Article(id=1321170283076104205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921141642, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921141642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921141642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921141642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=138, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170283298402318, articleId=1321170283076104205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Ultrasonic-assisted CaCl2 Soaking on the Starch Structure and Functional Properties of Mung Beans, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effect of Ca2+ on the structural and functional properties of starch in the mung bean composite system, mung beans were subjected to various soaking treatments. The structural characteristics of the mung beans were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), among other techniques. The functional properties of mung bean starch were evaluated through hydration characteristics, thermal properties, and gelatinization behavior. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the mung beans was assessed based on their DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging abilities, and the in vitro digestibility of the starch was systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that ultrasonic-assisted CaCl2 soaking treatment exhibited the most significant impact on the structural and functional properties of mung bean starch and mung bean, compared to individual ultrasonic treatment or CaCl2 soaking alone. Specifically, the relative crystallinity of mung bean starch decreased by 7.87%, and irregular block-like and clustered aggregates formed between starch particles. The orderliness of the starch decreased by 0.12, and the double helix degree declined by 0.15. Furthermore, the water absorption index increased by 2.73, the swelling capacity rose by 1.94, the initial gelatinization temperature increased by 26.86 ℃, and the enthalpy value decreased by 1.05 J/g. In terms of antioxidant activity, the DPPH radical scavenging ability improved by 12.18%, and the ABTS+ radical scavenging ability increased by 14.2%. Additionally, the hydrolysis rate of mung bean starch decreased by 10.02%. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of mung bean-based foods with low glycemic index (GI) and high-antioxidant properties.

, authors=Chanmin ZHENG1, Xiaoming WANG2, Dan YANG2, Lu KONG2, Kunlin NI2, Wanchu ZANG2, Qingyu YANG2, *, Bingxin SUN1, *, authorsList=Chanmin ZHENG, Xiaoming WANG, Dan YANG, Lu KONG, Kunlin NI, Wanchu ZANG, Qingyu YANG, Bingxin SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingyu YANG, Bingxin SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170286163111961, articleId=1321170283076104205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究Ca2+对绿豆复合体系内淀粉结构和功能特性的影响,采用不同浸泡形式对绿豆进行浸泡,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱等对绿豆的结构进行分析,利用水合特性、热特性、糊化特性等明确绿豆淀粉功能性质的变化规律,根据DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力对绿豆抗氧化性进行表征,并分析淀粉的体外消化特性。结果表明,与超声处理、CaCl2浸泡相比,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性影响效果最显著,绿豆淀粉相对结晶度降低7.87%,绿豆淀粉颗粒间形成不规则块状和团状的聚集体,淀粉有序度降低0.12,双螺旋度降低0.15;吸水性指数升高2.73,膨胀力升高1.94,起始糊化温度升高26.86 ℃,焓值降低1.05 J/g;ABTS+自由基清除能力提高12.18%,DPPH自由基清除能力提高14.2%,绿豆淀粉水解率下降10.02%。本研究为开发低GI、高抗氧化性的绿豆食品奠定理论基础。

, authors=郑婵敏1, 王晓明2, 杨丹2, 孔璐2, 倪昆琳2, 臧婉初2, 杨庆余2, *, 孙炳新1, *, authorsList=郑婵敏, 王晓明, 杨丹, 孔璐, 倪昆琳, 臧婉初, 杨庆余, 孙炳新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨庆余, 孙炳新, authorNote=

郑婵敏(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨庆余(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物源食品开发与综合利用,E-mail:。
孙炳新(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品包装与农产品贮藏保鲜,E-mail:。
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Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2010.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170303355564209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Licai. Isolation of plant polyphenols by high-speed counter-current chromatography and their characterization[D]. 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注:图中不同字母代表具有显著性差异(P<0.05);图4同。

, figureFileSmall=9N7/kH+uDm74fg7H/khBVw==, figureFileBig=WEjuPIoQ/vwIDf8pzm9xUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170291666038870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different processing methods on the infrared spectra of mung beans, figureFileSmall=x3Ap4I4/ax4H5aJha5nbaA==, figureFileBig=fxHlchTVhzG8Pzeiyr4Zug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170291737342039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理方式对绿豆红外光谱的影响, figureFileSmall=x3Ap4I4/ax4H5aJha5nbaA==, figureFileBig=fxHlchTVhzG8Pzeiyr4Zug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170291817033816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different processing methods on the microstructure of mung beans, figureFileSmall=dL3x0nqTHdCEQCes1+8iEg==, figureFileBig=v71zOU8JYGQEshpAhposaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170291892531289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理方式对绿豆微观结构的影响, figureFileSmall=dL3x0nqTHdCEQCes1+8iEg==, figureFileBig=v71zOU8JYGQEshpAhposaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170291972223066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different processing methods on the hydration characteristics of mung beans, figureFileSmall=k+UrfbK0U8EFPGdKmsc9TA==, figureFileBig=NjXoG/Sc7SrBaAbHWTflGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170292056109148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理方式对绿豆水合特性的影响, figureFileSmall=k+UrfbK0U8EFPGdKmsc9TA==, figureFileBig=NjXoG/Sc7SrBaAbHWTflGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170292156772445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different processing methods on the digestion characteristics of mung bean starch, figureFileSmall=osGJeiuXCPzUNNLEyv54zg==, figureFileBig=sd46wwz4NSQ70uw24rVG6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170292366487646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理方式对绿豆淀粉消化特性的影响, figureFileSmall=osGJeiuXCPzUNNLEyv54zg==, figureFileBig=sd46wwz4NSQ70uw24rVG6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170292441985119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170283076104205, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different processing methods on the short-range ordered structure of mung beans

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样品名称DO(1047/1022 cm−1)DD(995/1022 cm−1)
对照组1.17±0.004a1.41±0.018a
超声1.06±0.002c1.32±0.012c
CaCl21.10±0.013b1.36±0.024b
超声/CaCl21.05±0.003d1.26±0.005d
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不同处理方式对绿豆短程有序结构的影响

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样品名称DO(1047/1022 cm−1)DD(995/1022 cm−1)
对照组1.17±0.004a1.41±0.018a
超声1.06±0.002c1.32±0.012c
CaCl21.10±0.013b1.36±0.024b
超声/CaCl21.05±0.003d1.26±0.005d
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Effects of different processing methods on the thermodynamic properties of mung beans

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样品名称起始温度(℃)峰值温度(℃)结束温度(℃)焓值(J/g)
对照组62.76±0.78c71.80±0.75c80.98±0.08c2.35±0.05a
超声61.19±0.19d72.64±0.74c79.22±0.65c1.31±0.27c
CaCl288.42±0.40b94.10±0.27b102.69±2.05b1.68±0.02b
超声/CaCl289.62±0.16a95.46±0.78a105.78±1.56a1.30±0.03c
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不同处理方式对绿豆热力学性质的影响

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样品名称起始温度(℃)峰值温度(℃)结束温度(℃)焓值(J/g)
对照组62.76±0.78c71.80±0.75c80.98±0.08c2.35±0.05a
超声61.19±0.19d72.64±0.74c79.22±0.65c1.31±0.27c
CaCl288.42±0.40b94.10±0.27b102.69±2.05b1.68±0.02b
超声/CaCl289.62±0.16a95.46±0.78a105.78±1.56a1.30±0.03c
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Effects of different processing methods on the pasting characteristics of mung beans

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样品名称峰值粘度(cP)谷值粘度(cP)终值粘度(cP)回生值(cP)
对照组655.67±16.92d593.00±6.08d959.67±23.03c366.67±17.16b
超声852.33±6.03c836.67±6.66a1597.67±20.40a761.00±16.46a
CaCl21257.33±9.07b747.67±19.86c994.67±32.88c247.00±13.08d
超声/CaCl21328.67±35.00a806.67±4.16b1120.67±5.13b304.33±12.22c
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不同处理方式对绿豆糊化特性的影响

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样品名称峰值粘度(cP)谷值粘度(cP)终值粘度(cP)回生值(cP)
对照组655.67±16.92d593.00±6.08d959.67±23.03c366.67±17.16b
超声852.33±6.03c836.67±6.66a1597.67±20.40a761.00±16.46a
CaCl21257.33±9.07b747.67±19.86c994.67±32.88c247.00±13.08d
超声/CaCl21328.67±35.00a806.67±4.16b1120.67±5.13b304.33±12.22c
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Effects of different processing methods on the antioxidant capacity of mung beans

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样品名称ABTS+自由基清除率(%)DPPH自由基清除率(%)
对照组67.43±0.01c15.16±0.06c
超声72.42±0.00b24.15±0.01ab
CaCl271.71±0.04b20.23±0.02bc
超声/CaCl279.61±0.02a29.36±0.00a
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不同处理方式对绿豆抗氧化能力的影响

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样品名称ABTS+自由基清除率(%)DPPH自由基清除率(%)
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超声72.42±0.00b24.15±0.01ab
CaCl271.71±0.04b20.23±0.02bc
超声/CaCl279.61±0.02a29.36±0.00a
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超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性的影响
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郑婵敏 1 , 王晓明 2 , 杨丹 2 , 孔璐 2 , 倪昆琳 2 , 臧婉初 2 , 杨庆余 2, * , 孙炳新 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 138-145
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 138 -145
超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性的影响
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郑婵敏1 , 王晓明2, 杨丹2, 孔璐2, 倪昆琳2, 臧婉初2, 杨庆余2, * , 孙炳新1, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 2沈阳师范大学粮食学院,辽宁沈阳 110034
通讯作者:
杨庆余(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物源食品开发与综合利用,E-mail:。
孙炳新(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品包装与农产品贮藏保鲜,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郑婵敏(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Ultrasonic-assisted CaCl2 Soaking on the Starch Structure and Functional Properties of Mung Beans
Chanmin ZHENG1 , Xiaoming WANG2, Dan YANG2, Lu KONG2, Kunlin NI2, Wanchu ZANG2, Qingyu YANG2, * , Bingxin SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2College of Grain Science and Technology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020127
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为探究Ca2+对绿豆复合体系内淀粉结构和功能特性的影响,采用不同浸泡形式对绿豆进行浸泡,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱等对绿豆的结构进行分析,利用水合特性、热特性、糊化特性等明确绿豆淀粉功能性质的变化规律,根据DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力对绿豆抗氧化性进行表征,并分析淀粉的体外消化特性。结果表明,与超声处理、CaCl2浸泡相比,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性影响效果最显著,绿豆淀粉相对结晶度降低7.87%,绿豆淀粉颗粒间形成不规则块状和团状的聚集体,淀粉有序度降低0.12,双螺旋度降低0.15;吸水性指数升高2.73,膨胀力升高1.94,起始糊化温度升高26.86 ℃,焓值降低1.05 J/g;ABTS+自由基清除能力提高12.18%,DPPH自由基清除能力提高14.2%,绿豆淀粉水解率下降10.02%。本研究为开发低GI、高抗氧化性的绿豆食品奠定理论基础。

绿豆  /  超声  /  CaCl2浸泡  /  淀粉水解率

To investigate the effect of Ca2+ on the structural and functional properties of starch in the mung bean composite system, mung beans were subjected to various soaking treatments. The structural characteristics of the mung beans were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), among other techniques. The functional properties of mung bean starch were evaluated through hydration characteristics, thermal properties, and gelatinization behavior. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the mung beans was assessed based on their DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging abilities, and the in vitro digestibility of the starch was systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that ultrasonic-assisted CaCl2 soaking treatment exhibited the most significant impact on the structural and functional properties of mung bean starch and mung bean, compared to individual ultrasonic treatment or CaCl2 soaking alone. Specifically, the relative crystallinity of mung bean starch decreased by 7.87%, and irregular block-like and clustered aggregates formed between starch particles. The orderliness of the starch decreased by 0.12, and the double helix degree declined by 0.15. Furthermore, the water absorption index increased by 2.73, the swelling capacity rose by 1.94, the initial gelatinization temperature increased by 26.86 ℃, and the enthalpy value decreased by 1.05 J/g. In terms of antioxidant activity, the DPPH radical scavenging ability improved by 12.18%, and the ABTS+ radical scavenging ability increased by 14.2%. Additionally, the hydrolysis rate of mung bean starch decreased by 10.02%. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of mung bean-based foods with low glycemic index (GI) and high-antioxidant properties.

mung bean  /  ultrasound  /  CaCl2 soaking  /  starch hydrolysis rate
郑婵敏, 王晓明, 杨丹, 孔璐, 倪昆琳, 臧婉初, 杨庆余, 孙炳新. 超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 138 -145 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020127
Chanmin ZHENG, Xiaoming WANG, Dan YANG, Lu KONG, Kunlin NI, Wanchu ZANG, Qingyu YANG, Bingxin SUN. Effects of Ultrasonic-assisted CaCl2 Soaking on the Starch Structure and Functional Properties of Mung Beans[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 138 -145 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020127
绿豆又名植豆,在我国有悠久的种植历史,可药食兼用[1],具有“清热解毒、利尿消暑”、降血脂、抗菌抑菌等功效[2]。绿豆主要成分包括淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、矿物质、维生素和大量生物活性化合物,是一种高蛋白、中淀粉、低脂肪的作物[3]。绿豆含有丰富的必需氨基酸,其中赖氨酸、苏氨酸和亮氨酸含量较高[4],可与谷物蛋白的必需氨基酸组成形成互补[5]。绿豆中膳食纤维含量约为12.6%,高膳食纤维能促进肠道蠕动和消化道健康[6]。同时,绿豆中含有大量多酚、黄酮等生物活性成分,具有很好的抗氧化性能[7]。绿豆淀粉占绿豆营养成分50%以上,其中抗性淀粉含量达到20%~30%,具有稳定血糖的功能[8−10],然而,天然绿豆淀粉存在溶解度低、热稳定性差及易回生等问题,严重制约其食品加工适用性。为提升功能特性及扩大食品工业应用范围,对绿豆淀粉进行改性处理尤为必要。
目前主要改性方法包括化学改性、物理改性(超声、湿热等)、酶法改性、复合改性(与胶体、多酚、多糖或金属盐等形成复合物)等[8,11]。超声处理作为一种绿色、安全、高效的物理技术,广泛应用于食品工业[12−13]。超声效应主要包括热效应、机械效应及空化效应[14],可加速离子在溶液中的运动速度[15]。CaCl2是一种低毒、化学稳定性高的无机氯盐,与直链淀粉和支链淀粉化学反应活性高,可以促进淀粉、纤维素和聚乙烯醇等多羟基聚合物的相容性[16]。Ca2+与淀粉上的羟基(O-H)结合形成钙-淀粉螯合物,可以提高抗性淀粉含量,起到稳定血糖的功效。Liu等[17]研究超声波辅助低钠盐腌制牛肉,发现超声处理加速水和Na+的扩散,大大加快腌制液的渗透速度。胡秀发等[18]研究超声辅助NaCl浸泡黑豆,发现黑豆硬度、糊化度和消化特性与NaCl浓度密切相关。Yang等[19]发现钙离子处理可通过提高黑豆活性物质的稳定性来增强黑豆的抗氧化和降血糖活性。本团队前期研究发现,Ca2+与淀粉O-H的螯合作用有利于淀粉-脂质/蛋白质-钙三元复合物形成,促进抗性淀粉含量增加。但是,Ca2+对绿豆淀粉结构和功能因子的功能特性研究鲜有报道,因此,本研究基于超声辅助CaCl2浸泡绿豆,分析绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性的变化规律,阐明Ca2+对绿豆功能特性的影响机制。
本文探究不同浸泡方式对绿豆淀粉结构及绿豆功能特性影响。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱等对绿豆结构进行表征,通过水合特性、热特性、糊化特性等明确绿豆性质的变化规律,利用DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力对绿豆抗氧化性进行表征,分析绿豆淀粉体外消化特性,阐明Ca2+对绿豆淀粉结构和功能特性的影响机制,为开发高品质绿豆基食品提供理论基础。
绿豆 沈阳信昌粮食贸易有限公司;氯化钙 食品级,河南万邦化工科技有限公司;α-淀粉酶(5 U/mg)、胃蛋白酶(30000 U/mg)、胰酶(4000 U/mg)、糖基化酶(100000 U/g)、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸盐)(ABTS) 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(DDPH) 分析纯,上海瑞永生物科技有限公司;3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS) 分析纯,北京酷来博科技有限公司;其他试剂为分析纯。
Ultima Ⅳ X-射线衍射仪 日本理学公司;TENSON Ⅱ傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;NHITACHIS-4800扫描电子显微镜 日本日立高科技公司;DSC-Q20差示扫描量热仪 美国TA仪器公司;RVA-TECMASTER快速粘度分析仪 澳大利亚PerkinElmer仪器公司;FW80型粉碎机 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;GFL-125型热风干燥机 天津市莱玻特瑞仪器设备有限公司;722型紫外可见分光光度计 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;HH-6型数显恒温水浴锅 上海皓庄仪器有限公司;SB-25-12DT超声清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司。
准确称取一定量的绿豆样品,分别置于盛满水的烧杯中,所有组别均按照料液比1:10(g/mL)对绿豆样品进行处理。其中,对照组在25 ℃条件下,使用去离子水浸泡8 h;超声组在超声功率300 W、超声温度50 ℃的条件下,对绿豆进行超声处理20 min,再用去离子水浸泡;CaCl2浸泡组则采用1.5%的CaCl2溶液代替去离子水,与对照组相同条件进行浸泡;超声辅助氯化钙浸泡组(超声/CaCl2)是先经过与超声组相同的超声处理,再转移至1.5%的氯化钙溶液中浸泡。浸泡完的绿豆放置烘箱干燥,干燥温度为45 ℃,干燥时间为24 h,研磨后过80目筛,备用。
参考Zhou等[20]和陆林[21]的方法并略加修改,采用X-射线衍射仪对绿豆粉进行扫描测定,该设备在40 kV和20 mA的Cu-Kα辐射下运行,Ni片滤波,扫描速度设置为5°/min,扫描范围的衍射角2θ为5°~40°,使用MDI Jade 6.5软件分析相对结晶度。
采用傅里叶红外光谱仪对绿豆粉进行扫描测试,参照况玉玉等[22]的方法稍作修改:设置扫描波数范围为400~4000 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数为64次,用溴化钾粉末压片做空白扣除背景。使用Omnic8.2软件对谱图进行自动基线校正与傅里叶自去卷积处理,去卷积时使用半峰宽为19 cm−1,增强因子为1.9,得到去卷积后的图谱,导出图谱的数据,计算各峰的峰值强度比值。
参考刘惠娟等[23]的方法并略加修改,使用扫描电子显微镜来分析绿豆粉显微结构形态。利用双面胶带将干燥的样品沉积在铜短柱上,吹去多余样品后,在加速电压1.0 kV的电流下喷金处理,并在500×和2000×放大倍率下拍摄绿豆粉的颗粒形貌照片。
吸水性指数(Water Absorption Index,WAI)、膨胀力(Swelling Power,SP)和水溶性指数(Water Solubility Index,WSI)等水合特性的测定参考韩聪[24]的方法稍作修改:准确称取1.00 g(m0)绿豆粉样品于已知质量的离心管中,加入20 mL去离子水,4.5 g剧烈涡旋5 min,样品被完全分散均匀,将离心管置于90 ℃水浴锅中保温30 min,冷却至室温,然后在4500 r/min下离心20 min,取上清液于铝盒m1中,105 ℃下恒重后记为m2,沉淀物质量记为m3,根据公式计算水合特性的指标。
$ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{3}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}} $
$ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}-{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}}$
$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{P}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{3}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}\times \left(1-\mathrm{W}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}\right)}  $
式中,m0为样品质量,g;m1为铝盒质量,g;m2为干上清和铝盒的质量,g;m3为沉淀物质量,g。
参考董茗洋等[25]的方法,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对绿豆粉进行热特性测定。准确称取3 mg样品于铝锅样品皿中,加入6.00 μL蒸馏水,密封在铝锅中,将制好的样品于室温下平衡过夜,以10 ℃/min升温速率获得样品在从20~120 ℃的焓值变化曲线。
参考陈甜[26]的方法并稍作修改,称取3 g绿豆干基粉放入银筒中,加入25 mL的蒸馏水,使用快速粘度分析仪进行测试。起始温度50 ℃,转速为960 r/min,10 s内转速降为160 r/min,保持50 s,以5 ℃/min速率在423 s内升至95 ℃,95 ℃保温2 min,以5 ℃/min降温至50 ℃,2 min后终止程序。采用快速粘度仪自带数据软件记录数据。
参考Yang等[27]的方法并稍作修改进行体外消化性实验,将1.00±0.02 g样品溶于3 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,pH6.9)中,加入1 mL α-淀粉酶(37 ℃预热),充分混合15 s(保持在37 ℃),并加入6 mL胃蛋白酶-瓜尔胶溶液(含0.05 g胃蛋白酶、0.05 g瓜尔胶、2.4 mL 0.4 g/L NaCl、3.6 mL 0.1 mol/L pH6.9磷酸盐缓冲液)。将反应体系在pH1.5和37 ℃下持续搅拌30 min,将磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,10 mL,pH6.9)、MgCl2-CaCl2(125 μL,Mg2+ 0.06 mol/L,Ca2+ 0.28 mol/L)、胰酶制剂(125 μL,600 U)、糖化酶(400 μL,400 U)加入系统中,用蒸馏水将最终模拟系统稀释至50 mL。在特定时间点(0、10、20、30、45、60、90、120和180 min),取出等分试样(1 mL),并与4 mL无水乙醇(在60 ℃下预热)混合,沸水浴灭酶后自然冷却,8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液。DNS溶液测定还原糖的方法。参照 GB 5009.9-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中淀粉的测定》测定总淀粉含量计算淀粉的水解率。
$ \mathrm{淀}\mathrm{粉}\mathrm{水}\mathrm{解}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{取}\mathrm{样}\mathrm{时}\mathrm{间}\mathrm{点}\mathrm{还}\mathrm{原}\mathrm{糖}\mathrm{释}\mathrm{放}\mathrm{量}\times 0.9}{\mathrm{总}\mathrm{干}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}}\times 100$
使用淀粉含量测定试剂盒测定天然淀粉的总淀粉含量。
ABTS+自由基清除的测定参照Yang等[28]的方法并略作修改。使用前,用乙醇稀释ABTS溶液,使对照品在734 nm处的最终吸光度为0.70±0.01,将0.5 g绿豆样品溶于15 mL 60%乙醇中。随后,将1.4 mL ABTS溶液与0.1 mL绿豆样品溶液混合。将该混合溶液涡旋1 min,并在室温下于黑暗环境中保持5 min。然后将样品在8000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清液用于检测。使用分光光度计在734 nm处测定吸光度。根据公式(5)测定ABTS+自由基清除率:
$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^+\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-({\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2})}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,A0表示不含样品的ABTS溶液的吸光度;A1表示含ABTS溶液和样品的吸光度;A2表示不含ABTS溶液的吸光度。
DPPH自由基清除率的测定参照Yang等[28]的方法并略作修改。将0.5 g绿豆样品溶解于15 mL 60%乙醇中。然后,将1.4 mL乙醇0.1 mmol/L DPPH溶液与0.1 mL绿豆样品溶液混合。将该混合溶液涡旋1 min,并在室温下在黑暗环境中保持30 min。以8000 r/min离心5 min后,收集上清液进行检测。使用分光光度计在517 nm处测定吸光度。然后,根据公式(6)测定DPPH自由基清除率:
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-({\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2})}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\times 100$
式中,A0为不含样品的DPPH溶液的吸光度;A1表示含DPPH溶液和样品的吸光度;A2为不含DPPH溶液的吸光度。
所有实验均重复三次,用平均值±标准偏差表示实验结果,采用SPSS26.0软件进行统计学分析,Origin2021绘图,ANOVA对数据进行差异显著性分析(P<0.05)。
图1为不同处理方式对绿豆结晶特性的影响。由图1可知,绿豆原淀粉的结晶度为13.25%,CaCl2浸泡、超声处理、超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的结晶度分别为7.81%、6.84%、5.38%。三种处理方式后的绿豆淀粉结晶度均呈现降低的趋势,超声辅助CaCl2处理使淀粉结晶度降低显著(P<0.05)。可能是因为超声引起的空化作用,导致淀粉解旋,单螺旋解聚,淀粉有序结构受到破坏,淀粉相对结晶度下降[29]。Yang等[30]研究发现,超声处理糯玉米淀粉导致糯玉米淀粉结晶度降低。Ca2+与直链淀粉上的O-H相互作用,阻碍直链淀粉的重排,从而阻碍其结晶[31]。该结果与樊艳叶[32]的研究结果一致。超声波促进了Ca2+对绿豆淀粉颗粒结晶区的破坏[33]。因此,超声辅助Ca2+浸泡对绿豆淀粉结构影响显著。
图2为不同处理方式对绿豆红外光谱的影响。在3000~3600 cm−1区域的光谱带归属于O-H的伸缩振动,1700~1750 cm−1区域的谱带归属于C=O的伸缩振动,800~1000 cm−1归属于C-O和CH2的伸缩振动[27,34]。由图2可知,经过处理后的绿豆,3282 cm−1处的吸收峰减小,这对应O-H吸收峰,说明淀粉分子中O-H吸收强度减弱,可能是Ca2+与淀粉O-H之间形成螯合结构,导致O-H吸收强度减弱[27];在1743 cm−1处的吸收峰增强,这对应C=O吸收峰,说明C=O吸收强度增强,可能是Ca2+与绿豆蛋白质中的羧基结合,形成羧酸钙,这种结合会导致蛋白质构象变化,使C=O吸收峰强度增大。Wu等[35]研究发现,酸性条件有利于羧基与钙螯合,可能是羧基在去质子化后形成与Ca2+有效配位的羧酸盐阴离子,与Ca2+形成稳定的螯合物;而超声辅助CaCl2浸泡有助于Ca2+与淀粉O-H和蛋白质羧基之间形成稳定螯合物。
表1为不同处理方式对绿豆短程有序结构的影响。淀粉的有序性和无定型区与淀粉在1047 cm−1和1022 cm−1处的特征峰有所关联[36],利用峰高比1047/1022 cm−1和995/1022 cm−1的变化作为淀粉有序度(DO)和双螺旋度(DD)变化的指标[37]。由表1可知,与对照组相比,通过超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的绿豆,1047/1022 cm−1比值由1.17降低到1.05,995/1022 cm−1比值由1.41降低到1.26,绿豆淀粉的短程有序性下降。可能是超声处理过程中产生的空化效应、机械效应和剪切效应等多种作用方式共同作用于淀粉,破坏淀粉分子链间和分子内的氢键,导致淀粉螺旋或原有的有序排列被破坏,从而降低淀粉短程有序性。Ca2+与淀粉的羟基氧之间的阳离子吸引力可能降低O-H和醚氧之间形成的强氢键的比例,从而降低了淀粉的有序度和双螺旋度[38]。Huang等[39]研究发现,超声改性玉米淀粉导致玉米淀粉的短程有序度降低。
图3为不同处理方式对绿豆微观结构的影响。由图3可知,未经处理的绿豆,其淀粉颗粒形状完整,大部分呈现椭圆形,表面光滑。超声处理的绿豆颗粒表面粗糙,其表面出现裂纹,颗粒皱缩,颗粒碎片增加。经过CaCl2浸泡的绿豆仍能观察到完整的颗粒结构,颗粒出现相互聚集的现象,形成不规则的块状和团状的聚集体,经超声和CaCl2共处理的绿豆,团聚现象更显著。可能是Ca2+与淀粉分子中的氧原子形成配位键,促进淀粉与Ca2+之间交联生成螯合物,导致团聚现象产生,引起颗粒变大[40]。这与红外光谱的研究结果一致。
图4为不同处理方式对绿豆水合特性的影响。由图4可知,通过超声处理、CaCl2浸泡和超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的绿豆,WAI分别升高0.39、2.37、2.73;SP分别升高0.43、1.48、1.94;其中,CaCl2浸泡组水合特性高于超声处理组,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡组与CaCl2浸泡组吸水性指数没有显著性差异。可能是超声破坏淀粉颗粒的结晶结构,无定形区比例增加,从而提高绿豆的水合能力[41]。Ca2+具有较高的电荷密度,能够与水分子发生静电相互作用,从而减少体系中的游离水含量。同时,Ca2+还能与淀粉分子中的脱水葡萄糖环上的氧原子形成强相互作用,促使淀粉分子间的氢键解离,增强淀粉分子的吸水能力[42]。CaCl2浸泡组通过化学键重构淀粉网络与水分子捕获效应,在分子尺度实现“吸水-锁水”双重优化;超声处理依赖物理结构破坏,提升吸水速率,缺乏化学稳定机制,导致保水性不足,因此,CaCl2浸泡组处理效果优于超声组;当CaCl2的化学吸水机制已接近饱和状态时,与CaCl2浸泡组相比,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡组吸水性指数没有显著差异。
表2为不同处理方式对绿豆热力学性质的影响。由表2可知,与对照组相比,超声处理的绿豆起始糊化温度和焓值显著降低(P<0.05),通过CaCl2和超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的绿豆,起始糊化温度分别上升25.66、26.86 ℃;焓值分别下降0.67、1.05 J/g。可能是超声波处理后,淀粉颗粒破损,表面出现裂纹,水分子容易渗入淀粉颗粒内部,导致起始糊化温度降低[43];焓值降低可能是超声破坏淀粉分子间氢键,晶体结构强度减弱,双螺旋堆积密度变松散,因此破坏结晶结构所需要的能量降低。Ca2+具有较强的水合能力,当其与淀粉共存时,会与淀粉颗粒竞争体系中的自由水分子,降低淀粉颗粒对水分的可利用性,淀粉分子链的展开和糊化需要克服更大的能垒,淀粉糊化需要更多的能量[41],起始糊化温度升高;Ca2+与O-H配位,氢键数量减少,双螺旋结构被破坏,焓值降低[44]。研究结果与淀粉结构研究结果一致。超声处理导致绿豆结构改变使得Ca2+更容易渗透到淀粉基质中[45],增强Ca2+与淀粉中O-H的螯合能力。因此,CaCl2浸泡提高了绿豆的热稳定性,超声与Ca2+联合具有协同增效的作用。
表3为不同处理方式对绿豆糊化特性的影响。由表3可知,与对照组相比,通过超声处理、CaCl2浸泡以及超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的绿豆,峰值粘度分别上升196.66、601.66、673 cP;终值粘度分别上升638、35、161 cP;超声处理使得淀粉的回生值上升394.33 cP,通过CaCl2浸泡以及超声辅助CaCl2浸泡绿豆,回生值分别降低119.67、62.34 cP,且超声处理组的谷值粘度和终值粘度均高于其他组。可能是超声作用使淀粉颗粒的溶胀力增大,导致淀粉颗粒体积分数增大,颗粒间的摩擦力增大,从而提高绿豆淀粉的峰值粘度和终值粘度[43],而支链淀粉的部分降解和静电排斥力的降低可能导致更高的回生值[44];超声辅助CaCl2浸泡导致粘度增加可能是:一方面,淀粉上Ca2+和O-H之间形成配位键,抑制了淀粉颗粒在加热过程中的爆裂。另一方面,Ca2+会增强淀粉颗粒的吸水和溶胀[46],因此峰值粘度和终值粘度上升。回生值下降可能是因为Ca2+与淀粉相互交联作用,使得直链淀粉不易发生重结晶[47]。超声处理通过深度溶胀和预糊化层保护,显著提高淀粉颗粒体积分数和结构稳定性,从而在高温剪切阶段(谷值)和冷却阶段(终值)维持更高粘度;而CaCl2处理增强溶胀,但抑制崩解和高温结构失稳限制了粘度提升,因此,超声处理组谷值粘度和终值粘度优于其他组。Wang等[48]研究发现,与常规碱萃相比,超声辅助碱萃取的豌豆淀粉具有更高的粘度。Bin等[49]对不同甲氧基果胶浓度下的小麦粉进行研究,果胶分子的COO−和Ca2+离子之间充分形成交联导致体系的粘度增加,而Ca2+含量不足会导致体系粘度降低。
图5为不同处理方式对绿豆淀粉水解率的影响。由图5可知,经过180 min体外消化,清水浸泡的绿豆淀粉水解率为59.94%,超声处理的绿豆淀粉水解率上升到60.13%,CaCl2浸泡和超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的绿豆淀粉水解率分别下降到55.51%、49.92%。可能是超声处理过程中产生的强大剪切力会破坏颗粒结晶度,解聚淀粉链,淀粉颗粒表面空隙增大,增加淀粉与淀粉酶的接触概率,淀粉水解率增加。超声处理的绿豆淀粉经过30 min体外消化后,其淀粉水解率明显增加。可能是超声处理促进淀粉与淀粉酶之间的充分接触,显著提高淀粉水解效率。Ca2+与果胶中的羧基形成交联,可有效维持细胞结构完整性,提高细胞壁的屏障功能,阻止淀粉消化酶进入细胞,从而抑制淀粉的消化[19]。超声处理下,绿豆淀粉与CaCl2的充分作用,显著提高Ca2+对绿豆淀粉的作用,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对抑制绿豆淀粉水解具有协同增效的作用。
表4为不同处理方式对绿豆抗氧化性的影响。由表4可知,通过超声处理、CaCl2浸泡和超声辅助CaCl2浸泡的绿豆,ABTS+自由基清除率分别升高4.99%、4.28%、12.18%;DPPH自由基清除率分别升高8.99%、5.07%、14.2%。可能是超声波的机械效应可增强苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和酪氨酸解氨酶(TAL)的活性,PAL和TAL是多酚合成途径中的关键酶[50],有效增加绿豆体系中多酚含量。同时,超声波的空化和机械效应增强了细胞膜的通透性,促进了离子和代谢物的扩散和跨膜转运[51];Ca2+与酚羟基的氧原子形成配位键,Ca-O配位键的形成降低了O-H间的电子云密度,提高了酚羟基的供氢能力[52],Ca2+与细胞壁上的羧基之间形成了交联桥,降低了多酚的甲氧基化程度,防止了细胞中多酚羟基的取代[19],因此,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡有利于多酚在绿豆体系内的富集,有效提高多酚的稳定性和抗氧化性,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对提高绿豆的抗氧化性具有显著作用。
本文探究了超声处理、CaCl2浸泡以及超声辅助CaCl2浸泡处理对绿豆淀粉结构和绿豆功能的影响。与对照组相比,三种处理方式均降低绿豆相对结晶度、淀粉颗粒内部结构向无序状态转变;O-H吸收峰减小,C=O吸收峰增大;其中,超声处理的绿豆颗粒表面粗糙,颗粒碎片增加,CaCl2浸泡的绿豆颗粒出现相互聚集现象,且超声辅助CaCl2处理团聚现象更显著。此外,三种处理方式均提高了绿豆的水合特性和粘度,降低了焓值,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡显著提高绿豆的热稳定性;超声处理导致绿豆淀粉水解率上升,CaCl2浸泡以及超声辅助CaCl2浸泡处理导致绿豆淀粉水解率下降;在抗氧化性方面,三种处理方式均能有效提高绿豆的抗氧化性。实验结果表明,超声辅助CaCl2浸泡对改善绿豆淀粉结构和绿豆功能特性有协同增效作用,本研究可为绿豆低升糖、高抗氧化性食品的开发提供理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020127
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
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    1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
    2沈阳师范大学粮食学院,辽宁沈阳 110034

通讯作者:

杨庆余(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物源食品开发与综合利用,E-mail:。
孙炳新(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品包装与农产品贮藏保鲜,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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