Article(id=1321170332996710851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921153543, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921153543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921153543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921153543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=263, endPage=274, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170334645072324, articleId=1321170332996710851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Extraction Process of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Sargassum sp. and Its Inhibition Mechanism on the Activity of Tyrosinase, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effect of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) extracted from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase, this study first employed single-factor and response surface optimization experiments to analyze the effects of several factors such as methanol concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time on the extraction of MAAs from Sargassum sp. An optimal extraction process for MAAs from Sargassum sp. was then established using the yield of MAA extracts and their inhibitory rate against tyrosinase activity as indicators. Further, thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and spectrophotometry were used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis, in vitro antioxidant analysis, and anti-tyrosinase activity analysis of MAA extracts. And then, the inhibition mechanism of MAAs from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase was determined through enzyme reaction kinetics analysis, copper ion chelation experiments, and tyrosinase fluorescence quenching experiments. The results showed that the appropriate extraction parameters for MAAs from Sargassum sp. were a temperature of 41 ℃, a liquid-solid ratio of 26 mL/g, a time of 2.6 h, and a methanol concentration of 31%. The yield of MAA extracts was 89.87±0.73 mg/g, and the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of its inhibitory rate on the activity of tyrosinase was 2.23±0.32 mg/mL. MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. exhibited the capacity to scavenge DPPH (IC50 of 0.17±0.06 mg/mL) and ABTS+ (IC50 of 1.03±0.21 mg/mL) free radicals, and could chelate copper ions (with a half-chelation concentration of 0.70±0.21 mg/mL). The inhibitory effect of MAAs from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase was a reversible and mixed-type inhibition. MAAs from Sargassum sp. possess the inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and can effectively block the melanin synthesis pathway. They have potential application prospects in preventing the enzymatic browning of fresh fruits, vegetables and beverages, as well as in preventing melanosis in shrimps.

, authors=Tianle LI1, Xiujing JIANG1, Mingxuan PAN2, Xin WEI1, Xue JIAO2, Xinran WANG1, Yadong HU2, Yingying SUN1, *, authorsList=Tianle LI, Xiujing JIANG, Mingxuan PAN, Xin WEI, Xue JIAO, Xinran WANG, Yadong HU, Yingying SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170337287483871, articleId=1321170332996710851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=马尾藻类菌孢素氨基酸的提取工艺优化及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制机理, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究马尾藻类菌孢素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acids,MAAs)提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的影响,本研究首先采用单因素和响应面优化试验,分析甲醇浓度、液料比、提取温度和提取时间等因素,以马尾藻MAAs的得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率为指标,建立马尾藻MAAs的适宜提取工艺。在此基础上,采用薄层层析、紫外光谱、高效液相色谱和分光光度法,对工艺优化后的MAAs提取物进行定性定量、体外抗氧化和抗酪氨酸酶活性分析。进一步,通过酶反应动力学分析、铜离子螯合实验和酪氨酸酶荧光猝灭实验,确定马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用机理。结果表明,马尾藻MAAs的适宜提取参数为温度41 ℃、液料比26 mL/g、时间2.6 h和甲醇浓度31%,MAAs得率为89.87±0.73 mg/g,其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率IC50为2.23±0.32 mg/mL。马尾藻MAAs具备清除DPPH(IC50为0.17±0.06 mg/mL)和ABTS+(IC50为1.03±0.21 mg/mL)自由基的能力,以及螯合铜离子(半螯合浓度为0.70±0.21 mg/mL)的能力。马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用为可逆、混合型抑制。马尾藻MAAs具有酪氨酸酶抑制活性,可有效阻断黑色素合成途径,在防止生鲜果蔬和饮料褐变以及预防虾类黑变病等方面具有潜在应用前景。

, authors=李田乐1, 蒋秀婧1, 潘明轩2, 韦欣1, 焦学2, 王欣冉1, 胡亚东2, 孙颖颖1, *, authorsList=李田乐, 蒋秀婧, 潘明轩, 韦欣, 焦学, 王欣冉, 胡亚东, 孙颖颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙颖颖, authorNote=

李田乐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:1910467724 @qq.com

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙颖颖(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物提取与分离工程,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hgP/1dii6YzAzHbJtCTpXQ==, magXml=TJAeVUDGLSBTCFIDkI3m2Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZBbEJ72LWeK/4rRUDtC8NA==, pdfFileSize=2636829, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=l55EDBqUveiHqd7fIqqQuQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sryUALhitW/MJwV+9Lq9Tg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170339300749799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170339380441577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, authorId=1321170339300749799, language=EN, stringName=Tianle LI, firstName=Tianle, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Marine Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321170339447550442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, authorId=1321170339300749799, language=CN, stringName=李田乐, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1江苏海洋大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,江苏连云港 222005, bio={"content":"

李田乐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:1910467724 @qq.com

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李田乐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:1910467724 @qq.com

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Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2023, 32(6): 1039−1062., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170354391855741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=涂彩霞, 刘之力, 任凤, 等. 47种中药对酪氨酸酶活性的影响及酶动力学的研究[J]. 中国麻风皮肤病杂志, 2006, 22(6): 456−458. [TU Caixia, LIU Zhili, REN Feng, et al. The effects of 47 traditional Chinese herbs on the activity of tyrosinase and enzyme kinetics[J]. China Journal of Leprosy and Skin Diseases, 2006, 22(6): 456−458.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170354475741822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TU Caixia, LIU Zhili, REN Feng, et al. The effects of 47 traditional Chinese herbs on the activity of tyrosinase and enzyme kinetics[J]. China Journal of Leprosy and Skin Diseases, 2006, 22(6): 456−458., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170354547044991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN Yangyang, TAO Yanzhou, LIU Guiming, et al. Interaction study of engeletin toward cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 by multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking[J]. 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注:不同字母表示数据之间存在显著差异,P<0.05,图2~图4同。

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figureFileBig=lUyxyPp3ROBU829P3kjyIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344161948192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=TLC detection on silica gel (a), ultraviolet wavelength scanning (b) and HPLC (c) of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp., figureFileSmall=xI8FEuiKgCLAMlgwfGOUJA==, figureFileBig=NAldhTckVaQdq8rH5ywP3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344233251361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=图5, caption=马尾藻MAAs提取物的硅胶薄层层析(a)、紫外光谱(b)和高效液相色谱(c)检测, figureFileSmall=xI8FEuiKgCLAMlgwfGOUJA==, figureFileBig=NAldhTckVaQdq8rH5ywP3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344308748834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scavenging effect of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. on DPPH radical, figureFileSmall=EyRtBNk1sGu0MOiOcxaQAQ==, figureFileBig=4qPPW2MIIKFclHRxBAL5Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344384246307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=图6, caption=马尾藻MAAs提取物的DPPH自由基清除率, figureFileSmall=EyRtBNk1sGu0MOiOcxaQAQ==, figureFileBig=4qPPW2MIIKFclHRxBAL5Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344459743780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Scavenging effect of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. on ABTS+ radical, figureFileSmall=bGhCqsnmVZ7uFPH8FreHaA==, figureFileBig=nc/mjFSG8L0OwkZupL+8Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344526852645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=图7, caption=马尾藻MAAs提取物的ABTS+自由基清除率, figureFileSmall=bGhCqsnmVZ7uFPH8FreHaA==, figureFileBig=nc/mjFSG8L0OwkZupL+8Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344610738726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Chelating effect of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. on copperion, figureFileSmall=b6AnvApUY2fgXshjyns1gA==, figureFileBig=XKBOZRAD3wWyxOLW/DjUWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344682041895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=图8, caption=马尾藻MAAs提取物的铜离子螯合率, figureFileSmall=b6AnvApUY2fgXshjyns1gA==, figureFileBig=XKBOZRAD3wWyxOLW/DjUWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170344765927976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Inhibition of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. against the activity of tyrosinase, figureFileSmall=hPCPACJ5AtsQ6w9dfA6CoA==, figureFileBig=JFQsCE/ejZ5xVc3E/cr1TQ==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Lineweaver-Burk plot of the inhibitory effect of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase, figureFileSmall=wwGDdbQ5JyQIEoTgSlsU9w==, figureFileBig=D3ABHyMyUzGsvn53M8luWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170345214718509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=图11, caption=马尾藻MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶活性抑制作用的Lineweaver-Burk图, figureFileSmall=wwGDdbQ5JyQIEoTgSlsU9w==, figureFileBig=D3ABHyMyUzGsvn53M8luWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170345311187502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Fluorescence quenching spectra of tyrosinase under the different concentration of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp., figureFileSmall=TlXHdTehOTJdCkxqre3XOg==, figureFileBig=j+CkY5FcuUx8+n5tIp0a6g==, tableContent=null), 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注:红、蓝色分别表示正、负相关的关系,圆圈越扁相关系数的绝对值越大,相关性越强;图中数字表示Pearson相关系数R2,其绝对值越大表示相关性越强;**表示极显著相关(P<0.01),*表示显著相关(P<0.05)。

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Composition and dosage of reagents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应液(μL)管号
A1A2A3A4
缓冲液130180120170
样品溶液001010
酪氨酸酶溶液20202020
L-多巴溶液500500
), ArticleFig(id=1321170345688674867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

反应液的组成和用量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应液(μL)管号
A1A2A3A4
缓冲液130180120170
样品溶液001010
酪氨酸酶溶液20202020
L-多巴溶液500500
), ArticleFig(id=1321170345764172340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A 提取温度(℃)354045
B 液料比(mL/g)202530
C 提取时间(h)22.53
D甲醇浓度(%)253035
), ArticleFig(id=1321170345843864117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验的因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A 提取温度(℃)354045
B 液料比(mL/g)202530
C 提取时间(h)22.53
D甲醇浓度(%)253035
), ArticleFig(id=1321170345906778678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental design and results of response surface method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A提取
温度
B液料比C提取
时间
D甲醇
浓度
得率
(%)
酶抑制率
(%)
1−1−1006.4056.9
21−1007.4165.8
3−11006.8456.9
411007.7067.7
500−1−17.8065.2
6001−17.9668.4
700−117.9768.1
800118.2072.5
9−100−16.7557.8
10100−17.5064.9
11−10017.0455.7
1210017.7467.9
130−1−107.7070.3
1401−108.0570.1
150−1108.0570.4
1601108.3074.5
17−10−106.3859.1
1810−107.2463.2
19−10106.5059.5
2010107.6268.5
210−10−17.8566.8
22010−18.1069.7
230−1018.0270.8
2401018.6072.9
2500009.0378.6
2600009.2576.7
2700008.9777.8
2800009.1777.9
2900008.9076.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170345982276151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面法试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A提取
温度
B液料比C提取
时间
D甲醇
浓度
得率
(%)
酶抑制率
(%)
1−1−1006.4056.9
21−1007.4165.8
3−11006.8456.9
411007.7067.7
500−1−17.8065.2
6001−17.9668.4
700−117.9768.1
800118.2072.5
9−100−16.7557.8
10100−17.5064.9
11−10017.0455.7
1210017.7467.9
130−1−107.7070.3
1401−108.0570.1
150−1108.0570.4
1601108.3074.5
17−10−106.3859.1
1810−107.2463.2
19−10106.5059.5
2010107.6268.5
210−10−17.8566.8
22010−18.1069.7
230−1018.0270.8
2401018.6072.9
2500009.0378.6
2600009.2576.7
2700008.9777.8
2800009.1777.9
2900008.9076.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170346053579320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ANOVA results of the regression model with the yield of Scagassum sp. MAAs as the response value

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型18.1141.2990.2<0.0001**
A-提取温度2.3412.34163.35<0.0001**
B-液料比0.3910.3927.130.0001**
C-提取时间0.1910.1912.910.0029**
D-甲醇浓度0.2210.2215.070.0017**
AB5.6315.630.390.5411不显著
AC0.01710.0171.180.2958不显著
AD6.2516.250.0440.8376不显著
BC2.5012.500.170.6825不显著
BD0.02710.0271.90.1897不显著
CD1.2311.230.0850.7743不显著
A213.9113.9969.68<0.0001**
B21.4711.47102.63<0.0001**
C22.5912.59181.03<0.0001**
D21.111.176.99<0.0001**
残差0.2140.014
失拟项0.12100.0120.570.7854不显著
纯误差0.08340.021
总误差18.328
), ArticleFig(id=1321170346120688185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

马尾藻MAAs得率为响应值的回归模型方差分析结果

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型18.1141.2990.2<0.0001**
A-提取温度2.3412.34163.35<0.0001**
B-液料比0.3910.3927.130.0001**
C-提取时间0.1910.1912.910.0029**
D-甲醇浓度0.2210.2215.070.0017**
AB5.6315.630.390.5411不显著
AC0.01710.0171.180.2958不显著
AD6.2516.250.0440.8376不显著
BC2.5012.500.170.6825不显著
BD0.02710.0271.90.1897不显著
CD1.2311.230.0850.7743不显著
A213.9113.9969.68<0.0001**
B21.4711.47102.63<0.0001**
C22.5912.59181.03<0.0001**
D21.111.176.99<0.0001**
残差0.2140.014
失拟项0.12100.0120.570.7854不显著
纯误差0.08340.021
总误差18.328
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ANOVA results of the regression model with the inhibition rate of MAAs enzyme in Scagassum sp. MAAs as the response value

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1244.851488.9247.65<0.0001**
A-提取温度226.21226.2121.23<0.0001**
B-液料比9.7219.725.210.0386*
C-提取时间26.4126.414.150.0021**
D-甲醇浓度1911910.180.0065**
AB0.910.90.480.4981不显著
AC6163.220.0945不显著
AD6.516.53.480.083不显著
BC4.6214.622.480.1378不显著
BD0.1610.160.0860.7739不显著
CD0.3610.360.190.6672不显著
A2897.961897.96481.24<0.0001**
B264.5164.534.57<0.0001**
C280.75180.7543.28<0.0001**
D2141.211141.2175.68<0.0001**
残差26.12141.87
失拟项23.39102.343.420.1234不显著
纯误差2.7340.68
总误差1270.9728
), ArticleFig(id=1321170347894878779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

马尾藻MAAs酶抑制率为响应值的回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1244.851488.9247.65<0.0001**
A-提取温度226.21226.2121.23<0.0001**
B-液料比9.7219.725.210.0386*
C-提取时间26.4126.414.150.0021**
D-甲醇浓度1911910.180.0065**
AB0.910.90.480.4981不显著
AC6163.220.0945不显著
AD6.516.53.480.083不显著
BC4.6214.622.480.1378不显著
BD0.1610.160.0860.7739不显著
CD0.3610.360.190.6672不显著
A2897.961897.96481.24<0.0001**
B264.5164.534.57<0.0001**
C280.75180.7543.28<0.0001**
D2141.211141.2175.68<0.0001**
残差26.12141.87
失拟项23.39102.343.420.1234不显著
纯误差2.7340.68
总误差1270.9728
), ArticleFig(id=1321170347999736380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Compound composition analysis of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性物质MAAs蛋白质多酚黄酮多糖
含量(mg/g)48.31±1.7417.43±0.9320.28±0.4618.49±1.3627.47±1.65
), ArticleFig(id=1321170348066845245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

马尾藻MAAs提取物组成分析

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生物活性物质MAAs蛋白质多酚黄酮多糖
含量(mg/g)48.31±1.7417.43±0.9320.28±0.4618.49±1.3627.47±1.65
), ArticleFig(id=1321170348129759806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Inhibitory kinetics and parameters of MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. for the activity of tyrosinase

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浓度
(mg/mL)
动力学参数IC50
(mg/mL)
抑制
机制
抑制
类型
Vmax
(A/min)
Km
(mg/mL)
KI
(mg/mL)
KIS
(mg/mL)
00.0502.3840.950.271.091±0.32可逆混合型
0.20.0432.921
0.40.0353.929
0.60.0304.399
0.80.0284.794
), ArticleFig(id=1321170348196868671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170332996710851, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

马尾藻MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶的抑制动力学和参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度
(mg/mL)
动力学参数IC50
(mg/mL)
抑制
机制
抑制
类型
Vmax
(A/min)
Km
(mg/mL)
KI
(mg/mL)
KIS
(mg/mL)
00.0502.3840.950.271.091±0.32可逆混合型
0.20.0432.921
0.40.0353.929
0.60.0304.399
0.80.0284.794
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马尾藻类菌孢素氨基酸的提取工艺优化及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制机理
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李田乐 1 , 蒋秀婧 1 , 潘明轩 2 , 韦欣 1 , 焦学 2 , 王欣冉 1 , 胡亚东 2 , 孙颖颖 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(3): 263-274
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (3) : 263 -274
马尾藻类菌孢素氨基酸的提取工艺优化及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制机理
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李田乐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:1910467724 @qq.com

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李田乐1, 蒋秀婧1, 潘明轩2, 韦欣1, 焦学2, 王欣冉1, 胡亚东2, 孙颖颖1, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏海洋大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,江苏连云港 222005
  • 2江苏省沿海开发投资有限公司,江苏南京 210000
通讯作者:
孙颖颖(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物提取与分离工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李田乐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:1910467724 @qq.com

Extraction Process of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Sargassum sp. and Its Inhibition Mechanism on the Activity of Tyrosinase
Tianle LI1, Xiujing JIANG1, Mingxuan PAN2, Xin WEI1, Xue JIAO2, Xinran WANG1, Yadong HU2, Yingying SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
  • 2Jiangsu Coastal Development Investment Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030033
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为探究马尾藻类菌孢素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acids,MAAs)提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的影响,本研究首先采用单因素和响应面优化试验,分析甲醇浓度、液料比、提取温度和提取时间等因素,以马尾藻MAAs的得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率为指标,建立马尾藻MAAs的适宜提取工艺。在此基础上,采用薄层层析、紫外光谱、高效液相色谱和分光光度法,对工艺优化后的MAAs提取物进行定性定量、体外抗氧化和抗酪氨酸酶活性分析。进一步,通过酶反应动力学分析、铜离子螯合实验和酪氨酸酶荧光猝灭实验,确定马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用机理。结果表明,马尾藻MAAs的适宜提取参数为温度41 ℃、液料比26 mL/g、时间2.6 h和甲醇浓度31%,MAAs得率为89.87±0.73 mg/g,其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率IC50为2.23±0.32 mg/mL。马尾藻MAAs具备清除DPPH(IC50为0.17±0.06 mg/mL)和ABTS+(IC50为1.03±0.21 mg/mL)自由基的能力,以及螯合铜离子(半螯合浓度为0.70±0.21 mg/mL)的能力。马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用为可逆、混合型抑制。马尾藻MAAs具有酪氨酸酶抑制活性,可有效阻断黑色素合成途径,在防止生鲜果蔬和饮料褐变以及预防虾类黑变病等方面具有潜在应用前景。

马尾藻  /  类菌孢素氨基酸  /  提取工艺  /  酪氨酸酶  /  抑制机理

To explore the effect of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) extracted from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase, this study first employed single-factor and response surface optimization experiments to analyze the effects of several factors such as methanol concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time on the extraction of MAAs from Sargassum sp. An optimal extraction process for MAAs from Sargassum sp. was then established using the yield of MAA extracts and their inhibitory rate against tyrosinase activity as indicators. Further, thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and spectrophotometry were used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis, in vitro antioxidant analysis, and anti-tyrosinase activity analysis of MAA extracts. And then, the inhibition mechanism of MAAs from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase was determined through enzyme reaction kinetics analysis, copper ion chelation experiments, and tyrosinase fluorescence quenching experiments. The results showed that the appropriate extraction parameters for MAAs from Sargassum sp. were a temperature of 41 ℃, a liquid-solid ratio of 26 mL/g, a time of 2.6 h, and a methanol concentration of 31%. The yield of MAA extracts was 89.87±0.73 mg/g, and the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of its inhibitory rate on the activity of tyrosinase was 2.23±0.32 mg/mL. MAA extracts from Sargassum sp. exhibited the capacity to scavenge DPPH (IC50 of 0.17±0.06 mg/mL) and ABTS+ (IC50 of 1.03±0.21 mg/mL) free radicals, and could chelate copper ions (with a half-chelation concentration of 0.70±0.21 mg/mL). The inhibitory effect of MAAs from Sargassum sp. on the activity of tyrosinase was a reversible and mixed-type inhibition. MAAs from Sargassum sp. possess the inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and can effectively block the melanin synthesis pathway. They have potential application prospects in preventing the enzymatic browning of fresh fruits, vegetables and beverages, as well as in preventing melanosis in shrimps.

Sargassum sp.  /  mycosporine-like amino acids  /  extraction process  /  tyrosinase  /  inhibition mechanism
李田乐, 蒋秀婧, 潘明轩, 韦欣, 焦学, 王欣冉, 胡亚东, 孙颖颖. 马尾藻类菌孢素氨基酸的提取工艺优化及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制机理. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 263 -274 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030033
Tianle LI, Xiujing JIANG, Mingxuan PAN, Xin WEI, Xue JIAO, Xinran WANG, Yadong HU, Yingying SUN. Extraction Process of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Sargassum sp. and Its Inhibition Mechanism on the Activity of Tyrosinase[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 263 -274 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030033
酪氨酸酶(Tyrosinase,TYR)又名多酚氧化酶,是含双核铜离子的金属氧化还原酶,存在于包括人类在内的许多生物体中[1]。在生物体内,酪氨酸酶能够催化L-酪氨酸和多巴发生羟基化反应,分别生成左旋多巴和多巴醌。TYR还参与二羟基吲哚的氧化过程,二羟基吲哚通过氧化聚合反应形成一种不溶性高分子聚合物——黑色素[2]。在食品加工和贮藏过程中,由酪氨酸酶引发的酶促褐变对鲜切的山药、藕、苹果等食品的感官品质有较大的负面影响[3];同时人为和非人为污染物的持续释放导致了UVR强度的显著变化,人体内酪氨酸酶活性升高,也会使黑色素合成增多,色素沉着导致雀斑、黄褐斑、老年斑块、恶性黑色素瘤,甚至与阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病[4]进展相关的神经退行性病变[5]。酪氨酸酶抑制剂可以通过抗氧化作用、螯合Cu2+、结合氨基酸残基这三种机制抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成[6]。因此,使用有效的酪氨酸酶抑制剂是控制食品酶促褐变、减少皮肤色素沉积的重要手段之一。目前,常见的酪氨酸酶抑制剂主要有对苯二酚、曲酸、亚硫酸盐、抗坏血酸和熊果苷等。这些酪氨酸酶抑制剂存在细胞毒性、皮肤刺激性、长期使用致癌性、皮肤渗透性低、稳定性低、接触过敏和缺乏疗效等不利影响[7]。因此,食品加工行业亟需新型、安全和有效的酪氨酸酶抑制剂。
大型海藻是海洋生态系统中关键的初级生产者,是多糖、多肽和不饱和脂肪酸等活性物质的主要来源之一。我国是世界上最大的海藻生产国之一,海藻年产量在260~280万吨之间,养殖面积在14万公顷以上[8]。在海藻生产、消费和出口方面,我国占据着举足轻重的地位。然而,海藻资源却未获得充分利用[6],特别是马尾藻。马尾藻(Sargassum sp.)广泛分布在热带和温带海洋,目前仅被用作动物饲料、食品原料和肥料。研究发现,马尾藻具有抗氧化[9]、抗肿瘤[10]、抗炎[11]、抗凝血[12]和抗病毒[13]等活性,可作为活性物质的良好来源。
类菌孢素氨基酸(mycosporine-like amino acids,MAAs)是一类具有多种活性的化合物,由环己烯酮或环己烯胺的发色基团与其氨基或亚氨基醇基团的氮取代基偶联而成[14],存在于大型海藻中[15],具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎、抑菌和保湿等活性[16]。前期研究发现,马尾藻含有MAAs[17]。基于此,本文通过探究马尾藻MAAs提取工艺的优化、MAAs的定性定量检测,以及MAAs抗氧化作用、螯合Cu2+、结合氨基酸残基三个方面抑制酪氨酸酶活性作用的机理,旨在为利用MAAs开发具有较低的刺激性、避免细胞毒性、较好的光稳定性和热稳定性、抗氧化、抗炎、保湿等功能的新型酪氨酸酶抑制剂提供实验依据。本研究在提取工艺优化、作用机制深入探索以及应用前景拓展等多个方面展现了显著的创新性。
马尾藻 购于山东省威海市;曲酸、左旋多巴和酪氨酸酶(≥1000 U/mg) 购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;色谱纯甲醇 购于西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;其他分析纯试剂 均购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
BUCHIR R210旋转蒸发仪 瑞士BUCHIR公司;LGJ-10FD冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴生物技术有限公司;Revvity全波长酶标分析仪 安捷伦科技公司;VQDUO-DUALLC高效液相色谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔公司。
工艺流程:马尾藻经清洗烘干、超微粉碎机粉碎后,过40目筛备用。参考实验室前期建立的提取工艺[15]:称取5 g马尾藻藻粉于锥形瓶中,按照实验因素水平加入甲醇水溶液,搅拌后密封放入恒温水浴摇床(180 r/min),在设定温度下振荡浸提。提取结束后,冷却至室温,倒出浸提液。按照上述相同的条件重复浸提两次,合并浸提液。于10000 r/min下离心20 min后,收集上清液,沉淀用纯水洗涤2~3次。洗涤液和先前收集的上清液合并,抽滤和减压蒸发获得浓缩液。按照1:4(v:v,体积比)加入无水乙醇,于−20 ℃下沉淀6 h。抽滤后,45 ℃减压浓缩,浓缩液经冷冻干燥,得到马尾藻MAAs提取物。
得率测定:得率按照公式(1)计算。根据MAA的摩尔消光系数ε[18]及公式(2)[19],可计算出MAAs提取物中MAAs的含量。
$ \rm \text{MAAs}得率(\text{%})=\frac{{m_1}}{{m_2}}\times 100 $
式中:m1为提取的MAAs质量,g;m2为马尾藻干粉末质量,g。
$\rm \text{MAAs}含量(\text{mg})=A\times \frac{\text{M}}{\varepsilon } $
式中:A为特征吸收波长475 nm下的吸光度;M为MAA的分子质量(shinorine,332;palythine,244;porphyra-334,346;palythenic acid,328);ε为MAA的摩尔消光系数(shinorine,43700;palythine,35500;porphyra-334,42300;palythenic acid,29200)[20]。
酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率指标测定:酪氨酸酶活性抑制试验[21]反应体系组成见表1。将PBS缓冲液(pH6.8)、不同浓度的样品溶液和20 μg/mL酪氨酸酶溶液按照顺序,依次加入96孔板中,并将其充分混合。将其置于37 ℃恒温水浴10 min,随后加入2.5 mg/mL的L-多巴溶液,37 ℃恒温15 min。同时以相同浓度的曲酸对照品溶液作为阳性对照,以相同体积PBS为阴性空白对照。用酶标仪在475 nm处测定吸光度值OD475。测得MAAs提取物的抑制作用以IC50值表示,根据公式(3)计算酪氨酸酶活性抑制率:
$ \rm 酪氨酸酶活性抑制率(\text{%})=\frac{(\text{A}_1-\text{A}_2)-(\text{A}_3-\text{A}_4)}{{(A_1-A_2)}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为对照溶液OD475值,A2为对照空白溶液OD475值,A3为样品溶液OD475值,A4为样品空白溶液OD475值。
实验因素水平设计:按照提取工艺流程,分别考察提取温度(35、40、45、50、55 ℃)、液料比(10、15、20、25、30 mL/g)、提取时间(1、1.5、2、2.5、3 h)以及甲醇浓度(15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)对马尾藻MAAs的得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率的影响,考察某一因素时,其他因素条件固定为:提取温度45 ℃,提取时间2 h,甲醇浓度25%,液料比25 mL/g。每组实验平行3次。
在单因素实验结果的基础上,选取温度(A)、液料比(B)、提取时间(C)和甲醇浓度(D)为响应因子,以MAAs得率和酪氨酸酶活性抑制率为响应值,按照响应面法Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计的原理,进行四因素三水平试验设计(表2)。
薄层层析检测:参考实验室前期建立的薄层层析法[16]。称取0.1 g马尾藻MAAs提取物,溶于1 mL蒸馏水。点样在硅胶G板上,展开剂为甲醇/乙醇/蒸馏水(8:10:0.5,体积比),显色剂为碘化铋钾试剂(7.3 g碘化铋钾,冰醋酸10 mL,蒸馏水60 mL)。静置显色20~40 min,含氮化合物会呈现橙色或黄色斑点[16]。
紫外光谱检测:将马尾藻MAAs提取物0.005 g溶于10 mL超纯水,用紫外分光光度计进行240~400 nm波长扫描。
高效液相色谱检测:将马尾藻MAAs提取物0.005 g溶于10 mL超纯水,经0.22 mm水系滤膜过滤后,采用C18柱(5 μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),柱温为25 ℃,进样量10 μL,流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液,流动相B为甲醇,流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为330 nm,梯度洗脱条件:0~20 min,B%:10%~90%[22]。
取马尾藻MAAs提取物0.01 g溶解于10 mL水中,吸取1 mL,按下述方法测定吸光值(X),获得MAAs提取物中的各组分浓度(Y),按公式(4)计算各组分含量:
$ 组分含量(\text{mg/g})=\frac{\text{C}\times \text{V}}{\text{M}} $
式中:C为提取物中组分浓度,mg/mL;V为提取物溶液总体积,mL;M为提取物质量,g。
蛋白质含量测定:采用二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)法[23]进行测定,以牛血清白蛋白为标准品,于562 nm处测定吸光值,标准曲线y=9.364x+0.0348(R2=0.9959)。
总多酚含量测定:采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法[24]进行测定,以没食子酸为标品,于765 nm处测定吸光值,标准曲线y=20.205x+0.0454(R2=0.9997)。
总黄酮含量测定:采用NaNO2-Al(NO3)3比色法[25]测定。以芦丁为标品,于510 nm处测定吸光值,标准曲线y=12.843x+0.0342(R2=0.994)。
总多糖含量测定:采用苯酚-硫酸法[26]。以葡萄糖为标品,于490 nm处测吸光值,标准曲线y=0.0081x+0.0772(R2=0.9804)。
将马尾藻MAAs提取物,配制为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1 mg/mL的样液作为待测样液,取2 mL样品溶液加入2 mL DPPH-无水乙醇溶液,充分混合后于室温条件下避光孵育30 min后测定其波长517 nm处的吸光值(A1)。以无水乙醇溶液代替DPPH-无水乙醇溶液测定吸光值(A2),无水乙醇溶液代替样液测定吸光值(A0)。以曲酸为阳性对照。按照公式(5)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$ \rm{清}除率(\text{%})=\frac{A_0-(A_1-\text{A}_2)}{A_0}\times100 $
将马尾藻MAAs提取物,配制为1、2、3、4、5 mg/mL的样液作为待测样液,将0.1 mL样液与3.9 mL ABTS工作液混合,在避光条件下反应10 min,随后在734 nm处测定吸光度(A1)。同时,以蒸馏水分别代替ABTS工作液和样液测定吸光值(A2和A0)。以曲酸为阳性对照,按照公式(5)计算样品的ABTS+自由基清除率。
采用铜离子络合比色法。取10 μL 0.01 mg/mL铜离子标准溶液与150 μL 0.2 mol/L乙酸缓冲液(pH5.0)、5×10−2 mol/L抗坏血酸混匀,37 ℃孵育5 min,测定吸光度(A1)。加入样品溶液混匀,37 ℃孵育5 min,测定吸光度(A2)。以纯净水为空白对照(A0),以50 μL 2×10−5 mol/L的3,2-二溴-PAESA络合剂作为标准对照(A),在600 nm处测定吸光度,按照公式(6)计算铜离子螯合率:
$ 铜离子螯合率(\text{%})=\frac{(\text{A}_2-\text{A}_1)-\text{A}_0}{\text{A}}\times 100 $
固定底物左旋多巴浓度为2.5 mg/mL,取不同浓度的MAAs溶液(0、0.5、1、1.5、3 mg/mL),加入到不同浓度的酪氨酸酶溶液(10、20、40 μg/mL)中进行反应,以酶的浓度为横坐标,相对剩余酶活为纵坐标作图,判断其对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用是否可逆[27]。
固定酪氨酸酶浓度为20 μg/mL,改变MAAs溶液的浓度(0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 mg/mL),加入到不同浓度的左旋多巴(2、4、6、8、10 mg/mL)中进行反应。采用 Lineweave-Burk双倒数作图法,以底物浓度的倒数(1/S)为横坐标,酶促反应速率的倒数(1/V)为纵坐标,绘制不同底物浓度下的双倒数曲线图,判断MAAs溶液对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制类型[28],并通过二次作图法确定抑制常数。抑制酪氨酸酶的动力学参数通过Lineweaver-Burk方程计算,公式(7)如下:
$ \frac{1}{{\text{V}}} =\rm \frac{{{{K_m}}}}{{{{V_{max}}}}} \times \frac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{S}}}+\frac{{\text{1}}}{{{{V_{max}}}}} $
式中:Vmax为最大反应速率,min/A;Km为米氏常数,mg/mL;S为底物浓度,mg/mL。
为了研究马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶的荧光猝灭作用,采用荧光分光光度计进行荧光光谱分析。向96孔板中加入10 μL 250 U/mL酪氨酸酶,再分别加入100 μL 0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1 mg/mL马尾藻MAAs提取物,振荡混匀后加入缓冲液使得反应总体积为200 μL。荧光激发波长为280 nm,扫描范围为360~420 nm,激发和发射缝均为3 nm[29]。
所有实验均重复3次以确保数据准确,使用SPSS26软件进行显著性分析和IC50计算,P<0.05,差异显著。数据整理和分析绘图采用OriginPro2021、Design-Expert13.1.0.1软件进行。相关性分析采用SPSS26软件计算皮尔森(Pearson)相关系数和进行显著性检验,OriginPro2021软件绘图。
在图1中,马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率随提取温度的增加呈现先显著(P<0.05)增加后降低的趋势。在提取温度为40 ℃时,马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率达到最大,分别为7.2%和76.63%。提取温度在35~55 ℃范围内,较高的提取温度有利于马尾藻MAAs的提取。在海水红毛菜(Bangia fusco-purpurea)[30]、石莼(Ulva lactuca)[17]和羊栖菜(Hizikia fusifarme)[22]等大型海藻中,同样也是较高温度有利于MAAs的提取。然而,与这些已有报道[17,22,30]不同的是,本文中提取温度在45~55 ℃范围内,马尾藻MAAs得率虽下降但仍然高于提取温度为35 ℃时MAAs得率。这可能与大型海藻种类或大型海藻中MAAs组成有关,在后续工作中将针对这个问题开展研究。当提取温度为40 ℃时,马尾藻MAAs得率最高且其酪氨酸酶抑制率最强,因此,选择40 ℃为马尾藻MAAs的提取温度。
从图2可以看出,液料比对马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率有显著(P<0.05)影响。当液料比从10 mL/g增加到25 mL/g时,MAAs得率显著(P<0.05)增加,并在25 mL/g时,得率达到最大值。当液料比继续增加,MAAs得率开始下降,但仍然显著(P<0.05)高于液料比为10 mL/g和15 mL/g时的MAAs得率。在液料比10~30 mL/g范围内,马尾藻MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率与MAAs得率变化趋势相似,即随着液料比的增加,其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率先升高再降低,在20 mL/g时,MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率最大。这表明,较大的液料比有利于马尾藻中MAAs的溶出。当液料比进一步增加时,马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率均会下降,可能是由于过多的提取溶剂稀释了目标物浓度。综合考虑,选择25 mL/g为马尾藻MAAs提取的适宜液料比。
随着提取时间的延长,马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率均呈现先上升后下降趋势(图3)。当提取时间在1~2 h内,MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率均随提取时间的增加而显著(P<0.05)增大。当提取时间为2.5 h时,得率达到最大值。当提取时间继续增加时,MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率显著(P<0.05)下降。这表明,过长的提取时间可能导致了MAAs降解。当提取时间达到2 h时,酶抑制率达到最高69.87%,当提取时间达到2.5 h时,得率达到最高7.66%,为了节省时间,确定适宜的提取时间为2 h。
由图4可知,甲醇浓度对马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率的影响类似。随着甲醇浓度的增加,二者均呈先增加后下降趋势,在甲醇浓度为30%时,MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率均达到最高值。当甲醇浓度继续增加,MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率均显著(P<0.05)降低。
综合上述实验结果,当提取温度为40 ℃、液料比为25 mL/g、提取时间为2 h、甲醇浓度为30%时马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率有较大值。基于这些单因素实验结果,采用响应面试验进一步优化马尾藻MAAs的提取工艺。
在上述实验基础上,以提取温度、液料比、提取时间和甲醇浓度为自变量,马尾藻MAAs得率和酪氨酸酶抑制率为响应值,进行响应面试验设计,进一步优化马尾藻MAAs提取工艺,结果见表3。各交互因素对马尾藻MAAs得率及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率的响应面图和等高线图见补充材料(详见本刊官网https://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。
采用Design-Expert13.1.0.1软件分别对表3中试验结果进行回归分析,得到回归模型(1)和(2)。
从表4可知,马尾藻MAAs得率的模型F=90.2,P<0.0001,表明此回归模型极显著;失拟值P=0.7854>0.05,表明失拟项与纯误差不显著相关,拟合程度好;决定系数R2=0.9890,C.V.=1.53%。因此,该方程可用于分析和预测马尾藻MAAs得率:Y1=9.06+0.44A+0.18B+0.12C+0.13D−0.038AB+0.065AC−0.012AD−0.025BC+0.083BD+0.017CD−1.46A2−0.48B2−0.63C2−0.41D2。
从表4可以看出,模型自变量一次项A、B、C和D对MAAs得率呈极显著(P<0.01)影响,但其交互作用对MAAs得率的影响并不显著(P>0.05);二次项A2、B2、C2和D2对MAAs得率有极显著(P<0.01)影响,表明各因素对MAAs得率的影响不是简单的线性关系。由F值大小可以看出,4个因素对马尾藻MAAs得率的影响顺序为A>B>D>C,即提取温度>液料比>甲醇浓度>提取时间。
如表5所示,马尾藻MAAs酪氨酸酶抑制率的回归模型F=47.65,P<0.0001,该回归模型极显著;失拟项P=0.1234,决定系数R2=0.9794,C.V.=2.01%,表明该响应面模型拟合程度好、回归模型稳定,可用于分析和预测MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率。Y2=77.54+4.34A+0.90B+1.48C+1.26D+0.47AB+1.22AC+1.27AD+1.07BC−0.20BD+0.30CD−11.77A2−3.15B2−3.53C2−4.67D2。
在表5中,模型自变量一次项A、C、D对酪氨酸酶抑制率影响呈极显著水平(P<0.01),B的影响呈显著水平(P<0.05),其交互因素对抑制率影响不显著(P>0.05)。在二次项中,A2、B2、C2和D2极显著(P<0.01),说明各影响因素不是简单的线性关系;由F值大小可以看出,马尾藻MAAs酪氨酸酶抑制率的影响因素顺序为A>C>D>B,即提取温度>提取时间>甲醇浓度>液料比。
用Design-Expert13.1.0.1软件可以以马尾藻MAAs得率和酶抑制率为目标进行预测,得到一个最佳实验条件:提取温度40.9 ℃,液料比25.93 mL/g,提取时间2.59 h,甲醇浓度30.85%,马尾藻MAAs得率预测值为9.13%,酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率预测值为78.36%。为方便操作,设定提取温度为 41 ℃,液料比为 26 mL/g,提取时间为2.6 h,甲醇浓度为31%,进行实验验证,重复实验3次。最终,马尾藻MAAs得率为8.987%±0.73%,MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率为77.69%±0.23%。该验证结果与回归模型预测结果非常(P>0.05)接近,说明模型可靠,可用于分析马尾藻MAAs提取工艺。通过双指标协同优化,既实现了MAAs的高效提取,又保障了其酶抑制活性,为开发兼具提取效率与生物活性的功能性提取物提供了科学依据。
采用响应面试验优化的因素水平,制备马尾藻MAAs提取物,对其进行定性定量分析。马尾藻MAAs在硅胶板上呈现一个明显的黄色斑点,这一现象是含氮化合物的典型阳性反应[16],表明马尾藻MAAs中很可能存在MAAs成分(图5a)。紫外光谱检测表明,马尾藻MAAs在240~400 nm范围内存在明显吸收,最大吸收波长为306 nm(图5b),为MAAs的特征吸收范围[14]。研究者采用薄层层析和紫外光谱检测了某些大型海藻是否含有MAAs[16]。本文采用这种方法确定了马尾藻MAAs提取物中含有MAA(s)。高效液相色谱检测表明,马尾藻MAAs提取物包含比较多的组分,其中,保留时间2.98 min吸收峰最明显,吸收波长为330 nm,符合常见MAAs特征吸收(图5c)。
从表6可以看出,马尾藻MAAs中除了主要含有MAAs外,还含有蛋白质、多酚、多糖和黄酮。其中,多糖含量可达27.47±1.65 mg/g,蛋白质、多酚和黄酮含量分别为17.43±0.93、20.28±0.46和 18.49±1.36 mg/g。表6的定量检测结果也与图5(c)检测出的马尾藻MAAs提取物含有主要的MAAs吸收峰和多个杂峰相符。
上述定性定量检测结果表明,采用响应面试验优化获得的马尾藻MAAs提取物中主要组成为MAAs,还含有多糖等非目标物。在后续研究中,可以进行凝胶柱层析或硅胶柱层析,将MAAs与多糖等其他组分分离。
以曲酸为阳性对照,测定马尾藻MAAs清除DPPH自由基的能力(图6)。结果表明,随着曲酸及马尾藻MAAs浓度的升高,两者清除DPPH自由基的能力逐渐增强,曲酸和马尾藻MAAs都表现出较强的(P<0.05)DPPH自由基清除能力,它们对DPPH自由基清除的IC50分别为0.15±0.04 mg/mL和0.17±0.06 mg/mL。马尾藻MAAs作为一类提取物展现出了与曲酸比较接近的清除DPPH自由基的能力。目前,已见大型海藻提取物具有清除DPPH自由基能力的报道。例如,裙带菜(Alaria esculenta)海藻酸[30]、趾状海带(Laminaria digitata)多糖[31]等,但它们清除DPPH自由基的IC50明显大于马尾藻MAAs。
马尾藻MAAs对ABTS+自由基清除能力的结果如图7所示,随着MAAs浓度的升高,其清除ABTS+自由基的能力显著(P<0.05)增强。相比而言,低浓度曲酸表现出更强的(P<0.01)ABTS+自由基清除能力,其对ABTS+自由基清除的IC50为0.42±0.11 mg/mL,马尾藻MAAs对ABTS+自由基清除的IC50为1.03±0.21 mg/mL,明显弱于曲酸。然而,马尾藻MAAs对ABTS+自由基的清除能力要明显好于海藻多酚[32]和海藻多糖[33]等大型海藻活性物质。
由图8可知,随着MAAs浓度的增大,马尾藻MAAs对铜离子的螯合率逐渐上升,不同浓度组间螯合率差异显著(P<0.05),呈现明显的浓度依赖性,其对铜离子的半螯合质量浓度为0.70±0.21 mg/mL。酪氨酸酶是一种含有铜离子作为活性中心的金属酶[1],在催化酪氨酸或多巴氧化的过程中,底物首先必须与活性中心的铜离子相互作用,随后才会发生亲电取代反应,进而实现底物的氧化[34]。当活性铜离子被占据时,催化反应便无法进行[35]。马尾藻MAAs凭借其铜离子螯合的特性,与酪氨酸酶的活性中心竞争,通过占据活性中心,抑制酪氨酸酶的活性。研究指出,某些MAAs能螯合Fe3+、Fe2+和 Ca2+,例如palythine、poryphyra-334和shinorine等常见MAA,MAAs螯合金属离子是因为它们含有多个–OH、–NH2和–COOH等[36]。本研究中,马尾藻MAAs对铜离子也呈现出一定的螯合能力,尽管目前尚未鉴定马尾藻MAAs的组成,但从MAAs基本结构来看,MAA均含有多个–OH、 –NH2和–COOH,从而,马尾藻MAAs呈现出了螯合铜离子的能力。
图9表明,在一定浓度范围内,不同浓度的马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用,并且随着MAAs浓度的升高,对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用逐渐增强。MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的IC50为2.23±0.32 mg/mL,曲酸对酪氨酸酶活性的IC50为0.158±0.02 mg/mL,马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用明显弱于曲酸,但要明显好于海藻多肽IC50值为5.76±0.06 mg/mL[37]、海藻多糖IC50值为2.16±0.37 mg/mL[38]等提取物。结果表明,马尾藻MAAs具有开发为酪氨酸酶抑制剂的潜力。在后续研究中,将对马尾藻MAAs提取物进行分离,提高其纯度将可能增强马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用。
固定底物左旋多巴的浓度,改变酪氨酸酶浓度时,绘制了不同浓度马尾藻MAAs溶液的相对剩余酶活与酪氨酸酶不同浓度的曲线图。如图10所示,所得直线均经过原点,并且,随着马尾藻MAAs提取物溶液浓度的升高,斜率均随抑制剂浓度的增大而减小,这说明马尾藻MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用属于可逆过程[39]。即马尾藻MAAs提取物通过非共价键与酪氨酸酶的某些关键基团相互作用,抑制了其催化活性,导致反应速率降低[39]。这种结合方式不会直接引起酶分子结构的永久性变性,从而保持了酶活性[40]。相较于不可逆抑制剂,可逆型抑制剂展现出较低的脱靶毒性和致敏感性。同时,马尾藻MAAs不会失活,因此能够在催化系统中发挥更持久的效果[41]。在已报道研究中,中药提取物[40]、海藻多糖[38]等均属于可逆型抑制剂。
根据Lineweaver-Burk双倒数法可以判断抑制剂的抑制类型,以底物浓度倒数为横坐标,反应速率的倒数为纵坐标作图,直线相交于y轴为竞争型抑制,相交于x轴为非竞争型抑制,相交于第二象限或第四象限为混合型抑制[42]。如图11(a)所示,当酪氨酸酶浓度固定,改变左旋多巴底物浓度时,马尾藻MAAs提取物的Lineweaver-Burk双倒数曲线图交叉点在第二象限,因此推测马尾藻MAAs提取物一方面通过竞争抑制作用与酪氨酸酶结合,另一方面通过非竞争性抑制作用与底物-酪氨酸酶复合物结合,这表明马尾藻MAAs提取物对酪氨酸酶的抑制类型属于混合型抑制。
将直线的斜率和垂直截距对马尾藻MAAs浓度进行二次作图,如图11(b)和图11(c)所示,拟合直线的斜率(Km/Vmax)和Y轴截距(1/Vmax)均通过线性拟合得到,且呈现出上升趋势。说明米氏常数(Km)值随着抑制剂浓度的增加而增加,而最大反应速率(Vmax)的值随之不断减小。图11(b)和图11(c)各组拟合直线均呈现出良好的线性关系,表明其与酪氨酸酶有1个或1类抑制位点[43]。抑制常数KI和 KIS的值分别为0.95 mg/mL和0.27 mg/mL,抑制常数KI>KIS(表7),表明马尾藻MAAs与酶-底物复合物的结合比游离酶的结合更容易且更紧密[44]。
在280 nm的激发波长下,酪氨酸酶在375 nm处有荧光发射峰,当加入马尾藻MAAs后,酪氨酸酶的荧光强度明显降低,且呈现出一定的剂量依赖性(图12)。酪氨酸酶的内源性荧光是由酪氨酸酶中的色氨酸等发色基团残基产生的,当酪氨酸酶的疏水性或构象发生改变时,会引起荧光强度的下降或最大吸收峰的红移或蓝移[45]。在马尾藻MAAs加入后,酪氨酸酶最大吸收峰在378 nm,出现了红移,这表明马尾藻MAAs与酪氨酸酶相结合导致了酪氨酸酶的构象发生改变。
通过上述研究,本文初步探明了马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用机理,即马尾藻MAAs通过螯合铜离子,与酪氨酸酶的活性中心竞争,抑制酪氨酸酶的活性,并促使酪氨酸酶构象发生变化,进而导致酪氨酸酶的活性降低。马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶的抑制是可逆的、混合型抑制作用。后续研究将集中在马尾藻MAAs的纯化,制备对酪氨酸酶活性具有强烈抑制活性的单体MAA,探索此MAA在食品中的应用。
在本文中,马尾藻MAAs提取物中还包含多糖、蛋白质、多酚和黄酮等非目标物,为了明确MAAs提取物中MAAs清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基的能力及其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用之间的关系,进行了相关性分析,结果见图13。由图13可知,MAAs、多酚、黄酮和多糖含量与DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率以及酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率呈正相关。其中,MAAs含量与其对DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率以及酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数R2分别为0.78、0.76和0.74;而蛋白质含量与DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率以及酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率之间呈现负相关。这说明相比于黄酮、多酚与多糖,马尾藻MAAs提取物中的MAAs是清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基和抑制酪氨酸酶活性的主要原因,蛋白质则对DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除以及抑制酪氨酸酶活性无积极作用。
采用一系列单因素和响应面实验,建立了马尾藻MAAs的提取工艺。提取温度为41 ℃,液料比为26 mL/g,提取时间为2.6 h,甲醇浓度为31%。制备到的MAAs得率为89.87±0.73 mg/g,马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶抑制率IC50值为2.23±0.32 mg/mL。马尾藻MAAs对DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除作用的IC50值分别为0.17±0.06 mg/mL和1.03±0.21 mg/mL。通过酶动力学、荧光光谱等方法,明确了马尾藻MAAs对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用为可逆的、混合型抑制,推测马尾藻MAAs通过与酪氨酸酶活性中心的铜离子螯合,改变酪氨酸酶构象,从而实现对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制。在后续研究中,将采用3D荧光光谱和CD光谱来验证酪氨酸酶构象的变化。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030033
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
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    1江苏海洋大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,江苏连云港 222005
    2江苏省沿海开发投资有限公司,江苏南京 210000

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孙颖颖(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物提取与分离工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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