Article(id=1321170279267681097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921140733, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921140733, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921140733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921140733, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=181, endPage=189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170280945402698, articleId=1321170279267681097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Synergistic Fermentation by Latilactobacillus curvatus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus for Whole Wheat Sourdough and Evaluation of Fermentation Performance, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the synergistic fermentation of whole wheat sourdough using Latilactobacillus curvatus (Lc-39) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Wa-5). The systematic evaluation of fermentation characteristics was conducted by means of dynamic monitoring of microbial proliferation, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), and nutritional components. The optimal freeze-drying protectant was screened based on bacterial survival rates and acid-producing capacity. Results demonstrated that synergistic fermentation with an initial inoculum ratio of Lc-39 to Wa-5 (L:Y=5:1) and Wa-5 at 107 CFU/g achieved optimal fermentation activity. The matured sourdough exhibited superior physicochemical properties including a pH of 3.82 and total titratable acidity (TTA) of 13.41 g/kg. Notably, this treatment yielded the lowest amylose/amylopectin ratio (19.46%) alongside maximized functional properties: total antioxidant activity (0.34 μmol/g), flavonoid content (2.69 mg/g), total phenolic content (3.60 mg/g), amino acid concentration (911.72 μmol/g), and reducing sugar content (50.60 mg/g). Additionally, it achieved exceptional phytate degradation efficiency (98.37%), indicating enhanced nutrient bioavailability. The addition of 15% trehalose effectively preserved the viable bacterial count in whole wheat sourdough during freeze-drying, with survival rates of 83.38% for Lc-39 and 88.29% for Wa-5 strains. Following90 days of ambient storage, there was no statistically significant decrease in the acid-producing capacity and acidification rate of the freeze-dried sourdough starter. Whole wheat bread fermented with this freeze-dried sourdough starter culture achieved the highest overall sensory rating of 7.8 in comparative assessments, demonstrating superior organoleptic properties. This study provides critical technical fundamentals and microbial strain resources essential for advancing the development of highly active whole wheat sourdough starters.

, authors=Bo WANG1, Weiqing ZHANG2, *, Pengli JIANG3, Ming LIU2, Peng YIN2, Ping JIANG2, Sijia XU2, authorsList=Bo WANG, Weiqing ZHANG, Pengli JIANG, Ming LIU, Peng YIN, Ping JIANG, Sijia XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiqing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170282262414167, articleId=1321170279267681097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=弯曲广布乳杆菌与异常威克汉姆酵母协同发酵全麦酸面团及其发酵特性评价, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发弯曲广布乳杆菌(Latilactobacillus curvatus,Lc-39)与异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus,Wa-5)协同发酵的全麦酸面团,通过动态监测酸面团菌群增殖规律、pH、总滴定酸度(Total titratable acidity,TTA)及营养组分变化,系统评估全麦酸面团发酵特性,并基于菌种存活率和产酸能力筛选最优冻干保护剂制备冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂。结果表明,当Lc-39与Wa-5以L:Y=5:1的比例,Wa-5为107 CFU/g的初始接种量时,协同发酵的全麦酸面团发酵活性最佳,发酵成熟时其pH为3.82,TTA为13.41g/kg,直链/支链淀粉比值最低,为19.46%,总抗氧化活性0.34 μmol/g,含有类黄酮2.69 mg/g、总酚3.60 mg/g、氨基酸911.72 μmol/g、还原糖50.60 mg/g,植酸降解率为98.37%,均表现出最高水平。添加15%的海藻糖对其进行冷冻干燥时可有效地保护全麦酸面团中的活菌数量,Lc-39与Wa-5的存活率分别为83.38%、88.29%;经90 d的常温保藏,冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂的产酸能力和酸化速率未有明显下降,用其发酵的全麦面包感官评价综合评分最高,为7.8分。该研究为高活性全麦酸面团发酵剂的开发提供了一定的技术支撑与菌种资源。

, authors=王博1, 张维清2, *, 蒋朋丽3, 刘明2, 尹鹏2, 姜平2, 徐思佳2, authorsList=王博, 张维清, 蒋朋丽, 刘明, 尹鹏, 姜平, 徐思佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张维清, authorNote=

王博(1993−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张维清(1988−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:分子生物学,E-mail:。
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European Food Research and Technology, 2008, 226(6): 1495−1502., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294493004742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SIDARI R, MARTORANA A, ZAPPIA C, et al. Persistence and effect of a multistrain starter culture on antioxidant and rheological properties of novel wheat sourdoughs and bread[J]. 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Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2023(8): 450−458.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294635611080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Weijun, FANG Luping, DOU Zhixia, et al. Functional characteristics of sourdough and the application in beans and milling by-products[J]. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2023(8): 450−458., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294706914249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Ruixue, E Jingjing, YANG Ying, et al. Trehalose enhances the resistance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1 to spray- and freeze-drying treatments by regulating amino acid metabolism[J]. Food Bioscience, 2024, 60: 104256., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294799188938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE Sitong, HAN Jiarun, SUN Qiaoyu, et al. Research progress on improving the freeze-drying resistance of probiotics: A review[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2024, 147: 104425., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294866297803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE Sitong, HAN Jiarun, SUN Qiaoyu, et al. Optimization of cryoprotectants for improving the freeze-dried survival rate of potential probiotic Lactococcus lactis ZFM559 and evaluation of its storage stability[J]. LWT, 2024, 198: 116052., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294929212364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEFANELLO R F, NABESHIMA E H, IAMANAKA B T, et al. Survival and stability of Lactobacillus fermentum and Wickerhamomyces anomalus strains upon lyophilisation with different cryoprotectant agents[J]. Food Research International, 2019, 115: 90−94., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170294992126925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ONWE R O, ONWOSI C O, EZUGWORIE F N, et al. Microbial trehalose boosts the ecological fitness of biocontrol agents, the viability of probiotics during long-term storage and plants tolerance to environmental-driven abiotic stress[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 806: 150432., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170295088595918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILLER D P. Rational design of protective agents and processes for the stabilization of biologicals[D]. Madison: The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170282501489496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170282505683801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, companyId=1321170282501489496, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Gansu Vocational University of Industry Technology, Tianshui 741025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170282518266714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, companyId=1321170282501489496, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1甘肃工业职业技术大学,甘肃天水 741025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170282593764187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170282602152796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, companyId=1321170282593764187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170282610541405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, companyId=1321170282593764187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院,北京 100037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170282673455966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170282681844575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, companyId=1321170282673455966, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Grain and Oil Center Laboratory of Tibet Autonomous Region Grain Bureau, Lasa 850000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170282690233184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, companyId=1321170282673455966, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3西藏自治区粮食局粮油中心化验室,西藏拉萨 850000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170286930674574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in total bacterial count of whole wheat sourdough with fermentation time, figureFileSmall=2/vI2ISPkaFC4FHPtIG+yg==, figureFileBig=AbNsu+/WU4u8YhRNZG5wUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287014560655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=图1, caption=全麦酸面团菌落总数随发酵时间的变化

注:a~e分别表示Lc-39和Wa-5初始接种比为1:10(E1)、1:5(E2)、1:1(E3)、5:1(E4)和10:1(E5)的全麦酸面团;同一图中,相同指标间不同小写字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=2/vI2ISPkaFC4FHPtIG+yg==, figureFileBig=AbNsu+/WU4u8YhRNZG5wUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287199110032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in pH and TTA of whole wheat sourdough with different time, figureFileSmall=deIqJzV36fMl1yQe4SLqiQ==, figureFileBig=MUgXgOJaD+Z2IDYENANUzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287270413201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=图2, caption=全麦酸面团pH和TTA随发酵时间的变化, figureFileSmall=deIqJzV36fMl1yQe4SLqiQ==, figureFileBig=MUgXgOJaD+Z2IDYENANUzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287345910674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Content of total starch and amylose/amylopectin ratio of different whole-wheat sourdough, figureFileSmall=dUC3NSaN0RagoQdf67GLYw==, figureFileBig=o0A/QqSHsODw5nLp7nF8wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287433991059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同全麦酸面团总淀粉含量及直支比

注:图中小写字母表示各样品间的直支比差异显著(P<0.05),大写字母表示各样品间的总淀粉含量差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=dUC3NSaN0RagoQdf67GLYw==, figureFileBig=o0A/QqSHsODw5nLp7nF8wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287509488532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of freeze-drying protectants on the survival rate of microorganisms in sourdough, figureFileSmall=Da7FfD5z1/57cfWy8fXLqg==, figureFileBig=6A+EFPvF02gewNNs9mctjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287593374613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冻干保护剂对酸面团中微生物存活率的影响

注:(a)乳酸菌,(b) 酵母菌;同一图中,小写字母表示相同添加量不同冻干保护剂对菌存活率的显著性比较(P<0.05),大写字母表示相同冻干保护剂不同添加量的菌存活率的显著性比较(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Da7FfD5z1/57cfWy8fXLqg==, figureFileBig=6A+EFPvF02gewNNs9mctjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287664677783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of trehalose on the acid production capacity of freeze-dried whole wheat sourdough, figureFileSmall=gfKg5c5umapvWaXWq63THg==, figureFileBig=ery2LepiY2JCGbbv7AwhZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287735980952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=图5, caption=海藻糖对冻干酸面团产酸能力的影响

注:a-冻干后0 d;b-冻干后30 d;c-冻干后60 d;d-冻干后90 d。

, figureFileSmall=gfKg5c5umapvWaXWq63THg==, figureFileBig=ery2LepiY2JCGbbv7AwhZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287819867033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sensory evaluation results of whole wheat bread, figureFileSmall=TkffF5AUEoa8BUigEi3Ugw==, figureFileBig=EUASF8AJUMqZJL0BX9ftig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287886975898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=图6, caption=全麦面包的感官评价结果, figureFileSmall=TkffF5AUEoa8BUigEi3Ugw==, figureFileBig=EUASF8AJUMqZJL0BX9ftig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170287996027803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Formula for fermented whole wheat sourdough with a mixture of Lc-39 and Wa-5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
全麦酸面团E1E2E3E4E5
接种比(L:Y)1:101:51:15:110:1
), ArticleFig(id=1321170289677943711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

弯曲广布乳杆菌Lc-39和异常威克汉姆酵母Wa-5协同发酵全麦酸面团配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
全麦酸面团E1E2E3E4E5
接种比(L:Y)1:101:51:15:110:1
), ArticleFig(id=1321170289770218400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Formulation of whole wheat bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分(BF)
(%)
发酵剂全麦粉高筋粉黄油食盐白砂糖矿泉水
对照组商业酵母1%5248417.260
传统酸面团10%5238417.260
实验组全麦酸面团10%4248417.260
), ArticleFig(id=1321170289862493089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

全麦面包配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分(BF)
(%)
发酵剂全麦粉高筋粉黄油食盐白砂糖矿泉水
对照组商业酵母1%5248417.260
传统酸面团10%5238417.260
实验组全麦酸面团10%4248417.260
), ArticleFig(id=1321170289946379170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluation form for whole wheat bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评分标准分值
外观形状不规则、表面粗糙/塌陷/开裂明显1~3分
基本完整,轻微塌陷/裂纹4~6分
造型饱满、表面光滑无缺陷7~9分
色泽焦黑/过浅/明显色差1~3分
颜色尚可但光泽不足4~6分
均匀深棕/麸皮分布自然/光泽透亮7~9分
风味有霉/酸败等异味1~3分
香气平淡/略带生粉味4~6分
麦香浓郁/发酵香协调/无不良气味7~9分
口感干硬/粘牙/明显颗粒感1~3分
稍有粗糙但可接受4~6分
湿润适口/弹性适中/咀嚼舒适7~9分
内部结构致密无气孔/气孔过大1~3分
气孔分布不均4~6分
蜂窝细腻/质地均匀/拉丝良好7~9分
整体接受度难以接受1~3分
勉强接受4~6分
强烈推荐7~9分
), ArticleFig(id=1321170290021876643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

全麦面包感官评价表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评分标准分值
外观形状不规则、表面粗糙/塌陷/开裂明显1~3分
基本完整,轻微塌陷/裂纹4~6分
造型饱满、表面光滑无缺陷7~9分
色泽焦黑/过浅/明显色差1~3分
颜色尚可但光泽不足4~6分
均匀深棕/麸皮分布自然/光泽透亮7~9分
风味有霉/酸败等异味1~3分
香气平淡/略带生粉味4~6分
麦香浓郁/发酵香协调/无不良气味7~9分
口感干硬/粘牙/明显颗粒感1~3分
稍有粗糙但可接受4~6分
湿润适口/弹性适中/咀嚼舒适7~9分
内部结构致密无气孔/气孔过大1~3分
气孔分布不均4~6分
蜂窝细腻/质地均匀/拉丝良好7~9分
整体接受度难以接受1~3分
勉强接受4~6分
强烈推荐7~9分
), ArticleFig(id=1321170290105762724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in nnutritional ccomponents and physical and chemical indicators of whole wheat sourdough

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T-AOC(μmol/g)类黄酮(mg/g)总酚(mg/g)氨基酸(μmol/g)还原糖(mg/g)植酸降解率(%)
全麦粉0.16±0.01e2.13±0.04c2.30±0.10e177.14±48.68d12.08±0.52e−
E10.27±0.01c2.47±0.14b3.41±0.05bc740.28±16.31c16.34±0.24d97.96±1.2a
E20.24±0.02d2.45±0.13b3.18±0.05d765.35±10.78c22.75±0.87c97.71±2.03a
E30.34±0.02a2.63±0.04ab3.34±0.03c857.28±8.77b47.25±2.56b98.03±1.8a
E40.34±0.01a2.69±0.14a3.60±0.13a911.72±12.16a50.60±1.56a98.37±1.52a
E50.31±0.01b2.59±0.15ab3.51±0.05b897.5±20.02ab47.73±1.87b97.16±1.6a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170290172871589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170279267681097, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

全麦酸面团营养成分和理化指标的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T-AOC(μmol/g)类黄酮(mg/g)总酚(mg/g)氨基酸(μmol/g)还原糖(mg/g)植酸降解率(%)
全麦粉0.16±0.01e2.13±0.04c2.30±0.10e177.14±48.68d12.08±0.52e−
E10.27±0.01c2.47±0.14b3.41±0.05bc740.28±16.31c16.34±0.24d97.96±1.2a
E20.24±0.02d2.45±0.13b3.18±0.05d765.35±10.78c22.75±0.87c97.71±2.03a
E30.34±0.02a2.63±0.04ab3.34±0.03c857.28±8.77b47.25±2.56b98.03±1.8a
E40.34±0.01a2.69±0.14a3.60±0.13a911.72±12.16a50.60±1.56a98.37±1.52a
E50.31±0.01b2.59±0.15ab3.51±0.05b897.5±20.02ab47.73±1.87b97.16±1.6a
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弯曲广布乳杆菌与异常威克汉姆酵母协同发酵全麦酸面团及其发酵特性评价
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王博 1 , 张维清 2, * , 蒋朋丽 3 , 刘明 2 , 尹鹏 2 , 姜平 2 , 徐思佳 2
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(3): 181-189
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (3) : 181 -189
弯曲广布乳杆菌与异常威克汉姆酵母协同发酵全麦酸面团及其发酵特性评价
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王博1 , 张维清2, * , 蒋朋丽3, 刘明2, 尹鹏2, 姜平2, 徐思佳2
作者信息
  • 1甘肃工业职业技术大学,甘肃天水 741025
  • 2国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院,北京 100037
  • 3西藏自治区粮食局粮油中心化验室,西藏拉萨 850000
通讯作者:
张维清(1988−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:分子生物学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王博(1993−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Synergistic Fermentation by Latilactobacillus curvatus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus for Whole Wheat Sourdough and Evaluation of Fermentation Performance
Bo WANG1 , Weiqing ZHANG2, * , Pengli JIANG3, Ming LIU2, Peng YIN2, Ping JIANG2, Sijia XU2
Affiliations
  • 1Gansu Vocational University of Industry Technology, Tianshui 741025, China
  • 2Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
  • 3Grain and Oil Center Laboratory of Tibet Autonomous Region Grain Bureau, Lasa 850000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020117
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为开发弯曲广布乳杆菌(Latilactobacillus curvatus,Lc-39)与异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus,Wa-5)协同发酵的全麦酸面团,通过动态监测酸面团菌群增殖规律、pH、总滴定酸度(Total titratable acidity,TTA)及营养组分变化,系统评估全麦酸面团发酵特性,并基于菌种存活率和产酸能力筛选最优冻干保护剂制备冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂。结果表明,当Lc-39与Wa-5以L:Y=5:1的比例,Wa-5为107 CFU/g的初始接种量时,协同发酵的全麦酸面团发酵活性最佳,发酵成熟时其pH为3.82,TTA为13.41g/kg,直链/支链淀粉比值最低,为19.46%,总抗氧化活性0.34 μmol/g,含有类黄酮2.69 mg/g、总酚3.60 mg/g、氨基酸911.72 μmol/g、还原糖50.60 mg/g,植酸降解率为98.37%,均表现出最高水平。添加15%的海藻糖对其进行冷冻干燥时可有效地保护全麦酸面团中的活菌数量,Lc-39与Wa-5的存活率分别为83.38%、88.29%;经90 d的常温保藏,冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂的产酸能力和酸化速率未有明显下降,用其发酵的全麦面包感官评价综合评分最高,为7.8分。该研究为高活性全麦酸面团发酵剂的开发提供了一定的技术支撑与菌种资源。

全麦酸面团  /  弯曲广布乳杆菌  /  异常威克汉姆酵母  /  协同发酵  /  冷冻干燥保护剂

This study investigated the synergistic fermentation of whole wheat sourdough using Latilactobacillus curvatus (Lc-39) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Wa-5). The systematic evaluation of fermentation characteristics was conducted by means of dynamic monitoring of microbial proliferation, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), and nutritional components. The optimal freeze-drying protectant was screened based on bacterial survival rates and acid-producing capacity. Results demonstrated that synergistic fermentation with an initial inoculum ratio of Lc-39 to Wa-5 (L:Y=5:1) and Wa-5 at 107 CFU/g achieved optimal fermentation activity. The matured sourdough exhibited superior physicochemical properties including a pH of 3.82 and total titratable acidity (TTA) of 13.41 g/kg. Notably, this treatment yielded the lowest amylose/amylopectin ratio (19.46%) alongside maximized functional properties: total antioxidant activity (0.34 μmol/g), flavonoid content (2.69 mg/g), total phenolic content (3.60 mg/g), amino acid concentration (911.72 μmol/g), and reducing sugar content (50.60 mg/g). Additionally, it achieved exceptional phytate degradation efficiency (98.37%), indicating enhanced nutrient bioavailability. The addition of 15% trehalose effectively preserved the viable bacterial count in whole wheat sourdough during freeze-drying, with survival rates of 83.38% for Lc-39 and 88.29% for Wa-5 strains. Following90 days of ambient storage, there was no statistically significant decrease in the acid-producing capacity and acidification rate of the freeze-dried sourdough starter. Whole wheat bread fermented with this freeze-dried sourdough starter culture achieved the highest overall sensory rating of 7.8 in comparative assessments, demonstrating superior organoleptic properties. This study provides critical technical fundamentals and microbial strain resources essential for advancing the development of highly active whole wheat sourdough starters.

whole wheat sourdough  /  Latilactobacillus curvatus  /  Wickerhamomyces anomalus  /  synergistic fermentation  /  freeze-drying protectants
王博, 张维清, 蒋朋丽, 刘明, 尹鹏, 姜平, 徐思佳. 弯曲广布乳杆菌与异常威克汉姆酵母协同发酵全麦酸面团及其发酵特性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 181 -189 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020117
Bo WANG, Weiqing ZHANG, Pengli JIANG, Ming LIU, Peng YIN, Ping JIANG, Sijia XU. Synergistic Fermentation by Latilactobacillus curvatus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus for Whole Wheat Sourdough and Evaluation of Fermentation Performance[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 181 -189 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020117
酸面团是以谷物加工产物、水为主要原料,接种微生物后经发酵等工艺,灭活或不灭活,未添加有机酸或有机酸盐而制成的产品[1],在我国甘肃、河南和山西等地称其为起子、面肥或酵头等,常用于馒头、包子及发酵面饼等传统发酵面食的制作。根据发酵工艺差异,可以将酸面团分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型。Ⅰ型酸面团是连续自然发酵形成,其栖居的原生微生物种类丰富且始终处于代谢活跃状态,但存在发酵过程可控性差、产品质量不稳定的产业应用瓶颈;Ⅱ型酸面团是在特定的发酵条件下,如接种具有特定合成或降解能力的发酵菌株,标准化、快速地完成面团酸化发酵过程,Ⅱ型酸面团多为液态,发酵成熟后经干燥便得到了Ⅲ型酸面团;Ⅲ型酸面团是一种粉末或颗粒状的固态发酵剂,因质量稳定、管理流程简便被广泛用于工业化生产[2]。通常Ⅲ型酸面团品质的优劣与干燥后菌株存活率的高低有直接关系。
无论哪种类型的酸面团,所含的优势微生物主要是酵母菌和乳酸菌[3]。酵母菌发酵产生的CO2、乙醇和小分子风味物质,使面团蓬松,赋予全麦发酵面食独特的质构和风味;乳酸菌则产生乳酸、醋酸等挥发性有机酸,除使面团酸化、质构改善和延长货架期外[4],还会与酵母菌产生的醇类进一步发生酯化反应,生成一定数量的酯类化合物、少量的醛和酮类羟基化合物,构成了全麦发酵面食中重要的风味挥发和风味辅助物质[5],以满足消费者的感官需求。然而,当前酸面团研究多聚焦于单一乳酸菌发酵体系,Francisco等[6]利用L. plantarum 5L1制备的冻干酸面团发酵面包,与商业酵母面包相比,其总酚、乳酸含量显著增加,货架期显著延长;Suo等[7]发现用乳酸菌酸面团发酵的面包和馒头会产生更丰富的香气化合物,具有更低的丙烯酰胺含量,表现出更高的抗真菌活性和营养价值。但目前针对乳酸菌-酵母菌协同发酵Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型酸面团的研究尚存在不足。弯曲广布乳杆菌(Latilactobacillus curvatus)作为重要的发酵和产胞外多糖菌株广泛地应用于烘焙食品,如产葡聚糖的弯曲乳杆菌69B2作为重要的发酵菌用于酸面团的制备,通过增加比容、减少焙烤损失和老化来改善面包品质[8]。异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)常用于发酵饮料、酒和烘焙食品的生产,除增加产品的风味和香气外,还会生成抗真菌化合物,具有抑制霉菌生长、延长食品货架期的作用[9]。此外,异常威克汉姆酵母能够在pH改变、温度冲击、氧化和渗透胁迫等极端环境条件下生存,Zhang等[10]报道Wickerhamomyces anomalus在pH3~4的条件下仍保持良好的生长活性,能够耐受面团发酵过程中pH的持续下降(通常pH≤4.5),并在此动态酸性环境中维持稳定。因此,弯曲广布乳杆菌和异常威克汉姆酵母具备协同发酵全麦酸面团的应用潜力。
此外,由于工业化生产中保持新鲜酸面团活性的困难和成本,Ⅲ型酸面团被越来越广泛地应用于面包、馒头和发糕等全麦发酵面食的规模化生产[11−12]。尽管微生物细胞干燥技术已被广泛地研究,例如海藻糖、蔗糖及蛋白质类保护剂可通过玻璃化转变、膜稳定等机制提高菌种的冻干存活率[13],但乳酸菌与酵母菌在酸面团中的存活能力不同于纯培养,冻干保护剂的选择仍是Ⅲ型酸面团制备的关键问题之一,因其保护效能存在种属特异性,且过量添加会导致生产成本增加和产品纯度下降。针对全麦酸面团中弯曲广布乳杆菌与异常威克汉姆酵母混菌体系的冻干保护策略,尚未见系统性研究报告。
本文以自主筛选的高纤维素酶和淀粉酶活的弯曲广布乳杆菌与异常威克汉姆酵母(均来源于自然发酵全麦酸面团)为发酵菌种,对其协同发酵全麦酸面团的应用潜力进行评价;探究冻干保护剂种类和添加量对冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂菌种存活率和产酸能力的影响,并以全麦面包为载体,评价冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂对其感官品质的改善效果,为混菌发酵全麦酸面团的开发及其冻干保护剂的精准选择提供理论依据。
全麦高筋面粉 Bob's Red Mill;弯曲广布乳杆菌(Latilactobacillus curvatus,Lc-39)、异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus,Wa-5) 自然发酵全麦酸面团中筛选鉴定;市售商业酵母C1,传统酸面团C2:高筋粉经自然发酵获得的酸面团;PDA培养基、MRS肉汤培养基、淀粉含量检测试剂盒(BC0705)、直链淀粉含量检测试剂盒(BC4260)、总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒(BC1315)、植物总酚(TP)含量检测试剂盒(BC1345)、氨基酸(AA)含量检测试剂盒(BC1575)、还原糖含量检测试剂盒(BC0235)、植物类黄酮含量检测试剂盒(BC1330)、植酸含量检测试剂盒(BC5845) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;其他试剂均来源于国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
SW-CJ-1B/1BU无菌操作台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;PYL-125恒温培养箱 天津市莱玻特瑞仪器设备有限公司;BioTek Synergy H1多功能读板仪(酶标仪) 美国伯腾仪器有限责任公司。
从自然发酵全麦酸面团中选育出高淀粉酶和纤维素酶活的弯曲广布乳杆菌Lc-39(淀粉酶活36.97 U/L,纤维素酶活73.68 U/L)和异常威克汉姆酵母Wa-5(淀粉酶活76.07 U/L,纤维素酶活122.75 U/L),按表1中比例接种,协同发酵制备全麦酸面团。具体操作过程如下:称量全麦粉250 g、无菌蒸馏水250 g混合后,接种活化至对数稳定期的Lc-39(初始接种量从106 CFU/g逐渐增加至108 CFU/g)和Wa-5(初始接种量为107 CFU/g),将上述材料充分混匀后于80%的相对湿度、30 ℃的环境下培养24 h后即为成熟的混菌发酵全麦酸面团。
用梯度稀释法测定全麦酸面团样品中的菌落总数,在MRS/PDA培养基上连续适当稀释,37 ℃下培养48 h,然后计数。MRS琼脂用倒灌法计数乳酸菌,用平板涂布法在PDA培养基上计数酵母[14]。
参考QB/T 5756-2022《酸面团》中pH和总酸的测定方法[1]。准确称取10 g发酵完成的全麦酸面团(0.01 g)于250 mL的烧杯中,加入100 mL无CO2蒸馏水,充分搅拌30 min后用pH计测定其pH,随后用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液滴定至pH8.2,记录消耗的NaOH溶液体积(mL)V1,用无CO2蒸馏水替代酸面团做空白试验,消耗NaOH溶液体积(mL)V2。按公式(1)进行计算,即为全麦酸面团的TTA。
$\rm X=\frac{\text{c}\times ({V}_{1}-{V}_{2})\times 90}{\text{m}\times 1000}\times 1000 $
式中:X—样品中总酸(以乳酸计)的含量,单位为克每千克(g/kg)或克每升(g/L);c—氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液的浓度,单位为摩尔每升(mol/L);V1滴定试液时消耗氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液的体积,单位为毫升(mL);V2—空白试验时消耗氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液的体积,单位为毫升(mL);90—乳酸的摩尔质量,单位为克每摩尔(g/mol);m—试样的质量数值,单位为克(g)。
使用试剂盒测定全麦酸面团的淀粉、直链淀粉、总抗氧化活性(Total antioxidant activity,T-AOC)、总酚、氨基酸、还原糖、类黄酮的含量以及发酵前后的植酸降解率(发酵前后植酸含量之差/发酵前的植酸含量×100)。其中T-AOC的测定是在酸性环境下,通过检测Fe3+-三吡啶三吖嗪(Fe3+-TPTZ)被还原产生蓝色的Fe2+-TPTZ的含量以反映总抗氧化能力;总酚含量是通过测定碱性条件下,酚类物质将钨钼酸还原所产生的蓝色化合物在760 nm处的吸光值确定。具体的检测方法参照官方网站https://www.solarbio.com/。
在1.2.1的全麦酸面团发酵成熟后,分别添加5%、10%、15%、20%的海藻糖、蔗糖和谷胱甘肽,混合均匀后,将其移至冻干皿中,液体厚度1.0 cm,−70 ℃预冻2 h后真空冷冻干燥,将冻干的酸面团发酵剂粉碎100目过筛,密封包装后于4 ℃储藏备用[14],对比分析海藻糖、蔗糖、谷胱甘肽及其添加量对全麦酸面团冻干后其产酸能力和菌种存活率的影响。
参照Gul等[15]的方法略作修改。采用平板计数法对冻干前后成熟全麦酸面团中的Lc-39和Wa-5分别计数,计算其存活率。具体步骤:将90 mL 0.85%无菌盐水(w/v)与10 g成熟酸面团充分混合。取1 mL悬浮液按照10倍等梯度稀释至10−9,取10−7~10−9倍系列稀释液1 mL于无菌培养皿中,倒入灭菌的MRS和PDA培养基,迅速混匀,凝固后分别于37 ℃和28 ℃下倒置培养72 h,对乳酸菌和酵母菌进行计数。
参照Santos等[16]的方法略作改动。在冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂贮藏的第0、30、60和90 d分别取1.00 g样品于100 mL MRS液体培养基(初始pH为6.2)中培养,培养温度为37 ℃,测定0~48 h内MRS液体培养基pH的变化。
准确称量表2中的配料加入面包机中,其中商业酵母的添加量为1%,传统全麦酸面团发酵剂和冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂的添加量为10%,为控制配方中全麦粉/高筋粉比例恒定,将全麦酸面团等量替代配方中全麦粉,全麦粉的添加量等量减少。使用面包机全麦面包烘焙程序,完成后在室温下充分冷却,自封袋密封,用于后续分析。
依据定量描述性感官分析法并稍作修改,采用9分嗜好法进行感官评估,其中1分和9分分别代表最低和最高感官嗜好度[17]。由32位经过培训的志愿者(女性和男性各16位)对全麦面包品质(外观、色泽、风味、口感、内部结构及整体接受度)进行感官评价,全麦面包感官评价表见表3。
采用Excel 2016和SAS 9.2对数据进行统计分析,运用方差分析方法(ANOVA)进行显著性分析(P<0.05)。所有实验重复3次,数据表示为平均值±标准差。
全麦酸面团对全麦发酵食品品质产生的积极影响与其所含的微生物种类、数量、协同作用等方面息息相关[18]。本实验制备的全麦酸面团,Wa-5初始接种量均为107 CFU/g,Lc-39的初始接种量从106 CFU/g逐渐增加至108 CFU/g。整体来看,不同全麦酸面团在发酵过程中,Lc-39和Wa-5均快速增殖,分别在发酵36 h和24 h左右时,菌落总数达到最大;随发酵持续进行,全麦酸面团中的营养物质不断被消耗,由于不同菌株对营养物质的竞争、产生具有毒性的代谢物和抑制作用等,Lc-39和Wa-5的菌落总数均稍有下降,后趋于稳定状态,酸面团中微生物菌群结构的稳定有助于实现其整体功能。随全麦酸面团逐渐发酵成熟(约48 h),同一酸面团内所含的Lc-39和Wa-5数量的比值差距逐渐缩小,比例维持在100:1的量级范围内,与国内外的报道成熟酸面团中乳酸菌与酵母菌的比例一致[19],研究表明,在世界各地的酸面团中,乳酸菌和酵母菌对不同发酵基质及环境条件均表现出了显著且强大的适应性。
由图1a~e可知,全麦酸面团E1、E2和E3,Lc-39的初始接种量虽然较低,但分别在发酵24、12和12 h后,逐渐占据主导地位并生长到较高浓度,而Wa-5的生长受限;全麦酸面团E4和E5,Lc-39初始接种量较高,始终为体系中的优势菌种并大量生长。全麦酸面团中Lc-39的初始接种量与后续发酵过程中(成熟前)Lc-39的菌落总数成正比,与Wa-5的菌落总数成反比。由此可知,Lc-39初始接种量较高的酸面团E4、E5在发酵过程中能更可靠地维持Lc-39的生长优势,减少杂菌污染风险,更早实现乳酸菌和酵母菌的平衡,达到酸面团成熟稳定状态,提高生产效率;同时也促进了乳酸菌主导的代谢途径,利于风味物质积累。但从生产实际出发,综合考虑发酵时间、稳定性和成本,全麦酸面团E4更优。此外也可根据产品需要,控制发酵参数和添加营养素调节乳酸菌和酵母菌生长代谢,以实现对全麦酸面团中微生物菌群的调控。
面团的酸化是其发挥发酵特性、提升食品风味、延长货架期、解除植酸的抗营养作用及降低食物血糖指数等功能特性的基础[20−21],研究全麦酸面团的酸化过程具有重要意义。
由图2可知,全麦粉未发酵时pH约为6.6,TTA为3.2 g/kg;在全麦酸面团发酵的前12 h,酸面团的pH迅速下降,TTA快速增加,这是由于Lc-39和Wa-5的增殖和新陈代谢活跃(图1)产生了大量的乳酸和乙酸等酸性物质;发酵12~24 h,pH下降速度和TTA增加速度减缓,Lc-39和Wa-5生长速率减慢(图1);发酵时间延长至48 h左右时,酸面团的pH和TTA也基本保持不变,相应地,Lc-39和Wa-5的菌落总数都趋于稳定,全麦酸面团达到成熟状态。与2.1.1中菌落总数变化趋势一致。所有酸面团成熟时的pH均小于4.0,TTA大于11.79 g/kg,符合我国行业标准《酸面团》(QB/T 5756-2022)中对酸面团pH(≤4.5)和总酸度(≥3 g/kg)的要求[1]。此外,全麦酸面团Lc-39的初始接种量越高,成熟时的pH越低,TTA越高,说明发酵过程中Lc-39产生的乳酸、乙酸等有机酸是降低面团pH的主要原因,与Fang等[22]报道的一致。乳酸可降低淀粉的消化率,乙酸和丙酸延长了胃排空时间,因此,酸面团发酵可有效降低食物的血糖指数[18]。综上,Lc-39初始接种量高的酸面团E4和E5在应用全麦面包发酵时可能会表现出更好的酸化效果和功能特性。
面粉成分是面团发酵的一个关键方面,乳酸菌和酵母菌在发酵酸面团过程中会利用面粉中的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪和微量营养素等,其含量和比例的变化会影响最终产品的结构和质量[23]。由图3可知,以不同比例接种Lc-39和Wa-5协同发酵的全麦酸面团中总淀粉含量差异明显,全麦酸面团E2、E4和E5的总淀粉含量分别为81.7%、79.5%和80.1%,显著高于E1和E3(P<0.05),而E4和E5的直链/支链淀粉比例分别为19.46%和19.45%,显著低于E1~E3(P<0.05)。可能是因为全麦酸面团E4和E5中的优势菌种Lc-39产生了大量的纤维素酶和淀粉酶,协同水解全麦粉中的麸皮和淀粉,增加可溶性膳食纤维和支链淀粉的含量,减弱Lc-39与Wa-5对全麦粉中可溶性碳水化合物的竞争利用。根据以往的报道,高淀粉含量虽可以给面团带来更高的持水力和膨胀度,使面制品更加光滑有弹性[24],但淀粉中的直链淀粉含量过高,则会使面团过于黏稠,导致发酵面食的体积减小,结构紧密[25],因此,直支比低的面团通常表现出更高的黏度和较低的流动性、糊化温度较低、产品不易老化回生[26]。酸面团E4总淀粉含量较高,直支比较低,利于提升全麦发酵面食的整体品质。
Lc-39和Wa-5的协同发酵对全麦酸面团营养成分及生物活性物质含量的提高起到了积极作用。实验结果表明(表4),全麦酸面团的总抗氧化活性、氨基酸、还原糖、类黄酮和总酚含量均显著提升(P<0.05),较未发酵的全麦粉最高增加至其的2.13、5.15、4.19、1.26、和1.57倍,植酸降解率最高为98.37%。
Lc-39和Wa-5协同发酵创造的酸性条件激活了全麦粉的内源蛋白酶活性,将面粉中的蛋白质分解为肽和氨基酸。因此,全麦酸面团中的氨基酸含量显著高于全麦粉(P<0.05);随发酵进行,乳酸菌产生的胞内/外肽酶进一步将肽水解为氨基酸,而酵母菌分泌的蛋白酶不参与此水解过程[27],所以,随Lc-39接种比例的增加,全麦酸面团中氨基酸的含量也随之增加,接种比为5:1时发酵的全麦酸面团E4氨基酸含量最高,但接种比继续增加至10:1时,全麦酸面团E5的氨基酸含量与E4相比并没有显著差异(P>0.05)。全麦酸面团中还原糖的变化也表现出相同的趋势,E4的还原糖含量显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),还原糖、氨基酸及其衍生物会参与后续的美拉德反应,对全麦发酵面食的香气品质具有较大的贡献。
此外,Lc-39和Wa-5的协同发酵还能够显著提高总酚、类黄酮等生物活性化合物的水平和总抗氧化能力。随Lc-39接种比例的增加,全麦酸面团E4和E5的总酚含量显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),可能是因为E4和E5发酵过程中,Lc-39占据主导地位,乳酸菌可以激活全麦粉中的酚酸还原酶、酚酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖苷酶的活性[28],增加酸面团中复杂酚的水解。全麦酸面团E4 和E3的T-AOC也显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),相应地,其所含的具有抗氧化活性的类黄酮和总酚含量也处于较高水平。研究发现,乳酸菌能够合成具有体外抗氧化活性的多肽,在酸面团中发挥清除自由基作用。在制作面包、馒头等发酵面食时,这些肽类物质虽经过焙烤、蒸煮等高温处理,但其在终产品中依旧能保持较高的活性水平[29],从而实现全麦发酵面食的营养价值的提高。
所有酸面团的植酸降解率均在97%以上,是由于全麦粉的内源植酸酶在酸性条件下被激活,降解了其所含的植酸及其盐,解除了植酸抗营养效应,其中全麦酸面团E4的植酸降解率最高,为98.37%±1.52%,但与其它全麦酸面团的差异并不显著(P>0.05),可能是由于除全麦粉中的内源植酸酶外,Lc-39和Wa-5并未提供有效的植酸酶。
综上,Lc-39和Wa-5协同发酵对全麦酸面团营养价值的改善、抗氧化活性的提高、植酸抗营养效应的解除及风味挥发和风味辅助物质的形成等方面起到了积极作用,Lc-39和Wa-5的接种比为5:1时发酵的全麦酸面团E4的营养价值指标最佳。此外,也可根据不同乳酸菌和酵母的相互作用特性,设计出适合不同发酵面食产品的酸面团发酵剂,以获得更好的产品特性。
对全麦酸面团进行冻干时,Lc-39和Wa-5会经历冷冻和干燥两种极端环境,如果没有适宜的冻干保护剂,它们会受到严重的机械损伤、溶质损伤、细胞膜损伤、DNA损伤及蛋白质变性失活等[13],这大大地降低了它们的存活率,而Lc-39和Wa-5存活率的高低对冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂发酵活性的优劣起着决定性作用。由图4可知,未添加冻干保护剂时,Lc-39和Wa-5的存活率仅为23.31%和13.63%,添加海藻糖、蔗糖和谷胱甘肽保护剂有效地提高了Lc-39和Wa-5存活率,但目前它们的保护机制尚未阐明,较公认的说法包括防止细胞内外冰晶形成、通过氢键形成的水替代假说以及玻璃态转变理论[30−32]。
不同冻干保护剂对酸面团中微生物的影响不同,目前尚未开发出一种通用的保护介质。对于添加不同冻干保护剂的全麦酸面团,Lc-39和Wa-5的存活率均表现出随保护剂添加量的增加,先上升后下降的趋势。当海藻糖、蔗糖和谷胱甘肽的添加量分别为15%、10%和10%时,全麦酸面团冻干后Lc-39的存活率最高,分别为83.38%、69.87%和81.32%,此时Wa-5的存活率也呈现出最高水平,分别为88.29%、82.37%和83.2%。当添加15%的海藻糖进行冻干保护时,全麦酸面团发酵剂中的Lc-39和Wa-5存活率都表现出最高水平,尤其是Wa-5的存活率显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),与Stefanello等[33]报道的一致。因此,选择海藻糖作为冻干保护剂,添加量为15%,进行冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂的制备。
海藻糖是一种非还原性双糖,已被广泛地作为面点、冰激凌、水产品等食品的冷冻保护剂,对微生物的长期保存非常有利,并以耐低温、干燥和高盐度等环境胁迫而受到关注[34]。由图5a可知,添加海藻糖保护剂的冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂经活化6 h左右后,pH开始迅速下降,而对照组活化8 h左右后,pH才开始快速下降,其产酸能力和酸化速率明显滞后,与2.2.1存活率的结果一致。此外,随着保藏时间的延长,各组产酸能力虽均有所下降,但相较于对照组,添加海藻糖的产酸能力下降较少。研究发现,海藻糖能与一些盐离子发生协同作用,在冷冻、干燥和贮存过程中增强对乳酸脱氢酶的保护作用,乳酸脱氢酶是乳酸菌胞内的一种关键酶,有助于保护乳酸菌制剂的产酸发酵能力[35]。
由此可知,海藻糖对冻干酸面团中的Lc-39产酸能力的保护效果显著,与未添加海藻糖的冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂相比,添加15%海藻糖的产酸能力和酸化速率都受到了良好的保护且随保藏时间的延长,保护效果越明显。
全麦面包不良的感官品质往往影响消费者的购买决策。以商业酵母C1、Ⅰ型全麦酸面团C2为对照组,冻干酸面团E1~E5为实验组,制作的全麦面包(Whole wheat bread,WB)如图6a所示,可以直观地看出E1WB~E5WB的体积大于C1WB和C2WB,其中C2WB最小。为更全面地判断消费者对全麦面包的可接受度,组建专业的感官评价小组对其进行评价,结果如图6b所示,C1WB和C2WB各项感官评价指标均不理想,其中C2WB的评分最低,说明Ⅰ型酸面团C2不适合制备全麦面包,需对其进行有针对性的改良;而E1WB~E5WB的各项感官评价指标得分较高,说明从自然发酵全麦酸面团C2中筛选出的Lc-39和Wa-5协同发酵制备的全麦酸面团的发酵性能优于商业酵母和Ⅰ型全麦酸面团,能够有效改善全麦面包的感官品质,特别是E4制备的全麦面包在外观、色泽、风味、口感、内部结构和整体接受度方面均表现出最佳水平。
弯曲广布乳杆菌Lc-39和异常威克汉姆酵母Wa-5协同发酵使全麦粉转变成更可口易用的原料。当全麦粉以L:Y为5:1的接种比,107 CFU/g(Wa-5)的初始接种量进行发酵后获得的全麦酸面团E4具有较好的发酵活性。发酵成熟时其L:Y约为160:1,pH为3.82,TTA为13.41 g/kg,直链/支链淀粉比值最低,为19.46%,含有类黄酮2.69 mg/g、总酚3.60 mg/g、氨基酸911.72 μmol/g、还原糖50.60 mg/g,总抗氧化活性为0.34 μmol/g,植酸降解率为98.37%,均表现出最高水平。对成熟的全麦酸面团E4进行冷冻干燥时,添加15%的海藻糖有力地保护了其发酵活性,其中Lc-39的存活率为83.38%,Wa-5的存活率为88.29%,用其制备的全麦面包获得了最高的感官评分,为7.8分。此外,冻干全麦酸面团发酵剂经90 d的常温贮藏后,其产酸能力和酸化速率也未有明显下降,货架期较长。本研究为多菌种协同发酵全麦酸面团的开发提供了一定的基础菌种资源和工艺参数支撑,但还需进一步探究发酵过程中菌种的代谢特性和相互作用规律,才能更好地控制发酵各个阶段,提高最终产品品质,促进酸面团及其发酵面食的工业化生产。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020117
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    1甘肃工业职业技术大学,甘肃天水 741025
    2国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院,北京 100037
    3西藏自治区粮食局粮油中心化验室,西藏拉萨 850000

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张维清(1988−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:分子生物学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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