Article(id=1321170264017191638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120221, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921137097, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921137097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921137097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921137097, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=156, endPage=162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170264205935319, articleId=1321170264017191638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Efficient Recombinant Expression and Characterization of β-Mannanase from Aspergillus niger and Its Application in the Hydrolysis of Coffee Grounds, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coffee grounds, the major by-product generated during the production of instant coffee, are rich in galactomannan. Mannanase can hydrolyze this compound into mannose and manno-oligosaccharides with various functional activities, thereby effectively increasing the added value of coffee grounds. In this study, the β-mannanase gene (AnMan26) from Aspergillus niger was recombinantly expressed in the engineered A. niger strain FBL-B. The enzymatic properties of the enzyme were characterized, and it was then employed to hydrolyze coffee grounds for the production of mannose and manno-oligosaccharides. The results showed that the recombinant A. niger produced mannanase at an expression level of 1830 U/mL after high-density fermentation for 168 h. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5.0 and the optimum temperature was 45 ℃. The enzyme remained stable within a pH range of 3.0~7.0 and at temperatures below 45 ℃. A combination of AnMan26 and α-galactosidase was used to hydrolyze the microwave-treated coffee grounds. After 8 h of hydrolysis, the hydrolysis rate of galactomannan in the coffee grounds reached 42.3%, with a hydrolysate yield of 20.3% coffee grounds. The main components of the hydrolysate were mannose (44.1%), mannobiose (2.5%), mannotriose (10.9%), and mannohexaose (1.5%). The excellent properties of AnMan26 enable the effective hydrolysis of coffee grounds to produce mannose and manno-oligosaccharides, providing both theoretical and practical basis for the high-value utilization of coffee grounds.

, authors=Qi YAO1, Danyang SUN2, Qiaojuan YAN1, Yanxiao LI1, 3, *, Zhengqiang JIANG2, 4, authorsList=Qi YAO, Danyang SUN, Qiaojuan YAN, Yanxiao LI, Zhengqiang JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanxiao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170265271288544, articleId=1321170264017191638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=黑曲霉β-甘露聚糖酶的高效重组表达、表征及在水解咖啡渣中的应用, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

咖啡渣是速溶咖啡生产过程中产生的主要副产物,含有丰富的半乳甘露聚糖,利用甘露聚糖酶能够将其水解为具有多种功能活性的甘露糖和甘露寡糖,有效提高产品附加值。本研究将黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶基因(AnMan26)在黑曲霉工程菌(FBL-B)中进行重组表达,表征了该酶的酶学性质,进而将其用于水解咖啡渣制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖。结果表明:重组黑曲霉经168 h高密度发酵后,甘露聚糖酶产酶水平达1830 U/mL。该酶的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为45 ℃,在pH3.0~7.0和45 ℃以下保持稳定。将AnMan26和α-半乳糖苷酶复配水解微波处理后的咖啡渣,水解8 h后咖啡渣中甘露聚糖的水解率为42.3%,水解产物得率为20.3%,主要成分为甘露糖(44.1%)、甘露二糖(2.5%)、甘露三糖(10.9%)和甘露六糖(1.5%)。该酶具有优良的酶学性质,能够有效水解咖啡渣制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖,为咖啡渣的高值化利用提供了理论和实践基础。

, authors=姚琪1, 孙丹阳2, 闫巧娟1, 李延啸1, 3, *, 江正强2, 4, authorsList=姚琪, 孙丹阳, 闫巧娟, 李延啸, 江正强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李延啸, authorNote=

姚琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李延啸(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1pMTj+SPZ65ZMvZK1GL+Rg==, magXml=sduPjqrC1Qqu2t5iCP5aWQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fITadOA3blpEZfA6rB5UZQ==, pdfFileSize=2041534, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=49zhWdAJNXHCrRKGZrOagQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VtdllvEEfSFsBlBHoWzQAA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170267460715246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170264017191638, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=S20233071534@cau.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170267552989936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170264017191638, authorId=1321170267460715246, language=EN, stringName=Qi YAO, firstName=Qi, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321170267645264625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170264017191638, authorId=1321170267460715246, language=CN, stringName=姚琪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083, bio={"content":"

姚琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:

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姚琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:

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注:M:低相对分子质量标准蛋白质;泳道1~8分别为0、24、48、72、96、120、144、168 h的发酵上清液。

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注:M:低相对分子质量标准蛋白质;泳道1:粗酶液;泳道2:纯酶液;泳道3:AnMan26去糖基化。

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Purification of β-mannanase (AnMan26)

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纯化步骤总酶活力(U)总蛋白含量(mg)比酶活力(U/mg)纯化倍数回收率(%)
粗酶液21325.0±873.0132.1±1.6161.4±9.41.0100.0
Q-Sepharose阴离子交换层析(纯酶)6948.0±159.831.8±1.8218.5±23.81.432.6
), ArticleFig(id=1321170273202717470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170264017191638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

β-甘露聚糖酶(AnMan26)的纯化

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纯化步骤总酶活力(U)总蛋白含量(mg)比酶活力(U/mg)纯化倍数回收率(%)
粗酶液21325.0±873.0132.1±1.6161.4±9.41.0100.0
Q-Sepharose阴离子交换层析(纯酶)6948.0±159.831.8±1.8218.5±23.81.432.6
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Content of mannose and manno-oligosaccharides (DP≤6) in the hydrolysate of coffee grounds

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水解时间(h)含量(%)
M1M2M3M4M6
0.517.2±0.13.6±0.17.6±0.02.4±0.10.9±0.1
130.8±0.03.6±0.09.3±0.03.0±0.01.5±0.1
241.4±0.12.4±0.110.4±0.01.7±0.12.0±0.1
442.5±0.02.8±0.110.9±0.11.7±0.01.9±0.0
844.1±0.02.5±0.010.9±0.00.5±0.11.5±0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1321170273366295328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170264017191638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

甘露糖和甘露寡糖(DP≤6)各组分在咖啡渣水解物中含量

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水解时间(h)含量(%)
M1M2M3M4M6
0.517.2±0.13.6±0.17.6±0.02.4±0.10.9±0.1
130.8±0.03.6±0.09.3±0.03.0±0.01.5±0.1
241.4±0.12.4±0.110.4±0.01.7±0.12.0±0.1
442.5±0.02.8±0.110.9±0.11.7±0.01.9±0.0
844.1±0.02.5±0.010.9±0.00.5±0.11.5±0.0
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黑曲霉β-甘露聚糖酶的高效重组表达、表征及在水解咖啡渣中的应用
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姚琪 1 , 孙丹阳 2 , 闫巧娟 1 , 李延啸 1, 3, * , 江正强 2, 4
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(3): 156-162
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (3) : 156 -162
黑曲霉β-甘露聚糖酶的高效重组表达、表征及在水解咖啡渣中的应用
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姚琪1 , 孙丹阳2, 闫巧娟1, 李延啸1, 3, * , 江正强2, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
  • 2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,中国轻工业食品生物工程重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 3南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院/江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,江苏南京 210023
  • 4中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462300
通讯作者:
李延啸(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

姚琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:

Efficient Recombinant Expression and Characterization of β-Mannanase from Aspergillus niger and Its Application in the Hydrolysis of Coffee Grounds
Qi YAO1 , Danyang SUN2, Qiaojuan YAN1, Yanxiao LI1, 3, * , Zhengqiang JIANG2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120221
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咖啡渣是速溶咖啡生产过程中产生的主要副产物,含有丰富的半乳甘露聚糖,利用甘露聚糖酶能够将其水解为具有多种功能活性的甘露糖和甘露寡糖,有效提高产品附加值。本研究将黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶基因(AnMan26)在黑曲霉工程菌(FBL-B)中进行重组表达,表征了该酶的酶学性质,进而将其用于水解咖啡渣制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖。结果表明:重组黑曲霉经168 h高密度发酵后,甘露聚糖酶产酶水平达1830 U/mL。该酶的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为45 ℃,在pH3.0~7.0和45 ℃以下保持稳定。将AnMan26和α-半乳糖苷酶复配水解微波处理后的咖啡渣,水解8 h后咖啡渣中甘露聚糖的水解率为42.3%,水解产物得率为20.3%,主要成分为甘露糖(44.1%)、甘露二糖(2.5%)、甘露三糖(10.9%)和甘露六糖(1.5%)。该酶具有优良的酶学性质,能够有效水解咖啡渣制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖,为咖啡渣的高值化利用提供了理论和实践基础。

黑曲霉  /  β-甘露聚糖酶  /  高效表达  /  酶学性质  /  咖啡渣

Coffee grounds, the major by-product generated during the production of instant coffee, are rich in galactomannan. Mannanase can hydrolyze this compound into mannose and manno-oligosaccharides with various functional activities, thereby effectively increasing the added value of coffee grounds. In this study, the β-mannanase gene (AnMan26) from Aspergillus niger was recombinantly expressed in the engineered A. niger strain FBL-B. The enzymatic properties of the enzyme were characterized, and it was then employed to hydrolyze coffee grounds for the production of mannose and manno-oligosaccharides. The results showed that the recombinant A. niger produced mannanase at an expression level of 1830 U/mL after high-density fermentation for 168 h. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5.0 and the optimum temperature was 45 ℃. The enzyme remained stable within a pH range of 3.0~7.0 and at temperatures below 45 ℃. A combination of AnMan26 and α-galactosidase was used to hydrolyze the microwave-treated coffee grounds. After 8 h of hydrolysis, the hydrolysis rate of galactomannan in the coffee grounds reached 42.3%, with a hydrolysate yield of 20.3% coffee grounds. The main components of the hydrolysate were mannose (44.1%), mannobiose (2.5%), mannotriose (10.9%), and mannohexaose (1.5%). The excellent properties of AnMan26 enable the effective hydrolysis of coffee grounds to produce mannose and manno-oligosaccharides, providing both theoretical and practical basis for the high-value utilization of coffee grounds.

Aspergillus niger  /  β-mannanase  /  high efficient expression  /  enzymatic properties  /  coffee grounds
姚琪, 孙丹阳, 闫巧娟, 李延啸, 江正强. 黑曲霉β-甘露聚糖酶的高效重组表达、表征及在水解咖啡渣中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 156 -162 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120221
Qi YAO, Danyang SUN, Qiaojuan YAN, Yanxiao LI, Zhengqiang JIANG. Efficient Recombinant Expression and Characterization of β-Mannanase from Aspergillus niger and Its Application in the Hydrolysis of Coffee Grounds[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 156 -162 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120221
咖啡渣是速溶咖啡生产过程中产生的主要副产物,每吨咖啡豆会产生650公斤咖啡渣[1]。目前,大部分咖啡渣通过填埋方式处理,造成严重的资源浪费和环境负担。咖啡渣中含有丰富的半乳甘露聚糖,含量可达40%以上(以干基计)[2]。这些半乳甘露聚糖主要由通过β-1,4糖苷键连接的甘露聚糖主链和通过α-1,6糖苷键连接的半乳糖侧链组成,半乳糖侧链的取代度为1%左右[3]。因此,咖啡渣是制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖的优良原料之一。将咖啡渣中的半乳甘露聚糖转化为高附加值的甘露糖和甘露寡糖一直是食品领域研究热点之一。
β-甘露聚糖酶是一种可以水解甘露聚糖主链中β-1,4糖苷键的糖苷水解酶,是降解甘露聚糖制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖过程中最重要的酶[4]。甘露聚糖酶广泛存在于植物、动物和微生物中,其中微生物是β-甘露聚糖酶的最主要来源。在芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)[5]、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)[6]、脂环酸芽孢杆菌属(Alicyclobacillus)[7]和类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)[8]等细菌和青霉属(Penicillium)[9]、毛壳菌属(Penicillium)[10]、曲霉属(Aspergillus)[11]等真菌中均发现β-甘露聚糖酶存在。利用β-甘露聚糖酶水解富含甘露聚糖的底物生产甘露糖和甘露寡糖已成为β-甘露聚糖酶的一个重要应用领域。与物理和化学降解方法相比,酶法降解更加绿色环保,作用条件更温和,操作更方便[12]。目前,已有一些研究利用β-甘露聚糖酶水解甘露聚糖底物制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖。例如,米曲霉(A. oryzae)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶可以水解槐豆胶产生甘露糖、甘露三糖和聚合度(degree of polymerization,DP)更高的甘露寡糖[13];枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶酶解角豆胶可以产生DP 2~5的甘露寡糖[14]。但是,利用β-甘露聚糖酶水解咖啡渣制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖的研究相对较少。因此,发掘一种能够有效水解咖啡渣的β-甘露聚糖酶,对咖啡渣的高值化利用至关重要。
黑曲霉具有分泌蛋白能力强和培养简单的优点,是重要的蛋白质表达系统之一[15]。美国食品药品监督管理局将其列为公认安全的(Generally Regarded As Safe,GRAS)菌种,可用于表达多种食品酶制剂[16]。目前,利用黑曲霉表达系统表达甘露聚糖酶的研究很少,且表达水平较低,难以满足甘露聚糖酶的工业应用需求。例如,葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys chartarum)来源的两种β-甘露聚糖酶在黑曲霉中异源表达,产酶水平分别仅为521和84 U/mL[17];棘孢曲霉(A. aculeatus)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶(man1)在黑曲霉中表达,表达水平仅995 U/mL[18]。因此,实现β-甘露聚糖酶在黑曲霉表达系统中高效表达具有重要意义。
在前期研究中,发现黑曲霉来源的甘露聚糖酶AnMan26具有优良的水解特性,能够水解多种甘露聚糖底物(槐豆胶、香豆胶等)制备甘露寡糖[19]。因此,本研究以该酶为研究对象,将其导入黑曲霉工程菌FBL-B中进行高效表达,进而研究了该酶的酶学性质,并与α-半乳糖苷酶复配水解咖啡渣制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖,以期为咖啡渣高值化利用提供理论依据。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α(DE3) 北京博迈德科技发展有限公司;载体pPIC9K 美国Invitrogen公司;pPIC9K-AnMan26质粒 本实验室构建并保藏[19];黑曲霉FBL-B(ΔglaA, ΔamyA、Δaamy、ΔpyrG、HygB+、Ble+) 作者所在实验室构建并保藏[20];α-半乳糖苷酶(500 U/mL) 夏盛(北京)生物技术有限公司;槐豆胶(locust bean gum,LBG) 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;干咖啡渣(半乳甘露聚糖含量48%,w/w) 临沧云佳咖啡有限公司;甘露糖(M1)、甘露二糖(M2)、甘露三糖(M3)、甘露四糖(M4)、甘露五糖(M5)、甘露六糖(M6) 爱尔兰Megazyme公司;质粒提取试剂盒 聚合美生物科技(北京)有限公司;限制性内切酶(20000 U/mL) NEB(北京)有限公司;胶回收试剂盒 南京诺维赞生物技术公司;无缝克隆试剂盒 全式金生物技术有限公司;其他试剂均为市售国产分析纯。
5 L发酵罐 上海国强生化工程装备有限公司;AKTA蛋白纯化系统 美国GE Healthcare公司;ICS-5000+高效阴离子交换色谱仪 美国Thermo公司;Dionex CarboPac PA200碳水化合物分析柱 美国Thermo公司。
CD高渗培养基(w/v):34.22%蔗糖,0.3%NaNO3,0.2%KCl,0.1%KH2PO4,0.05%MgSO4·7H2O,0.001%FeSO4·7H2O,pH5.5,2%琼脂;摇瓶培养基(w/v):3%脱脂豆粉,3%玉米浆,5%葡萄糖,pH5.5。DPY培养基(w/v):2%葡萄糖,1%胰蛋白胨,0.5%酵母浸粉,0.5%KH2PO4,0.05%MgSO4·7H2O;高密度发酵培养基(w/v):4%脱脂豆粉,3%玉米浆,5%玉米淀粉水解物,2%葡萄糖,1%硫酸铵,0.5%CaCl2,0.3%KH2PO4,pH5.5;补料培养基(w/v):30%玉米淀粉水解物,1%玉米浆,0.1%KH2PO4。
以重组质粒pPIC9K-AnMan26为模板,AnMan26F(5′-GTCTGCACAGGGTTGGCAATGTTCGCCAAATTGTCCCTC-3′)和AnMan26R(5′-TTGATGATTTCAGTAACGTTAAGTTTAAGCCCCCTCCCAGTTCA-3′)为引物扩增β-甘露聚糖酶基因AnMan26。PCR扩增体系如下:4 µL dNTPs,5 µL Fast pfu10×buffer,0.2 µmol/L AnMan26F, 0.2 µmol/L AnMan26R,1 µL Fast pfu聚合酶,20 ng重组质粒(pPIC9K-AnMan26)。PCR扩增程序如下:95 ℃预变性3 min,95 ℃变性10 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸20 s,34个循环,72 ℃再延伸10 min。产物经过1%琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒回收纯化,通过无缝克隆将该基因片段与黑曲霉载体Blunt-pyrG连接,得到重组质粒Blunt-pyrG-AnMan26,导入大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞中扩增质粒。利用NotI和XhoI对重组质粒进行双酶切,醇沉回收后转化到黑曲霉FBL-B原生质体细胞中,随后接种于CD高渗培养基中,置于34 ℃培养箱5~7 d,直至长出肉眼可见的菌落。用无菌牙签挑取单一转化子接种于20 mL摇瓶培养基,34 ℃发酵5~7 d后取发酵液,测定酶活力。
将黑曲霉转化子接种于10 mL DPY培养基,34 ℃培养72 h,作为一级种子液。将一级种子液接种于300 mL DPY 培养基(接种量5%,v/v),34 ℃培养60 h,作为二级种子液。将二级种子液接种(二级种子液与高密度发酵培养基体积比1:10)到5 L发酵罐中(装有3 L高密度发酵培养基),进行高密度发酵。发酵48 h后,每24 h补加200 mL补料培养基,发酵96 h后,每24 h补加100 mL补料培养基,共发酵168 h。发酵期间,发酵温度为34 ℃,搅拌桨转速300 r/min,发酵液pH5.5,通过调节通气量使发酵液溶氧大于5%。每24 h取样,测定发酵液酶活力和蛋白浓度。
将高密度发酵所得发酵液离心(10000×g,10 min),收集上清液在4 ℃下于Tris-HCl缓冲液(20 mmol/L,pH9.0)中透析12 h,随后于10000×g离心10 min,上清液即为粗酶液。使用Q-Sepharose Fast Flow柱(10×50 mm)纯化β-甘露聚糖酶。首先用Tris-HCl缓冲液(20 mmol/L,pH9.0)平衡柱子1~2 h,将粗酶液上样于平衡好的Q-Sepharose Fast Flow柱,流速0.5 mL/min;随后用含有0~500 mmol/L NaCl的Tris-HCl缓冲液(20 mmol/L,pH9.0)洗脱目的蛋白,流速1.0 mL/min。洗脱过程在AKTA蛋白纯化系统上进行,收集有酶活的组分,在柠檬酸缓冲液(50 mmol/L,pH5.0)中4 ℃下透析12 h,得到纯酶液。分别计算粗酶液和纯酶液的总酶活力、总蛋白含量、比酶活力、纯化倍数和回收率。用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析蛋白质纯度,用去糖基化酶PNGase-F处理纯酶液,利用在线软件NetNGlyc 1.0 Server(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc-1.0/)分析蛋白糖基化现象。
酶活力测定采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸[21](3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)法:在900 μL槐豆胶溶液(0.5%,w/v,50 mmol/L柠檬酸缓冲液,pH5.0)中加入100 μL用柠檬酸缓冲液(50 mmol/L,pH5.0)适当稀释的酶液,混合均匀后在45 ℃下反应10 min,加入1 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴15 min后迅速冷却,加入1 mL 40%(w/v)的酒石酸钾钠溶液,在540 nm下测定吸光度。在上述反应条件下,每分钟生成1 μmol还原糖(以甘露糖为标准)所需要的酶量为一个酶活力单位(U)。以牛血清蛋白(BSA)为标准蛋白,参照Lowry法测定酶液中的蛋白浓度[22]。比酶活力定义为1 mg酶蛋白所具有的酶活力单位。
最适pH的测定:按照标准方法在不同pH条件下测定β-甘露聚糖酶的酶活力,以酶活力最大值为100%,计算各pH下的相对酶活力。所用缓冲液包括50 mmol/L柠檬酸缓冲液(pH3.0~6.0)和50 mmol/L 3-吗啉丙磺酸(MOPS)缓冲液(pH6.0~8.0)。
pH稳定性测定:分别利用上述缓冲液稀释酶液(稀释后蛋白含量大于1 mg/mL),置于30 ℃下处理30 min,按照标准方法测定不同pH下的残余酶活力,以未经处理的酶液为对照。
最适温度测定:按照标准方法测定30~80 ℃下的酶活力,以酶活力最大值为100%,计算各温度下的相对酶活力。
温度稳定性测定:用50 mmol/L柠檬酸缓冲液(pH5.0)稀释酶液(稀释后蛋白含量大于1 mg/mL),在不同温度下(30~80 ℃)保温30 min,按照标准方法测定不同温度下的残余酶活力,以未经处理的酶液为对照。
咖啡渣预处理:将一定量的咖啡渣放入多功能粉碎机,粉碎后过60目筛。取5 g粉碎后的咖啡渣,加入100 mL蒸馏水,置于微波炉中微波处理一定时间,过滤得到固体,置于105 ℃烘干至恒重后,置于干燥器内备用。依次优化处理的微波功率(175、350、525和700 W,处理时间5 min)和处理时间(1、2.5、5、7.5和10 min,微波功率350 W),以水解后甘露糖和甘露寡糖产量来评估微波预处理效果。
水解咖啡渣:将5 g微波处理后的咖啡渣与100 mL柠檬酸缓冲液(50 mmol/L,pH5.0)混合,加入β-甘露聚糖酶和α-半乳糖苷酶,加酶量分别为400和40 U/mL,在40 ℃、200 r/min下水解8 h,水解过程中于不同时间点(0.5、1、2、4、8 h)取样,沸水浴灭酶15 min,10000×g离心10 min,上清液冷冻干燥后得到水解产物,将水解产物贮存在25 ℃下用于后续分析。利用公式(1)计算水解产物得率,利用公式(2)计算咖啡渣中半乳甘露聚糖水解率。
$\rm 水解产物得率(\text{%})=\frac{m_0}{m}\times 100 $
$\rm 咖啡渣中半乳甘露聚糖水解率(\text{%})=\frac{m_1+m_2}{m_3}\times 100 $
式中:m表示咖啡渣原料质量,g;m0表示水解产物质量,g;m1表示甘露糖质量,g;m2表示甘露寡糖质量,g;m3表示咖啡渣中半乳甘露聚糖质量,g。
将水解产物用纯水适当稀释后过0.22 μm滤膜,利用高效阴离子交换色谱仪ICS5000-安培检测器进行组成分析[23]。色谱柱为CarboaPac PA200(4.0×250 mm),柱温30 ℃。流动相A:纯水;流动相B:1 mol/L NaOH;流动相C:1 mol/L乙酸钠。洗脱条件如下:0~5 min,90%A+10%B;5~15 min,85%A+10%B+5%C;15~16 min,50%B+50%C;16~19 min,90%A+10%B,流速1.0 mL/min。以甘露糖、甘露二糖、甘露三糖、甘露四糖、甘露五糖、甘露六糖为标准品。
所有实验均重复3次,实验结果以平均值和标准差的形式表示。使用SPSS 19软件对数据进行处理,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。采用邓肯检验对数据进行显著性分析,P<0.05说明差异显著。利用Origin 2019b软件进行图片绘制。
以重组质粒pPIC9K-AnMan26为模板,PCR扩增目的基因,得到长度为954 bp的目的片段,经NotI和XhoI双酶切后,与同样经过双酶切的载体Blunt-pyrG连接,得到重组表达载体Blunt-pyrG-AnMan26。将Blunt-pyrG-AnMan26转化至黑曲霉工程菌FBL-B中,成功实现AnMan26的表达,随后对转化子进行筛选,选取摇瓶发酵酶活力最高(630 U/mL)的转化子在5 L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵。随着发酵进行,发酵液中β-甘露聚糖酶的酶活力和蛋白含量均逐渐增加。发酵168 h后,β-甘露聚糖酶的酶活力达1830 U/mL,蛋白浓度达3.44 mg/mL(图1a)。SDS-PAGE分析表明,发酵开始后在66 kDa附近检测到弥散的蛋白条带,即为β-甘露聚糖酶蛋白条带,且蛋白条带逐渐变粗(图1b)。
目前仅有少数β-甘露聚糖酶在黑曲霉中成功表达,但这些甘露聚糖酶的产酶水平较低。例如,里氏木霉(Trichodermareesei)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶在黑曲霉中的产酶水平仅为20 U/mL[24],葡萄穗霉来源的两种β-甘露聚糖酶在黑曲霉中的产酶水平分别仅为521和84 U/mL[17]。本研究将黑曲霉来源的β-甘露聚糖酶(AnMan26)在黑曲霉工程菌中表达后产酶水平达1830 U/mL,明显高于其他已报道β-甘露聚糖酶在黑曲霉中的产酶水平。
粗酶液经Q-Sepharose阴离子交换层析一步纯化得到电泳级纯酶,纯化倍数为1.4,纯酶比酶活力218.5±23.8 U/mg,回收率32.6%(表1)。经SDS-PAGE分析,该酶在66 kDa附近呈弥散条带(图2),可能是该酶在黑曲霉表达过程中出现糖基化修饰所导致。经去糖基化酶PNGase-F处理后,弥散条带变为单一条带,分子量为40 kDa,与预测的分子量一致。
用NetNGlyc 1.0 Server软件在线分析β-甘露聚糖酶AnMan26中的N-糖基化修饰位点。发现AnMan26存在4个天然N-糖基化位点,分别是Asn3-Gln4-Thr5、Asn124-Val125-Ser126、Asn134-Gly135-Thr136、Asn305-Asp306-Thr307,其中第305位的NDT发生糖基化修饰的可能性较小,而第3位NQT、第124位NVS和第134位NGT发生糖基化修饰的可能性较大。在之前研究中,发现该酶在毕赤酵母表达中也发生糖基化现象[19]。通常,真核表达的蛋白质都会有不同程度的糖基化修饰。例如,喜热梭孢壳来源的β-甘露聚糖酶MtMan1存在1个N-糖基化位点[25],嗜热毛壳菌来源的β-甘露聚糖酶CtMan26存在1个N-糖基化位点[26],它们在毕赤酵母中表达后分子量分别为60和55 kDa,但经去糖基化酶处理后分子量均降低至50 kDa,与预测分子量一致。
AnMan26的最适pH为5.0(图3a),在pH3.0~7.0下具有良好的稳定性,处理30 min后,仍保留70%以上的残余酶活力(图3b)。该酶的最适温度为45 ℃(图3c),在45 ℃以下具有良好的稳定性,处理30 min后仍有80%以上的残余酶活力(图3d)。
与在毕赤酵母中表达相比,AnMan26在黑曲霉中的最适pH没有发生变化[19]。AnMan26能够在pH3.0下仍保持70%以上的残余酶活力,说明该酶具有良好的耐酸性,明显优于枯草芽孢杆菌YZ-21来源的β-甘露聚糖酶ManA(pH3.0下残余酶活力为15%)[27]和多粘类芽孢杆菌(P. polymyxa)来源的PpMan26A(pH3.0下残余酶活力几乎为0)[28]。AnMan26的最适温度为45 ℃,低于米黑根毛霉(Rhizomucor miehei)β-甘露聚糖酶RmMan5A(55 ℃)[29]和热焦曲霉(A. calidoustus)β-甘露聚糖酶ManAC(70 ℃)[30]。AnMan26在45 ℃以下保持稳定,相较于多粘类芽孢杆菌A-8来源的β-甘露聚糖酶ManB(40 ℃)[31]和鞘鞍醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium sp.)GN25来源的β-甘露聚糖酶(37 ℃)[32],AnMan26具有良好的热稳定性。
为提高β-甘露聚糖酶对咖啡渣的水解效率,对咖啡渣进行微波预处理。经单因素条件优化,预处理最佳条件为微波功率350 W、处理时间5 min(图4)。在此条件下,利用AnMan26和α-半乳糖苷酶复配水解咖啡渣8 h,水解产物的得率为20.3%,咖啡渣中半乳甘露聚糖的水解率达42.3%。高效阴离子交换色谱分析表明,所得水解产物由甘露糖、甘露二糖、甘露三糖和少量的甘露四糖和甘露六糖组成,其中甘露糖含量为44.1%(w/w),甘露二糖、甘露三糖、甘露四糖和甘露六糖的含量分别为2.5%、10.9%、0.5%和1.5%(表2)。
处理功率和处理时间是微波处理效果的两大影响因素。经微波处理后的咖啡渣内部结构更松散,增加甘露聚糖酶与底物的接触面积。微波处理方法相比于蒸汽爆破等其他物理化学方法,具有装备复杂性低、能耗低的优点[33]。在最佳微波处理条件下(350 W,5 min),咖啡渣的水解率达42.3%,水解产物得率达20.3%,效果优于已报道的大部分β-甘露聚糖酶。Yoo等[34]利用链霉菌(Streptomycetaceae sp.)来源的β-甘露聚糖酶Man147水解咖啡渣,咖啡渣中的甘露聚糖水解率仅为18%。Chiyanzu等[35]用棘孢曲霉来源的β-甘露聚糖酶和纤维素酶复配水解咖啡渣,甘露寡糖的产量为14.64%。因此,利用微波处理咖啡渣后进行AnMan26和α-半乳糖苷酶复配水解是一种有效的制备甘露糖和甘露寡糖的方法。
本研究利用黑曲霉工程菌FBL-B成功表达黑曲霉来源β-甘露聚糖酶AnMan26,经高密度发酵,产酶水平达1830 U/mL。该酶具有优异的耐酸性(pH3.0下仍保持70%以上活性)和良好的热稳定性(45 ℃以下稳定),在食品、饲料等领域具有很好的应用潜力。进一步采用微波预处理(350 W,5 min)结合AnMan26与α-半乳糖苷酶复配水解工艺,咖啡渣水解率达42.3%,产物得率达20.3%。AnMan26可以将农业副产物咖啡渣转化为具有多种功能活性的甘露糖和甘露寡糖产品,在咖啡渣高值化利用等方面具有良好的应用前景。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120221
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
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    1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
    2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,中国轻工业食品生物工程重点实验室,北京 100083
    3南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院/江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,江苏南京 210023
    4中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462300

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李延啸(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品生物加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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