Article(id=1321170331780366564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921153253, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921153253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921153253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921153253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=190, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170331981693157, articleId=1321170331780366564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Differences and Correlations between Fungal Community Structure and Sensory Quality of High-temperature Daqu from Different Regions, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To compare the difference in fungal community structure and sensory quality of high-temperature Daqu across different regions, PacBio small molecular real-time (SMRT) sequencing, electronic nose, and electronic tongue technologies were utilized to analyze the fungal groups, flavor, and taste quality of high-temperature Daqu collected from the Luzhou and Jining regions. Sequencing results revealed that the predominant fungal groups in high-temperature Daqu samples from both regions were consistent. Thermomyces lanuginosus, Aspergillus proliferans, and Thermoascus crustaceus were identified as dominant species. In Luzhou, their average relative abundances were 45.97%, 16.96%, and 11.96%, respectively, while in Jining, they were 39.50%, 15.86%, and 11.76%, respectively. LEfSe analysis indicated that Aspergillus subversicolor and Thermoascus aurantiacus could serve as biomarkers for high-temperature Daqu in Luzhou and Jining areas, respectively. Electronic nose analysis revealed significantly higher levels of aromatic components and sulfides in high-temperature Daqu samples from Luzhou (P<0.05), whereas hydride content was significantly lower (P<0.05). Additionally, electronic tongue analysis showed significantly higher richness of high-temperature Daqu abundance in Luzhou (P<0.05) and significantly lower bitterness relative intensity (P<0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated clear relationships between dominant fungal species in Daqu and flavor and taste characteristics. This study provides data support to elucidate variations in high-temperature Daqu fungal communities and sensory attributes across different regions.

, authors=Mengjun CUI1, 2, Xianli REN3, Yurong WANG1, 2, Shouying SUN3, Zengqiang WANG3, Junyu REN3, Panhua YANG3, Zhuang GUO1, 2, *, authorsList=Mengjun CUI, Xianli REN, Yurong WANG, Shouying SUN, Zengqiang WANG, Junyu REN, Panhua YANG, Zhuang GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhuang GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170334817042674, articleId=1321170331780366564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同地区高温大曲真菌群落结构与感官品质的差异性和相关性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为比较不同地区高温大曲真菌群落结构和感官品质的差异,本研究采用PacBio小分子实时(SMRT)测序、电子鼻和电子舌技术对采集自泸州和济宁地区高温大曲的真菌类群、风味和滋味品质进行了解析。测序结果表明,两个地区高温大曲样品优势真菌类群较为相似,均以疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)、多育曲霉(Aspergillus proliferans)和坚脆嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus crustaceus)为主,其在泸州高温大曲样品中的平均相对含量分别为45.97%、16.96%和11.96%,在济宁高温大曲样品中的平均相对含量分别为39.50%、15.86%和11.76%。LEfSe分析结果表明,黑曲霉(Aspergillus subversicolor)和橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)可分别作为泸州和济宁地区高温大曲的生物标志物。电子鼻结果表明,泸州地区高温大曲样品芳香族成分和硫化物含量显著偏高(P<0.05),而氢化物含量显著偏低(P<0.05)。电子舌结果表明,泸州地区高温大曲丰度的相对强度显著偏高(P<0.05),而苦味的相对强度显著偏低(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,大曲优势真菌种与风味和滋味指标之间具有明显的关联性。该研究为明确不同地区高温大曲真菌群落和感官品质差异提供数据支持。

, authors=崔梦君1, 2, 任宪礼3, 王玉荣1, 2, 孙守营3, 王增强3, 任俊宇3, 杨攀华3, 郭壮1, 2, *, authorsList=崔梦君, 任宪礼, 王玉荣, 孙守营, 王增强, 任俊宇, 杨攀华, 郭壮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭壮, authorNote=

崔梦君(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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distance (D), and the Venn diagram at the species level (E), of high-temperature Daqu, figureFileSmall=iVu4oxONuqaUZBWtcSeOCQ==, figureFileBig=hfaJAnJ7RYmS6P6wOQMkiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170339632103730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高温大曲在门(A)、属(B)、种(C)水平群落组成特征、基于非加权UniFrac距离PCoA图(D)和种水平韦恩图(E), figureFileSmall=iVu4oxONuqaUZBWtcSeOCQ==, figureFileBig=hfaJAnJ7RYmS6P6wOQMkiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170339808264499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Waterfall plot of core OTU of high-temperature Daqu in Luzhou (A) and Jining (B) regions, and phylogenetic tree of core OTU (C), figureFileSmall=AK+lCn3v+aWHqrTtVzubHA==, figureFileBig=+HHTJKizznsNH+/6GYdbyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170339875373364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=CN, label=图2, caption=泸州(A)和济宁(B)地区高温大曲核心OTU瀑布图和核心OTU系统发育树(C), figureFileSmall=AK+lCn3v+aWHqrTtVzubHA==, figureFileBig=+HHTJKizznsNH+/6GYdbyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170339946676533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=LDA distribution histogram (A) and evolutionary cladogram (B) from LEfSe analysis, figureFileSmall=zUteC/VrtIcPqTNrXrxQlg==, figureFileBig=lTiq4JPq2l65nn+eLLVVkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170340017979702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LEfSe分析的LDA分布直方图(A)和进化分支图(B), figureFileSmall=zUteC/VrtIcPqTNrXrxQlg==, figureFileBig=lTiq4JPq2l65nn+eLLVVkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170340089282871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=EN, label=Fig.4, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电子舌传感器响应值雷达图(A)、PCA图(B)、OPLS-DA评分图(C)和传感器VIP值图(D), figureFileSmall=Wc0qPmtRft83SIYkBAoDyw==, figureFileBig=kLZLj8iG9NE8hV2tCBTJYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170340366106939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=RDA ranking chart of dominant fungal species and electronic nose (A) and electronic tongue (B) sensors, and correlation heatmap (C), figureFileSmall=CSx3CzDdfa4D5V9YuKFgoA==, figureFileBig=aCjGsLNuFn2pti+hKsdsdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170340445798716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=CN, label=图6, caption=优势真菌种与电子鼻(A)和电子舌(B)传感器的RDA排序图和相关性热图(C)

注:图C中,“***”表示“P<0.001”,相关性极显著。

, figureFileSmall=CSx3CzDdfa4D5V9YuKFgoA==, figureFileBig=aCjGsLNuFn2pti+hKsdsdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170340521296189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequencing results and statistical analysis of the number of different taxonomic positions of high-temperature Daqu samples in Luzhou and Jining regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地
区
样
品
序列数
(条)
OTU数
(个)
门(个)纲(个)目(个)科(个)属(个)种(个)超1
指数
香农
指数
泸州LZ11309318729111820321643.13
LZ214662305614274048562232.99
LZ312720297715274658652031.42
LZ413347316714203851502312.73
LZ58127140512172839501963.01
LZ611912132512152532401241.15
LZ7124341794881112201182.85
LZ812652295415213854702354.15
均值12368231512183139481872.68
济
宁
JN113066127511213137441290.93
JN28053128499162126981.02
JN3108621854871219261913.75
JN41124423859122126311993.09
JN512074174712172834351822.35
JN6121331762791621281732.93
JN713356131511152835401460.67
JN81324413448101723261281.93
JN914271121512222837401993.44
JN101383713149141720231433.02
均值12214155510142127321592.31
), ArticleFig(id=1321170340621959486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170331780366564, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

泸州和济宁地区高温大曲样品测序结果及各分类地位数量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地
区
样
品
序列数
(条)
OTU数
(个)
门(个)纲(个)目(个)科(个)属(个)种(个)超1
指数
香农
指数
泸州LZ11309318729111820321643.13
LZ214662305614274048562232.99
LZ312720297715274658652031.42
LZ413347316714203851502312.73
LZ58127140512172839501963.01
LZ611912132512152532401241.15
LZ7124341794881112201182.85
LZ812652295415213854702354.15
均值12368231512183139481872.68
济
宁
JN113066127511213137441290.93
JN28053128499162126981.02
JN3108621854871219261913.75
JN41124423859122126311993.09
JN512074174712172834351822.35
JN6121331762791621281732.93
JN713356131511152835401460.67
JN81324413448101723261281.93
JN914271121512222837401993.44
JN101383713149141720231433.02
均值12214155510142127321592.31
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不同地区高温大曲真菌群落结构与感官品质的差异性和相关性分析
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崔梦君 1, 2 , 任宪礼 3 , 王玉荣 1, 2 , 孙守营 3 , 王增强 3 , 任俊宇 3 , 杨攀华 3 , 郭壮 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(3): 190-199
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (3) : 190 -199
不同地区高温大曲真菌群落结构与感官品质的差异性和相关性分析
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崔梦君1, 2 , 任宪礼3, 王玉荣1, 2, 孙守营3, 王增强3, 任俊宇3, 杨攀华3, 郭壮1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1湖北文理学院 酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 2湖北文理学院,湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 3山东红太阳酒业集团有限公司技术中心,山东济宁 272499
通讯作者:
郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

崔梦君(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Analysis of the Differences and Correlations between Fungal Community Structure and Sensory Quality of High-temperature Daqu from Different Regions
Mengjun CUI1, 2 , Xianli REN3, Yurong WANG1, 2, Shouying SUN3, Zengqiang WANG3, Junyu REN3, Panhua YANG3, Zhuang GUO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Brewing Technology Industrial College, Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 2Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 3Technical Center of Shandong Red Sun Wine Industry Group Co., Ltd., Jining 272499, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020150
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为比较不同地区高温大曲真菌群落结构和感官品质的差异,本研究采用PacBio小分子实时(SMRT)测序、电子鼻和电子舌技术对采集自泸州和济宁地区高温大曲的真菌类群、风味和滋味品质进行了解析。测序结果表明,两个地区高温大曲样品优势真菌类群较为相似,均以疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)、多育曲霉(Aspergillus proliferans)和坚脆嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus crustaceus)为主,其在泸州高温大曲样品中的平均相对含量分别为45.97%、16.96%和11.96%,在济宁高温大曲样品中的平均相对含量分别为39.50%、15.86%和11.76%。LEfSe分析结果表明,黑曲霉(Aspergillus subversicolor)和橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)可分别作为泸州和济宁地区高温大曲的生物标志物。电子鼻结果表明,泸州地区高温大曲样品芳香族成分和硫化物含量显著偏高(P<0.05),而氢化物含量显著偏低(P<0.05)。电子舌结果表明,泸州地区高温大曲丰度的相对强度显著偏高(P<0.05),而苦味的相对强度显著偏低(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,大曲优势真菌种与风味和滋味指标之间具有明显的关联性。该研究为明确不同地区高温大曲真菌群落和感官品质差异提供数据支持。

高温大曲  /  PacBio SMRT测序技术  /  真菌菌群多样性  /  电子鼻  /  电子舌

To compare the difference in fungal community structure and sensory quality of high-temperature Daqu across different regions, PacBio small molecular real-time (SMRT) sequencing, electronic nose, and electronic tongue technologies were utilized to analyze the fungal groups, flavor, and taste quality of high-temperature Daqu collected from the Luzhou and Jining regions. Sequencing results revealed that the predominant fungal groups in high-temperature Daqu samples from both regions were consistent. Thermomyces lanuginosus, Aspergillus proliferans, and Thermoascus crustaceus were identified as dominant species. In Luzhou, their average relative abundances were 45.97%, 16.96%, and 11.96%, respectively, while in Jining, they were 39.50%, 15.86%, and 11.76%, respectively. LEfSe analysis indicated that Aspergillus subversicolor and Thermoascus aurantiacus could serve as biomarkers for high-temperature Daqu in Luzhou and Jining areas, respectively. Electronic nose analysis revealed significantly higher levels of aromatic components and sulfides in high-temperature Daqu samples from Luzhou (P<0.05), whereas hydride content was significantly lower (P<0.05). Additionally, electronic tongue analysis showed significantly higher richness of high-temperature Daqu abundance in Luzhou (P<0.05) and significantly lower bitterness relative intensity (P<0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated clear relationships between dominant fungal species in Daqu and flavor and taste characteristics. This study provides data support to elucidate variations in high-temperature Daqu fungal communities and sensory attributes across different regions.

high-temperature Daqu  /  PacBio SMRT sequencing  /  fungal taxa diversity  /  electronic nose  /  electronic tongue
崔梦君, 任宪礼, 王玉荣, 孙守营, 王增强, 任俊宇, 杨攀华, 郭壮. 不同地区高温大曲真菌群落结构与感官品质的差异性和相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 190 -199 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020150
Mengjun CUI, Xianli REN, Yurong WANG, Shouying SUN, Zengqiang WANG, Junyu REN, Panhua YANG, Zhuang GUO. Analysis of the Differences and Correlations between Fungal Community Structure and Sensory Quality of High-temperature Daqu from Different Regions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 190 -199 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020150
作为世界上最古老的蒸馏酒之一,白酒发酵过程较为复杂,主要涉及两个独立的步骤:大曲制作和酒精发酵[1]。大曲的制作旨在富集微生物,以及由此产生的酶类和风味化合物[2],这些微生物及其代谢产物不仅是大曲的核心,更是启动后续酒精发酵步骤中不可或缺的发酵剂[3]。因此,大曲的品质是塑造白酒风味特征和影响白酒整体品质的关键性因素。大曲通常由小麦自然发酵而成[4],制作环境的差异会对大曲的品质产生影响。Zhang等[5]研究表明,山西省太原市与湖北省随州市的低温大曲在微生物群落组成与功能特征上存在显著差异。具体而言,太原大曲中地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)显著富集,其乙酸代谢途径相关基因也显著富集;而随州大曲中食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)显著富集,同时乳酸菌及其代谢途径相关基因较为丰富。Li等[6]的研究亦表明,不同区域制作的大曲存在独特的生物标志物,枸橼酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)等是北京市昌平区高温大曲的生物标志物,小尖霉属(Wallemia)、毕赤酵母属(Pichia)等是贵州省贵阳市大曲的生物标志物;Wang等[7]研究发现,来自不同生产区域的不同类型大曲的微生物组成在很大程度上受到其所在地理区域的影响。综上所述,不同地区生产的大曲因自然环境与工艺差异等因素具有独特的微生物结构。
大曲中蕴含的风味成分是塑造白酒特征风味的关键物质基础,然而由于大曲微生物群落结构对环境条件的高度依赖性,不同来源的大曲其品质往往呈现出显著的差异。Jiang等[8]对不同季节制作的中高温大曲的研究结果表明,春季大曲典型风味物质(如乙酸和乙酸乙酯)含量较高,呈现浓郁风味特征,而夏季大曲非典型风味成分更为丰富,风味复杂度更高。Deng等[9]对不同地区中高温大曲风味研究发现,异戊酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、己醛、1-壬醛、(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛和2,3-二甲基-5-乙基吡嗪这6种关键风味化合物,对不同地区样品的香气差异具有显著贡献。Li等[10]对不同产地浓香型大曲风味进行研究发现,安徽省亳州市的样品酯含量高于其他样品,贵州省茅台镇、四川省宜宾市和山东省梁山市的样品醇类物质比例较高,湖北省十堰市和山东省滨州市的样品富含吡嗪类物质。综上所述,不同来源的大曲在风味品质上存在明显差异。然而,传统的大曲风味品质评价多依赖于人工品鉴,这一方式易受主观判断的影响,难以全面且准确地反映大曲的感官特性。作为现代仿生学设备,电子鼻与电子舌能够模拟人类的嗅觉和味觉系统,具有客观性、重复性、阈值敏感性和长期稳定性等特点[11],为大曲的风味评估提供了新途径。
纳入本研究的四川省泸州市和山东省济宁市两地距离1500多千米,四川省泸州市地处四川盆地南缘与云贵高原的过渡地带,长江、沱江、赤水河的交汇处,属于亚热带湿润季风气候区,气候温和,雨量充沛,光照充足[12],而山东省济宁市位于鲁西南腹地,地跨黄、淮两大流域,属于温带季风气候,降水少,气温低[13]。综上可见,这两个地区在地域因素,包括气候、水质等方面存在着明显的差异。这些自然条件的差异,加之长期的自然选择与人工驯化[14],使得每个地区的白酒酿造环境都形成了特定的微生物群系。这些微生物群落对白酒的发酵、陈酿等过程有至关重要的作用,从而塑造了不同地区白酒的独特品质与风格。然而,目前针对这两个地区高温大曲真菌多样性和品质的研究仍显不足。因此本研究采用PacBio小分子实时(SMRT)测序技术分析两个地区高温大曲真菌群落结构,结合电子鼻、电子舌技术分析风味和滋味特征,同时通过相关性分析揭示真菌群落与风味和滋味品质之间的潜在关联,为高温大曲在白酒发酵中的贡献提供理论依据。
TGuide S96磁珠法土壤/粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒 天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;ITS1F、ITS4、KOD ONE MM 北京百灵克生物科技有限责任公司;琼脂糖 北京博美富鑫科技有限公司;SMRTbell Template Prep Kit建库试剂盒 PacBio公司。
DFT-300小型高速粉碎机 温州顶力医疗器械有限公司;Synergy HTX酶标仪 基因有限公司;Veriti96-Well梯度基因扩增仪 美国Applied Biosystems公司;Qubit 4.0荧光计 美国赛默飞世尔公司;164-5050基础电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;UVPCDS8000凝胶成像分析系统 美国UVP公司;R930机架式服务器 美国Dell公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国Airsense公司;CR21N高速冷冻离心机 日本日立(HI-TACHI)公司;SA402B电子舌 日本INSENT公司。
为探究不同地区高温大曲品质的差异,本试验于2024年5月分别从位于四川省泸州市和山东省济宁市的2家生产酱香型白酒的酒厂进行高温大曲样品的采集。具体而言,从泸州地区某酒厂采集了8份样品,编号为LZ1~8,从济宁地区采集了10份样品,编号为JN1~10。在采样过程中使用随机取样的方法,以确保样本的代表性和可靠性。为了后续分析的便利性和一致性,采用粉碎仪将每个样品进行粉碎混匀处理,储存于−40 ℃冰箱备用。
取0.25 g高温大曲样品用于脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)的提取,参照TGuide S96磁珠法土壤/粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒的说明书进行,使用酶标仪检测DNA浓度。使用梯度基因扩增仪对DNA进行聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR),真菌ITS rRNA全长引物序列如下:ITS1F(5'-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3');ITS4(5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3')。
ITS全长反应体系(30 μL):基因组DNA 1.5 μL,NFW 11.7 μL,KOD ONE MM 15 μL,ITS1F 0.9 μL,ITS4 0.9 μL。ITS全长反应程序:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,8个循环;95 ℃ 30 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,24个循环;72 ℃ 5 min。将PCR产物使用1.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行结果检测,使用Qubit 4.0荧光计测定浓度。
将经电泳检测合格的PCR产物进行纯化与定量,随后构建SMRT Bell测序文库。利用SMRTbell Template Prep Kit建库试剂盒,对文库中的混合产物进行损伤修复、末端修复及接头连接等步骤。确保文库通过质量检查后,采用PacBio Sequel测序平台进行测序。利用QIIME(quantitative insights into microbial ecology)平台的软件进行下机数据处理[15],使用uclust工具将序列相似度大于或等于97%归为一个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTU),通过UNITE数据库注释代表OTU序列的物种信息,进一步对菌群结构进行统计。
使用电子鼻收集高温大曲的风味信息,该系统由10种金属氧化物传感器组成。在测试之前,称取15 g高温大曲样品于顶空瓶内,在室温下挥发1 h。仪器测试期间,气体进样流量120 mL/min,检测时间60 s,洗气时间200 s,用G/G0比值(其中G代表10个传感器对样品气体的响应电导,而G0则代表传感器在空气中的响应电导)对传感器的响应值进行评价,选取49、50和51 s 这3个时间点响应值的平均值作为样品的风味信息进行分析,每个样品测试3次。
使用电子舌收集高温大曲的滋味信息,该系统包含5个测试传感器和两个参比传感器。在测试之前,称取40 g高温大曲样品与160 mL纯水混匀后静置30 min,随后利用高速离心机在10000 r/min的条件下对混合物进行离心处理,时长为10 min,取得上清液后,通过快速滤纸进行过滤,以进一步纯化样品溶液[16]。仪器测试前,使用饱和KCl溶液对传感器进行活化(24 h),按照说明书进行安装后进行自检,通过后进行样品的测定,每个样品测定4次,取后3次稳定结果求取平均值后作为样品的滋味信息进行分析。
运用多元方差分析(multivariate analysis of variance,MANOVA)进行显著性分析;真菌群落α多样性以超1指数和香农指数表示,β多样性基于样本间的非加权UniFrac距离矩阵,采用主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA)进行降维处理和可视化分析,运用PERMANOVA比较组间差异;使用R软件包ggplot2,基于门、属和种水平分析微生物群落结构;采用R软件包venn diagram绘制基于种水平的韦恩图;采用R软件包waterfall绘制OTU瀑布图;使用MEGA 5.0进行OTU代表序列系统发育树的构建;使用R软件包microeco进行线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe),若某一分类单元的lg(LDA分数)大于2且Kruskal-Wallis检验的P<0.05,则该分类单元被视为具有显著差异的标记生物(biomarkers);采用R软件包igraph进行种间共现网络分析,筛选P<0.05的边;使用Canoco 5软件进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)揭示优势真菌种和品质指标之间的潜在关系。
两个地区高温大曲样本测序信息及α多样性指数结果如表1所示。
由表1可知,通过对18份高温大曲进行PacBio SMRT测序,共获得221087条高质量ITS序列,采集自泸州和济宁地区的高温大曲平均每个样本分别获得12368和12214条序列。对高质量序列进行聚类后,从所有样本中共鉴定出636个OTU,其中泸州地区样本的539个OTU平均被鉴定为5个门、12个纲、18个目、31个科、39个属和48个种,山东地区样本的407个OTU平均被鉴定为5个门、10个纲、14个目、21个科、27个属和32个种。相对来说,济宁地区高温大曲的分类单元数量小于泸州地区。经Mann-Whitney检验发现,两个地区高温大曲真菌群落的超1指数和香农指数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
本研究进一步对采集自不同地区的高温大曲群落组成特征进行分析,将平均相对含量>1%的物种定义为优势物种,结果如图1所示。
由图1(A)可知,在门分类水平,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)是纳入本研究两个地区高温大曲中最丰富的类群,在泸州和济宁地区样品中分别占比95.73%和89.89%。由图1(B)可知,在属分类水平,采集自济宁地区的高温大曲样品主要以嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、嗜热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)和马拉色菌属(Malassezia)为主,而采集自泸州地区的高温样品在此基础上又出现了另外两个优势物种囊菌属(Microascus)和短柄帚霉属(Scopulariopsis),平均相对含量分别为1.92%和1.15%。尽管两个地区大曲样品在优势微生物数量上存在差异,但是绝对优势物种均为Thermomyces,其在泸州和济宁地区高温大曲中的平均相对含量分别为46.22%和39.52%,其次为Aspergillus和Thermoascus,其在泸州地区高温大曲中的平均相对含量分别为25.12%和14.69%,在济宁地区高温大曲中的平均相对含量分别为24.39%和21.35%。由图1(C)可知,在种分类水平上,采集自济宁地区的高温大曲样品主要以疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)、多育曲霉(Aspergillus proliferans)、坚脆嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus crustaceus)、娜娜马拉色菌(Malassezia nana)和橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)为主,而采集自泸州地区的高温样品在此基础上又出现了4个优势真菌种黑曲霉(Aspergillus subversicolor)、短柄小囊菌(Microascus brevicaulis)、帚状曲霉(Aspergillus penicillioides)和短柄帚霉(Scopulariopsis flava),平均相对含量分别为2.76%、1.39%、1.19%和1.06%。在2个地区的5个共同优势真菌种中,Thermomyces lanuginosus占据绝对优势,其在泸州和济宁地区高温大曲中的平均相对含量分别为45.97%和39.50%。其次为Aspergillus proliferans和Thermoascus crustaceus,这2种真菌在泸州地区高温大曲中的平均相对含量分别为16.96%和11.96%,在济宁地区高温大曲中的平均相对含量分别为15.86%和11.76%。图1(D)显示了基于非加权UniFrac距离的真菌群落结构差异,结果显示在只考虑物种有无变化,不关注物种丰度的情况下,采集自两个地区的高温大曲样品真菌群落结构之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。然而基于种水平的分析可知,这两个地区的优势真菌种类在组成上大体相似,据此推测,导致上述群落结构显著差异的原因可能主要在于低丰度真菌种类之间的明显差异。图1(E)基于种水平的韦恩图结果亦证明,两个地区高温大曲样品之间物种组成上存在明显差异,其中有65个差异种在采集自泸州地区的样品中存在,而只有14个差异种在采集自济宁地区的样品中存在,该结果与样本测序信息结果一致。
本研究进一步在OTU水平上对两个地区高温大曲的真菌类群进行了分析,将在每个样品中均存在且平均相对含量>1%的OTU定义为核心优势OTU,其在采集自泸州和济宁地区的平均相对含量结果如图2所示。
由图2可知,采集自泸州地区的高温大曲样品中有7个核心优势OTU,分别为隶属于Thermomyces lanuginosus的OTU576,平均相对含量为43.16%,隶属于Thermoascus crustaceus的OTU652、OTU923和OTU1136,平均相对含量分别为2.54%、10.88%和1.04%,隶属于谢瓦曲霉(Aspergillus chevalieri)的OTU1314,平均相对含量为16.33%,隶属于可爱曲霉(Aspergillus amoenus)的OTU653,平均相对含量为2.54%,隶属于局限曲霉(Aspergillus restrictus)的OTU875,平均相对含量为2.18%。由图2亦可知,采集自济宁地区的高温大曲样品中有5个核心优势OTU,分别为OTU576、OTU1314、OTU923、OTU652和OTU875,平均相对含量分别为36.52%、15.30%、10.65%、7.90%和6.49%。进一步对核心类群进行分析发现,泸州和济宁地区共有的OTU是5个,且均以Thermomyces lanuginosus为核心物种,表明Thermomyces lanuginosus在高温大曲的发酵过程中可能起到了主要作用。进一步经Mann-Whitney检验发现,OTU652的平均相对含量在两个地区之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
为进一步分析两个地区高温大曲真菌菌群组成的差异,基于OTU数据通过LEfSe分析鉴定各地区样品中的标志微生物,结果如图3所示。
由图3可知,基于LEfSe分析(LDA评分在2以上),共筛选出35个存在显著差异的物种(P<0.05)。在种水平上,采集自泸州地区的高温大曲以Aspergillus subversicolor、脂节担菌(Wallemia sebi)、波兰青霉(Penicillium polonicum)、地霉双足囊菌(Dipodascus geotrichum)、嗜热栖热菌(Mycothermus thermophilus)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、Mortierella biramosa、普兰久浩酵母(Guehomyces pullulans)、Pseudeurotium hygrophilum、Lichtheimia ornata、疣孢青霉(Penicillium verruculosum)和伞状毛霉(Lichtheimia corymbifera)共12个特征类群显著富集。采集自济宁地区的高温大曲以Thermoascus aurantiacus、嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus)和Phialosimplex sclerotialis共3个特征类群显著富集。由此可见,纳入本研究的泸州和济宁地区高温大曲中均存在特征菌群,且泸州地区高温大曲的生物标志物数量明显高于济宁地区。
使用电子鼻分析不同地区高温大曲样品的整体风味,结果如图4所示。
由图4(A)可知,两个地区高温大曲的10个传感器的雷达图剖面显示了相似的信号,但是每个传感器对样本的响应不同。传感器W1W对高温大曲样品的总体气味具有最强的响应,具体而言,泸州地区的样品平均响应值为11.78,济宁地区的样品平均响应值为8.52,表明纳入本研究的高温大曲中含有较高水平的含硫化合物。其次为传感器W5S和W1S,W5S主要对氮氧化合物灵敏,W1S主要对甲烷等短链烷烃类物质灵敏,说明高温大曲样品中氮氧化合物和短链烷烃类物质含量亦较高。由图4(B)可知,采用PCA可以很好地区分两个地区的高温大曲样品,说明两者风味成分存在明显差异。其中采集自济宁地区的高温大曲样品分布在第一和第二象限,采集自泸州地区的高温大曲样品分布在第三和第四象限,相对离散。为进一步验证这一结论,本研究使用OPLS-DA方法来分析传感器响应值,如图4(C)所示,沿X轴2个地区高温大曲样品呈现分离趋势。MANOVA结果发现,传感器W6S、W1W和W2W的相对强度在两个地区高温大曲样品之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),具体表现为泸州地区高温大曲W2W和W1W的相对强度显著偏高,而W6S的相对强度显著偏低,说明采集自泸州地区高温大曲中芳香族成分和硫化物含量更高,而氢化物含量更低。由图4(D)可知,传感器W1W、W1S和W5S的VIP值>1,表明这3个传感器是区分纳入本研究两个地区高温大曲样品的潜在指标。
使用电子舌分析不同地区高温大曲样品的整体滋味,结果如图5所示。
由图5(A)可知,不同采样地区对高温大曲的风味特征具有显著影响,尤其是对丰度(鲜味的回味)的影响最大,在采集自泸州和济宁地区的高温大曲中,丰度的平均相对强度分别为9.10和2.96,两者之间的差值为6.14,其次为酸味和苦味,两个地区相对强度差值分别为4.00和2.01,表明地区差异同样明显影响高温大曲的酸味和苦味。而涩味、鲜味、咸味、后味A(涩味的回味)和后味B(苦味的回味)的差值均小于1,据报道,即使两个样本之间存在差异,但如果两个样本相对强度的极端差值<1,则无法在感官上区分它们[17],由此可见泸州和济宁地区的高温大曲在涩味、鲜味、咸味、后味A和后味B上虽存在差异,但这些差异并不足以在感官上形成明显的区分。为进一步突出不同地区高温大曲滋味品质的差异,对电子舌传感器相对强度进行了PCA分析,由图5(B)可知,前两个主成分分别解释了总方差的49.23%和26.47%,说明PC1是最重要的变量,沿PC1可以观察到不同地区高温大曲之间相对分离。图5(C)进一步证明,采用OPLS-DA方法两个地区高温大曲样品能够有效地分离,说明地区因素对大曲风味特征的影响显著。MANOVA结果发现,传感器苦味和丰度的相对强度在两个地区高温大曲样品之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),具体表现为泸州地区高温大曲丰度的相对强度显著偏高,而苦味的相对强度显著偏低。由图5(D)可知,传感器丰度、酸味和苦味的VIP值>1,表明这3个传感器是区分纳入本研究两个地区高温大曲样品的潜在指标。
以18份不同高温大曲样品共同优势真菌种相对含量为响应变量,以大曲电子鼻和电子舌传感器相对强度为解释变量进行RDA分析,结果如图6(A)和(B)所示。由图6(A)和(B)可知,菌群与风味RDA轴1和轴2分别占总变异的29.28%和12.64%,菌群与滋味RDA轴1和轴2分别占总变异的25.78%和16.71%。根据RDA的中心原理和距离法则,高温大曲样品中的芳香类物质含量、咸味以及鲜味与Thermomyces lanuginosus和Thermoascus aurantiacus的含量呈正相关;短链烷烃类、乙醇、氮氧化合物和含硫化合物的含量、苦味以及苦味的回味与Aspergillus proliferans、Malassezia nana和Thermoascus crustaceus的含量呈正相关。由图6(C)可知,进一步的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,后味A的相对强度与Malassezia nana的含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.001)。
大曲微生物群落受原料、工艺及发酵环境的密切影响,直接导致微生物多样性和丰富度的不同。这种差异性的根源在于微生物类群对环境因子变化的响应存在差异,从而使微生物丰度分布呈现出明显的偏向性[4]。在本研究中,泸州地区高温大曲中富集了更多的适宜在25~28 ℃培养的霉菌和酵母菌,而济宁地区嗜热微生物显著富集,这种分布差异很可能是由于2个地区在制曲过程中温度控制的不同所导致的。发酵温度作为核心环境因子,成为筛选微生物的主要指标[18]。Deng等[19]的研究表明,低温和中温大曲中酵母菌的相对含量较高,而中高温和高温大曲更多地富集了耐热真菌。Xia等[20]的研究亦发现,中温大曲中伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia)显著富集,而高温大曲中Thermomyces显著富集。综上所述,在大曲的发酵过程中,温度是一个关键的驱动力,较高的温度能够消除不耐热的微生物,从而形成以耐热微生物为主的群落结构。基于此本文推测,相较于济宁地区,泸州地区高温大曲的制曲温度可能更低。
发酵环境的异质性促使发酵食品内生态位变化,这种变化进而驱动微生物群落结构的动态调整[21]。在此过程中,某些微生物能够灵活调整其生存策略,逐渐成为群落中的主导类群。在本研究中,尽管环境异质性显著影响了高温大曲的真菌群落结构,但Ascomycota始终是两个不同地区高温大曲中的第一大真菌门。作为最大的真菌类群,Ascomycota以分生孢子进行无性繁殖,这些孢子通常具备耐热、耐压和耐化学腐蚀的特性[22],使得Ascomycota在发酵温度较高的高温大曲环境中占据了绝对的优势地位。在种水平上,2类群中相对丰度最高的优势真菌种相同,均为Thermomyces lanuginosus、Aspergillus proliferans和Thermoascus crustaceus。Thermomyces lanuginosus以其嗜热特性和在工业酶制剂方面的广泛应用而著称,该菌种不仅能够在高温下稳定生长,还能在55~60 ℃的条件下维持稳定的酶活,被广泛应用于工业化生产α-半乳糖苷酶、β-木聚糖酶和葡糖淀粉酶等酶类[23],这些酶的最适温度通常与高温大曲的发酵顶温相近,进一步证明了Thermomyces lanuginosus在高温大曲发酵中的重要性。Aspergillus proliferans具有分泌纤维素酶的能力,该菌种能够在宽范围的温度和极低的水分活度下存活[24],因此在高温大曲严苛的发酵环境中也能生存。此外,祁智慧等[25]研究发现,Aspergillus proliferans是储藏期间稻谷的优势真菌群落之一,在高温大曲的制作过程中,为了增加发酵环境的疏松度和含氧量,增加界面作用,会在曲块的四周铺上稻谷[26],基于此本文推测Aspergillus proliferans很可能是通过环境进入曲块参与发酵。Thermoascus crustaceus是一类能在高温条件下生存的特殊真菌类群,其产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶因高木聚糖酶活性、低纤维素分解活性和低成本的特点而被广泛应用于果汁和饮料行业[27]。综上所述,尽管样品采集地不同的2组微生物群落结构存在显著差异,但它们的优势微生物却是一致的。这一特性为不同地区生产的同类型白酒既具有各自独特风味,又保持一致的主要香气特征提供了合理解释。
微生物群落支撑着大曲在白酒发酵中的核心功能,因此大曲质量的改善被视为白酒品质升级的关键环节。电子鼻检测结果显示,泸州地区高温大曲中芳香类化合物和硫化物含量显著偏高。微生物群落结构分析揭示,该地区高温大曲富集了更多酵母菌和霉菌,这些真菌作为水解酶的主要分泌者[28],不仅通过自身发酵产生风味物质,还能合成风味前体物质,从而提升大曲中芳香类物质的含量。同时,由于酵母菌在代谢过程中能将蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐等物质转化为挥发性硫化物[29],因此泸州地区高温大曲硫化物含量也显著偏高。电子舌结果显示,济宁地区高温大曲的酸味和苦味显著偏高。Luo等[30]的研究表明,温度与有机酸的代谢物含量呈现正相关,Deng等[19]也证明,随着温度的升高,大曲的酸度会显著增加。苦味则主要体现在糠醛、酪醇和杂醇油等物质上,这些物质的产生主要是由于高温的作用[31]。结合前期推测,纳入本研究的济宁地区酒厂高温大曲的制曲温度更高,因此其大曲的酸味和苦味相较于泸州地区更高。由此可见,环境因素与微生物群落共同影响着高温大曲代谢物的累积。然而,目前关于大曲风味和滋味品质对白酒品质的具体影响尚未形成统一的认识,因此,在后续的研究中,可以通过模拟发酵实验进行大曲风味和滋味对白酒品质影响的验证。
本研究通过对采集自泸州和济宁地区的高温大曲样品进行比较分析发现,虽然两个地区高温大曲的优势真菌种类相同,均以Thermomyces lanuginosus、Aspergillus proliferans和Thermoascus crustaceus为主,但在群落结构上存在显著差异。采集自泸州地区的高温大曲中富集了更多的霉菌和酵母菌,而济宁地区高温大曲嗜热微生物显著富集。此外,地区差异显著影响了高温大曲的挥发性风味和滋味,其中泸州地区高温大曲的芳香族成分、硫化物含量和鲜味的回味更高,济宁地区高温大曲的氢化物含量、酸味和苦味更高。本研究系统地揭示了2个地区的真菌组成和感官特征,为酱香型白酒的品质调控提升提供数据支撑。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020150
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
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    1湖北文理学院 酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053
    2湖北文理学院,湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
    3山东红太阳酒业集团有限公司技术中心,山东济宁 272499

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郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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