Article(id=1321170314583720030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738857600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921149154, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921149154, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921149154, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921149154, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=232, endPage=243, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170314810212447, articleId=1321170314583720030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation Technology of Liquid Black Garlic by Synergistic Fermentation of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: The preparation of liquid black garlic by lactic acid bacteria cooperative fermentation and the analysis of aroma components were studied. Methods: Fresh garlic was subjected to high-temperature enzyme inactivation at 180 ℃, then crushed and mixed with water. Different proportions of composite lactic acid bacteria were added for fermentation for a certain period of time. Liquid black garlic was prepared by high-temperature reaction at 80 ℃. The degree of browning, reducing sugar, total phenols, total acids, amino acid nitrogen content and DPPH·, ·OH scavenging rate were measured every two days using liquid black garlic (KB1、KB2) without bacterial fermentation as a reference, and the optimum conditions for preparing liquid black garlic were studied under the fermentation of complex lactic acid bacteria in different proportions, and the aroma components of liquid black garlic under these conditions were analyzed. Results: The best preparation conditions for liquid black garlic were determined as follows: The fermentation time was 9 min, the mass ratio of lactic acid bacteria S (Streptococcus thermophilus):B (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) was 3:1, and the maturation standard of black garlic was reached at 13 d. Under the same conditions, KB1 was used as the standard. At this time, the reducing sugar content was 1.20 times, the total phenol content was 1.82 times, the total acid content was 1.36 times, and the amino acid nitrogen was 1.21 times. DPPH· clearance and ·OH clearance were 1.37 times and 1.34 times, respectively. Compared with single lactic acid bacteria S and B, the thermal reaction was shortened by 2 d and 5 d, respectively. The analysis of aroma components showed that, compared with KB1, the content of thioether in liquid black garlic co-fermented by strains decreased by 54.17%, while the volatile aroma components of aldehydes and furan compounds increased by 47.98% and 6.18% respectively. The liquid black garlic basically had no garlic odor, and the aroma acceptability was better, with a sensory score of 91.38±0.98 points. Conclusion: The fermentation of liquid black garlic by complex lactic acid bacteria has a synergistic effect and can shorten the thermal reaction of black garlic, which has a good application prospect in the development and research of black garlic.

, authors=Qingchao JIA1, 2, Huanhuan GU1, Huiyan ZHANG2, *, Yingying BAN2, authorsList=Qingchao JIA, Huanhuan GU, Huiyan ZHANG, Yingying BAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huiyan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170318081769584, articleId=1321170314583720030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜技术研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:本文以新鲜大蒜为原料,研究乳酸菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜技术及对其香气成分进行分析。方法:将新鲜大蒜经180 ℃高温灭酶,并破碎、加水,加入不同比例复合乳酸菌发酵一定时间,于80 ℃高温热反应制备液态黑蒜,以未加菌种发酵的液态黑蒜(KB1、KB2)为参照,每隔2 d测定其褐变程度、还原糖、总酚、总酸、氨基酸态氮含量及DPPH·、·OH清除率,研究在不同比例复合乳酸菌发酵作用下,制备液态黑蒜的最佳条件,并对此条件下的液态黑蒜进行香气成分分析。结果:液态黑蒜最佳制备条件为:灭酶时间9 min,乳酸菌质量比例嗜热链球菌(S):保加利亚乳杆菌(B)为3:1,热反应13 d达到黑蒜成熟标准,以相同条件下KB1为参照,此时还原糖含量为其1.20倍,总酚含量为其1.82倍,总酸含量为其1.36倍,氨基酸态氮为其1.21倍,DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率分别为其1.37、1.34倍。相对单一乳酸菌S和B,发酵时间分别缩短2 d和5 d。香气成分分析表明,相对KB1,菌种协同发酵的液态黑蒜硫醚类物质含量降低54.17%,醛类、呋喃类挥发性香气成分分别增加47.98%和6.18%,液态黑蒜基本没有蒜臭味,香气可接受度更好,感官评分为91.38±0.98分。结论:复合乳酸菌发酵制备液态黑蒜具有协同作用,可缩短黑蒜成熟时间,在黑蒜开发研究中具有良好应用前景。

, authors=贾庆超1, 2, 谷焕焕1, 张辉艳2, *, 班莹莹2, authorsList=贾庆超, 谷焕焕, 张辉艳, 班莹莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张辉艳, authorNote=

贾庆超(1981−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:生物发酵制品研究,E-mail:

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张辉艳(1981−),女,本科,工程师,研究方向:天然营养素开发研究,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2019, 40(22): 256−262., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170318325039217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170318333427826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, companyId=1321170318325039217, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Food Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170318341816435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, companyId=1321170318325039217, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1郑州科技学院食品科学与工程学院,河南郑州 450000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170318417313908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170318429896821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, companyId=1321170318417313908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Zhengzhou Ruipu Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170318442479734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, companyId=1321170318417313908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2郑州瑞普生物工程有限公司,河南郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170321869226134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of thermal reaction times on browning degree of black garlic, figureFileSmall=ddzMOY9bcdDPyvzd9FN7Zg==, figureFileBig=WUTePlh0bePwFqxbp6W41Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170321961500823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, language=CN, label=图1, caption=热反应时间对黑蒜褐变程度的影响

注:a:灭酶9 min;b:灭酶10 min;图2~图7同。

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注:a、菌种比例S:B=3:1;b、KB。

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Comparison of liquid black garlic indicators under three preparation conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比指标灭酶时间
(min)
菌种添加量
(%)
黑蒜成熟时间
(d)
褐变程度还原糖含量
(g/100 g)
总酸含量
(g/kg)
氨基酸态氮含量
(g/100 g)
总酚含量
(mg/g)
DPPH·清除率
(%)
·OH清除率
(%)
菌种S951560.92±1.47a45.72±0.85a37.26±0.76b7.51±0.19a9.77±0.32a66.58±1.75a65.14±1.14a
菌种B1061862.49±1.13b44.61±0.58a48.48±0.66a7.79±0.25a8.78±0.19b66.92±1.27a65.97±0.98a
S:B为3:1951360.10±1.12c37.90±0.52b36.71±0.70b7.39±0.22a8.67±0.17b64.33±1.44a61.97±1.10b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170323253346471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三种制备条件下液态黑蒜指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比指标灭酶时间
(min)
菌种添加量
(%)
黑蒜成熟时间
(d)
褐变程度还原糖含量
(g/100 g)
总酸含量
(g/kg)
氨基酸态氮含量
(g/100 g)
总酚含量
(mg/g)
DPPH·清除率
(%)
·OH清除率
(%)
菌种S951560.92±1.47a45.72±0.85a37.26±0.76b7.51±0.19a9.77±0.32a66.58±1.75a65.14±1.14a
菌种B1061862.49±1.13b44.61±0.58a48.48±0.66a7.79±0.25a8.78±0.19b66.92±1.27a65.97±0.98a
S:B为3:1951360.10±1.12c37.90±0.52b36.71±0.70b7.39±0.22a8.67±0.17b64.33±1.44a61.97±1.10b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170323324649640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of aroma components of liquid black garlic with a strain ratio of S:B=3:1 and KB

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号名称英文分子式菌种比例S:B=3:1KB
保留时间(min)相对含量(%)保留时间(min)相对含量(%)
1丙烯PropyleneC3H64.394.45±0.11a4.155.77±0.12b
2乙醇EthanolC2H6O7.126.71±0.15a7.385.15±0.10b
3二烯丙基硫醚Diallyl sulfideC6H10S14.042.62±0.07a13.880.54±0.03b
4烯丙基甲基二硫醚Allyl methyl disulfideC4H8S221.420.21±0.01a21.064.07±0.06b
52-辛酮2-OctanoneC8H16O21.610.38±0.02a21.374.21±0.08
6乙酸Acetic acidC2H4O232.9624.87±1.18a33.026.78±0.27b
7丙烯醇PropenolC3H6O13.210.73±0.05//
8羟基丙酮HydroxyacetoneC3H6O222.830.76±0.03//
9糠醛FurfuralC5H4O234.0119.43±0.85//
102-乙酰基呋喃2-AcetylfuranC6H6O236.306.18±0.36//
11苯甲醛BenzaldehydeC7H6O37.254.28±0.68//
12丙酸Propionic acidC3H6O238.060.44±0.06//
135-甲基糠醛5-MethylfurfuralC6H6O239.9624.27±0.21//
14烯丙基三硫醚Allyl trisulfideC6H10S340.550.79±0.06//
15丙基烯丙基三硫醚Propyl allyl trisulfideC6H12S341.262.59±0.22//
164-甲基三硫杂环己烷4-Methyl trisulfide cyclohexaneC4H5S347.280.58±0.06//
173,4-二甲基噻吩3,4-DimethylthiopheneC6H8S//19.470.82±0.03
18三甲基二硫TrimethyldisulfideC3H8S2//28.190.15±0.02
19(E)-1-Allyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)disulfane(E)-1-Allyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)C6H10S2//33.688.08±0.65
20二烯丙基二硫醚Diallyl DisulfideC6H10S2//35.2147.94±1.85
213H-1,2二硫杂环戊二烯3H-1,2-DithiocyclopentadieneC3H2S3//37.246.13±0.67
22甲基烯丙基三硫醚Methyl allyl trisulfideC4H8S3//40.513.25±0.11
231,2-二甲氧基苯1,2-DimethoxybenzeneC8H10O2//46.750.23±0.03
243-乙烯基-3,6-二氢二噻因3-Vinyl-3,6-dihydrodithioinC6H8OS2//47.202.28±0.07
25二烯丙基三硫醚Diallyl trisulfideC6H10S3//49.364.58±0.18
262-辛醇2-OctanolC8H18O////
), ArticleFig(id=1321170323412730025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170314583720030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌种比例为S:B=3:1及KB的液态黑蒜香气成分组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号名称英文分子式菌种比例S:B=3:1KB
保留时间(min)相对含量(%)保留时间(min)相对含量(%)
1丙烯PropyleneC3H64.394.45±0.11a4.155.77±0.12b
2乙醇EthanolC2H6O7.126.71±0.15a7.385.15±0.10b
3二烯丙基硫醚Diallyl sulfideC6H10S14.042.62±0.07a13.880.54±0.03b
4烯丙基甲基二硫醚Allyl methyl disulfideC4H8S221.420.21±0.01a21.064.07±0.06b
52-辛酮2-OctanoneC8H16O21.610.38±0.02a21.374.21±0.08
6乙酸Acetic acidC2H4O232.9624.87±1.18a33.026.78±0.27b
7丙烯醇PropenolC3H6O13.210.73±0.05//
8羟基丙酮HydroxyacetoneC3H6O222.830.76±0.03//
9糠醛FurfuralC5H4O234.0119.43±0.85//
102-乙酰基呋喃2-AcetylfuranC6H6O236.306.18±0.36//
11苯甲醛BenzaldehydeC7H6O37.254.28±0.68//
12丙酸Propionic acidC3H6O238.060.44±0.06//
135-甲基糠醛5-MethylfurfuralC6H6O239.9624.27±0.21//
14烯丙基三硫醚Allyl trisulfideC6H10S340.550.79±0.06//
15丙基烯丙基三硫醚Propyl allyl trisulfideC6H12S341.262.59±0.22//
164-甲基三硫杂环己烷4-Methyl trisulfide cyclohexaneC4H5S347.280.58±0.06//
173,4-二甲基噻吩3,4-DimethylthiopheneC6H8S//19.470.82±0.03
18三甲基二硫TrimethyldisulfideC3H8S2//28.190.15±0.02
19(E)-1-Allyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)disulfane(E)-1-Allyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)C6H10S2//33.688.08±0.65
20二烯丙基二硫醚Diallyl DisulfideC6H10S2//35.2147.94±1.85
213H-1,2二硫杂环戊二烯3H-1,2-DithiocyclopentadieneC3H2S3//37.246.13±0.67
22甲基烯丙基三硫醚Methyl allyl trisulfideC4H8S3//40.513.25±0.11
231,2-二甲氧基苯1,2-DimethoxybenzeneC8H10O2//46.750.23±0.03
243-乙烯基-3,6-二氢二噻因3-Vinyl-3,6-dihydrodithioinC6H8OS2//47.202.28±0.07
25二烯丙基三硫醚Diallyl trisulfideC6H10S3//49.364.58±0.18
262-辛醇2-OctanolC8H18O////
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保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜技术研究
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贾庆超 1, 2 , 谷焕焕 1 , 张辉艳 2, * , 班莹莹 2
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(3): 232-243
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (3) : 232 -243
保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜技术研究
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贾庆超(1981−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:生物发酵制品研究,E-mail:

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贾庆超1, 2 , 谷焕焕1, 张辉艳2, * , 班莹莹2
作者信息
  • 1郑州科技学院食品科学与工程学院,河南郑州 450000
  • 2郑州瑞普生物工程有限公司,河南郑州 450001
通讯作者:
张辉艳(1981−),女,本科,工程师,研究方向:天然营养素开发研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

贾庆超(1981−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:生物发酵制品研究,E-mail:

Preparation Technology of Liquid Black Garlic by Synergistic Fermentation of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
Qingchao JIA1, 2 , Huanhuan GU1, Huiyan ZHANG2, * , Yingying BAN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2Zhengzhou Ruipu Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010286
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目的:本文以新鲜大蒜为原料,研究乳酸菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜技术及对其香气成分进行分析。方法:将新鲜大蒜经180 ℃高温灭酶,并破碎、加水,加入不同比例复合乳酸菌发酵一定时间,于80 ℃高温热反应制备液态黑蒜,以未加菌种发酵的液态黑蒜(KB1、KB2)为参照,每隔2 d测定其褐变程度、还原糖、总酚、总酸、氨基酸态氮含量及DPPH·、·OH清除率,研究在不同比例复合乳酸菌发酵作用下,制备液态黑蒜的最佳条件,并对此条件下的液态黑蒜进行香气成分分析。结果:液态黑蒜最佳制备条件为:灭酶时间9 min,乳酸菌质量比例嗜热链球菌(S):保加利亚乳杆菌(B)为3:1,热反应13 d达到黑蒜成熟标准,以相同条件下KB1为参照,此时还原糖含量为其1.20倍,总酚含量为其1.82倍,总酸含量为其1.36倍,氨基酸态氮为其1.21倍,DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率分别为其1.37、1.34倍。相对单一乳酸菌S和B,发酵时间分别缩短2 d和5 d。香气成分分析表明,相对KB1,菌种协同发酵的液态黑蒜硫醚类物质含量降低54.17%,醛类、呋喃类挥发性香气成分分别增加47.98%和6.18%,液态黑蒜基本没有蒜臭味,香气可接受度更好,感官评分为91.38±0.98分。结论:复合乳酸菌发酵制备液态黑蒜具有协同作用,可缩短黑蒜成熟时间,在黑蒜开发研究中具有良好应用前景。

液态黑蒜  /  保加利亚乳杆菌  /  嗜热链球菌  /  协同发酵  /  品质指标

Objective: The preparation of liquid black garlic by lactic acid bacteria cooperative fermentation and the analysis of aroma components were studied. Methods: Fresh garlic was subjected to high-temperature enzyme inactivation at 180 ℃, then crushed and mixed with water. Different proportions of composite lactic acid bacteria were added for fermentation for a certain period of time. Liquid black garlic was prepared by high-temperature reaction at 80 ℃. The degree of browning, reducing sugar, total phenols, total acids, amino acid nitrogen content and DPPH·, ·OH scavenging rate were measured every two days using liquid black garlic (KB1、KB2) without bacterial fermentation as a reference, and the optimum conditions for preparing liquid black garlic were studied under the fermentation of complex lactic acid bacteria in different proportions, and the aroma components of liquid black garlic under these conditions were analyzed. Results: The best preparation conditions for liquid black garlic were determined as follows: The fermentation time was 9 min, the mass ratio of lactic acid bacteria S (Streptococcus thermophilus):B (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) was 3:1, and the maturation standard of black garlic was reached at 13 d. Under the same conditions, KB1 was used as the standard. At this time, the reducing sugar content was 1.20 times, the total phenol content was 1.82 times, the total acid content was 1.36 times, and the amino acid nitrogen was 1.21 times. DPPH· clearance and ·OH clearance were 1.37 times and 1.34 times, respectively. Compared with single lactic acid bacteria S and B, the thermal reaction was shortened by 2 d and 5 d, respectively. The analysis of aroma components showed that, compared with KB1, the content of thioether in liquid black garlic co-fermented by strains decreased by 54.17%, while the volatile aroma components of aldehydes and furan compounds increased by 47.98% and 6.18% respectively. The liquid black garlic basically had no garlic odor, and the aroma acceptability was better, with a sensory score of 91.38±0.98 points. Conclusion: The fermentation of liquid black garlic by complex lactic acid bacteria has a synergistic effect and can shorten the thermal reaction of black garlic, which has a good application prospect in the development and research of black garlic.

liquid black garlic  /  Lactobacillus bulgaricus  /  Streptococcus thermophilus  /  synergistic fermentation  /  quality indicators
贾庆超, 谷焕焕, 张辉艳, 班莹莹. 保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜技术研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 232 -243 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010286
Qingchao JIA, Huanhuan GU, Huiyan ZHANG, Yingying BAN. Preparation Technology of Liquid Black Garlic by Synergistic Fermentation of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 232 -243 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010286
黑蒜是目前大蒜的主要深加工产品,口感柔软甜酸无刺激,糖类化合物、有机酸、总酚、类黑精、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)等营养成分含量大幅增加,具有抗凝血、降血脂、抗癌、抗衰老、抗高血压等多种生理活性[1−2]。相对固态黑蒜,液态黑蒜由于具有加热制备时传热效率高、制备时间短、能耗低、成本低且品质指标更加优越等优势,受到更多研究者青睐[3−4]。国外制备液态黑蒜主要是将固态黑蒜破碎,加入水或甲醇等作为浸提液,浸提后发酵而得到液态黑蒜,但存在加工时间长、成本高等缺点[5−6]。本文作者贾庆超等[7−8]前期研究亦表明,在相同的制备条件下,液态黑蒜的制备周期更短、生产成本更低、品质指标更加优越。因此,研究液态黑蒜具有重要的现实意义。
利用乳酸菌发酵制备黑蒜是目前黑蒜研究的热点。乳酸菌作为常用发酵菌种,对固态黑蒜及固态新鲜大蒜品质有较大影响。SI等[9]使用保加利亚乳杆菌对新鲜大蒜发酵后制备固体黑蒜,黑蒜的抗氧化性可提升41%,妊娠糖尿病患者服用此黑蒜比普通黑蒜餐后2 h血糖降低幅度大于5%,表明保加利亚乳杆菌发酵制备的黑蒜具有良好的预防妊娠期糖尿病作用;LEE等[10]研究表明,嗜热链球菌对新鲜固态大蒜发酵一定时间,可提升大蒜中s-烯丙基半胱氨酸(SAC,8.72%)、s-甲基半胱氨酸(SMC,7.69%)等活性物质的含量。贾庆超等[7]利用嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌[8]分别在42 ℃下发酵高温灭酶的液态大蒜而制备液态黑蒜,结果表明两种菌种对液态大蒜的发酵作用可提升所制备液态黑蒜的品质指标,缩短黑蒜成熟时间,液态黑蒜制备时间分别仅为15 d和18 d。同时亦有研究表明,乳酸菌在发酵过程中具有优良的协同作用。侯进慧等[11]研究发现三种复合乳酸菌与大蒜共存30 d后可以使大蒜的蒜臭味消失,产生香味。YAMAMOTO等[12]在研究酸奶制备过程中的菌类物质生长时,发现保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌具有互生共存关系,可互相刺激对方菌落的生长。因此,乳酸菌发酵制备液态黑蒜是否具有协同作用值得探讨。
由于制备液态黑蒜需先将大蒜破碎,但破碎后大蒜含有的蒜氨酸酶可将蒜氨酸转化为具有灭菌作用的大蒜素,大蒜素具有很强的抗菌活性,极不利于乳酸菌存在,因此在乳酸菌对大蒜发酵之前,需首先对大蒜进行蒜氨酸酶灭活处理,故本文在前期研究的基础上[7−8],首先将大蒜经高温灭活蒜氨酸酶并破碎加水,按照一定比例加入嗜热链球菌(S)和保加利亚乳杆菌(B)并发酵一定时间,再于80 ℃下热反应制备液态黑蒜,以未添加菌种发酵的大蒜制备的液态黑蒜为参照(灭酶9、10 min分别为KB1、KB2),研究复合乳酸菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜方案,并对制备方案下的液态黑蒜进行香气成分分析,为黑蒜产业的发展提供详实的数据参考。
新鲜大蒜 市售,紫皮多瓣大蒜,河南中牟;保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus,LB42)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus,ST81) 镇江市天益生物科技有限公司;水杨酸、氢氧化钠、无水碳酸钠、苯酚、无水葡萄糖、没食子酸(均为分析纯) 天津风帆试剂有限公司;3,5-二硝基水杨酸、酒石酸钾钠(均为分析纯) 上海展云化工有限公司;甲醛溶液 成都市科隆化学品有限公司;无水乙醇、七水合硫酸亚铁、无水亚硫酸钠(均为分析纯) 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;30%过氧化氢(分析纯) 河南省惠泽生物科技有限公司;福林酚(1 mol/L)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH) 分析纯,福州飞净生物科技有限公司;抗坏血酸(VC,分析纯) 江苏奥福生物科技有限公司。
101-0ABS电热鼓风干燥箱 上海科恒实业发展有限公司;KQ5200B机械型超声波清洗仪器 上海合金超声设备有限公司;HH-6数显恒温水浴锅 金坛市华峰仪器有限公司;HHW.21-600电热恒温水温箱 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;PXSJ-216F离子计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;78-1磁力加热搅拌器 金坛市双捷实验仪器厂;TDL-50B台式离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;UV-2800紫外可见分光光度计 尤尼柯(上海)仪器有限公司;5977GC-MS气相色谱质谱联用仪 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司。
取冷冻保藏的乳酸菌菌粉,按照5%接种量(0.25 g)加入5 mL MRS培养基中,37 ℃静置培养24 h后,用接种环取乳酸菌培养液在MRS平板上进行划线分离,37 ℃静置培养24 h后,从平板上挑取乳酸菌单菌落接种到含50 mL MRS的250 mL锥形瓶中,37 ℃培养24 h。采用平板菌落计数法测定菌体密度,嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌分别为1.47×106、2.60×106 CFU/mL。
根据KIM等[13]的研究,对新鲜大蒜首先进行高温灭活蒜氨酸酶处理(温度180 ℃,时间9、10 min)。参考贾庆超等[7]制备液态黑蒜工艺流程,如下:
新鲜大蒜→去皮→清洗→去根蒂→180 ℃灭酶→蒜瓣破碎→装罐→加水→加辅料(复合乳酸菌),共存32 h→80 ℃恒温热反应→品质指标测定
操作要点:将新鲜无破损、无变质大蒜经剥皮、洗净、晾干后,在180 ℃高温下分别进行9、10 min[7−8]蒜氨酸酶灭活,经破碎、装罐、加水至料液比2:1后,分别向其中5份样品中加入S与B质量比为1:1、1:2、2:1、1:3、3:1的5%[7−8](以原料质量为标准,菌种质量含量)复合乳酸菌菌液进行发酵实验,同时另做两组未添加菌种发酵的KB样品(灭酶9、10 min分别为KB1、KB2)进行对照。将样品放在80 ℃恒温箱中,每2 d取样,测定褐变程度、还原糖含量等品质指标,探究保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌复合发酵制备液态黑蒜的条件。
参考LI等[14]的方法,使用色差计测定色度。褐变程度ΔE计算公式为:
$ \mathrm{\Delta } \mathit{E} \mathrm{=[(} \mathit{L} ^{ \text{*}} \mathrm- \mathit{L} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)}^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{+(} \mathit{a} ^{ \text{*}} \mathrm- \mathit{a} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)}^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{+(} \mathit{b} ^{ \text{*}} \mathrm- \mathit{b} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)}^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{]}^{ \mathrm{1/2}} $
式中:L*、a*、b*分别为色差计的测定值;L0、a0、b0分别为未进行任何处理的大蒜的测定值。
准确称取样品黑蒜5.000 g于研钵中,研磨成浆于100 mL容量瓶中,加入蒸馏水定容至刻度,充分混匀后静置30 min,3800 r/min离心10 min,上清液备用。参考彦繁鹤等[15] 3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法(DNS)测定黑蒜中还原糖含量。准确吸取1 mL样液加入10 mL具塞试管中,加入1 mL蒸馏水和1.5 mL DNS溶液,沸水浴5 min,取出冷却至室温,用蒸馏水定容至刻度,在紫外分光光度计540 nm波长处测定吸光度,根据标准曲线(y=2.92914x+0.01971,R2=0.9977)计算液态发酵黑蒜中还原糖的含量。
参考于蒙娜[4]直接滴定法测定黑蒜样品中的总酸含量。
准确称取样品黑蒜5.000 g于研钵中,研磨成浆于100 mL容量瓶中,加入蒸馏水定容至刻度,充分混匀后静置30 min,3800 r/min离心10 min,准确吸取上清液20.00 mL于烧杯中,即为V2,加入60.00 mL蒸馏水,混匀,用0.05 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液滴定至pH为8.2,记录消耗氢氧化钠标准溶液体积,即为V1。同时用蒸馏水替代20.00 mL样液,方法同上,记录氢氧化钠标准溶液消耗体积V,总酸含量的计算公式为:
$\rm 总酸(g/kg)= \frac{\mathrm{C}\times ({\mathrm{V}}_{1}-\mathrm{V})\times {\mathrm{V}}_{0}\times \mathrm{K}}{\mathrm{M}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{2}}\times 1000 $
式中:C—氢氧化钠标准溶液的浓度,mol/L;V0—样品稀释液总体积,100 mL;V1—样品稀释液滴定至终点所消耗的氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积,mL;V2—滴定时吸取样液体积,mL;V—空白稀释液滴定至终点所消耗的氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积,mL;M—测定用样品溶液相当于样品的质量,g;K—0.06,即1 mmol氢氧化钠相当于乙酸的质量,g。
参考贾庆超等[7]酸度计法测定黑蒜中的氨基酸态氮含量。
准确称取样品黑蒜5.000 g于研钵中,研磨成浆于100 mL容量瓶中,加入蒸馏水定容至刻度,充分混匀后静置30 min,3800 r/min离心10 min,取20 mL上清液于烧杯中,即为V3,再加入60 mL蒸馏水,混匀,用0.05 mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定至pH为8.2,记录此时样品所消耗氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积。迅速向溶液中加入10 mL中性甲醛,立即混匀,用0.05 mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定至pH为9.2,再次记录氢氧化钠标准溶液消耗体积,即为V1。用20 mL蒸馏水代替样液,采用上述方法测定,加入甲醛溶液后用0.05 mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定至pH为9.2,即为V2。代入公式,计算出黑蒜中氨基酸态氮含量。计算公式为:
$ 氨基酸态氮(\text{g/100\;g})=\frac{(\text{V}_{\text{1}}-\text{V}_{\text{2}})\text{×C×0.014×100}}{\text{5×}\text{V}_{\text{3}}\text{/100}} $
式中:V1—为测定用的样品稀释液加入甲醛后消耗氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积,mL;V2—为试剂空白试验加入中性甲醛后消耗氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积,mL;V3—为样品稀释液取用量,mL;C—为氢氧化钠标准溶液的浓度,mol/L;0.014—1 mL浓度为1.000 mol/L 氢氧化钠标准溶液相当于氮的质量,g。
采用福林酚法[7]测定液态发酵黑蒜中的总酚含量。准确称取液态黑蒜样品1.000 g于50 mL容量瓶中,加入25.00 mL 70%乙醇溶液,常温200 W超声浸提30 min,过滤并将滤液转移至50 mL容量瓶中,用70%乙醇定容至刻度,准确吸取2.00 mL于10 mL具塞试管中,用70%乙醇定容至刻度,从10 mL具塞试管中准确吸取1.00 mL样液,置于另一10 mL具塞试管中,加入6.00 mL蒸馏水充分混匀,再加入0.50 mL福林酚试剂,摇匀,1 min后,向试管中加入1.50 mL 20%碳酸钠溶液,充分混匀,定容至刻度,75 ℃下水浴10 min,取出冷却至室温,于760 nm波长处测定吸光度,根据没食子酸标准曲线(y=95.66071x+0.01904,R2=0.9990)计算液态发酵黑蒜中总酚的含量。
准确称取5.000 g黑蒜样品,置于250 mL锥形瓶中,加入50 mL 50%的乙醇溶液,常温200 W超声浸提30 min,于15 mL离心管3000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液4000 r/min再次离心20 min,上清液为待测溶液。参考郑岚等[16]的方法,以5 mg/mL VC溶液为阳性对照。取2.00 mL样液或VC溶液与2.00 mL DPPH溶液混合均匀后避光放置30 min,用无水乙醇作对照,于517 nm波长处测定吸光度A1;吸取2.00 mL无水乙醇与2.00 mL DPPH溶液混合后测定吸光度A2;吸取2.00 mL样液或VC溶液与2.00 mL无水乙醇混合后测定吸光度A3,清除率计算公式为:
$\rm DPPH\cdot 清除率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}} \right) \text{×100} $
待测溶液制备同1.2.3.6。参考郑岚等[16]的方法,准确吸取0.05 mol/L磷酸缓冲溶液1.00 mL于10 mL比色管中,加入0.50 mL 6 mmol/L的邻二氮菲溶液,充分混匀,再加0.50 mL 6 mmol/L FeSO4溶液,立即混匀,再加入0.50 mL样品溶液或VC溶液,充分混匀后,加入0.50 mL 0.1% H2O2溶液,加蒸馏水定容至刻度,37 ℃下恒温水浴1 h,于536 nm波长处测吸光度A1。同时用蒸馏水代替上述样液,测定吸光度A,用蒸馏水代替上述样液和H2O2溶液,测定吸光度A0。计算清除率:
$\cdot \text{OH}\text{清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-\text{A}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}-\text{A}}\text{×100} $
根据黑蒜发酵成熟标准对各品质指标的要求,分别对液态黑蒜在不同的热反应天数下品质指标变化分析,得到分别满足各品质指标黑蒜制备的最优条件:褐变程度(T1)、还原糖含量(T2)、总酸含量(T3)、氨基酸态氮含量(T1)、总酚含量(T4)、DPPH·清除率(T4)、·OH清除率(T5),根据各最优条件,综合分析复合菌种协同发酵制备液态黑蒜的最佳方案。
参考于蒙娜[4]、陈清爱等[17]测定样品风味物质的方法。
前处理:将液体黑蒜破碎为匀浆,取匀浆8 g于20 mL顶空瓶中,约为瓶身的1/3处,加入10 μL 10 mg/mL的2-辛醇(内标),立即用封口器封口,置于50 ℃水浴锅内10 min,将萃取头垂直插入顶空瓶中,将纤维头推出萃取30 min,纤维头旋回,拔出萃取头,迅速将其插入进样口,旋出纤维头解吸10 min。
样品检测方法:将65 μm的PDMS/DVB萃取头置于温度为250 ℃进样口,老化30 min。
气相色谱(GC)条件:选用30 m×0.25 mm×0.5 μm的DB-WAX毛细管色谱柱,柱温箱初始温度为50 ℃,进样口温度为250 ℃,采用99.999%的高纯He为载气,流速为0.99 mL/min,分流进样,分流比为10:1,柱温升温至50 ℃,保持4 min,5 ℃/min 升至65 ℃,保持2 min,5 ℃/min 升至75 ℃,保持3 min,2 ℃/min升至90 ℃,保持5 min,3 ℃/min升至180 ℃,保持2 min,10 ℃/min升至230 ℃。
质谱(MS)条件:离子源温度230 ℃,传输线温度250 ℃,电离方式为EI,电离能量为70 eV,采用全扫描(Q3 Scan)模式采集信号,扫描范围33~500 m/z,溶剂延迟时间为2.5 min,选择匹配度≥85,计算挥发性香气成分含量。
挥发性香气成分含量=(各挥发性香气成分峰面积×2-辛醇含量)/2-辛醇峰面积。
采用Origin2018绘制黑蒜各品质指标图,每个实验点平行实验三次,spss23.0软件进行方差分析,显著性水平P为0.05,结果采用平均值±标准偏差(SD)表示。
褐变程度是衡量黑蒜成熟程度的重要指标之一。随着黑蒜热反应时间的增加,黑蒜中的类黑精也逐渐增加,使颜色由白色逐渐向黑褐色转变[8]。根据于蒙娜[4]的研究,当褐变程度数值ΔE达到60时,可认为成熟。
由图1可知,随着液态黑蒜热反应时间的增加,黑蒜褐变程度呈逐渐递增随后趋于稳定的趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,不同灭酶时间加入菌种黑蒜的褐变程度均显著大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05),KB1、KB2均在23 d发酵成熟。灭酶9、10 min时,褐变程度的大小趋势分别为3:1>2:1>1:2>1:1>1:3>KB1和3:1>2:1>1:2>1:1>1:3>KB2,因此菌种质量比S:B=3:1是较优菌种比例,二者褐变程度在13 d分别为61.39和61.37,达到黑蒜成熟标准,分别为各自KB1、KB2褐变程度的1.19、1.27倍。以上说明菌种协同发酵可提升黑蒜的成熟速率,考虑到能源节约,灭酶9 min、菌种比例S:B=3:1是此时较优条件(设为T1)。由图1还可以看出,在相同的热反应时间下,灭酶9、10 min的KB1、KB2的褐变程度差异不显著(P>0.05),说明灭酶时间对制备液态黑蒜的褐变程度没有影响。丘苑新等[18]发酵成熟黑蒜需30 d,而赵蒙[19]的蒜泥样品在热反应14 d时其褐变程度尚且低于空白组,且未达到成熟标准。由此可知,菌种协同发酵作用提升了液态黑蒜的品质指标,缩短了液态黑蒜的制备时间。
还原糖含量是黑蒜的重要检测指标之一,还原糖含量过高,黑蒜会有甜腻口感,含量过低会有明显苦涩味,并且还原糖作为美拉德反应的重要底物,其含量的高低与褐变反应的快慢紧密相关[7]。GB/T 42205-2022规定黑蒜还原糖含量(%)≥35为特级标准,还原糖含量(%)≥30为一级标准。
由图2可知,随着热反应时间的增加,黑蒜还原糖含量呈现逐渐上升的趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,不同灭酶时间加入菌种黑蒜的还原糖含量均大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05)。灭酶9、10 min时,加入菌种黑蒜的还原糖含量分别在17、13 d均达到特级标准,二者的还原糖含量大小次序分别为3:1>2:1>1:2>1:1>1:3>KB1和3:1>1:1>2:1>1:2>1:3>KB2,当菌种质量比S:B=3:1时,二者的还原糖含量在11 d时分别为35.3、36.5 g/100 g,均达到特级标准,是各自相同时间下KB1、KB2还原糖含量的1.20、1.31倍,在相同的热反应时间下,灭酶10 min黑蒜的还原糖含量均大于9 min,说明菌种协同发酵可提升液态黑蒜的还原糖含量,提升黑蒜成熟速率,灭酶10 min、菌种比例S:B=3:1是此时较优条件(设为T2)。由图2还可以看出,在相同的热反应时间下,灭酶10 min大于灭酶9 min KB的还原糖含量(P<0.05),当热反应至29 d时,二者还原糖含量分别达到41.6 g/100 g和37.8 g/100 g,由此可认为灭酶时间的差异对黑蒜还原糖含量有一定影响。李超峰等[20]关于糖化变温对黑蒜品质的影响研究中,其还原糖含量最高为32 g/100 g,徐丽华等[21]的黑蒜在热反应25 d时还原糖含量仅达到12.19 g/100 g,明显低于本研究还原糖含量。
参考贾庆超等[7]对黑蒜酸度感官评价的判断,当总酸含量为30~40 g/kg时,黑蒜酸甜适中,低于30 g/kg或高于40 g/kg,黑蒜酸甜比例不协调。
由图3可知,随着热反应时间的增加,黑蒜总酸含量呈逐渐上升趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,不同灭酶时间加入菌种黑蒜的总酸含量均大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05)。灭酶9、10 min时,总酸含量大小次序分别为1:3>3:1>1:2>2:1>1:1>KB1和3:1>1:3>2:1>1:2>1:1>KB2,当总酸含量达到35 g/kg时,灭酶9 min、S:B=1:3和灭酶10 min、S:B=3:1所需天数均为13 d,而KB1、KB2所需天数分别为25、21 d,说明加入菌种协同发酵可增大黑蒜的热反应速率,缩短黑蒜成熟时间,提升总酸含量。当热反应时间小于5 d时,灭酶9、10 min的黑蒜总酸含量相当,热反应时间大于5 d时,前者则大于后者,因此灭酶9 min、S:B=1:3是此时较优条件(设为T1)。由图3还可以看出,在相同的热反应时间下,KB2的总酸含量大于KB1(P<0.05),当热反应至29 d时,二者总酸含量分别达到了40.97 g/kg和36.12 g/kg,由此可认为灭酶时间对黑蒜总酸含量有一定影响。刘肖[22]在研究超声预处理热反应黑蒜品质变化时,将样品80 ℃热反应12 d得到总酸最大值39.409 mg/g。而王剑等[23]通过低温冷冻预处理制得的感官评分较好的黑蒜,其总酸含量仅为3.645%,二者所得总酸含量均低于本研究黑蒜总酸含量。
黑蒜热反应过程中,大蒜中的蛋白质和多肽被逐渐分解,使氨基酸态氮含量逐渐增加,同时,美拉德反应的进行又使其降低,因此氨基酸态氮含量取决于二者的反应速率。参考贾庆超等[7]对黑蒜中氨基酸态氮成熟标准的研究,以氨基酸态氮(g/100 g)≥5时,为黑蒜成熟标准。
由图4可知,随着热反应时间的增加,黑蒜氨基酸态氮含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,不同灭酶时间加入菌种黑蒜的氨基酸态氮含量均大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05)。欲达到黑蒜成熟标准,菌种质量比S:B分别为1:1、1:2、1:3、2:1、3:1时,灭酶9 min大蒜需热反应至9、7、7、7、5 d,氨基酸态氮含量分别为5.62、5.76、5.44、5.18、5.23 g/100 g,灭酶10 min大蒜需热反应7、7、7、5、7 d,氨基酸态氮含量分别为5.63、5.44、5.13、5.36、5.23 g/100 g。由此可知,灭酶9 min、菌种质量比S:B=3:1与灭酶10 min、菌种质量比S:B=2:1达到黑蒜成熟时间较短,但二者热反应分别至19、15 d时,氨基酸态氮含量均达到最大,说明前者美拉德反应消耗氨基酸态氮速率较快,反应速率较大,更有利于黑蒜的热反应进行,是此时较优条件(设为T1)。KB1、KB2均在热反应9 d时,氨基酸态氮含量分别为5.12、5.34 g/100 g,才达成熟标准。以上说明复合菌种协同发酵可促进黑蒜热反应,缩短热反应时间。由图4还可以看出,灭酶9、10 min的KB1、KB2在相同的热反应天数下,氨基酸态氮含量几乎相当,差异不显著(P>0.05),说明灭酶时间对氨基酸态氮含量无影响。张新雁[24]通过对黑蒜加工温度的研究,得到了氨基酸态氮含量5.69 g/100 g的黑蒜,李宁阳[25]在黑蒜品质形成规律的研究中通过80 ℃热反应得到了氨基酸态氮最大值为6.08 g/100 g的黑蒜,二者所制黑蒜氨基酸态氮含量均低于本研究,由此可认为复合菌种的加入促进黑蒜中蛋白质与多肽的分解,使氨基酸态氮含量增加。
总酚是黑蒜中重要的营养成分之一,具有较强的抗氧化活性,其含量是鲜蒜的5倍以上[26]。参考贾庆超等[7]对黑蒜中总酚成熟标准的研究,当总酚(mg/g)含量≥8时,达到黑蒜成熟标准。
由图5可知,随着热反应时间的增加,黑蒜总酚含量呈逐渐递增随后趋于稳定的趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,不同灭酶时间加入菌种黑蒜的总酚含量均大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05)。
灭酶9、10 min的黑蒜的总酚含量的大小次序分别为2:1>3:1>1:2>1:3>1:1>KB1和3:1>2:1>1:2>1:3>1:1>KB2。欲达到黑蒜成熟标准,菌种质量比S:B分别为1:1、1:2、1:3、2:1、3:1时,灭酶9 min大蒜需热反应至15、13、13、11、11 d,总酚含量分别为8.10、8.43、8.05、8.19、8.02 mg/g,灭酶10 min大蒜需热反应至15、13、15、13、11 d,总酚含量分别为8.03、8.13、8.36、8.32、8.09 mg/g。由此可知,灭酶9 min、菌种质量比S:B=2:1与灭酶10 min、菌种质量比S:B=3:1达到黑蒜成熟时间较短,二者在不同的热反应时间下,总酚含量相差较小,从生产的能源角度考虑,前者为二者较优条件(设为T3)。KB1、KB2分别在热反应25、23 d时,总酚含量分别为8.01、8.03 mg/g,才达到黑蒜成熟标准。以上说明复合菌种协同发酵有利于黑蒜总酚含量的增大,缩短黑蒜成熟的热反应时间。由图5还可以看出,灭酶10 min的KB2比灭酶9 min的KB1提前2 d达到成熟标准,说明灭酶时间对总酚含量有一定的影响。汤薇等[27]在风味黑大蒜快速发酵工艺研究中得到了总酚含量为2.207 mg/g的黑蒜;赵雪晴等[28]在不同预处理对黑蒜品质的影响研究中,通过高温水煮和低温冷冻两种预处理,得到了总酚含量分别为8.6 mg/g和8.2 mg/g的黑蒜。二者所制黑蒜的总酚含量均低于本研究。
黑蒜具有较强的清除自由基的能力,抗氧化活性较强,是黑蒜的重要指标之一,因此测定黑蒜的抗氧化性活性具有重要的意义[7,9,29]。
由图6可知,随着热反应时间的增加,黑蒜DPPH·清除率呈逐渐递增随后趋于稳定趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,灭酶9、10 min加入菌种黑蒜DPPH·清除率均大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05)。灭酶9 min时,菌种S:B质量比分别为1:1、1:2、1:3、3:1黑蒜的DPPH·清除率在21 d时趋于稳定,热反应至29 d时,最大清除率分别为90.12%、91.06%、93.85%、94.57%,分别为同时间KB1的1.19、1.20、1.24、1.25倍。菌种质量比S:B为2:1黑蒜的DPPH·清除率19 d趋于稳定,29 d时最大清除率为96.02%,是同时间KB1的1.27倍。灭酶10 min时,菌种S:B质量比分别为1:1、1:2、2:1、3:1黑蒜的DPPH·清除率在25 d时趋于稳定,热反应至29 d时,最大清除率分别为92.94%、90.49%、95.02%、93.46%,分别为同时间KB2的1.19、1.16、1.22、1.20倍。菌种质量比S:B为1:3的黑蒜DPPH·清除率21 d趋于稳定,在29 d时最大清除率为96.12%,是同时间KB2的1.23倍。由此可知,菌种协同发酵可提升液态黑蒜的DPPH·清除率,灭酶9 min、菌种质量比S:B=2:1的DPPH·清除率趋于稳定所需时间短,且灭酶时间短,所需能耗较低,是此时较优条件(设为T3)。由图6还可以看出,KB1、KB2的DPPH·清除率在热反应过程中差异较小,不显著(P>0.05),可认为灭酶时间对DPPH·清除率有较小影响。在添加相同的黑蒜提取液体积及DPPH·浓度下,王玉荣等[30]在黑蒜的简易制备及其抗氧化活性的研究中,经30 d热反应得到了DPPH·清除率为85.3%的黑蒜样品;贾庆超等[31]采用低温冷冻8 h制备的液态黑蒜,DPPH·清除率达到86.4%,采用单一菌种嗜热链球菌[7]和保加利亚乳杆菌[8]发酵制备的液态黑蒜,DPPH·清除率分别为86.95%和87.21%,而本文复合菌种发酵制备液态黑蒜DPPH·清除率为96.02%,明显高于以上研究。
由图7可知,随着热反应时间的增加,黑蒜·OH清除率呈逐渐递增随后趋于稳定趋势,在相同的热反应时间下,灭酶9、10 min加入菌种黑蒜的·OH清除率均大于其相应的KB1、KB2(P<0.05)。
灭酶9 min时,菌种S:B质量比分别为1:1、1:2、2:1、1:3黑蒜的·OH清除率在25 d时趋于稳定,热反应至29 d时,最大清除率分别为83.38%、81.32%、86.42%、84.37%,分别为同时间KB1的1.28、1.24、1.32、1.29倍。菌种质量比S:B为3:1黑蒜的·OH清除率23 d趋于稳定,·OH清除率为86.92%,均高于其他液态黑蒜,在29 d时最大清除率为88.42%,是同时间KB1的1.35倍。灭酶10 min时,菌种质量比S:B分别为1:1、1:3、2:1、3:1黑蒜的·OH清除率在17 d开始增长缓慢,21 d时趋于稳定,热反应至29 d时,最大清除率分别为85.45%、86.42%、88.03%、89.47%,分别为同时间KB2的1.20、1.21、1.23、1.25倍,S:B为1:2黑蒜的·OH清除率21 d增长缓慢且趋于稳定,热反应至25 d时,·OH清除率为81.42%,在29 d时最大清除率为84.37%,是同时间KB2的1.18倍,且在相同的热反应时间下,S:B为3:1时,·OH清除率高于其他菌种质量比的黑蒜。由此可知,菌种发酵可提升液态黑蒜的·OH清除率,灭酶10 min、S:B=3:1黑蒜的·OH清除率较高,是此时较优条件(设为T2)。由图7还可以看出,在相同的热反应时间下,KB2的·OH清除率均高于KB1(P<0.05),说明灭酶时间对制备液态黑蒜的·OH清除率有一定的影响。在添加相同的黑蒜提取液体积下,王玉荣[30]等在黑蒜的简易制备及其抗氧化活性的测定研究中经30 d热反应得到了·OH清除率为77.5%的黑蒜样品。贾庆超等[31]采用低温冷冻8 h制备的液态黑蒜,·OH清除率达到73.1%,采用单一菌种嗜热链球菌[7]和保加利亚乳杆菌[8]制备的液态黑蒜,·OH清除率分别为85.2%和81.69%,而本文复合菌种发酵制备液态黑蒜·OH清除率为89.47%,明显高于以上研究。
对以上较优条件T1~T4进行对比分析,综合考虑液态黑蒜的品质指标及灭酶能耗等问题,液态黑蒜的最佳制备方案为T1,即灭酶9 min、菌种比例S:B为3:1,此时黑蒜热反应成熟的时间为13 d。以相同条件下KB1为参照,此时还原糖含量为其1.20倍,总酚含量为其1.82倍,总酸含量为其1.36倍,氨基酸态氮为其1.21倍,DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率分别为其1.37、1.34倍。结合本文作者前期使用单一发酵菌种嗜热链球菌[7]和保加利亚乳杆菌[8]的研究结果,三者共同点为灭酶温度为180 ℃,菌种与灭酶液态大蒜共存发酵时间均为32 h,指标综合对比如下表1所示。
由表1可知,菌种S:B为3:1时,复合菌种发酵制备液态黑蒜的成熟时间比单一菌种S缩短2 d,比单一菌种B缩短5 d,虽然各种品质指标相对单一菌种S和B均有所降低,但也均满足黑蒜的成熟指标,说明复合乳酸菌发酵制备液态黑蒜具有一定的协同作用,可缩短黑蒜的制备时间,降低制备黑蒜的能耗,节约生产成本。
分别对最佳制备方案的液态黑蒜和KB1进行香气成分分析,如图8所示。
由表2可知,灭酶9 min,菌种比例为S:B=3:1的样品中检测到的挥发性香气成分主要有硫醚类(6.21%)4种、醛类(47.98%)3种、酸类(25.31%)2种、酮类(1.14%)2种、呋喃类(6.18%)1种等。由表2可知, KB样品中检测到的挥发性香气成分主要有硫醚类(60.38%)5种、酸类(6.78%)1种等。
研究表明,硫醚类化合物香气阈值低,能被感知的最小浓度较小,特征性强,具有强烈的生蒜味和辛辣味[32−33]。郭思文等[33]研究发现硫醚类化合物是大蒜挥发性风味物质的主要成分,占蒜泥挥发性风味物质的80%左右,对蒜泥风味的贡献至关重要;醛类化合物主要提供脂肪香、柑橘香和杏仁油的香气,对蒜类的挥发性气味有一定的贡献,而酸类化合物的挥发性比较小,呈香性相对较差,对香气的贡献较低;酮类化合物因其含量较低,对香味贡献较小;呋喃类化合物的感官特征主要伴以似焦糖气味,水果气味,坚果气味,焦糊气味的印象,它的气味特征较明显,香气感觉阈值极低,很容易被人觉察,对大蒜香气有一定贡献。由此可知,灭酶9 min的KB样品硫醚类含量比菌种比例为S:B=3:1的高54.17%,香气成分以生蒜味和辛辣味为主;菌种比例为S:B=3:1的黑蒜样品因含有较多的醛类(47.98%)与少量呋喃类化合物(6.18%),相比于KB样品,呈现出较好的香气,液态黑蒜基本没有蒜臭味,可接受度很好,参考罗仓学等[3]对液态黑蒜感官评价标准,从口感(30%)、气味(30%)、可接受度(20%)、色泽(10%)、蒜肉质地(10%)综合评价,感官评分为91.38±0.98分。综上所述,菌种比例S:B=3:1的复合菌种协同发酵促使黑蒜样品中硫醚类物质含量降低,醛类、酮类等挥发性物质增多,对黑蒜香气做出较大贡献,生蒜味、辛辣味、刺激性降低,香气成分增加。
本文研究了复合乳酸菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜的最佳制备条件及香气成分分析,结果表明:在不同灭酶时间下,加入菌种的液态黑蒜品质指标均优于KB;液态黑蒜的制备条件为:灭酶温度180 ℃,灭酶时间9 min,菌种比例S:B为3:1,液态黑蒜达到成熟标准各指标所需时间均被缩短,褐变程度、还原糖含量、总酸含量、氨基酸态氮含量、总酚含量所需时间分别为13、11、13、5、11 d,分别为相同条件下KB样品的1.19、1.20、1.36、1.25、1.87倍,二者差异显著(P<0.05),29 d时,最大DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率分别是94.57%、88.42%,分别是KB的1.25、1.35倍,二者差异显著(P<0.05)。黑蒜成熟时间为13 d,相对单一菌种S和B分别缩短2 d和5 d,说明复合菌种的发酵制备液态黑蒜具有协同作用,不仅可以提升黑蒜的品质指标,还可以缩短液态黑蒜的成熟时间,节约生产成本。对最佳制备条件下液态黑蒜的香气成分分析结果表明,乳酸菌协同发酵制备的液态黑蒜可降低其刺激性,增多醛类和呋喃类风味物质与营养价值成分,改善风味,更易令人接受。
由于乳酸菌种类繁多,且不同乳酸菌种之间协同作用不同,对液态黑蒜的发酵作用亦不同,所以课题组下一步将研究其他不同菌种协同作用下制备液态黑蒜技术,并与本文研究结果相比较,为乳酸菌协同发酵制备液态黑蒜的工业化提供详实的数据参考。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010286
  • 接收时间:2025-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-07
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    1郑州科技学院食品科学与工程学院,河南郑州 450000
    2郑州瑞普生物工程有限公司,河南郑州 450001

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张辉艳(1981−),女,本科,工程师,研究方向:天然营养素开发研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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