Article(id=1321170318723494209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921150140, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921150140, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921150140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921150140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=200, endPage=206, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170318945792322, articleId=1321170318723494209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Whole-Genome Sequencing Combined with Mass Spectrometry to Identify a Novel Bacteriocin BH19, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bacillus subtilis H19, which inhibits Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was selected as the research object. In order to further study the properties and activity of the bacteriocin produced by B. subtilis H19, the fermentation supernatant of B. subtilis H19 was purified by crude extraction, chromatography and HPLC. MALDI-TOF was used to identify the molecular weight of bacteriocin. Combined with the third generation molecular sequencing technology, the functional genes of B. subtilis H19 were annotated by COG database, GO database and KEGG metabolic pathway. The drug resistance genes were predicted by ARDB database. The bacteriocin synthesis gene cluster was analyzed by antiSMASH software. The results showed that the final purification of bacteriocin BH19 was 460.73 times, the specific activity reached 307692.31 AU/mg, and the molecular weight was 1042.00 Da. The total length of B. subtilis H19 genome was 3595203 bp. The gene function annotation found that B. subtilis H19 had a strong ability in amino acid and sugar transport and metabolism, and contained several key bacteriocin transporter ABC proteins. After analysis, there was no antibiotic resistance gene in the whole genome, and a total of six bacteriocin synthesis gene clusters were obtained. Gene cluster 2 was NRPS gene cluster with a molecular weight of 1036.34 Da, which was 99.46% similar to the results of mass spectrometry, and the homology between gene cluster 2 and surfactin produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was low, which was 82.00%. In conclusion, bacteriocin BH19 may be a new type of bacteriocin produced by B. subtilis H19. This study provides a reference for the development and application of B. subtilis H19 and its bacteriocin BH19 in the field of natural preservatives.

, authors=Yongqi YANG1, Huojian ZHENG1, Qin WANG2, Yanli HAO1, Yanyan LI1, Cancan QI1, Liping WANG1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Yongqi YANG, Huojian ZHENG, Qin WANG, Yanli HAO, Yanyan LI, Cancan QI, Liping WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liping WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170322213155154, articleId=1321170318723494209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基因组测序结合质谱技术挖掘鉴定新型细菌素BH19, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以具有抑制副溶血性弧菌作用的枯草芽孢杆菌H19(Bacillus subtilis H19,B. subtilis H19)为研究对象,为进一步研究其所产细菌素的性质和活性,将B. subtilis H19发酵上清液经粗提、层析以及高效液相纯化细菌素,MALDI-TOF鉴定分子量,并结合第三代分子测序技术,通过COG数据库,GO数据库以及KEGG代谢途径注释B. subtilis H19的功能基因,ARDB数据库预测耐药基因,antiSMASH软件分析细菌素合成基因簇。结果显示,细菌素BH19最终纯化460.73倍,比活性达到307692.31 AU/mg,分子量为1042.00 Da。B. subtilis H19基因组总长度为3595203 bp,基因功能注释发现H19具有较强的氨基酸和糖转运代谢能力,并含有多个细菌素关键转运蛋白ABC蛋白。经分析,全基因组中不存在抗生素耐药性基因,共获得了6个细菌素合成基因簇,其中基因簇2为NRPS类基因簇,分子量为1036.34 Da,与质谱结果相似度达到99.46%,且基因簇2与解淀粉芽孢杆菌产生的表面活性素(Surfactin)同源性较低,为82.00%。综上所述,细菌素BH19可能为B. subtilis H19产生的一种新型细菌素,该研究为B. subtilis H19及其所产细菌素BH19在天然防腐剂领域的开发和应用提供参考。

, authors=杨永琪1, 郑火建1, 王琴2, 郝彦利1, 李艳艳1, 齐灿灿1, 汪立平1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=杨永琪, 郑火建, 王琴, 郝彦利, 李艳艳, 齐灿灿, 汪立平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪立平, authorNote=

杨永琪(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:益生菌及其代谢产物,E-mail:

郑火建(1996−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:益生菌及其代谢产物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
汪立平(1968−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:益生菌、益生元及传统发酵食品,E-mail:。
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3Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
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Purification of bacteriocin produced by B. subtilis H19

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纯化步骤体积(mL)总蛋白(mg)总活性(AU)比活性(AU/mg)纯化
倍数
回收率(%)
培养上清液1000.002830.001.89×106667.841.00100
硫酸铵沉淀200.00496.401.62×1063264.504.8985.71
Sephadex G-50
柱层析
92.00118.909.42×1057922.6211.8749.84
DEAE-52
柱层析
33.0027.007.46×10527629.6341.3739.47
C18反相高效
液相色谱法
5.001.304.00×105307692.31460.7321.16
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枯草芽孢杆菌H19所产细菌素的纯化结果

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纯化步骤体积(mL)总蛋白(mg)总活性(AU)比活性(AU/mg)纯化
倍数
回收率(%)
培养上清液1000.002830.001.89×106667.841.00100
硫酸铵沉淀200.00496.401.62×1063264.504.8985.71
Sephadex G-50
柱层析
92.00118.909.42×1057922.6211.8749.84
DEAE-52
柱层析
33.0027.007.46×10527629.6341.3739.47
C18反相高效
液相色谱法
5.001.304.00×105307692.31460.7321.16
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B. subtilis H19 bacteriocin synthesis gene cluster

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基因簇名称基因簇类型基因
数量
最相似的
已知基因簇
分子量(Da)同源性(%)
Cluster 1Sactipeptide-Head_to_tail25Sporulation killing factor skfA2150.00100
Cluster 2NRPS46Surfactin1036.3482
Cluster 11Nrps-Transatpks-Otherks53Bacillaene582.50100
Cluster 12NRPS42Fengycin1463.71100
Cluster 19NRPS45Bacillibactin882.78100
Cluster 24Sactipeptide-Head_to_tail21Subtilosin A3398.90100
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枯草芽孢杆菌 H19细菌素合成基因簇

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基因簇名称基因簇类型基因
数量
最相似的
已知基因簇
分子量(Da)同源性(%)
Cluster 1Sactipeptide-Head_to_tail25Sporulation killing factor skfA2150.00100
Cluster 2NRPS46Surfactin1036.3482
Cluster 11Nrps-Transatpks-Otherks53Bacillaene582.50100
Cluster 12NRPS42Fengycin1463.71100
Cluster 19NRPS45Bacillibactin882.78100
Cluster 24Sactipeptide-Head_to_tail21Subtilosin A3398.90100
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基因组测序结合质谱技术挖掘鉴定新型细菌素BH19
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杨永琪 1 , 郑火建 1 , 王琴 2 , 郝彦利 1 , 李艳艳 1 , 齐灿灿 1 , 汪立平 1, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(3): 200-206
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (3) : 200 -206
基因组测序结合质谱技术挖掘鉴定新型细菌素BH19
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3农业部水产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,上海 201306
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杨永琪1 , 郑火建1 , 王琴2, 郝彦利1, 李艳艳1, 齐灿灿1, 汪立平1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
  • 2克拉玛依绿成农业开发有限责任公司,新疆克拉玛依 834000
  • 3农业部水产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,上海 201306
  • 4上海海洋大学食品热加工工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
通讯作者:
汪立平(1968−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:益生菌、益生元及传统发酵食品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨永琪(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:益生菌及其代谢产物,E-mail:

郑火建(1996−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:益生菌及其代谢产物,E-mail:

Whole-Genome Sequencing Combined with Mass Spectrometry to Identify a Novel Bacteriocin BH19
Yongqi YANG1 , Huojian ZHENG1 , Qin WANG2, Yanli HAO1, Yanyan LI1, Cancan QI1, Liping WANG1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Karamay Lvcheng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Karamay 834000, China
  • 3Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020283
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以具有抑制副溶血性弧菌作用的枯草芽孢杆菌H19(Bacillus subtilis H19,B. subtilis H19)为研究对象,为进一步研究其所产细菌素的性质和活性,将B. subtilis H19发酵上清液经粗提、层析以及高效液相纯化细菌素,MALDI-TOF鉴定分子量,并结合第三代分子测序技术,通过COG数据库,GO数据库以及KEGG代谢途径注释B. subtilis H19的功能基因,ARDB数据库预测耐药基因,antiSMASH软件分析细菌素合成基因簇。结果显示,细菌素BH19最终纯化460.73倍,比活性达到307692.31 AU/mg,分子量为1042.00 Da。B. subtilis H19基因组总长度为3595203 bp,基因功能注释发现H19具有较强的氨基酸和糖转运代谢能力,并含有多个细菌素关键转运蛋白ABC蛋白。经分析,全基因组中不存在抗生素耐药性基因,共获得了6个细菌素合成基因簇,其中基因簇2为NRPS类基因簇,分子量为1036.34 Da,与质谱结果相似度达到99.46%,且基因簇2与解淀粉芽孢杆菌产生的表面活性素(Surfactin)同源性较低,为82.00%。综上所述,细菌素BH19可能为B. subtilis H19产生的一种新型细菌素,该研究为B. subtilis H19及其所产细菌素BH19在天然防腐剂领域的开发和应用提供参考。

枯草芽孢杆菌  /  细菌素  /  分离纯化  /  质谱  /  全基因组测序

Bacillus subtilis H19, which inhibits Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was selected as the research object. In order to further study the properties and activity of the bacteriocin produced by B. subtilis H19, the fermentation supernatant of B. subtilis H19 was purified by crude extraction, chromatography and HPLC. MALDI-TOF was used to identify the molecular weight of bacteriocin. Combined with the third generation molecular sequencing technology, the functional genes of B. subtilis H19 were annotated by COG database, GO database and KEGG metabolic pathway. The drug resistance genes were predicted by ARDB database. The bacteriocin synthesis gene cluster was analyzed by antiSMASH software. The results showed that the final purification of bacteriocin BH19 was 460.73 times, the specific activity reached 307692.31 AU/mg, and the molecular weight was 1042.00 Da. The total length of B. subtilis H19 genome was 3595203 bp. The gene function annotation found that B. subtilis H19 had a strong ability in amino acid and sugar transport and metabolism, and contained several key bacteriocin transporter ABC proteins. After analysis, there was no antibiotic resistance gene in the whole genome, and a total of six bacteriocin synthesis gene clusters were obtained. Gene cluster 2 was NRPS gene cluster with a molecular weight of 1036.34 Da, which was 99.46% similar to the results of mass spectrometry, and the homology between gene cluster 2 and surfactin produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was low, which was 82.00%. In conclusion, bacteriocin BH19 may be a new type of bacteriocin produced by B. subtilis H19. This study provides a reference for the development and application of B. subtilis H19 and its bacteriocin BH19 in the field of natural preservatives.

Bacillus subtilis  /  bacteriocin  /  isolation and purification  /  mass spectrometry  /  whole genome sequencing
杨永琪, 郑火建, 王琴, 郝彦利, 李艳艳, 齐灿灿, 汪立平. 基因组测序结合质谱技术挖掘鉴定新型细菌素BH19. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 200 -206 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020283
Yongqi YANG, Huojian ZHENG, Qin WANG, Yanli HAO, Yanyan LI, Cancan QI, Liping WANG. Whole-Genome Sequencing Combined with Mass Spectrometry to Identify a Novel Bacteriocin BH19[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 200 -206 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020283
副溶血性弧菌是一种常见于海洋、河口和沿海环境的革兰氏阴性嗜盐细菌[1],它的极地鞭毛有助于附着在各种表面,包括鱼类、贝类、浮游动物和悬浮颗粒物质。该致病菌可通过生食或未煮熟的海产品传播,引发食源性疾病(如胃肠炎及细菌性食物中毒)[2],其导致的公共卫生问题已呈现全球化趋势[3]。此外,随着我国水产养殖业的快速发展,副溶血性弧菌也感染着水产养殖动物,导致渔业经济的衰退。目前,针对副溶血性弧菌引起的生物疾病,治疗主要依赖于包括多西环素或喹诺酮在内的抗生素[4],但抗生素的过度使用和误用导致世界范围内出现越来越多的副溶血性弧菌耐药菌株,抗性基因的水平基因转移(Horizontal gene transfer,HGT)和全球气候变化的加速影响更助长了抗性菌株的扩散[5]。对于受副溶血性弧菌污染的海产品,通常使用的杀菌方法是热处理,但是这种方法影响了食品本身的感官特性[6],并会造成营养流失。在这种情况下,使用天然或添加的微生物群和/或其抗菌化合物来提高食品安全,其中,芽孢杆菌属产生的细菌素(Antimicrobial peptide,AMP)因其对耐药病原体产生广泛的抗菌作用,被视为抗生素的潜在替代品[7]。
细菌素是存在于自然界中不同生命形式的小蛋白质,可对微生物感染产生防御作用。芽孢杆菌产生的细菌素分为核糖体生物合成肽和非核糖体生物合成肽[8],核糖体生物合成肽包括Subtilin、Coagulin、Entomocin 9、Cereulide和Bacillopeptidase DJ-2等,非核糖体生物合成肽包括Brevibacillin,Brevicillin、Surfactin、Iturins和Fengycin等[9]。关于芽孢杆菌细菌素抗菌机制的研究报告中,膜损伤机制一直是主要理论,人们发现枯草芽孢杆菌脂肽DSM 10通过破坏细胞和抑制生物膜形成,对维罗尼气单胞菌JCM 7375具有显著的抑制作用[10]。因其广泛且有效的抑菌活性,目前已经应用于制药、环境保护、食品保鲜和农业生物防治等多个领域[11]。虽然国内外对于细菌素的研究众多,然而针对副溶血性弧菌抑制作用的研究仍显不足。随着近年来由该致病菌引发的食源性疾病在全球范围内呈现显著上升趋势,开发具有靶向抑制作用的新型细菌素抑制剂,不仅对保障食品安全具有现实意义,更在控制多重耐药性病原菌传播方面展现出重要科研价值,现已成为食品微生物安全领域亟待解决的重要课题。
本研究以前期筛选得到具有抗副溶血性弧菌的枯草芽孢杆菌H19为研究对象,采用溶解性强,成本低的硫酸铵沉淀结合层析法纯化细菌素,通过MALDI-TOF鉴定细菌素分子量,结合生物信息学方法研究该菌株的全基因组。从基因水平上了解菌株基因的信息及预测功能,进而挖掘出细菌素合成基因簇,为开发和利用优良芽孢杆菌产细菌素提供科学依据。
枯草芽孢杆菌H19(Bacillus subtilis H19) 分离自上海浦东新区临港海域海水;副溶血性弧菌ATCC17802(Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC17802) 美国典型微生物菌种保藏中心(ATCC);PBS缓冲液、NaCl、葡萄糖、酵母浸膏、L-苯丙氨酸、L-谷氨酸、KCl、MnSO4、KH2PO4、CuSO4·5H2O、FeSO4·7H2O、MgSO4·7H2O、三氟乙酸 色谱纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;Sephadex G-50 GE healthcare公司;DEAE纤维素-52 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;乙腈 色谱纯,上海安普科技公司。
MINFACT04型真空冷冻干燥机 英国BOC EDWARDS公司;DHL-A型恒流泵 上海沪西分析仪器厂有限公司;层析柱(16×500 mm) 上海同兴玻璃仪器商城;Cosmosil 5C18-AR-II型C18色谱柱 苏州麦可旺志生物技术有限公司;CR21G型高速冷冻离心机 日立产机系统中国有限公司;LC-15C型高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津仪器有限公司。
将B. subtilis H19以3%接种于Landy液体培养基中,150 r/min、37 ℃摇床培养24 h。发酵结束后,将发酵液以4 ℃、8000 r/min离心15 min,经0.22 µm滤膜除菌,收集无细胞发酵上清液(Cell free supernatants,CFS)。按照Huang等[12]的方法,向CFS中加入硫酸铵,使饱和度达到60%,在4 ℃冰浴中缓慢搅拌4 h,于冰箱中静置12 h。最后在4 ℃下以10000 r/min离心30 min,将沉淀物悬浮于原菌液的1/10的磷酸盐缓冲液(25 mmol/L,pH7.0)中,得到细菌素粗提液[13]。
凝胶过滤层析根据Li等[14]的方法,将清洗后的Sephadex G-50填料加入1.6 cm×50 cm的玻璃柱中,使用25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH7.0)平衡3 h。将细菌素粗提液用适量超纯水溶出,用0.22 µm滤膜过滤,加载到层析柱上。流动相采用25 mmol/L,pH7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液,以0.5 min/mL的流速进行洗脱,2 min/管收集,并在220 nm处用紫外检测器检测洗脱峰,将有抑菌活性的组分真空冷冻干燥备用[15]。
根据Yi等[16]的方法,将清洗后的DEAE-52填料加入到1.6 cm×50 cm的玻璃柱中,使用25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH7.0)平衡3 h。将凝胶过滤的活性峰,用0.22 µm滤膜过滤,加载到层析柱上。以1 min/mL的流速进行NaCl(0、0.16、0.3、0.6 mol/L)洗脱,以2 min/管收集,并在220 nm处用紫外检测器检测洗脱峰,活性组分冷冻干燥后用于下一步纯化。
参考Li等[17]的方法并稍作修改,将经离子层析获得的活性组分经0.22 µm滤膜过滤后,用色谱柱Cos-mosil 5C18-AR-II(4.6 mmI.D.×250 mm,100 Å)加载到高效液相色谱(HPLC)中。样品用流动相A(Milli-Q纯水,含0.1% TFA)和流动相B(纯乙腈,含0.1% TFA),以0~5 min 70%A和30%B,5~20 min 40%A和60%B,20~25 min 0%A和100%B梯度洗脱,流速设为1 mL/min,柱温30 ℃;波长210 nm下检测。离子层析样液通过与C18固定相的强烈作用,使用增加有机相的方法进行选择性洗脱,洗脱出的各峰组分收集于离心管中,琼脂打孔法检测各组分的抑菌活性,具有抑菌活性的组分即为目标细菌素,从而实现最终纯化。
在细菌素各纯化阶段中,以V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802为指示菌,采用琼脂打孔法[18]测量抑菌圈直径(mm),用公式(1)计算抑菌活性(AU/mL)。使用BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度(mg/mL),总蛋白(mg)由公式(2)计算。总活性(AU)、比活性(AU/mg)、纯化倍数和回收率(%)分别见公式(3~6)。
$ {{\text{X}}_1} = \frac{{{\text{D}} \times {\text{1000}}}}{{{{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}}}} $
$\rm {M} = C \times {V_2} $
$\rm {{\text{X}}_{\text{2}}} = {X_1} \times {V_2} $
$ \rm {{\text{X}}_{\text{3}}} = \frac{{{X_2}}}{{\text{M}}} $
$ \rm 纯化倍数=\frac{{X}_{3}}{{A}_{0}} $
$ \rm 回收率({\text{%}})=\frac{{X}_{2}}{{B}_{0}} \times 100$
式中:X1为抑菌活性,AU/mL;D为抑菌圈直径,mm;V1为打孔时加入无细胞发酵上清液的体积,µL;M为总蛋白的质量,mg;C为蛋白浓度,mg/mL;V2为纯化过程中的收集液体积,mL;X2为总活性,AU;X3为比活性,AU/mg;A0为培养上清液中细菌素初始比活性,AU/mg;B0为培养上清液中细菌素初始总活性,AU。
将通过HPLC分离纯化获得的活性单峰样品送至上海复旦大学进行基质辅助激光解吸电离串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS)鉴定与分析[19]。具体操作为:将1 μL活性峰收集液滴加到MALDI靶板上,待其自然干燥后,再在其上点1 μL α-氰基-4-羟基肉桂酸基质溶液,随后在正离子模式下进行光谱分析[20−21]。将获得的肽段分子量与全基因组测序所预测的细菌素分子量进行对比分析,从而鉴定出B. subtilis H19产生的细菌素。
将B. subtilis H19接种于种子培养基,150 r/min,37 ℃培养至生长对数期,将发酵液以4 ℃,10000 r/min,离心20 min后取菌泥,确保DNA总量≥3 μg,浓度≥20 ng/nL,OD260/280=1.8~2.0,OD260/230=1.6~2.4。菌泥送往上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行全基因组测序[22]。
利用单分子测序技术建库,G-tubes将基因组DNA片段化,再连接环状单链,获得SMRT Bell结构,上机测序。原始数据质控,经低质量读数过滤、除去多个N碱基、适配器污染的reads后,得到高质量的测序reads。采用short-read基因组装软件SOAPdenovo 2.04[23]对整理后的数据从头组装,以获得最佳的组装结果。
使用原核生物基因预测软件Glimmer 3.02预测B.subtilis H19的基因。对蛋白序列功能注释的数据库主要包括:COG数据库、GO数据库和KEGG数据库,从而获得蛋白家族类别、进化谱系、分子功能、生物过程以及代谢途径等的基因注释信息[24]。ARDB数据库用于注释B. subtilis H19耐药性相关基因信息。antiSMASH软件用于挖掘序列中潜在的细菌素基因簇[25−26]。
使用Origin 9.0生成图表,所有实验均重复三次,结果表示为平均值±标准差。使用方差分析SPSS Version 22.0检验,P<0.05被认为具有显著性。
将通过硫酸铵沉淀法得到的细菌素粗提液加样于Sephadex G-50凝胶过滤层析柱上进行分离纯化,在UV220 nm检测下,共得到2个洗脱峰(图1)。以V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802为指示菌,琼脂打孔显示第46~54管的F2峰具有抑菌活性,比活性为7922.62 AU/mg,与培养上清液中的细菌素初始比活性相比,纯化11.87倍,将此峰冻干浓缩后用于下一步纯化。
用Sephadex G-50层析后的活性组分F2,装载到DEAE-52离子交换层析柱上洗脱(图2),在UV220 nm检测下,收集到3个洗脱峰,抑菌结果显示峰F2-2对V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802有抑制作用,比活性为27629.63 AU/mg,与培养上清液中的细菌素初始比活性相比,纯化41.37倍,将此峰冻干用于下一步纯化。OD值和抑菌活性不呈现完全的对应关系,高OD值峰F2-3可能由其他杂蛋白与细菌素共洗脱引起,这些杂质可能在220 nm处有较强吸光度,但缺乏抑菌活性。
阴离子交换层析后的活性组分F2-2浓缩后采用HPLC进行高度纯化。如图3,共得到4个洗脱峰,抑菌结果显示峰F2-2-3对V. parahaemolyticus ATCC17802有抑菌活性,比活性为307692.31 AU/mg,纯化460.73倍,整体回收率达21.16%,将此活性组分命名为细菌素BH19。
表1为B. subtilis H19所产细菌素的四步纯化结果。初始培养上清液的总蛋白为2830.00 mg,总活性为1.89×106 AU,比活性为667.84 AU/mg。经硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex G-50柱层析、DEAE-52柱层析和HPLC纯化后,最终总蛋白剩余1.30 mg,回收率21.16%,比活性高达307692.31 AU/mg,纯化倍数提升至460.73倍。整个流程在逐步去除杂蛋白的同时,总活性和回收率逐级下降,但比活性的指数级增长表明纯化效果显著,最终获得高纯度细菌素BH19。
细菌素BH19在MALDI的激光照射下将质子转移到生物分子或从生物分子得到质子,使细菌素电离,离子在电场作用下加速飞过飞行管道,结果如图4,TOF检测到目标峰即细菌素BH19的分子量为1042 Da。1042 Da的分子量表明BH19为小分子肽类细菌素[27],如Class II bacteriocin,可能通过膜穿孔或酶抑制发挥抑菌作用。质谱验证了其实际存在的分子量,后续进行的全基因组测序可以提供候选分子的理论信息,两者结合能够显著提升新型细菌素鉴定的准确性。
根据全基因组测序结果,B. subtilis H19的总基因长度为3595203 bp,包含4217个基因,平均长度为852.55 bp,基因密度为1.04 kp,基因区GC含量占总DNA的44.58%。此外,串联重复序列有25个,总长为6474 bp,占总DNA的0.16%。B. subtilis H19全基因组GenBank登录号为:QEQU00000000。
利用COG数据库对蛋白序列进行基因家族分类,并获得相应家族的功能描述信息。在该数据库中,共对B. subtilis H19的3124个基因进行了注释(见图5)。这些基因被分为22种功能类别,其中氨基酸代谢与转运相关基因数量最多,达到305个,占比9.8%;其次为碳水化合物转运与代谢基因,共278个,占比8.9%;无机离子转运与代谢基因有192个,占比6.1%。值得注意的是,H19具有较强的氨基酸和糖转运代谢能力,根据研究这可能会有助于细菌素合成前体物质[27]。
GO注释涵盖生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能三个方面,有助于揭示基因所代表的生物学功能。在该数据库中,共对B. subtilis H19的2711个基因进行了注释(见图6)。在生物过程(Biological process)方面,大量基因参与细胞过程和代谢过程;在细胞组分(Cellular component)方面,大多基因功能与组成细胞和细胞部分相关;在分子功能(Molecular function)方面,多数基因涉及结合和催化活性。此外,GO数据库还注释到跨膜转运蛋白以及与细菌素相关的ABC转运蛋白,这表明H19可能含有多种可通过跨膜运输的物质,包括细菌素。
通过KEGG数据库揭示B. subtilis H19的生物系统(如细胞、生物和生态系统)以及其基因的高级功能(如代谢途径、遗传信息传递)。在该数据库中共注释到了3431个基因,通过比对基因组序列与KEGG数据库中的参考基因,确定每个基因可能参与的生物通路,并按功能分类统计,结果如图7,共注释到178条KEGG通路,其中参与遗传信息处理(Genetic information processing)、人类疾病(Human diseases)、有机体系(Organismal systems)、细胞过程(Cellular processes)和代谢(Metabolism)的通路分别为25条、23条、17条、5条和108条。在次级代谢产物的生物合成代谢途径中,产生铁载体的非核糖体肽合成途径总计6个基因得到注释,为entA、entB、entC、entE、menF和dhbF,非核糖体肽结构途径总计9个基因得到注释,为srfAA、srfAB、srfAC、fenB、fenA、fenE、fenD、fenC和E5.1.1.13。在ABC转运蛋白代谢途径中和氨基酸生物合成代谢途径中,分别注释到了138个和119个基因,这为细菌素生产、转运和释放提供了基础。上述结果表明,B. subtilis H19可能具有细菌素的合成与分泌能力,具备作为产细菌素菌株的潜在能力[25,27]。
根据B. subtilis H19基因组与综合抗生素耐药性ARDB数据库比对,获得与耐药性分子基础相关的基因。结果发现,在B. subtilis H19的全基因组序列中,未发现与ARDB数据库中已收录的抗性基因有相似性的基因序列。这表明B. subtilis H19的全基因组中不存在抗生素抗性基因,可以作为抗生素的优良替代品。
antiSMASH软件分析了B. subtilis H19的scaffold序列,预测出6个细菌素相关的合成基因簇(见表2),具体包括2个核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽(Sactipeptide)类型和4个非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)类型,占总预测基因簇的22.2%,这些类型符合已报道[28]枯草芽孢杆菌产生的细菌素类型。在B. subtilis H19基因组编码的6个细菌素基因簇中,Cluster 1与枯草芽孢杆菌的孢子杀伤因子(Sporulation killing factor skfA)基因簇具有100%的同源性;Cluster 2与解淀粉芽孢杆菌的表面活性素(Surfactin)[29]合成基因簇同源性为82%;Cluster 11与解淀粉芽孢杆菌的Bacillaene合成基因簇同源性为100%;Cluster 12与解淀粉芽孢杆菌的丰原素(Fengycin)[30]合成基因簇同源性为100%;Cluster 19与枯草芽孢杆菌的杆菌素(Bacillibactin)合成基因簇同源性为100%;Cluster 24与枯草芽孢杆菌的Subtilosin A合成基因簇同源性为100%。
值得注意的是,Cluster 2的分子量为1036.34 Da,与MALDI-TOF结果基本一致,相似率为99.46%,与纯化后唯一具有抑菌活性的峰对应,但其与Surfactin[31]的同源性较低,表明B. subtilis H19可能产生了一种新型的细菌素BH19,未来可通过基因敲除等手段进一步验证。其余挖掘到的细菌素基因簇,可能由于处在沉默状态而未被表达,在纯化阶段没有体现抑菌活性。
本研究通过硫酸铵沉淀结合多步层析技术,成功纯化出一种新型细菌素BH19,其比活性达307692.31 AU/mg,纯化倍数达460.73倍,展现出显著抑菌性能,MALDI-TOF鉴定了该细菌素的分子量为1042.00 Da。结合全基因组测序分析,B. subtilis H19中共发现6个抗细菌素基因簇,其中Cluster 2的分子量与质谱鉴定结果基本一致,且与Surfactin家族同源性较低,表明其可能产生了一种新型细菌素。然而,Cluster 2与BH19合成的直接关系仍需通过基因敲除或异源表达等实验进一步验证。此外,ARDB数据库比对显示该菌株无已知抗生素耐药基因,证明其生物安全性。综上,BH19的抑菌效能与安全性为其在食品防腐及抗生素替代领域的应用提供了初步依据,后续还需明确其完整结构、氨基酸序列及合成机制,以推动开发进程。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020283
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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    1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
    2克拉玛依绿成农业开发有限责任公司,新疆克拉玛依 834000
    3农业部水产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,上海 201306
    4上海海洋大学食品热加工工程技术研究中心,上海 201306

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汪立平(1968−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:益生菌、益生元及传统发酵食品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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