Article(id=1321170295562552271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921144619, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921144619, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921144619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921144619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=163, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170295784850384, articleId=1321170295562552271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mining of Genes Involved in Fruiting Body Development and Polysaccharide Synthesis of Wild Pleurotus ferulae in Yili Xinjiang Based on Transcriptome Sequencing, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the gene expression differences between the fruiting body and mycelium stages of Pleurotus ferulae through transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development and polysaccharide biosynthesis. The results revealed that 6458 genes were co-expressed in both fruiting body and mycelium, while the mycelium exhibited a significantly higher number of unique genes (12218) compared to the fruiting body (1022), suggesting that fruiting body-specific genes predominantly drive morphogenesis and the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. Further comparative analysis using the mycelium transcriptome as a control identified 5339 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (60 upregulated, 5279 downregulated) in the fruiting body transcriptome. These DEGs were enriched in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism (including oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle), and genetic information processing, revealing a substantial activation of metabolic activity during fruiting body development. Furthermore, 9 polysaccharide biosynthesis-related pathways were pinpointed from 73 KEGG pathways, and 23 key enzyme genes were identified. These genes were primarily associated with pyruvate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino sugar/nucleotide sugar metabolism, thereby delineating core metabolic nodes in polysaccharide biosynthesis. This study pioneered the molecular regulatory framework governing the development and polysaccharide biosynthesis in Pleurotus ferulae. It provided critical theoretical foundations and genetic resources for elucidating the synthesis mechanisms of bioactive polysaccharides, enhancing cultivation efficiency and processing adaptability for food applications, and developing molecular marker-driven quality improvement techniques. These findings laid a molecular foundation for functional food development (e.g., polysaccharide-based thickeners and nutritional enhancers) and the targeted breeding of high-value-added mushroom products tailored to the food industry.

, authors=MUHAXI Muguli1, 2, TURDIBEK Mayira1, 2, AKHBERDI Oren1, 2, Guangquan WANG2, Kejian PANG2, *, authorsList=MUHAXI Muguli, TURDIBEK Mayira, AKHBERDI Oren, Guangquan WANG, Kejian PANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kejian PANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170299073184739, articleId=1321170295562552271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于转录组测序的新疆伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体发育及多糖合成相关基因的挖掘, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过转录组测序及生物信息学分析,探究了伊犁野生阿魏菇(Pleurotus ferulae)子实体和菌丝体阶段的基因表达差异,聚焦其子实体发育及多糖生物合成的分子机制。结果显示,在这两个阶段共表达了6458个基因,但菌丝体特有基因数量(12218个)显著高于子实体(1022个),表明子实体特有基因驱动子实体形态发生和生物活性成分合成。进一步以菌丝体转录组为对照进行比较分析,发现子实体转录组中有5339个显著差异表达基因(DEGs)(上调60个,下调5279个),这些DEGs富集于碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢(氧化磷酸化、TCA循环)及遗传信息处理相关的通路中,揭示子实体发育伴随代谢活性的显著增强。此外,从73条KEGG通路中定位9条多糖合成相关通路,并从中鉴定出23个关键酶基因,其主要涉及丙酮酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/葡萄糖生成及氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢等途径,进一步明确了多糖合成的核心代谢节点。本研究首次构建了阿魏菇发育与多糖合成的分子调控框架,为解析其生物活性多糖合成机制、提升栽培效率与食品加工适应性,以及开发分子标记驱动的品质改良技术提供了关键理论依据和基因资源,为功能性食品开发(如多糖类增稠剂、营养强化剂)及食品工业中高附加值菌菇产品的定向培育奠定了分子基础。

, authors=木古丽·木哈西1, 2, 玛依拉·吐尔地别克1, 2, 吾尔恩·阿合别尔迪1, 2, 王广权2, 庞克坚2, *, authorsList=木古丽·木哈西, 玛依拉·吐尔地别克, 吾尔恩·阿合别尔迪, 王广权, 庞克坚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=庞克坚, authorNote=

木古丽·木哈西(1980−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源与应用微生物学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
庞克坚(1965−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:药学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DAraqIWU746CLJMD0+n8zQ==, magXml=Q/2GzevN4iI5NInEz6VwZw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=udWikQowLtHXdAkKOJEheg==, pdfFileSize=3153517, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pbVcK4vvVo36nsqSdZItDw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bb4d0WbIWJ7gOR/7v3AAZA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170299517780971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170295562552271, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=muguli@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170299614249966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170295562552271, authorId=1321170299517780971, language=EN, stringName=MUHAXI Muguli, firstName=MUHAXI, middleName=null, lastName=Muguli, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
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注:(A)伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体,(B)菌丝体纯培养物,(C)液体发酵培养菌丝体。

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注:该图在P-adjust<0.05的前提下展示Top20的富集结果。纵轴表示GO Term,横轴表示富集程度,点的大小表示此GO Term中的基因个数,点的颜色对应于不同的P-adjust范围(图中对P值进行了-log10转换,并以科学计数法展示)。

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Transcriptome sequencing data quality statistics

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时期RQN值Raw readsClean readsClean bases错误率(%)Q20(%)Q30(%)GC含量(%)
子实体期PF_FB18.10439907524369051265691630890.011898.8496.2953.19
PF_FB210.00414215104113651261786027130.011998.896.253.21
PF_FB39.90443067104520775067964691940.011998.7996.1553.2
菌丝体期PF_M18.70443067104396474266226357640.011798.9596.5553.16
PF_M210.00441721724382973465892111490.011898.9196.4353.09
PF_M39.90450335384467134467281826260.011898.8896.3654.21
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转录组测序的数据质量统计

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时期RQN值Raw readsClean readsClean bases错误率(%)Q20(%)Q30(%)GC含量(%)
子实体期PF_FB18.10439907524369051265691630890.011898.8496.2953.19
PF_FB210.00414215104113651261786027130.011998.896.253.21
PF_FB39.90443067104520775067964691940.011998.7996.1553.2
菌丝体期PF_M18.70443067104396474266226357640.011798.9596.5553.16
PF_M210.00441721724382973465892111490.011898.9196.4353.09
PF_M39.90450335384467134467281826260.011898.8896.3654.21
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Metabolic pathways associated with polysaccharide biosynthesis of Pleurotus ferulae

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代谢通路基因数量通路号
丙酮酸代谢40map00620
淀粉和蔗糖代谢35map00500
糖酵解/葡萄糖生成33map00010
氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢31map00520
柠檬酸循环(TCA循环)22map00020
N-聚糖生物合成20map00510
糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)
锚定生物合成
17map00563
戊糖磷酸途径15map00030
果糖和甘露糖代谢14map00051
), ArticleFig(id=1321170304894877732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170295562552271, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

阿魏菇多糖生物合成相关代谢通路

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代谢通路基因数量通路号
丙酮酸代谢40map00620
淀粉和蔗糖代谢35map00500
糖酵解/葡萄糖生成33map00010
氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢31map00520
柠檬酸循环(TCA循环)22map00020
N-聚糖生物合成20map00510
糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)
锚定生物合成
17map00563
戊糖磷酸途径15map00030
果糖和甘露糖代谢14map00051
), ArticleFig(id=1321170304970375205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170295562552271, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Differential genes related to polysaccharide biosynthesis of Pleurotus ferulae

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酶名称KO名称KO编号
己糖激酶HKK00844
6-磷酸果糖激酶pfkA, PFKK00850
果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶FBP, fbpK03841
果糖-二磷酸醛缩酶FBA, fbaAK01624
甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶GAPDH, gapAK00134
D -己糖-6-磷酸变化酶E5.1.3.15K01792
二磷酸果糖酶HMGCL, hmgLK01640
GDP-甘露糖4,6-脱水酶gmd, GMDSK01711
果糖-2,6-二磷酸2-磷酸酶PFKFB2K19029
转醛缩酶TALDO1, talB, talAK00616
葡萄糖苷激酶idnK, gntKK00851
核糖激酶rbsK, RBKSK00852
6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶PGD, gnd, gntZK00033
糖苷水解酶abfAK01209
UDP-葡萄糖4-差向异构酶galE, GALEK01784
UTP—葡萄糖-1-磷酸尿苷基转移酶UGP2, galU, galFK00963
α-1,3-β-d-葡聚糖合成酶E2.4.1.34K00706
葡萄糖淀粉酶SGA1K01178
β-葡萄糖苷酶bglXK05349
磷脂酰肌醇N -乙酰氨基葡萄糖
转移酶亚基Q/GPI1
PIGQ, GPI1K03860
GPI-甘露糖基转移酶1PIGMK05284
N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖磷酸转移酶ALG7K01001
α-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶ALG2ALG2K03843
), ArticleFig(id=1321170305041678374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170295562552271, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

阿魏菇中与多糖生物合成相关的差异表达基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶名称KO名称KO编号
己糖激酶HKK00844
6-磷酸果糖激酶pfkA, PFKK00850
果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶FBP, fbpK03841
果糖-二磷酸醛缩酶FBA, fbaAK01624
甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶GAPDH, gapAK00134
D -己糖-6-磷酸变化酶E5.1.3.15K01792
二磷酸果糖酶HMGCL, hmgLK01640
GDP-甘露糖4,6-脱水酶gmd, GMDSK01711
果糖-2,6-二磷酸2-磷酸酶PFKFB2K19029
转醛缩酶TALDO1, talB, talAK00616
葡萄糖苷激酶idnK, gntKK00851
核糖激酶rbsK, RBKSK00852
6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶PGD, gnd, gntZK00033
糖苷水解酶abfAK01209
UDP-葡萄糖4-差向异构酶galE, GALEK01784
UTP—葡萄糖-1-磷酸尿苷基转移酶UGP2, galU, galFK00963
α-1,3-β-d-葡聚糖合成酶E2.4.1.34K00706
葡萄糖淀粉酶SGA1K01178
β-葡萄糖苷酶bglXK05349
磷脂酰肌醇N -乙酰氨基葡萄糖
转移酶亚基Q/GPI1
PIGQ, GPI1K03860
GPI-甘露糖基转移酶1PIGMK05284
N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖磷酸转移酶ALG7K01001
α-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶ALG2ALG2K03843
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基于转录组测序的新疆伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体发育及多糖合成相关基因的挖掘
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木古丽·木哈西 1, 2 , 玛依拉·吐尔地别克 1, 2 , 吾尔恩·阿合别尔迪 1, 2 , 王广权 2 , 庞克坚 2, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(3): 163-171
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (3) : 163 -171
基于转录组测序的新疆伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体发育及多糖合成相关基因的挖掘
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木古丽·木哈西1, 2 , 玛依拉·吐尔地别克1, 2, 吾尔恩·阿合别尔迪1, 2, 王广权2, 庞克坚2, *
作者信息
  • 1伊犁师范大学资源与生态研究所,新疆伊宁 835000
  • 2伊犁师范大学生物科学与技术学院,新疆伊宁 835000
通讯作者:
庞克坚(1965−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:药学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

木古丽·木哈西(1980−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源与应用微生物学,E-mail:

Mining of Genes Involved in Fruiting Body Development and Polysaccharide Synthesis of Wild Pleurotus ferulae in Yili Xinjiang Based on Transcriptome Sequencing
MUHAXI Muguli1, 2 , TURDIBEK Mayira1, 2, AKHBERDI Oren1, 2, Guangquan WANG2, Kejian PANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
  • 2College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010085
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本研究通过转录组测序及生物信息学分析,探究了伊犁野生阿魏菇(Pleurotus ferulae)子实体和菌丝体阶段的基因表达差异,聚焦其子实体发育及多糖生物合成的分子机制。结果显示,在这两个阶段共表达了6458个基因,但菌丝体特有基因数量(12218个)显著高于子实体(1022个),表明子实体特有基因驱动子实体形态发生和生物活性成分合成。进一步以菌丝体转录组为对照进行比较分析,发现子实体转录组中有5339个显著差异表达基因(DEGs)(上调60个,下调5279个),这些DEGs富集于碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢(氧化磷酸化、TCA循环)及遗传信息处理相关的通路中,揭示子实体发育伴随代谢活性的显著增强。此外,从73条KEGG通路中定位9条多糖合成相关通路,并从中鉴定出23个关键酶基因,其主要涉及丙酮酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/葡萄糖生成及氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢等途径,进一步明确了多糖合成的核心代谢节点。本研究首次构建了阿魏菇发育与多糖合成的分子调控框架,为解析其生物活性多糖合成机制、提升栽培效率与食品加工适应性,以及开发分子标记驱动的品质改良技术提供了关键理论依据和基因资源,为功能性食品开发(如多糖类增稠剂、营养强化剂)及食品工业中高附加值菌菇产品的定向培育奠定了分子基础。

阿魏菇  /  转录组  /  差异分析  /  发育  /  多糖合成通路

This study investigated the gene expression differences between the fruiting body and mycelium stages of Pleurotus ferulae through transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development and polysaccharide biosynthesis. The results revealed that 6458 genes were co-expressed in both fruiting body and mycelium, while the mycelium exhibited a significantly higher number of unique genes (12218) compared to the fruiting body (1022), suggesting that fruiting body-specific genes predominantly drive morphogenesis and the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. Further comparative analysis using the mycelium transcriptome as a control identified 5339 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (60 upregulated, 5279 downregulated) in the fruiting body transcriptome. These DEGs were enriched in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism (including oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle), and genetic information processing, revealing a substantial activation of metabolic activity during fruiting body development. Furthermore, 9 polysaccharide biosynthesis-related pathways were pinpointed from 73 KEGG pathways, and 23 key enzyme genes were identified. These genes were primarily associated with pyruvate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino sugar/nucleotide sugar metabolism, thereby delineating core metabolic nodes in polysaccharide biosynthesis. This study pioneered the molecular regulatory framework governing the development and polysaccharide biosynthesis in Pleurotus ferulae. It provided critical theoretical foundations and genetic resources for elucidating the synthesis mechanisms of bioactive polysaccharides, enhancing cultivation efficiency and processing adaptability for food applications, and developing molecular marker-driven quality improvement techniques. These findings laid a molecular foundation for functional food development (e.g., polysaccharide-based thickeners and nutritional enhancers) and the targeted breeding of high-value-added mushroom products tailored to the food industry.

Pleurotus ferulae  /  transcriptome  /  differential analysis  /  development  /  polysaccharide synthesis pathway
木古丽·木哈西, 玛依拉·吐尔地别克, 吾尔恩·阿合别尔迪, 王广权, 庞克坚. 基于转录组测序的新疆伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体发育及多糖合成相关基因的挖掘. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 163 -171 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010085
MUHAXI Muguli, TURDIBEK Mayira, AKHBERDI Oren, Guangquan WANG, Kejian PANG. Mining of Genes Involved in Fruiting Body Development and Polysaccharide Synthesis of Wild Pleurotus ferulae in Yili Xinjiang Based on Transcriptome Sequencing[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 163 -171 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010085
药食两用大型真菌是重要的天然产物资源,其所产生的药理活性成分在中药领域发挥着重要作用,而大型真菌的药理活性成分主要经子实体获得。因此,研究药食两用真菌子实体的生长发育机制及次级代谢产物的生物合成途径,具有重要意义。据研究显示,大型真菌子实体的形成是某一信号对子实体发育关键通路中功能基因的刺激和调控,而子实体中药理成分的合成是其合成途径中关键酶基因的表达和调控[1−2]。因此,采用转录组测序对药食两用大型真菌子实体RNA进行基因表达量差异分析,可筛选出与子实体发育相关的功能基因和活性物质生物合成关键酶基因,并揭示出各基因的功能和调控机制,为进一步开发利用其活性成分奠定基础[3−4]。
近年大型真菌转录组学研究在发育生物学与合成生物学交叉领域取得突破性进展,重点聚焦两大核心方向:其一,通过多组学技术系统解析子实体形态建成的分子调控网络,如桑黄中368个发育阶段特异性基因簇的鉴定揭示了真菌器官分化的遗传编程规律[5],而棒瑚菌MAPK信号通路磷酸化级联反应与菌盖形态发生的剂量效应[6],则从信号转导层面阐明了环境因子与发育时序的耦合机制;其二,药用活性成分合成通路的精细化解析取得重大突破,猪苓多糖生物合成限速酶基因簇(HK/TNV/GPI-pgm/MPI)的定位[7]、蜜环菌17个前体代谢基因的时空调控特征[2],以及灰树花中8个长链非编码RNA分子开关的发现[8],共同构建了从基因表达调控到表观遗传修饰的多层次代谢调控模型。这些发现不仅深化了对真菌生命过程的理论认知,更为构建代谢工程菌株和实现药用成分定向生物合成提供了精准的分子操作靶点。然而,现有研究多集中于模式物种或商业化菌株,对濒危珍稀真菌(如新疆特有物种阿魏菇)的分子机制研究严重滞后。阿魏菇(Pleurotus ferulae),又名阿魏侧耳,隶属于担子菌纲,伞菌目,口蘑科,侧耳属,通常寄生或腐生于药用植物新疆阿魏(Ferula sinkiangensis KM. Shen)腐烂的根茎上,是一种新疆特有的珍稀食、药用菌。其野生种群因栖息地破坏濒临灭绝,且人工栽培面临菌种混乱、菌丝体-子实体转化率低等难题[9]。此外,多糖是阿魏菇的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、保肝、抗肿瘤等活性,展现了良好的应用潜力[10−12]。但其子实体发育的遗传调控网络尚未阐明,多糖合成途径中限速酶基因的功能注释与调控机制仍属空白,这直接制约了种质资源保护与产业化开发[12]。
因此,本研究采用高通量测序技术,对伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体样本进行全转录组测序,通过差异表达分析,系统挖掘调控子实体形态建成的关键基因模块及多糖生物合成途径的核心酶。这不仅可为解析阿魏菇子实体发育的分子调控网络和多糖合成的代谢途径提供关键理论依据,也可为开发分子标记驱动的品质改良技术提供关键理论依据和基因资源,也将为功能性食品开发(如多糖类增稠剂、营养强化剂)及食品工业中高附加值菌菇产品的定向培育奠定分子基础。
野生阿魏菇子实体 2024年4月末野外采集获得(E82°06'38″、N43°44'33″,海拔1157~1161 m)(图1A),伊犁师范大学生物科学与技术学院生物科学教研室鉴定为口蘑科大型真菌阿魏菇(Pleurotus ferulae)的新鲜子实体;RNAiso Plus(Trizol) 日本TaKaRa公司;焦碳酸二乙酯(Diethyl pyrocarbonate,DEPC) 鼎国生物;葡萄糖、蛋白胨、KH2PO4、琼脂、无水乙醇、三氯甲烷、正丁醇等 均为国产分析纯;阿魏菇菌丝体培养基配方 马铃薯200 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L,蛋白胨4 g/L,KH2PO4 1 g/L,琼脂20 g /L(固体培养基),于121 ℃灭菌30 min备用。
YXQ-LS-75SII立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博讯实业有限公司;GHP-9050隔水电热恒温培养箱 上海艾牧生物科技有限公司;JJ-CJ-2FDJJ-CJ-2FD超净工作台 苏州净化;TP-213电子天平 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司;ZWY-2102C恒温培养振荡器 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;HH-S1数显恒温水浴锅 金坛市医疗仪器厂;RP52-59旋转蒸发仪 上海亚荣生化仪厂;LGJ-12A冷冻干燥机 北京四环科学仪器厂。
采用无菌刀片切取1 g子实体样品(分别是三个平行样本PF_FB1、PF_FB2和PF_FB3),装入灭菌离心管后液氮速冻, 带回实验室−80 ℃保存,用于总RNA提取(图1A)。其余部分带回实验室,参照阿魏菇菌种分离纯化方法[13],获得伊犁阿魏菇菌丝体纯培养物(图1B)。并接种于液体培养基中25 ℃、120 r/min 恒温振荡培养10 d,获得足量菌丝体(图1C)。将阿魏菇菌丝体样品(分别是三个平行样本PF_M1、PF_M2和PF_M3)经液氮冷冻1 h后置于−80 ℃保存,用于总RNA提取。
将野生阿魏菇子实体及菌丝体在45 ℃下干燥后,采用水提醇沉法提取粗多糖,经去蛋白及透析后,冷冻干燥,分别获得子实体和菌丝体粗多糖[12]。多糖的得率(%)按以下公式计算:得率(%,W/W)=[干燥多糖重量(g)/原料重量(g)]×100。根据公式测得子实体和菌丝体粗多糖的得率分别为12.83%和5.12%。
采用TRIzol法提取阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体总RNA,液氮速冻保存。RNA的检测及测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司负责完成。即NanoDrop 2000检测总RNA的纯度和浓度(OD260/280及OD260/230比值),琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测总RNA的完整性,Agilent 5300测定RQN值。通过Illumina NovaSeq™ X Plus高通量测序平台对检测合格的总RNA进行测序。
利用fastp软件对原始测序数据(raw reads)进行质控(去除低质量reads和接头序列),再利用Trinity软件对高质量测序数据(clean reads)进行从头组装,得到转录本(Transcripts)及非冗余转录本序列集合(Unigene),并利用TransRate和BSUCO软件对组装结果进行整体评估,以获取后续分析的参考序列[14]。建立伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体的转录组数据库,阿魏菇子实体为实验组,菌丝体为对照组。将所有转录本在NR[15]、Swiss-Prot[16]、Pfam[17]、EggCOG[18]、GO[19]和 KEGG[20]数据库中获得注释信息。利用RSEM[21]软件,以TPM为定量指标进行表达定量分析。基于表达量分析结果,对阿魏菇两个发育时期的差异表达基因进行筛选,获得两组间的差异表达基因(DEGs),差异分析软件为:DESeq2,筛选阈值为:|log2FC|≥1和P-adjust<0.05[14]。再通过Goatools软件,采用Fisher精确检验,对差异基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析[22]。
利用SPSS27.0统计软件对已有的数据进行分析,实验数据以平均值±标准差($\overline {\rm X} $±S)表示,多个平均值比较用单因素方差(One-WayANOVA)进行分析,两个平均值比较使用t检验,P<0.05表示差异显著。
本研究中伊犁野生阿魏菇两个发育阶段样品的RNA总量≥1 μg,浓度≥35 ng/μL,OD260/280≥1.8,OD260/230≥1.0,RQN值≥8.0,符合cDNA文库构建的要求。由表1可以看出,原始数据经质控后,共获得39.48 Gb的测序总数据量(Clean bases),各样品Clean bases均达到6.18 Gb以上。碱基错误率为0.011%。所有样品的Q20碱基百分比均在98.79%以上,Q30碱基百分比在96.15%以上,GC含量的均值为53.34%。对所有样本Clean reads经从头组装,共获得20594个Unigene,N50平均长度为2973 bp。以上数据从宏观上直观地反映出该转录组测序数据量丰富且质量较高,有较高的可靠性,可用于进一步生物信息学分析。
将转录本组装后获得的Unigene在六大数据库中比对注释,结果显示,伊犁阿魏菇转录组共有16880(81.97%)个基因得到注释(图2A)。在NR数据库中注释得到16774个基因,占比81.45%,其中与刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii) 的基因配比率最高,有2733个基因,占比为16.29%,表明它们在进化上关系密切,可能具有相似的生物学特性和代谢途径。其他基因配比率高的物种分别为索迪毛平革菌(Phanerochaete sordida)、大拟射脉菌(Phlebiopsis gigantea)、糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、肉原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete carnosa)和黄白侧耳(Pleurotus cornucopiae), 占比分别为15.67%、13.32%、11.89%、8.94%和6.42%(图2B)。基于这些物种的已知功能,可以推测伊犁阿魏菇可能具有类似的代谢途径(如多糖合成、木质素降解)和环境适应性机制,可为伊犁阿魏菇的代谢途径研究提供重要参考。
对伊犁阿魏菇转录组测序结果进行GO注释(图3),共有12067个基因(58.59%)被成功注释,其中包括11579个基因参与生物学过程(Biological Process),13435个基因涉及细胞组分(Cellular Component),以及13794个基因与分子功能(Molecular Function)相关。在每一功能分类中,丰度最高的基因条目分别为代谢过程(Metabolic process)、膜(Membrane)和催化活性(Catalytic activity)。这一结果提示,伊犁阿魏菇转录组具有丰富的代谢、膜相关和催化活性基因,这与其药食用真菌的特性高度一致[23]。因此,其GO注释结果将为其代谢途径、环境适应性和活性成分合成研究提供重要线索。
对伊犁阿魏菇转录组测序结果进行KEGG功能注释(图4),共有7403个基因(35.95%)被成功注释。这些基因参与的KEGG代谢通路主要包括代谢(Metabolism)、遗传信息处理(Genetic Information Processing)、细胞过程(Cellular Processes)、环境信息处理(Environmental Information Processing)和生物体系统(Organismal Systems)。其中参与代谢的基因数量为2638个,主要涉及碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂质代谢,表明伊犁阿魏菇具有活跃的代谢活动,这些基因可能在活性成分(如多糖、抗氧化物质)的生物合成中具有重要作用。参与遗传信息处理的基因数量为1658个,涉及基因表达调控、DNA复制与修复、转录和翻译,这些基因可能与其在极端环境(如荒漠)中的适应性进化有关,例如通过调控基因表达来应对外界胁迫[24]。参与细胞过程的基因数量为821个,这些富集的基因主要涉及细胞生长、分裂和运输等方面,表明其可能与阿魏菇子实体发育、菌丝生长及环境适应性密切相关。参与环境信息处理的基因数量为302个,主要涉及信号转导,这些基因的富集提示伊犁阿魏菇能够感知并响应外界环境变化(如干旱、温度波动、营养胁迫等),以增强其环境适应能力[25]。参与生物体系统的基因数量为67个,这些基因可能与其在复杂生态系统中的生存和竞争能力有关。
为了便于后续分析伊犁阿魏菇子实体(PF_FB)和菌丝体(PF_M)样本间的基因表达差异,首先对两组样本的基因表达水平进行了定量分析(图5)。结果显示,子实体和菌丝体中共有6458个基因(32.79%)共同表达,表明两者在基础代谢和细胞功能方面具有较高的相似性。这些基因可能参与细胞生长、能量代谢、DNA复制与修复等基本生物学过程,是维持真菌生命活动所必需的。然而,菌丝体特有基因的数量(12218个)显著高于子实体特有基因(1022个),表明菌丝体在基因表达上具有更高的复杂性和多样性。阿魏菇菌丝体特有基因可能参与菌丝网络构建、营养吸收与代谢以及环境适应,而子实体特有基因可能参与子实体形态建成、生殖发育及药用活性成分(如多糖)的合成[26−27]。此外,这一结果提示阿魏菇子实体的发育可能依赖于菌丝体阶段积累的资源和信号[28]。
采用DESeq软件筛选阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体的差异表达基因,筛选标准设置为P-adjust<0.05且|log2FC|≥1,以培养10 d的阿魏菇菌丝体转录组为对照组。经过差异分析并校验后,在野生阿魏菇子实体转录组中共筛选出显著性差异表达基因5339个,其中上调表达基因数量为60个,而更多的差异基因发生了下调(5279个)(图6)。
在GO数据库中对伊犁阿魏菇子实体与菌丝体阶段差异表达的5339个基因进行注释及功能富集分析,结果见图7。由图可得具有32个明显差异的Go Term,其中分子功能(molecular function)中包含12个细类,其中催化活性(catalytic activity)(35.9%)和结合(binding)(34.1%)相关的基因差异表达数量最多,分子载体活性(molecular carrier activity)所含差异表达基因最少(1个)。细胞组分(cellular component)中包含10个细类,细胞组分(cell part)(25.8%)和膜(membrane)(25.6%)的基因差异表达数量最多,在胞外区域部分(extracellular region part)相关差异表达基因最少(6个)。在生物学过程(biological process)中包含的10个细类中,差异表达基因占比最高的是细胞过程(cellular process)(27.2%)和代谢过程(metabolic process)(27.0%)。其中,在多生物过程(multi-organism process)、生殖过程(reproductive process)和发育过程(developmental process)条目下的差异基因上调表达,细胞成分组织或生物发生(cellular component organization or biogenesis)条目下的差异基因也部分上调表达。该结果揭示了阿魏菇子实体分化过程中基因在代谢、结构形成和发育调控方面的动态变化,符合其生长发育的生物学规律。
进一步对伊犁阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体的差异表达基因进行显著性富集分析,结果见图8。共筛选出4042个差异基因,这些基因主要富集在三大功能分类的133个GO功能细类中。在分子功能分支中,最显著富集的细类是氧化还原酶活性(oxidoreductase activity)和结构分子活性(structural molecule activity)。细胞组分分支中,细胞壁的结构成分(structural constituent of cell wall)、外部封装结构(external encapsulating structure)等膜组分相关功能显著富集。在生物学过程分支中,差异表达基因主要富集在对化学物质的反应(response to chemical)和对氧化应激的反应(response to oxidative stress)等代谢和细胞过程。推测这些基因可能与阿魏菇子实体细胞生长发育相关,可以促进发育和细胞再生。大型真菌子实体发育涉及多类过程[29]。本研究中发现,各种氧化酶活力的提升可能促进阿魏菇吸收转化物质能量,这将为揭示子实体形成机制的深入研究奠定基础。此外,RNA聚合酶II转录因子在阿魏菇子实体时期明显高表达[30]。本研究还发现阿魏菇子实体形成期细胞周期蛋白基因上调表达,而细胞周期蛋白通过调控细胞周期的活动,影响细胞的增殖和分化[31]。这种调控机制在大型真菌子实体的生长发育中起着关键作用,确保了子实体能够正常发育和成熟[32]。
对伊犁阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体的差异表达基因进行KEGG通路富集,发现差异表达基因注释到125条通路中,选取显著性富集(校正的P<0.05)的73条通路进行分析(图9展示显著性水平前20位的通路)。这些富集的通路在KEGG一级分类中与代谢(Metabolism)相关的有47条,主要有卟啉代谢(Porphyrin metabolism)、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成(Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis)、柠檬酸循环(TCA循环)(TCA cycle)、氧化磷酸化(Oxidative phosphorylation)、丙酸代谢(Propanoate metabolism)、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢(Cysteine and methionine metabolism)、脂肪酸延伸(Fatty acid elongation)、泛酸和辅酶A生物合成(Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis)等通路,而这些通路在KEGG二级分类中涉及辅因子和维生素代谢(Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins)、氨基酸代谢(Amino acid metabolism)、碳水化合物代谢(Carbohydrate metabolism)、能量代谢(Energy metabolism)和脂质代谢(Lipid metabolism)。其中碳水化合物代谢主要为丙酮酸代谢、糖酵解/糖异生、戊糖磷酸途径、果糖和甘露糖代谢、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢及柠檬酸循环(TCA循环)等,氨基酸代谢主要为半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸和亮氨酸代谢,能量代谢主要为氧化磷酸化(46个差异基因),表明阿魏菇子实体在发育时处于能量代谢和物质合成的活跃状态。与遗传信息处理(Genetic Information Processing)相关的通路有16条,主要有mRNA监视通路(mRNA surveillance pathway)、内质网中的蛋白质加工(Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum)、剪接体(Spliceosome)、蛋白质输出(Protein export)、囊泡运输中的SNARE相互作用(SNARE interactions in vesicular transport)、氨酰-tRNA生物合成(Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis)、核糖体(Ribosome)、核质运输(Nucleocytoplasmic transport)等通路,这些通路在KEGG二级分类中涉及翻译(Translation)、折叠、分类和降解(Folding, sorting and degradation)及转录(Transcription),表明子实体发育需要精确的基因表达调控和高效的蛋白质合成。与细胞过程(Cellular Processes)相关的通路有7条,主要有内吞作用(Endocytosis)、吞噬体(Phagosome)和自噬-酵母(Autophagy-yeast)等通路,这些通路在KEGG二级分类中涉及运输和分解代谢(Transport and catabolism),表明细胞内部物质运输和再利用的动态平衡,支持发育过程中的结构重塑。与环境信息处理(Environmental Information Processing)相关的通路有3条,其中可能调控伊犁阿魏菇的生长发育及子实体形成的信号通路是MAPK信号通路(MAPK signaling pathway),其可能通过整合外界刺激驱动发育程序的启动和维持[33]。这些结果揭示了伊犁阿魏菇子实体发育的多维度调控网络,可为进一步研究真菌发育机制和人工栽培调控提供重要线索。
作为药食同源大型真菌,伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体粗多糖的得率为12.83%,高于菌丝体,表明阿魏菇子实体是提取其药用多糖组分的优良材料,具有十分广阔的发展前景。但是阿魏菇多糖合成途径尚不明确。因此,为了挖掘与阿魏菇多糖生物合成相关的基因,并识别与其代谢相关的关键基因,进一步对KEGG代谢通路相关的基因进行了注释,以便确定参与这些途径的关键酶基因[34]。从73条显著性富集的KEGG代谢通路中筛选出与碳水化合物代谢相关的9条主要通路(表2)。这些通路涉及多糖合成的关键代谢过程,包括能量供应、前体物质合成和糖链延伸等。再根据每条通路中的差异基因表达量,从中筛选出23个差异表达基因(表3),主要分布在丙酮酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/葡萄糖生成及氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢的途径中。将这23个关键酶基因的序列在NCBI数据库进行检索,从而可确定基因名称[35]。其中己糖激酶和果糖激酶都是参与阿魏菇多糖生物合成的关键酶,该酶基因参与丙酮酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢及糖酵解/葡萄糖生成途径[34]。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶催化3-磷酸甘油醛氧化和磷酸化,生成1,3-二磷酸甘油酸,是糖代谢的中心环节,该酶基因参与戊糖磷酸途径[36]。糖苷水解酶在生物体糖和糖生成的水解与合成过程中起着非常重要的作用,此酶基因在氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢途径中发挥作用[37]。葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶催化戊糖磷酸途径的不可逆氧化反应,是关键性调控酶,该酶在戊糖磷酸途径中催化戊糖磷酸[38]。综上,本研究初步揭示了伊犁阿魏菇多糖合成的代谢网络及其关键酶基因。这些基因及其注释信息可为今后深入开展阿魏菇多糖代谢途径及相关功能基因的研究提供理论支持。未来研究可进一步聚焦于关键酶的功能验证和代谢途径的优化方面,推动阿魏菇药用成分多糖的产业化应用。
本研究通过对伊犁野生阿魏菇子实体和菌丝体的转录组测序及生物信息学分析,系统揭示了其在不同发育阶段的基因表达特征及代谢调控网络。研究获得20594个Unigene(81.97%成功注释),NR数据库注释发现其与刺芹侧耳等近缘物种可能具有相似的代谢途径(如多糖合成和木质素降解)。GO/KEGG功能富集进一步表明代谢、催化活性相关基因显著表达,印证其药食用真菌特性。伊犁阿魏菇子实体与菌丝体共有6458个基础代谢基因,但菌丝体特有基因(12218个)表现出基因表达上更高的复杂性和多样性,而子实体特有基因(1022个)则富集于子实体形态建成、生殖发育及药用活性成分(如多糖)的合成。子实体和菌丝体的差异表达基因中有4042个基因显著富集,对其进行KEGG通路富集分析,并选取显著性富集(校正的P<0.05)的73条通路,从中鉴定出23个关键酶基因(如糖基转移酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶),聚焦于丙酮酸代谢、淀粉/蔗糖代谢等9条碳水化合物代谢通路,揭示了多糖合成的多层级调控机制。为药食同源真菌在天然抗氧化剂、营养强化剂及功能性食品添加剂开发中的分子机制解析奠定了基础。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010085
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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    1伊犁师范大学资源与生态研究所,新疆伊宁 835000
    2伊犁师范大学生物科学与技术学院,新疆伊宁 835000

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庞克坚(1965−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:药学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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