecnai G2 Spirit型透射电子显微镜 FEI公司。
选取宰后排酸24 h的牛背最长肌,去除脂肪、筋膜等,切分成同等大小(5.00 cm×5.00 cm×3.50 cm)的肉块,每块质量为90±5 g,随机分为7组,每组9份肉样,经聚乙烯自封袋包装后置于−20 ℃冰箱冷冻,备用。
取冷冻牛肉,采用恒温恒湿箱进行解冻实验,以传统低温解冻条件(4 ℃,RH 65%~73%)为对照组(CK),在预实验基础上,参考付慧鑫等[9]方法设置变温高湿解冻条件为2~6~2 ℃,RH 90%(先将解冻环境温度设定为2 ℃,低于2 ℃时设备蒸汽加热系统启动直至温度达到6 ℃时停机,高于6 ℃时设备制冷风机启动直至温度达到2 ℃时停机,如此循环),协同四种不同的低压静电场板间距为0、25、30和35 cm(V-L 0、V-L 25、V-L 30和V-L 35)分别进行解冻处理,至肉样中心温度达到2±0.5 ℃时为解冻终点。解冻结束后,在30 min内进行不同处理组牛肉解冻效果的取样测定。每组实验重复3次。
在上述实验基础上,以传统低温解冻条件(4 ℃,RH 65%~73%)为对照组(CK),基于本团队前期已完成的单一变温高湿处理[9]和低压静电场处理[10]对牛肉的解冻效果研究,本文主要以优选的变温高湿协同低压静电场解冻(2~6~2 ℃,RH 90%,30 cm)为处理组(V-L 30),分别对其进行解冻处理,至肉样中心温度达到2±0.5 ℃时为解冻终点。解冻结束后,在30 min内进行取样进行对照组和处理组蛋白氧化相关指标的取样测定。每组实验重复3次。
牛肉解冻时间采用多路数据测试仪进行测定。将热电偶插入样品中心部位,测定肉样中心温度随解冻时间的变化,以肉样中心温度达到2±0.5 ℃为解冻终点,记录解冻时间。
汁液流失率参照Zhao等[11]的方法,用吸水纸吸干表面水分后准确称量解冻前后肉样的质量,解冻汁液流失率计算公式如下:
$ \rm 汁液流失率({\text{%}})=\frac{解冻前肉的质量-解冻后肉的质量}{解冻前肉的质量}\times 100$
蒸煮损失率测定参考Zhao[11]的方法,稍作修改。准确称重的肉样置于聚乙烯袋中,并将其放入72 ℃恒温水浴锅中,使肉样完全浸没于水浴锅中,加热至肉样的中心温度达到70 ℃,之后用流动水冷却至室温,用吸水纸吸干表面水分并称重。蒸煮损失率计算公式如下:
$ \rm 蒸煮损失率({\text{%}})=\frac{蒸煮前肉的质量-蒸煮后肉的质量}{蒸煮前肉的质量}\times 100$
解冻后牛肉色泽根据CIE-L*a*b*颜色系统,使用台式分光测色仪在光源D65(日光)照明条件下,从10°视角采集反射光谱。对每个样品的6个位点进行检测,并加以标记,尽量使得样品之间测定位点一致,减小误差。取6个位点的平均值,记录该肉样的亮度值L*、红绿值a*、黄蓝值b*。测定前对色差计进行黑白校准。
剪切力使用嫩度仪进行测定,将解冻后的牛肉和煮制(72 ℃加热至肉样的中心温度达到70 ℃)后冷却至室温的熟肉样品沿肌纤维方向分切成多个厚1.0 cm、长2.5 cm、宽1.0 cm的肉柱,沿垂直肌纤维方向剪切肉柱,记录剪切力,每组产品重复测定8次,计算平均值。
挥发性盐基氮参考GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》[12]测定。
丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)采用丙二醛含量检测试剂盒(分光光度法)进行测定。利用丙二醛在酸性和高温条件下,与硫代巴比妥酸缩合生成棕红色3,5,5-三甲基恶唑-2,4-二酮,分别在532 nm和600 nm处测定吸光度值,计算MDA含量。
解冻后牛肉微观结构TEM透射电镜参考Kim等[13]的方法进行测定,稍作修改。用手术刀将牛肉切成1 mm×1 mm×2 mm的肉柱,立即放入预冷的2.5%的戊二醛固定液中,并于4 ℃固定过夜。用0.1 mol/L的磷酸缓冲液(pH7.0)漂洗样品三次,1%锇酸溶液固定1~2 h,然后再用磷酸缓冲液漂洗样品三次。使用梯度浓度的乙醇溶液(30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、100%)对样品进行脱水处理各15 min,最后使用纯丙酮处理20 min。使用丙酮和树脂的混合液(3:1)处理样品2 h,丙酮和树脂的混合液(1:1)处理样品3 h,丙酮和树脂的混合液(1:3)处理样品3 h,最后使样品在纯树脂中过夜。将渗透处理后的样品放入模具中进行梯度加热(35、60、80 ℃),各处理5 h后得到包埋好的样品。样品在经过粗修后放入超薄切片机中切片,然后使用醋酸双氧铀染液(15 min)和柠檬酸铅(5 min)染色,晾干后上镜观察。
肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)的分离提取参考Xu等[14]的方法,用切碎机将肉绞成碎肉,与4倍体积的分离缓冲液(0.1 mol/L NaCl,10 mmol/L Na3PO4,2 mmol/L MgCl2,1 mmol/L EGTA,pH7.0)混匀后离心(4 ℃,2000×g,15 min),再重复洗涤一次。所得沉淀用4倍体积0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液洗涤两次,在最后一次离心前用三层纱布过滤,并使用0.1 mol/L HCl溶液将pH调为6.0。蛋白质浓度使用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒进行测定。
羰基和巯基含量采用蛋白质羰基含量检测试剂盒、总巯基含量检测试剂盒(分光光度法)进行测定。
蛋白溶解度的测定参考李彩云[15]的方法并略作修改。总蛋白溶解度:将1 g碎肉与20 mL的磷酸钾缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,含1.1 mol/L碘化钾,4 ℃,pH7.2)充分混匀,4 ℃条件下振荡提取24 h,结束后离心(4 ℃,10000×g,20 min)取上清液测定蛋白浓度。肌浆蛋白溶解度:将1 g碎肉与20 mL的磷酸钾缓冲液(0.025 mol/L,4 ℃,pH7.2)充分混匀,4 ℃条件下振荡提取24 h,结束后离心(4 ℃,10000×g,20 min)取上清液测定蛋白浓度。肌原纤维蛋白溶解度为总蛋白溶解度与肌浆蛋白溶解度之差。
差示扫描量热法(DSC)的测定参考Chian等[16]的方法,取1 g肉样放入密封铝盒中,以空铝盒为对照,将铝盒放入DSC仪中,在氮气气体氛围下,样品于20 ℃平衡0.5 min,并以3 ℃/min的速率升温至100 ℃。
圆二色(CD)光谱的测定参考Cheng等[17]的方法,采用260~180 nm远紫外圆二色性光谱法测定蛋白二级结构。肌原纤维蛋白溶于3 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中,蛋白浓度为0.2 mg/mL。在室温条件下,扫描速度为50 nm/min测定。
运用Microsoft Excel 2021软件进行数据整理,使用SPSS 26.0对数据进行显著性分析(P<0.05),使用Origin 2022进行作图,每组实验最少重复三次。
肉品解冻后的品质优劣,是衡量其商品价值的关键因素。其中,色泽直接影响消费者的购买意愿;而多汁性品质则常通过评估解冻后的汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率来衡量;剪切力能够反映肉品的质地与口感特性。如表1可知,变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻牛肉的时间不同,其中CK组解冻时间为6.08 h,V-L 0、V-L 25、V-L 30和V-L 35处理组的解冻时间分别为4.63、4.54、4.42和4.58 h,V-L 30处理组解冻时间最短,较CK处理组解冻时间缩短27.30%,表明变温高湿协同适宜低压静电场处理可提高牛肉的解冻速率。
经变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻牛肉后,各处理组之间汁液流失率维持在7.15%~9.56%,其中V-L 25和V-L 30汁液流失率较低,分别为7.52%和7.15%,显著低于其他各处理组(P<0.05),表明变温高湿协同一定强度的低压静电场对减缓汁液流失有积极影响;蒸煮损失率表现出与汁液流失率类似的结果。
牛肉在2~6~2 ℃、RH 90%变温高湿条件下,经不同低压静电场条件解冻后,L*值均显著优于CK处理组(P<0.05),但随着板间距的增加L*值逐渐降低。V-L 25、V-L 30和V-L 35的a*值均高于其他两组处理,其中V-L 30的a*值较CK处理组显著升高了7.75%(P<0.05),变温高湿协同低压静电场处理的各组之间b*值差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著低于CK处理组(P<0.05)。可见,低压静电场解冻可提高肉品的红度并降低其黄度值。
变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻后生、熟肉剪切力值均小于CK组,说明其可有效改善肉品解冻后的嫩度。其中V-L 25和V-L 30的熟肉剪切力值显著低于其他三组处理(P<0.05),但二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05),综合来看,V-L 30的嫩度较好。
动物性食品在腐败过程中会生成氨和胺类等碱性含氮物质,通过测定TVB-N含量可判断肉品的新鲜程度[18]。由图1可以看出,牛肉解冻后,CK处理组的TVB-N含量为10.53 mg/100 g,变温高湿协同不同低压静电场解冻处理组的TVB-N含量维持在9.62~10.01 mg/100 g之间,其值均低于国家安全标准(≤15 mg/100 g)[19],且均显著低于CK处理组(P<0.05),其中V-L 25和V-L 30的TVB-N含量较低,分别为9.62和9.69 mg/100 g,表明变温高湿协同适宜的低压静电场处理显著抑制牛肉TVB-N含量。
肉类在贮藏、加工过程中,脂质由于与氧气接触会发生一定程度的氧化,从而产生不良气味,严重影响其质量和口感,丙二醛是脂肪氧化过程中的次级产物,其含量可反映肉品脂质氧化的水平[20]。如图2所示,牛肉解冻后,CK处理组MDA含量为3.76 nmol/g,V-L 0、V-L 25、V-L 30和V-L 35处理组MDA含量分别为3.24、2.64、2.40和2.82 nmol/g,其中V-L 25和V-L 30处理组MDA含量较低,显著低于CK和V-L 0处理组(P<0.05),但其两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05),与CK处理组相比,V-L 30处理组MDA含量降低了36.17%。可见,V-L 30处理可以有效降低牛肉解冻过程中丙二醛含量,抑制牛肉脂肪氧化。
综上所述,V-L 0、V-L 25、V-L 30和V-L 35处理均对牛肉解冻有一定的效果,其中V-L 30解冻处理效果最为明显,可将牛肉的解冻时间显著缩短至4.42 h,汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率分别减少至7.15%和24.89%,显著低于CK处理(P<0.05),同时抑制了牛肉TVB-N和MDA的生成,使其保持较好的色泽和保水性,改善了解冻后牛肉的嫩度。这与Hu等[21]研究结果基本一致。该结果为下一步解析变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉蛋白氧化的影响研究奠定了基础。
牛肉解冻过程中,不同解冻方法均对肌肉微观结构有一定的影响。如图3所示,规律的横向条纹为众多肌原纤维组成的肌纤维,两条Z线之间为一个肌节,肌动蛋白的一端固定在Z线上,另一端与处于肌节中心的肌球蛋白相连,只有肌动蛋白的部分称为Ⅰ带,包含肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白的部分称为A带。当肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白相互作用时,会使肌原纤维、肌纤维缩短,并最终使肌肉产生收缩[22]。由图3中可以看出,CK解冻后,肌纤维严重扭曲,排列松散,并且细胞骨架形状紊乱,Z线断裂,严重破坏肌纤维结构;相对而言,V-L 30对肌纤维束破坏程度较轻,肌原纤维结构排列较为整齐。透射电镜结果显示,解冻会破坏肌束膜的完整性,导致肌纤维束间空隙增大,为水分流出提供有利条件,导致肌肉保水性下降,汁液流失严重。可能是因为在冻结时肌纤维间形成冰晶,将其分隔开,解冻后肌纤维的结构并不能完全复原。而V-L 30处理所产生的负离子可使肌丝间的负电荷增加,肌原纤维溶胀,使纤维间的缝隙缩小,维持了肌肉保水性[23]。可见,V-L 30解冻处理可有效维持肌肉蛋白结构的完整性。
肌肉蛋白发生氧化时,氨基酸侧链和肽链会断裂产生羰基衍生物[24],并且蛋白氧化使其结构伸展导致蛋白交联,相邻的巯基会形成二硫化物。因此可以通过测定羰基和巯基的含量,来判断蛋白氧化程度,羰基含量越高,巯基含量越低,蛋白的氧化程度越高[25]。解冻后牛肉的羰基和巯基的含量如图4所示,可以看出,两种解冻方法对蛋白氧化的影响程度不同,V-L 30的羰基含量为0.02 µmol/g,显著低于CK(P<0.05);CK和V-L 30的巯基含量分别为1.25 µmol/g和1.73 µmol/g,二者之间具有极其显著差异(P<0.001)。这与Zhu等[26]研究发现提高解冻速率可减少蛋白氧化和二硫键形成的结果一致。可见,V-L 30处理可有效减缓牛肉蛋白氧化变性。
蛋白溶解度是指蛋白质在溶液中的分散水平,蛋白质处于高度溶解状态下可以较好地表达其功能特性[27]。如图5所示,V-L 30的总蛋白溶解度、肌浆蛋白溶解度和肌原纤维蛋白溶解度均显著高于CK(P<0.01),说明V-L 30可有效减缓蛋白质交联变性,可能是因为解冻时间相对较短,蛋白结构较为完整,蛋白交联聚集程度较低,长时间解冻时蛋白质通过分子间二硫键形成蛋白交联聚集,最终导致蛋白溶解度降低[28]。
图6为不同解冻方法下牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的DSC图谱,通常情况下,DSC图谱有3个热转变区域,峰1是由肌球蛋白头部变性引起的,峰2是由肌球蛋白尾部和肌浆蛋白变性引起的,峰3是由肌动蛋白变性引起的[29]。峰的顶点温度为蛋白变性温度(Tm),峰的面积为蛋白的变性热焓(∆H)。变性温度代表蛋白的热稳定性,温度越高说明其蛋白越稳定,变性热焓代表蛋白的变性程度,变性热焓越大,说明蛋白变性程度越小,抗变性能力越强[30]。由图6可知,不同解冻处理对蛋白变性有一定的影响,与CK处理相比,V-L 30处理组峰1、峰2和峰3向右偏移且变性温度均较其有不同程度的升高,其值显著高于CK处理组(P<0.05),变性温度的升高说明V-L 30处理组具有更好的蛋白稳定性,变性程度更小。
表2为不同解冻处理的牛肉蛋白变性温度和变性热焓,由表2可知,V-L 30各峰的变性温度、变性热焓均显著高于CK(P<0.05),说明不同解冻方式对蛋白的稳定性和变性程度均有影响。其中,V-L 30峰2的变性温度和变性热焓更高,说明V-L 30解冻可使肌球蛋白尾部和肌浆蛋白更稳定。综合比较,V-L 30解冻的蛋白热稳定性更好,变性程度更小,说明V-L 30解冻有助于维持蛋白的抗变性能力。
蛋白二级结构是蛋白质内部部分肽段骨架结构,主要包含α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角以及无规则卷曲等结构。解冻过程会破坏蛋白结构,使肌球蛋白发生解旋,分子内部维持蛋白结构稳定的氢键断裂,从而导致α-螺旋比重下降,α-螺旋向β-折叠转变,使蛋白稳定性减弱[31]。图7为变温高湿协同低压静电场处理对牛肉解冻蛋白二级结构的影响,可以看出,V-L 30解冻后牛肉的α-螺旋结构相对占比较大,为8.02%,显著高于CK组相对占比(P<0.01),β-转角、β-折叠结构及无规则卷曲相对占比显著低于CK组(P<0.05),分别为21.26%、37.70%和33.02%,较CK组相对占比分别低1.74%、1.73%和0.85%,可能是变温高湿协同低压静电场处理在解冻过程中破坏了蛋白的结构,从而使其肌球蛋白发生裂解,或是诱导了肌球蛋白尾部的α-螺旋,使其比重增加,同时抑制其β-转角、β-折叠和无规则卷曲结构的增加,从而减缓蛋白变性程度,维持肌肉蛋白的稳定性,该结果与Wu等[32]和Li等[33]的研究报道基本一致。也与变温高湿协同低压静电场诱导肌球蛋白尾部和肌浆蛋白变性的峰2变性温度和变性热焓增加较为吻合。可见,V-L 30解冻可使解冻后牛肉肌球蛋白更稳定,有效减缓其蛋白变性。
本研究采用变温高湿协同不同低压静电场技术对牛肉进行解冻,结果发现,变温高湿协同低压静电场处理均可缩短牛肉解冻时间,降低其汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率,较好地维持其色泽、持水性和嫩度,其中V-L 30处理解冻后牛肉效果最为显著,可使牛肉解冻时间缩短至4.42 h,与CK处理组相比,缩短了27.30%;同时V-L 30处理解冻后汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率仅为7.15%和24.89%,分别较CK降低了25.21%和23.88%,使其保持较好的L*、a*和b*,剪切力仅为20.54 N(生)和96.23 N(熟);V-L 30处理解冻显著抑制了牛肉TVB-N和MDA含量,使其维持在较低的水平,可能由于解冻时间的缩短,使得微生物作用以及氧化反应时间相应减少。进一步解析其对牛肉蛋白氧化的影响发现,V-L 30解冻处理可有效维持肌肉蛋白结构完整性,降低蛋白交联降解程度,抑制蛋白氧化变性,使其保持较好的品质,然而变温高湿协同低压静电场对牛肉蛋白凝胶特性和对水分子的影响机制尚不清楚,后续需进一步研究。该结果为现有牛肉解冻技术的优化升级提供新思路,为其在生产中应用推广提供技术支撑。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010225
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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作者信息
    1新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
    2新疆农副产品精深加工工程技术中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

通讯作者:

张婷(1980−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品贮运与加工,E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spgykj/CN/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010225
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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