Article(id=1321170259852243776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010273, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921136105, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921136105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921136105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921136105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=124, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170260066153281, articleId=1321170259852243776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Fermentation Time on the Functional Properties and Flavor Quality of Blueberry-Collagen Peptide Fermented Beverages, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This research investigated the alterations in functional properties and flavor quality of blueberry-collagen peptide beverage under different fermentation times (0~48 h). The fermented beverage was produced through yeast fermentation using blueberry and cod skin collagen peptides. Subsequent analyses involved determining the nutrient composition (polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins), digestive enzyme inhibitory activity (α-amylase and lipase), and free radical scavenging rate of the beverages. Meanwhile, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), electronic tongue, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation were employed to assess the flavor modifications of the beverages throughout the fermentation process. The results revealed that the beverage attained peak levels of polyphenols (1.40 mg∙mL−1) and flavonoids (1.22 mg∙mL−1), with an anthocyanins retention of 0.043 mg∙mL−1 after fermentation for 36 h. The free radical scavenging rate exceeded 80%, while the α-amylase and lipase inhibition rates were 55.17% and 43.69%, respectively. The GC-IMS analysis showed notable increases in esters such as methyl propionate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl caproate, as well as alcohols like isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, and n-propanol, whereas sulfide-containing compounds such as allyl isothiocyanate and diethyl trisulfide exhibited decreased levels. These results demonstrated that the blueberry-collagen peptide beverage, after 36 h of fermentation, significantly enhanced active component content, antioxidant capacity, and digestive enzyme inhibitory activity. The production of fruity esters/alcohols and the degradation of sulfur-containing off-flavor substances were promoted. By optimizing fermentation time to regulate the directional accumulation of yeast metabolites, this research achieved synergistic optimization of functional properties and flavor quality, presenting a novel approach for enhancing the value of blueberry resources and advancing the development of collagen-based beverages.

, authors=Ziyan LI1, 2, Ying CHEN3, Ruiling LIU2, Huizhi CHEN2, Nan ZHAO4, Wenhua MIAO1, Xiangjun FANG2, Weijie WU2, Hangjun CHEN2, Ben NIU2, *, Haiyan GAO2, *, authorsList=Ziyan LI, Ying CHEN, Ruiling LIU, Huizhi CHEN, Nan ZHAO, Wenhua MIAO, Xiangjun FANG, Weijie WU, Hangjun CHEN, Ben NIU, Haiyan GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ben NIU, Haiyan GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170263228658512, articleId=1321170259852243776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以蓝莓和鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽为原料,通过酵母发酵探究发酵时间(0~48 h)对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响。分析了饮料营养成分(多酚、黄酮、花色苷)、消化酶抑制活性(α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶)和自由基清除率变化。同时,利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)、电子舌、电子鼻及感官评价分析饮料在发酵过程中的风味变化。结果表明,蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料发酵36 h后多酚(1.40 mg∙mL−1)、黄酮(1.22 mg∙mL−1)含量达峰值,花色苷保留量为0.043 mg∙mL−1;自由基清除率皆大于80%;α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶抑制率达55.17%和43.69%。GC-IMS分析表明,丙酸甲酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯等酯类和异戊醇、异丁醇、正丙醇等醇类显著提高,异硫氰酸烯丙酯、二乙基三硫醚等含硫化物减少。上述分析表明,蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料经36 h发酵后,其活性成分含量、抗氧化能力及消化酶抑制活性显著提升,同时促进了果香酯类和醇类的合成与含硫异味物质的降解。本研究通过优化发酵时间调控酵母代谢产物的定向积累,实现功能特性与风味品质的协同优化,为蓝莓高值转化及开发胶原蛋白基饮品提供了新思路。

, authors=李子晏1, 2, 陈颖3, 刘瑞玲2, 陈慧芝2, 赵楠4, 缪文华1, 房祥军2, 吴伟杰2, 陈杭君2, 牛犇2, *, 郜海燕2, *, authorsList=李子晏, 陈颖, 刘瑞玲, 陈慧芝, 赵楠, 缪文华, 房祥军, 吴伟杰, 陈杭君, 牛犇, 郜海燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛犇, 郜海燕, authorNote=

李子晏(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:

陈颖(1989−),女,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
牛犇(1988−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170263744557915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, companyId=1321170263736169306, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170263752946524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, companyId=1321170263736169306, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170268681253791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Visual changes in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=GFCP3fgMFWxquqdqAYfvzg==, figureFileBig=j2nhHPmUnax3VOY50V1bqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170268752556960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料外观变化, figureFileSmall=GFCP3fgMFWxquqdqAYfvzg==, figureFileBig=j2nhHPmUnax3VOY50V1bqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170268924523425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of fermentation time on soluble protein (A), flavonoids (B), polyphenols (C), and anthocyanins (D) content in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages, figureFileSmall=D/JHeIAXIepVQoFkyWa03A==, figureFileBig=kX+IYAROicZ0JcaG4jPecQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269016798114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料可溶性蛋白(A)、黄酮(B)、多酚(C)和花色苷含量(D)的影响

注:图中不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);图3~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=D/JHeIAXIepVQoFkyWa03A==, figureFileBig=kX+IYAROicZ0JcaG4jPecQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269096489891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of fermentation time on ascorbic acid content (A), DPPH radical scavenging activity (B), and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity (C) in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages, figureFileSmall=ca4RN7nnoep0wsrjImsfMQ==, figureFileBig=vYAd6EdulHTw8CQgd+acVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269159404452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料抗坏血酸含量(A)、DPPH自由基清除率(B)、ABTS+自由基清除率(C)的影响, figureFileSmall=ca4RN7nnoep0wsrjImsfMQ==, figureFileBig=vYAd6EdulHTw8CQgd+acVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269226513317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of fermentation time on α-amylase inhibitory activity (A) and lipase inhibitory activity (B) in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages, figureFileSmall=AEhGDFjo1EDV59uZ+hKuMA==, figureFileBig=O/73QghvtK9e5m+PRNL9Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269289427878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图4, caption=发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料α-淀粉酶抑制率(A)和脂肪酶抑制率(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=AEhGDFjo1EDV59uZ+hKuMA==, figureFileBig=O/73QghvtK9e5m+PRNL9Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269352342439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Principal component analysis (PCA) of E-tongue (A) and E-nose (B) in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=sBzeoAjDNuk0wyWiQhFIRA==, figureFileBig=KJAYVp6s0Np+2yWaY3uRhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269423645608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料电子舌(A)和电子鼻主成分分析(B), figureFileSmall=sBzeoAjDNuk0wyWiQhFIRA==, figureFileBig=KJAYVp6s0Np+2yWaY3uRhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269503337385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Two-dimensional distribution maps of volatile flavor compounds (A) and differential compound heatmap (B) in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=VJGCeFIYGTVxvx533uRSRg==, figureFileBig=wvxOEwShDlMuuHO1khvblQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269570446250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料挥发性化合物二维俯视图(A)、差异对比图(B), figureFileSmall=VJGCeFIYGTVxvx533uRSRg==, figureFileBig=wvxOEwShDlMuuHO1khvblQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269637555115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Volatile flavor compounds fingerprint of blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=JtgwD7s70/+RdC/P9izuGQ==, figureFileBig=wid3UVWa9ZfkklyXY9sHfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269717246892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料挥发性风味物质指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=JtgwD7s70/+RdC/P9izuGQ==, figureFileBig=wid3UVWa9ZfkklyXY9sHfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170269780161453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation score criteria for blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标说明(0~9分)
气味果香气0~2分:无蓝莓香气或异味明显;3~5分:香气微弱且带有轻微发酵酸味;
6~8分:果香清晰但欠饱满;9分:新鲜蓝莓香气浓郁,无异味
发酵香0~2分:无发酵香或杂醇味突出;3~5分:轻微酒精味;
6~8分:醇香柔和但层次单一;9分:醇香纯正,带酵母酯香
鱼腥气味0~2分:果香主导,无腥味残留;3~5分:极微弱腥味;
6~8分:明显腥味但无腐败;9分:强烈鱼腥味
滋味果鲜味0~2分:果味寡淡或腐败味;3~5分:果味较淡,酸味失衡;
6~8分:酸甜适中,果味清晰;9分:鲜果感强烈,层次丰富
酸味0~2分:酸爽适口,与甜味平衡;3~5分:柔和酸味;
6~8分:酸度较高但可接受;9分:尖酸或刺激感
甜味0~2分:无甜味或甜腻;3~5分:甜感微弱或后甜不足;
6~8分:自然清甜;9分:甜味饱满且无粘喉感
涩味0~2分:无不良涩味;3~5分:微涩增加层次感;
6~8分:轻微涩味;9分:强烈收敛感
鱼腥异味0~2分:口感圆润,无腥味干扰;3~5分:轻微腥味(短暂残留);
6~8分:腥味明显但可接受;9分:腥味突出,有强烈金属或血腥味
后味0~2分:苦味或金属味残留;3~5分:后味单薄;
6~8分:回甘明显;9分:余味清爽持久
外观澄清度0~2分:浑浊或含可见悬浮颗粒;3~5分:轻微浑浊;
6~8分:基本透明,偶见极微量悬浮物;9分:高度澄清,质地均匀,无可见浑浊或悬浮物
色泽0~2分:明显褐变或褪色,颜色不均;3~5分:色泽暗淡,紫红色不鲜明;
6~8分:均匀紫红色,但欠鲜艳;9分:深紫红色透亮,无杂色,光泽感强
整体接受性0~2分:无法接受。
存在多项严重缺陷(如腥味突出、酸涩失衡、色泽浑浊),饮用后产生明显不适感;
3~5分:勉强接受但不愿重复饮用。
主要风味(如果香、甜味)不突出,或存在单一负面特征(如腥味残留、后味苦涩);
6~8分:整体协调但仍有改进空间。
果香与发酵香融合自然,无明显异味,但层次感不足(如酸味略高、回甘短暂);
9分:高度愉悦。
果香、发酵香与甜酸感平衡协调,风味饱满且无异味残留,余味清爽持久,具有强烈饮用欲望
), ArticleFig(id=1321170269855658926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料感官评价得分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标说明(0~9分)
气味果香气0~2分:无蓝莓香气或异味明显;3~5分:香气微弱且带有轻微发酵酸味;
6~8分:果香清晰但欠饱满;9分:新鲜蓝莓香气浓郁,无异味
发酵香0~2分:无发酵香或杂醇味突出;3~5分:轻微酒精味;
6~8分:醇香柔和但层次单一;9分:醇香纯正,带酵母酯香
鱼腥气味0~2分:果香主导,无腥味残留;3~5分:极微弱腥味;
6~8分:明显腥味但无腐败;9分:强烈鱼腥味
滋味果鲜味0~2分:果味寡淡或腐败味;3~5分:果味较淡,酸味失衡;
6~8分:酸甜适中,果味清晰;9分:鲜果感强烈,层次丰富
酸味0~2分:酸爽适口,与甜味平衡;3~5分:柔和酸味;
6~8分:酸度较高但可接受;9分:尖酸或刺激感
甜味0~2分:无甜味或甜腻;3~5分:甜感微弱或后甜不足;
6~8分:自然清甜;9分:甜味饱满且无粘喉感
涩味0~2分:无不良涩味;3~5分:微涩增加层次感;
6~8分:轻微涩味;9分:强烈收敛感
鱼腥异味0~2分:口感圆润,无腥味干扰;3~5分:轻微腥味(短暂残留);
6~8分:腥味明显但可接受;9分:腥味突出,有强烈金属或血腥味
后味0~2分:苦味或金属味残留;3~5分:后味单薄;
6~8分:回甘明显;9分:余味清爽持久
外观澄清度0~2分:浑浊或含可见悬浮颗粒;3~5分:轻微浑浊;
6~8分:基本透明,偶见极微量悬浮物;9分:高度澄清,质地均匀,无可见浑浊或悬浮物
色泽0~2分:明显褐变或褪色,颜色不均;3~5分:色泽暗淡,紫红色不鲜明;
6~8分:均匀紫红色,但欠鲜艳;9分:深紫红色透亮,无杂色,光泽感强
整体接受性0~2分:无法接受。
存在多项严重缺陷(如腥味突出、酸涩失衡、色泽浑浊),饮用后产生明显不适感;
3~5分:勉强接受但不愿重复饮用。
主要风味(如果香、甜味)不突出,或存在单一负面特征(如腥味残留、后味苦涩);
6~8分:整体协调但仍有改进空间。
果香与发酵香融合自然,无明显异味,但层次感不足(如酸味略高、回甘短暂);
9分:高度愉悦。
果香、发酵香与甜酸感平衡协调,风味饱满且无异味残留,余味清爽持久,具有强烈饮用欲望
), ArticleFig(id=1321170269918573487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in color parameters, browning degree, transmittance, pH, and soluble solids content of blueberry-collagen peptide beverages at different fermentation times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)L*a*b*褐变度(AU)透过率(%)pH可溶性固形物含量(°Brix)
02.97±0.03e1.45±0.09e−2.75±0.06d0.17±0.01e35.92±0.23e3.45±0.03a10.77±0.06a
127.00±0.02d1.66±0.02d−1.86±0.08b0.25±0.01d58.30±0.34d3.45±0.02a8.50±0.17b
248.57±0.36c1.97±0.05c−1.78±0.09b0.40±0.00c73.33±0.42c3.41±0.01a8.37±0.06b
369.13±0.09b2.33±0.02b−1.61±0.16a0.49±0.01b87.06±0.08a3.35±0.01b7.87±0.06c
489.49±0.02a2.94±0.04a−2.51±0.02c0.68±0.00a77.99±0.42b3.34±0.02b7.63±0.06d
), ArticleFig(id=1321170269994070960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料色度、褐变度、透过率、pH和可溶性固形物含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)L*a*b*褐变度(AU)透过率(%)pH可溶性固形物含量(°Brix)
02.97±0.03e1.45±0.09e−2.75±0.06d0.17±0.01e35.92±0.23e3.45±0.03a10.77±0.06a
127.00±0.02d1.66±0.02d−1.86±0.08b0.25±0.01d58.30±0.34d3.45±0.02a8.50±0.17b
248.57±0.36c1.97±0.05c−1.78±0.09b0.40±0.00c73.33±0.42c3.41±0.01a8.37±0.06b
369.13±0.09b2.33±0.02b−1.61±0.16a0.49±0.01b87.06±0.08a3.35±0.01b7.87±0.06c
489.49±0.02a2.94±0.04a−2.51±0.02c0.68±0.00a77.99±0.42b3.34±0.02b7.63±0.06d
), ArticleFig(id=1321170270065374129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluation of blueberry-collagen peptides fermented beverages under different fermentation times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标0 h12 h24 h36 h48 h
果香气6.19±0.40d7.19±0.40bc7.50±0.63b8.63±0.50a6.94±0.44c
发酵香3.38±0.50d5.63±0.50c6.81±0.83b8.94±0.25a6.56±0.51b
鱼腥气味6.81±0.54a5.50±0.52b3.69±0.48d1.38±0.50e4.38±0.50c
果鲜味5.81±0.54d7.06±0.57c7.63±0.62b8.63±0.50a5.63±0.62d
酸味3.88±0.50d6.81±0.54b6.44±0.51c7.75±0.45a4.13±0.62d
甜味7.06±0.44b7.31±0.60ab7.50±0.52a7.69±0.48a5.56±0.51c
涩味2.44±0.63e5.06±0.68c6.31±0.60b3.75±0.45d7.50±0.73a
鱼腥异味6.63±0.50a5.31±0.60b3.00±0.52d2.19±0.40e4.13±0.62c
后味2.69±0.48e6.38±0.50c7.81±0.40b8.88±0.34a5.38±0.50d
澄清度3.88±0.62d6.00±0.82c7.38±0.50b7.69±0.60ab7.94±0.57a
色泽2.88±0.62e5.94±0.68d7.56±0.81b8.19±0.54a6.56±0.63c
整体接受性3.50±0.63e5.44±0.51d6.94±0.57b8.19±0.54a6.44±0.51c
), ArticleFig(id=1321170271717929906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料感官评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标0 h12 h24 h36 h48 h
果香气6.19±0.40d7.19±0.40bc7.50±0.63b8.63±0.50a6.94±0.44c
发酵香3.38±0.50d5.63±0.50c6.81±0.83b8.94±0.25a6.56±0.51b
鱼腥气味6.81±0.54a5.50±0.52b3.69±0.48d1.38±0.50e4.38±0.50c
果鲜味5.81±0.54d7.06±0.57c7.63±0.62b8.63±0.50a5.63±0.62d
酸味3.88±0.50d6.81±0.54b6.44±0.51c7.75±0.45a4.13±0.62d
甜味7.06±0.44b7.31±0.60ab7.50±0.52a7.69±0.48a5.56±0.51c
涩味2.44±0.63e5.06±0.68c6.31±0.60b3.75±0.45d7.50±0.73a
鱼腥异味6.63±0.50a5.31±0.60b3.00±0.52d2.19±0.40e4.13±0.62c
后味2.69±0.48e6.38±0.50c7.81±0.40b8.88±0.34a5.38±0.50d
澄清度3.88±0.62d6.00±0.82c7.38±0.50b7.69±0.60ab7.94±0.57a
色泽2.88±0.62e5.94±0.68d7.56±0.81b8.19±0.54a6.56±0.63c
整体接受性3.50±0.63e5.44±0.51d6.94±0.57b8.19±0.54a6.44±0.51c
), ArticleFig(id=1321170271810204595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Qualitative identification and relative quantification of GC-IMS volatile flavor compounds in blueberry-collagen peptide fermented beverages at different fermentation times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称CAS号风味描述[25]保留指数保留时间(s)相对含量(%)
0 h12 h24 h36 h48 h
酯类(13种)
丙酸甲酯554-12-1果香、朗姆酒味925.2290.6715.85±0.16c5.38±0.15d5.06±0.06e7.76±0.03b8.23±0.08a
乙酸异戊酯123-92-2苹果味、香蕉味、梨味1133.7497.4331.41±0.05c0.98±0.01e1.06±0.01d6.63±0.03b7.70±0.05a
异戊酸甲酯556-24-1苹果味、果香、菠萝味1032368.0881.33±0.05a0.56±0.01b0.29±0.00c0.21±0.01d0.24±0.01d
己酸乙酯123-66-0苹果皮味、菠萝味、白兰地味1248.5686.730.51±0.00c0.20±0.01d0.18±0.01e1.52±0.01b2.25±0.02a
丁酸乙酯105-54-4菠萝味、草莓味、黄油味、奶酪味1049.5386.2550.41±0.03e1.12±0.01d1.86±0.02c2.12±0.03a2.02±0.01b
丙烯酸丁酯141-32-2−1192.5605.2660.37±0.01a0.22±0.00b0.15±0.01c0.04±0.00d0.03±0.01d
甲酸己酯629-33-4果香1365.3879.8090.25±0.01d0.95±0.01a0.70±0.01b0.29±0.01c0.25±0.01d
乙酸异丁酯110-19-0苹果味、香蕉味、花香味996.2334.0090.29±0.09c0.29±0.01c0.40±0.01b0.44±0.01ab0.50±0.01a
丙酸呋喃甲酯623-19-8花香,香料味1101.1446.0230.17±0.00c0.29±0.01a0.11±0.01d0.18±0.01c0.24±0.02b
L(-)-乳酸乙酯687-47-8果香、奶油味811.3232.550.40±0.21b0.60±0.01a0.27±0.01bc0.20±0.01c0.19±0.01c
甲酸异戊酯110-45-2苹果味821.7237.3380.11±0.01d0.86±0.01a0.88±0.01a0.47±0.02b0.35±0.01c
反式丁烯酸乙酯623-70-1热带水果味845.4248.6030.09±0.01c0.21±0.01a0.21±0.01a0.16±0.01b0.21±0.01a
丙酸乙酯105-37-3菠萝味、草莓味、朗姆酒味965.7314.6590.07±0.01c0.03±0.01d0.01±0.01e0.12±0.00b0.36±0.01a
合计11.26±0.07d11.70±0.13c11.17±0.05d20.13±0.08b22.56±0.04a
醛类(5种)
正己醛66-25-1新鲜水果味1099.5443.684.62±0.16a1.67±0.01b0.91±0.01c0.91±0.01c0.98±0.04c
丙醛123-38-6花香味805229.7190.67±0.10bc0.92±0.02a0.88±0.03a0.75±0.02b0.64±0.01c
2-甲基-2-戊烯醛623-36-9果香841.5246.7140.42±0.03a0.31±0.00b0.25±0.01c0.32±0.01b0.40±0.01a
(Z)-4-癸烯醛21662-09-9果香1196.3610.4840.28±0.01a0.11±0.01b0.07±0.00c0.04±0.00d0.04±0.00d
吡咯-2-甲醛1003-29-8坚果味、焦糖香1025.7361.7760.16±0.02d0.36±0.01c0.40±0.01ab0.41±0.01a0.38±0.01b
合计6.14±0.08a3.36±0.01b2.51±0.02c2.43±0.03c2.44±0.03c
醇类(6种)
乙醇64-17-5−939.1298.65821.51±0.18e33.46±0.14b38.26±0.21a31.03±0.05c27.93±0.16d
异戊醇123-51-3可可味、花香味、麦芽味1222.1647.0082.13±0.07e8.07±0.04d10.38±0.04a10.26±0.02b9.91±0.02c
异丁醇78-83-1苹果味、可可味、葡萄酒香1103.1448.9861.72±0.11e5.69±0.04d8.72±0.02a8.10±0.02b7.80±0.03c
正丙醇71-23-8糖果味1048.6385.2250.75±0.04e3.04±0.02d5.00±0.02b5.10±0.02a4.82±0.02c
苯乙醇60-12-8果香、蜂蜜味、丁香味、玫瑰味1119473.5420.43±0.01b0.46±0.01a0.34±0.01c0.30±0.01d0.23±0.01e
氧化芳樟醇60047-17-8花香味1076.9416.3870.28±0.04a0.29±0.03a0.08±0.01b0.06±0.01b0.06±0.01b
合计26.82±0.10e51.01±0.19c62.78±0.14a54.85±0.06b50.75±0.14d
烯烃类(4种)
丙基苯103-65-1−1234.6665.5612.29±0.43a3.08±0.06b0.67±0.04d1.05±0.04c1.32±0.01c
环己烷110-82-7−762.6211.4255.40±0.38a2.65±0.05b1.97±0.09c1.35±0.14d1.12±0.02d
2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷13475-82-6−1026.6362.6681.05±0.05c2.71±0.01a1.98±0.03b0.43±0.02d0.25±0.01e
2,4-二甲基庚烷2213-23-2−851.7251.7010.74±0.08c1.05±0.08bc1.17±0.22b1.66±0.30a1.83±0.07a
合计19.47±0.68a9.49±0.06b5.80±0.14c4.49±0.17d4.51±0.08d
酮类(6种)
丙酮67-64-1辛辣味833242.66515.12±0.62a8.42±0.02b6.16±0.06c4.27±0.01d3.92±0.02d
2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮3188-00-9坚果味811.3232.551.61±0.45a1.44±0.01a0.90±0.03b0.61±0.06b0.57±0.01b
5-甲基-2-庚烯-4-酮81925-81-7咸味994.9333.130.84±0.06a0.41±0.01d0.46±0.02cd0.50±0.01c0.56±0.01b
3-戊烯-2-酮625-33-2−1141.2509.9510.15±0.01e0.35±0.00d0.86±0.01c1.81±0.03a1.75±0.02b
2-戊酮107-87-9果香996.1333.890.06±0.02c0.06±0.01c0.07±0.01bc0.07±0.00b0.09±0.01a
5-甲基-3-庚酮541-85-5−987.6328.430.04±0.01e0.08±0.01c0.05±0.01d0.19±0.01b0.36±0.00a
合计17.82±0.11a10.75±0.02b8.51±0.10c7.46±0.05d7.26±0.03e
含硫化物(2种)
异硫氰酸烯丙酯57-06-7大蒜味、辛辣味、硫磺味919.4287.3644.63±0.10a4.59±0.06a2.60±0.04b1.80±0.0.06c1.45±0.04d
二乙基三硫醚3600-24-6洋葱味、烧烤味1141.3510.1870.21±0.01a0.14±0.00b0.05±0.01c0.02±0.00d0.02±0.00d
合计4.84±0.10a4.73±0.06a2.65±0.04b1.82±0.06c1.47±0.05d
酸类(3种)
乙酸64-19-7酸味、果香1500.61159.1392.02±0.07a1.29±0.04c1.24±0.09c1.79±0.13b2.07±0.12a
正戊酸109-52-4辛辣味925.8291.0241.39±0.17a0.63±0.01b0.49±0.00bc0.46±0.01c0.49±0.01bc
2-甲基庚酸1188-02-9奶香味1162.8548.2930.08±0.01c0.05±0.01d0.09±0.01c0.30±0.00b0.50±0.01a
合计3.49±0.23a1.98±0.04d1.81±0.09d2.55±0.12c3.06±0.13b
吡嗪类(1种)
2-甲基吡嗪109-08-0可可味、榛子味1293.6760.2770.02±0.01d0.05±0.00c0.09±0.01a0.06±0.00b0.05±0.00c
合计0.02±0.00d0.05±0.00c0.08±0.00a0.06±0.00b0.05±0.00c
呋喃类(3种)
2-丁基呋喃4466-24-4潮湿干草味933.1295.2020.47±0.06d0.85±0.01b0.94±0.01a0.74±0.01c0.69±0.04c
2-乙基呋喃3208-16-0黄油味、焦糖香974.8320.2660.04±0.01d0.01±0.01cd0.05±0.00c0.19±0.01b0.28±0.01a
5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醇3857-25-8−965.9314.7340.03±0.00d0.07±0.01c0.07±0.00c0.44±0.00b0.68±0.01a
合计0.53±0.05e0.96±0.02d1.06±0.01c1.37±0.01b1.65±0.04a
其他(4种)
三乙胺121-44-8−791.6223.7739.26±0.40a5.59±0.03b3.44±0.03c2.85±0.05d2.96±0.07d
2,4,6-三甲基吡啶108-75-8−1024.3360.3860.26±0.03c0.14±0.00d0.12±0.01d1.93±0.01b3.22±0.01a
正丁醚142-96-1−998.4335.5580.07±0.03b0.22±0.00a0.07±0.01b0.02±0.00c0.03±0.01c
二乙二醇甲醚111-77-3−988.3328.8390.02±0.00b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.01±0.00c0.04±0.01a
合计9.60±0.45a5.96±0.03b3.63±0.04d4.81±0.06c6.25±0.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170271902479284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170259852243776, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料GC-IMS挥发性风味物质定性及相对定量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称CAS号风味描述[25]保留指数保留时间(s)相对含量(%)
0 h12 h24 h36 h48 h
酯类(13种)
丙酸甲酯554-12-1果香、朗姆酒味925.2290.6715.85±0.16c5.38±0.15d5.06±0.06e7.76±0.03b8.23±0.08a
乙酸异戊酯123-92-2苹果味、香蕉味、梨味1133.7497.4331.41±0.05c0.98±0.01e1.06±0.01d6.63±0.03b7.70±0.05a
异戊酸甲酯556-24-1苹果味、果香、菠萝味1032368.0881.33±0.05a0.56±0.01b0.29±0.00c0.21±0.01d0.24±0.01d
己酸乙酯123-66-0苹果皮味、菠萝味、白兰地味1248.5686.730.51±0.00c0.20±0.01d0.18±0.01e1.52±0.01b2.25±0.02a
丁酸乙酯105-54-4菠萝味、草莓味、黄油味、奶酪味1049.5386.2550.41±0.03e1.12±0.01d1.86±0.02c2.12±0.03a2.02±0.01b
丙烯酸丁酯141-32-2−1192.5605.2660.37±0.01a0.22±0.00b0.15±0.01c0.04±0.00d0.03±0.01d
甲酸己酯629-33-4果香1365.3879.8090.25±0.01d0.95±0.01a0.70±0.01b0.29±0.01c0.25±0.01d
乙酸异丁酯110-19-0苹果味、香蕉味、花香味996.2334.0090.29±0.09c0.29±0.01c0.40±0.01b0.44±0.01ab0.50±0.01a
丙酸呋喃甲酯623-19-8花香,香料味1101.1446.0230.17±0.00c0.29±0.01a0.11±0.01d0.18±0.01c0.24±0.02b
L(-)-乳酸乙酯687-47-8果香、奶油味811.3232.550.40±0.21b0.60±0.01a0.27±0.01bc0.20±0.01c0.19±0.01c
甲酸异戊酯110-45-2苹果味821.7237.3380.11±0.01d0.86±0.01a0.88±0.01a0.47±0.02b0.35±0.01c
反式丁烯酸乙酯623-70-1热带水果味845.4248.6030.09±0.01c0.21±0.01a0.21±0.01a0.16±0.01b0.21±0.01a
丙酸乙酯105-37-3菠萝味、草莓味、朗姆酒味965.7314.6590.07±0.01c0.03±0.01d0.01±0.01e0.12±0.00b0.36±0.01a
合计11.26±0.07d11.70±0.13c11.17±0.05d20.13±0.08b22.56±0.04a
醛类(5种)
正己醛66-25-1新鲜水果味1099.5443.684.62±0.16a1.67±0.01b0.91±0.01c0.91±0.01c0.98±0.04c
丙醛123-38-6花香味805229.7190.67±0.10bc0.92±0.02a0.88±0.03a0.75±0.02b0.64±0.01c
2-甲基-2-戊烯醛623-36-9果香841.5246.7140.42±0.03a0.31±0.00b0.25±0.01c0.32±0.01b0.40±0.01a
(Z)-4-癸烯醛21662-09-9果香1196.3610.4840.28±0.01a0.11±0.01b0.07±0.00c0.04±0.00d0.04±0.00d
吡咯-2-甲醛1003-29-8坚果味、焦糖香1025.7361.7760.16±0.02d0.36±0.01c0.40±0.01ab0.41±0.01a0.38±0.01b
合计6.14±0.08a3.36±0.01b2.51±0.02c2.43±0.03c2.44±0.03c
醇类(6种)
乙醇64-17-5−939.1298.65821.51±0.18e33.46±0.14b38.26±0.21a31.03±0.05c27.93±0.16d
异戊醇123-51-3可可味、花香味、麦芽味1222.1647.0082.13±0.07e8.07±0.04d10.38±0.04a10.26±0.02b9.91±0.02c
异丁醇78-83-1苹果味、可可味、葡萄酒香1103.1448.9861.72±0.11e5.69±0.04d8.72±0.02a8.10±0.02b7.80±0.03c
正丙醇71-23-8糖果味1048.6385.2250.75±0.04e3.04±0.02d5.00±0.02b5.10±0.02a4.82±0.02c
苯乙醇60-12-8果香、蜂蜜味、丁香味、玫瑰味1119473.5420.43±0.01b0.46±0.01a0.34±0.01c0.30±0.01d0.23±0.01e
氧化芳樟醇60047-17-8花香味1076.9416.3870.28±0.04a0.29±0.03a0.08±0.01b0.06±0.01b0.06±0.01b
合计26.82±0.10e51.01±0.19c62.78±0.14a54.85±0.06b50.75±0.14d
烯烃类(4种)
丙基苯103-65-1−1234.6665.5612.29±0.43a3.08±0.06b0.67±0.04d1.05±0.04c1.32±0.01c
环己烷110-82-7−762.6211.4255.40±0.38a2.65±0.05b1.97±0.09c1.35±0.14d1.12±0.02d
2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷13475-82-6−1026.6362.6681.05±0.05c2.71±0.01a1.98±0.03b0.43±0.02d0.25±0.01e
2,4-二甲基庚烷2213-23-2−851.7251.7010.74±0.08c1.05±0.08bc1.17±0.22b1.66±0.30a1.83±0.07a
合计19.47±0.68a9.49±0.06b5.80±0.14c4.49±0.17d4.51±0.08d
酮类(6种)
丙酮67-64-1辛辣味833242.66515.12±0.62a8.42±0.02b6.16±0.06c4.27±0.01d3.92±0.02d
2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮3188-00-9坚果味811.3232.551.61±0.45a1.44±0.01a0.90±0.03b0.61±0.06b0.57±0.01b
5-甲基-2-庚烯-4-酮81925-81-7咸味994.9333.130.84±0.06a0.41±0.01d0.46±0.02cd0.50±0.01c0.56±0.01b
3-戊烯-2-酮625-33-2−1141.2509.9510.15±0.01e0.35±0.00d0.86±0.01c1.81±0.03a1.75±0.02b
2-戊酮107-87-9果香996.1333.890.06±0.02c0.06±0.01c0.07±0.01bc0.07±0.00b0.09±0.01a
5-甲基-3-庚酮541-85-5−987.6328.430.04±0.01e0.08±0.01c0.05±0.01d0.19±0.01b0.36±0.00a
合计17.82±0.11a10.75±0.02b8.51±0.10c7.46±0.05d7.26±0.03e
含硫化物(2种)
异硫氰酸烯丙酯57-06-7大蒜味、辛辣味、硫磺味919.4287.3644.63±0.10a4.59±0.06a2.60±0.04b1.80±0.0.06c1.45±0.04d
二乙基三硫醚3600-24-6洋葱味、烧烤味1141.3510.1870.21±0.01a0.14±0.00b0.05±0.01c0.02±0.00d0.02±0.00d
合计4.84±0.10a4.73±0.06a2.65±0.04b1.82±0.06c1.47±0.05d
酸类(3种)
乙酸64-19-7酸味、果香1500.61159.1392.02±0.07a1.29±0.04c1.24±0.09c1.79±0.13b2.07±0.12a
正戊酸109-52-4辛辣味925.8291.0241.39±0.17a0.63±0.01b0.49±0.00bc0.46±0.01c0.49±0.01bc
2-甲基庚酸1188-02-9奶香味1162.8548.2930.08±0.01c0.05±0.01d0.09±0.01c0.30±0.00b0.50±0.01a
合计3.49±0.23a1.98±0.04d1.81±0.09d2.55±0.12c3.06±0.13b
吡嗪类(1种)
2-甲基吡嗪109-08-0可可味、榛子味1293.6760.2770.02±0.01d0.05±0.00c0.09±0.01a0.06±0.00b0.05±0.00c
合计0.02±0.00d0.05±0.00c0.08±0.00a0.06±0.00b0.05±0.00c
呋喃类(3种)
2-丁基呋喃4466-24-4潮湿干草味933.1295.2020.47±0.06d0.85±0.01b0.94±0.01a0.74±0.01c0.69±0.04c
2-乙基呋喃3208-16-0黄油味、焦糖香974.8320.2660.04±0.01d0.01±0.01cd0.05±0.00c0.19±0.01b0.28±0.01a
5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醇3857-25-8−965.9314.7340.03±0.00d0.07±0.01c0.07±0.00c0.44±0.00b0.68±0.01a
合计0.53±0.05e0.96±0.02d1.06±0.01c1.37±0.01b1.65±0.04a
其他(4种)
三乙胺121-44-8−791.6223.7739.26±0.40a5.59±0.03b3.44±0.03c2.85±0.05d2.96±0.07d
2,4,6-三甲基吡啶108-75-8−1024.3360.3860.26±0.03c0.14±0.00d0.12±0.01d1.93±0.01b3.22±0.01a
正丁醚142-96-1−998.4335.5580.07±0.03b0.22±0.00a0.07±0.01b0.02±0.00c0.03±0.01c
二乙二醇甲醚111-77-3−988.3328.8390.02±0.00b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.01±0.00c0.04±0.01a
合计9.60±0.45a5.96±0.03b3.63±0.04d4.81±0.06c6.25±0.07b
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发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响
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李子晏 1, 2 , 陈颖 3 , 刘瑞玲 2 , 陈慧芝 2 , 赵楠 4 , 缪文华 1 , 房祥军 2 , 吴伟杰 2 , 陈杭君 2 , 牛犇 2, * , 郜海燕 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 124-137
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 124 -137
发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响
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李子晏1, 2 , 陈颖3 , 刘瑞玲2, 陈慧芝2, 赵楠4, 缪文华1, 房祥军2, 吴伟杰2, 陈杭君2, 牛犇2, * , 郜海燕2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 316000
  • 2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
  • 3绍兴市群芳农业开发有限责任公司,浙江绍兴 312000
  • 4四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
通讯作者:
牛犇(1988−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李子晏(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:

陈颖(1989−),女,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Effect of Fermentation Time on the Functional Properties and Flavor Quality of Blueberry-Collagen Peptide Fermented Beverages
Ziyan LI1, 2 , Ying CHEN3 , Ruiling LIU2, Huizhi CHEN2, Nan ZHAO4, Wenhua MIAO1, Xiangjun FANG2, Weijie WU2, Hangjun CHEN2, Ben NIU2, * , Haiyan GAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
  • 2Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Logistics and Processing of Fresh Products, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
  • 3Shaoxing Qunfang Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 4Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010273
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本研究以蓝莓和鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽为原料,通过酵母发酵探究发酵时间(0~48 h)对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响。分析了饮料营养成分(多酚、黄酮、花色苷)、消化酶抑制活性(α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶)和自由基清除率变化。同时,利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)、电子舌、电子鼻及感官评价分析饮料在发酵过程中的风味变化。结果表明,蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料发酵36 h后多酚(1.40 mg∙mL−1)、黄酮(1.22 mg∙mL−1)含量达峰值,花色苷保留量为0.043 mg∙mL−1;自由基清除率皆大于80%;α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶抑制率达55.17%和43.69%。GC-IMS分析表明,丙酸甲酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯等酯类和异戊醇、异丁醇、正丙醇等醇类显著提高,异硫氰酸烯丙酯、二乙基三硫醚等含硫化物减少。上述分析表明,蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料经36 h发酵后,其活性成分含量、抗氧化能力及消化酶抑制活性显著提升,同时促进了果香酯类和醇类的合成与含硫异味物质的降解。本研究通过优化发酵时间调控酵母代谢产物的定向积累,实现功能特性与风味品质的协同优化,为蓝莓高值转化及开发胶原蛋白基饮品提供了新思路。

蓝莓  /  胶原蛋白肽  /  发酵  /  功能特性  /  挥发性风味物质

This research investigated the alterations in functional properties and flavor quality of blueberry-collagen peptide beverage under different fermentation times (0~48 h). The fermented beverage was produced through yeast fermentation using blueberry and cod skin collagen peptides. Subsequent analyses involved determining the nutrient composition (polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins), digestive enzyme inhibitory activity (α-amylase and lipase), and free radical scavenging rate of the beverages. Meanwhile, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), electronic tongue, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation were employed to assess the flavor modifications of the beverages throughout the fermentation process. The results revealed that the beverage attained peak levels of polyphenols (1.40 mg∙mL−1) and flavonoids (1.22 mg∙mL−1), with an anthocyanins retention of 0.043 mg∙mL−1 after fermentation for 36 h. The free radical scavenging rate exceeded 80%, while the α-amylase and lipase inhibition rates were 55.17% and 43.69%, respectively. The GC-IMS analysis showed notable increases in esters such as methyl propionate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl caproate, as well as alcohols like isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, and n-propanol, whereas sulfide-containing compounds such as allyl isothiocyanate and diethyl trisulfide exhibited decreased levels. These results demonstrated that the blueberry-collagen peptide beverage, after 36 h of fermentation, significantly enhanced active component content, antioxidant capacity, and digestive enzyme inhibitory activity. The production of fruity esters/alcohols and the degradation of sulfur-containing off-flavor substances were promoted. By optimizing fermentation time to regulate the directional accumulation of yeast metabolites, this research achieved synergistic optimization of functional properties and flavor quality, presenting a novel approach for enhancing the value of blueberry resources and advancing the development of collagen-based beverages.

blueberry  /  collagen peptides  /  fermentation  /  functional properties  /  volatile flavor compounds
李子晏, 陈颖, 刘瑞玲, 陈慧芝, 赵楠, 缪文华, 房祥军, 吴伟杰, 陈杭君, 牛犇, 郜海燕. 发酵时间对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 124 -137 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010273
Ziyan LI, Ying CHEN, Ruiling LIU, Huizhi CHEN, Nan ZHAO, Wenhua MIAO, Xiangjun FANG, Weijie WU, Hangjun CHEN, Ben NIU, Haiyan GAO. Effect of Fermentation Time on the Functional Properties and Flavor Quality of Blueberry-Collagen Peptide Fermented Beverages[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 124 -137 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010273
随着人们对健康日益关注,功能性饮品的研发成为食品科学的热门领域。功能性饮品不仅能满足人们对口感的追求,还能通过增强免疫力、抵抗氧化及改善身体机能等多重健康效益,推动健康生活方式的建立。蓝莓因其富含生物活性成分而备受青睐,研究指出其含有丰富的维生素、矿物质、花青素、多酚和类黄酮,具有显著的抗氧化能力,有助于预防多种慢性疾病[1]。
近年来,功能性饮品的开发聚焦于构建多组分协同增效体系,以改善单一原料生物活性的局限性。在蓝莓功能性饮品的开发中,乔慧茹等[2]将蓝莓与铁皮石斛叶复合制备饮料,当蓝莓汁与铁皮石斛叶汁体积比为1:1时,多酚含量达1.80 mg∙mL−1,花色苷保留率大于85%,羟自由基清除率较单一蓝莓体系提升17.88%。农玉萍等[3]开发的蓝莓-红枣-山楂复合饮料通过多酚-多糖分子相互作用形成稳定凝胶体系,使DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率均高于75%,体系稳定性提升1.2倍。胶原蛋白肽作为新型功能因子,具有维持皮肤弹性、促进关节健康和增强体力的功能,成为饮品功能特性强化的重要原料。鱼皮胶原蛋白肽富含甘氨酸、脯氨酸,具有良好的营养价值和高生物利用度[4],但水产原料中氧化三甲胺分解产生的三甲胺、二甲胺,以及脂质氧化生成的醛酮类化合物具有鱼腥异味,可能影响饮品的风味品质和消费者的接受度[5]。现有研究多集中于使用物理或化学方法脱腥掩盖异味,刘欣荣等[6]采用活性炭对胶原蛋白肽红枣复合饮料进行脱腥处理,活性炭的非特异性吸附在脱除腥味物质的同时,会不可逆地截留分子量小于3 kDa的功能活性肽段,导致胶原蛋白肽的血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性显著下降。因此,寻找改善异味并能保留功能性成分的方法显得尤为重要。
发酵技术通过微生物代谢,能有效改变饮品的营养成分和风味特征,为改善蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料的风味提供了重要途径。研究表明,发酵时间对酯类等风味物质的合成及异味成分的降解具有显著调控作用,是平衡饮品果香特征与异味控制的关键因素[7]。目前,发酵蓝莓果汁饮料主要采用乳酸菌发酵,虽能提升抗氧化能力,但乳酸菌产酸的特性可能会破坏胶原蛋白肽构象。而酵母发酵可通过定向合成具有果香的酯类、醇类等物质改善风味品质,分解复杂分子提高活性物质的生物利用度[8]。Che等[9]在蓝莓汁中加入酵母,通过Ehrlich途径将亮氨酸、缬氨酸等支链氨基酸转化为乙酸异戊酯与异丁酸乙酯,显著提升酯类物质含量的同时降解具有青草味的醛类,感官评分提升39.4%。Sui等[10]的研究表明酵母发酵显著提升了李子葡萄汁的抗氧化能力及酯类、酚类等挥发性风味物质的含量,并将发酵周期缩短至72 h。然而以发酵手段解决胶原蛋白肽异味的研究较少,这限制了其工业化应用进程。
本研究以蓝莓和鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽为原料,探讨不同发酵时间(0~48 h)对蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料功能特性与风味品质的影响。采用化学分析测定营养成分和抗氧化能力,同时运用GC-IMS分析挥发性化合物变化,并结合电子舌、电子鼻及感官评价,评估饮料的风味品质,以期为开发一款新型的功能性健康饮品提供科学依据和技术支持。
蓝莓(品种为灿烂) 采自浙江省安吉县大唐蓝莓合作社;鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽(平均分子量1 kDa,分子量范围0.5~1.5 kDa) 山东广财生物科技有限公司;黄原胶、NaCO3 浙江一诺生物科技有限公司;果酒专用酵母RW 安琪酵母股份公司;α-淀粉酶(猪胰腺,比活力10 U∙mg−1)、正构酮(2-丁酮、2-戊酮、2-己酮、2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮,均为分析纯,组成酮类混标) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;脂肪酶(猪胰腺,比活力30 U∙mg−1)、芦丁标准品(纯度≥98%)、没食子酸标准品(纯度≥98%)、矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷标准品(纯度≥95%)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH,纯度≥98%)、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS,纯度≥98%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;抗坏血酸标准品(纯度≥99%) Sigma-Aldrich(美国);色谱级甲醇、乙酸乙酯(用于GC-IMS分析) 默克公司(德国)。
18-Y915S破壁机 九阳股份有限公司;ReadMax 1900酶标仪 中国上海闪谱生物科技有限公司;cTongue电子舌 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;FOX3000电子鼻 法国Alpha MOS公司;Flavour Spec®GC-IMS 德国G.A.S.公司;MXT-WAX色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1.0 μm) 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;CR400 色度仪 日本柯尼卡美能达公司。
参考张紫涵[11]的方法,胶原蛋白肽在50 ℃蒸馏水中1200 r∙min−1搅拌1.5 h,再加入黄原胶继续搅拌0.5 h,4 ℃下过夜,使完全水合,胶原蛋白肽的浓度为10%(w/v),黄原胶的浓度为0.02%(w/v)。
筛选大小均一、成熟度一致的新鲜蓝莓,去除果蒂,流水浸泡清洗后沥干。
按1:2(w/v)将蓝莓与胶原蛋白肽溶液混合,破壁机30000 r∙min−1间歇破碎5min(工作15 s停止5 s,控制温升<10 ℃),通过添加绵白糖,将蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵原液的可溶性固形物调整到10.7°Brix左右。
将发酵原液置于85 ℃水浴中10 min,冰浴冷却至25 ℃。
将酵母(0.001%,w/v)接种至蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽溶液中,于25 ℃下发酵48 h,每隔12 h取样。
取样后将样品在12000×g离心10 min去除固体沉淀物,随后置于85 ℃水浴10 min中进行巴氏杀菌(终止发酵反应并灭活微生物),得到不同发酵时间的蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料[12]。
使用手持式折光仪确定可溶性固形物含量,使用pH计测定pH,使用色度仪测定色度(L*、a*、b*值)。
参考黄若涵等[13]的方法,取发酵后离心上清液5 mL,加入0.5 mL 95%乙醇,涡旋振荡30 s。将混合液在4 ℃,12000×g离心10 min,取上清液。以95%乙醇为空白对照,420 nm波长测定吸光度,即为褐变度(AU)。
参考吴文龙等[14]的方法稍作修改,取发酵后离心上清液10 mL,其中5 mL直接测定初始透过率(T初始),另外5 mL经过0.45 μm水系过滤膜过滤后测定透过率(T过滤)。以蒸馏水为空白对照,660 nm波长测定吸光度,按式(1)计算样品透过率(%)。
$\rm 透过率=\frac{{T}_{过滤}}{{T}_{初始}}\times 100 $
参考房祥军等[15]的方法,采用考马斯亮蓝G250法测定可溶性蛋白含量。
参考张星等[16]的硝酸铝显色法修改,取0.2 mL发酵后离心上清液,依次加入0.8 mL 800 mg∙mL−1甲醇、0.5 mL 50 mg∙mL−1亚硝酸钠(静置6 min),4 mL 40 mg∙mL−1硝酸铝(静置6 min),4 mL 40 mg∙mL−1 NaOH,定容至10 mL,避光反应15 min。以蒸馏水为空白对照组,510 nm波长测定吸光度。以芦丁标准品制作标准曲线,按式(2)计算黄酮含量(mg∙mL−1)。
$ \text{C}_{黄酮}=\frac{\text{(A}_{样品}-\text{A}_{空白})-\text{b}}{\text{k}}\times \text{DF} $
式中:k为标准曲线斜率,b为标准曲线的截距,DF为稀释倍数。
参考Patel等[17]的Folin-Ciocalteu法修改,取0.4 mL发酵后离心上清液,加入2 mL Folin试剂(反应5 min),1.8 mL 75 g∙L−1 Na2CO3(避光反应1 h)。以蒸馏水为空白对照组,765 nm波长测定吸光度。以没食子酸标品制作标准曲线,按式(3)计算多酚含量(mg∙mL−1)。
$\rm {C}_{多酚}=\frac{({A}_{样品}-{A}_{空白})-\text{b}}{k}\times DF $
式中:k为标准曲线斜率,b为标准曲线的截距,DF为稀释倍数。
参考Chu等[18]的pH示差法修改,分别用KCl-HCl(pH1.0)和CH3COONa-HCl(pH4.5)缓冲液稀释发酵后离心上清液10倍,避光平衡1 h。于520 nm和700 nm波长测定吸光度,按式(4)计算花色苷含量(mg∙mL−1)。
$\rm {C}_{花色苷}=\frac{{({A}_{520}-{A}_{700})}_{pH1.0}-{({A}_{520}-{A}_{700})}_{\text{p}H4.5}}{\varepsilon \times L}\times {Mw}\times DF $
式中:ε=26900 L∙cm∙mol−1(矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷消光系数),Mw=449.2 g∙mol−1,L为光程,DF为稀释倍数。
参考Sindhu等[19]的TCA-磷酸-FeCl3显色法修改,以抗坏血酸标品建立标准曲线,取1 mL稀释样液,依次加入1 mL 50 g∙L−1 TCA、1 mL无水乙醇、0.5 mL 0.4%磷酸-乙醇液、1 mL 5 g∙L−1 BP-乙醇液、0.5 mL 0.3 g∙L−1 FeCl3-乙醇液,混匀后室温避光反应15 min。543 nm处测定吸光度,按式(5)计算抗坏血酸含量(μg∙mL−1)。
$ \rm {C}_{抗坏血酸}=\frac{m{\text{'}}}{V}\times N $
式中:m'为由标准曲线计算得的抗坏血酸的质量(μg),V为测定体积(mL),N为稀释倍数。
参考黄婕等[20]的方法调整,200 μL样品稀释至2 mL,加入4 mL 0.1 mmol∙L−1 DPPH-甲醇溶液及450 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH7.4),5 ℃水浴避光反应30 min。517 nm测定吸光度,按式(6)计算DPPH自由基清除率(%)。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白吸光度,A1为样品吸光度,A2为样品本底吸光度。
参考Fatima等[21]的方法调整,7 mmol∙L−1 ABTS与2.45 mmol∙L−1过硫酸钾混合,避光静置12 h生成ABTS+∙储备液;100 μL稀释样品与3.9 mL ABTS+∙工作液混合,避光反应10 min。734 nm测定吸光度,按式(7)计算ABTS+自由基清除率(%)。
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白吸光度,A1为样品吸光度,A2为样品本底吸光度。
参考岑敏连等[22]的方法稍作修改,50 μL发酵后离心上清液与50 μL α-淀粉酶(50 μg∙mL−1)及PBS混合,37 ℃孵育10 min;加入100 μL 1%可溶性淀粉,37 ℃反应10 min。加入100 μL DNS试剂,沸水浴10 min后终止显色。于540 nm测定吸光度,按式(8)计算α-淀粉酶抑制率(%)。
$\rm I = \left( {1 - \frac{{{A_1} - {A_2}}}{{{A_3} - {A_4}}}} \right) \times 100 $
式中:I为抑制率(%),A1为样品+酶吸光度,A2为样品+PBS的吸光度,A3为酶+PBS的吸光度,A4为PBS吸光度。
参考Li等[23]的方法稍作修改,30 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH8.0)与30 μL脂肪酶液(5 mg∙mL−1)37 ℃预孵育15 min,加入15 μL对硝基苯酚(PNP)及15 μL发酵后离心上清液。150 μL 0.5 mol∙L−1三氯乙酸终止,50 μL mol∙L−1 NaOH调pH;405 nm测定PNP生成量,按式(9)计算酶活力(U∙mL−1);脂肪酶抑制率(%)按式(10)计算。
$ \rm X = \frac{{{\text{c}} \times V}}{{t \times V\text{'}}} $
式中:X为脂肪酶活力(U∙mL−1),c-PNP浓度(mmol∙L−1),V为反应体系总体积(mL),t为反应时间(min),V'为酶用量(mL)。
$\rm I = \left( {1 - \frac{{X\text{'}}}{X}} \right) \times 100 $
式中:I为脂肪酶抑制率(%),X为空白酶活力(U∙mL−1),X'为加样后酶活力(U∙mL−1)。
参考任婧楠等[24]的方法稍作修改,不同发酵时间的样品稀释5倍后取15 mL装入电子舌专用杯内,进行数据采集分析。取不同发酵时间的样品10 mL置于电子鼻顶空瓶中,样品预检5 s,测试时间3 min,温度50 ℃,进行数据采集分析。
参考李维妮等[25]的实验方法稍作修改,结合鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽在加工过程中可能因脂质氧化及短肽释放产生的特征性鱼腥气味和蛋白异味,设定感官评价得分表(表1)作为蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料的风味品质评价标准,选定16位具有食品相关背景的人员进行品尝打分,采用9分制标度法(0~9分),各指标按感官强度分级描述,其中“鱼腥气味”与“鱼腥异味”指标用于评估胶原蛋白肽异味的残留强度。
参考Li等[26]的方法稍作修改,取发酵后离心上清液1 mL于20 mL顶空瓶中,顶空进样条件为:在温度60 ℃,500 r·min−1孵育20 min,进样针温度为85 ℃,进样量为500 μL。GC条件为:色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1.0 μm)温度60 ℃,载气为高纯氮(纯度≥99.999%),流量程序设置为初始2 mL∙min−1保持2 min,随后8 min内线性升至10 mL∙min−1,20 min内进一步升至100 mL∙min−1保持 10 min,总运行时间30 min。IMS条件为:氚源电离(3H),迁移管长度53 mm,温度45 ℃,电压2700 V,漂移气体为高纯氮,漂移气流量为75 mL∙min−1。
基于上述优化分离条件,对样品挥发性化合物进行定性与相对定量分析。定性分析:使用6种浓度为0.1~10 μg∙mL−1的酮类混标建立保留时间与保留指数的线性关系(R2≥0.99),按式(11)计算目标物的保留指数(RI),与NIST 2020数据库中的RI值对比(匹配度≥85%),通过IMS迁移时间数据库对比,偏差≤0.5%的化合物为目标物。
$\rm RI = 100n+100 \times \frac{{t{\text{'}_r}( x ) - t{\text{'}_r}( n )}}{{t{\text{'}_r}( {n+1} ) - t{\text{'}_r}( n )}} $
式中:RI为保留指数,n为烷烃的碳原子数,t'r(n)为碳数为n的烷烃保留时间,t'r(n+1)为碳数为n+1的烷烃保留时间,t'r(x)为目标物的保留时间(min),并且t'r(n+1)>t'r(x)>t'r(n)。
相对定量分析:采用峰面积归一化法,按式(12)计算。通过计算各目标物峰面积占总峰面积的比例表征其相对含量,平行样间相对标准偏差(RSD)<5%。
$ 相对含量(\text{%})=\frac{目标物峰面积}{{\displaystyle \sum 所有目标物峰面积}}\times 100$
风味描述检索:挥发性化合物的风味特征通过比对NIST 2020数据库及权威风味数据库(LRI & Odour Database、Flavornet、FEMA Flavor Library、The Good Scents Company)中的描述信息进行标注[27]。
所有实验平行重复3次,实验结果采用平均值±标准差表示,采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行数据统计分析,并用单因素方差分析检验法进行显著性分析,P<0.05具有统计学意义。
图1直观展示了不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料的色泽的外观变化,初始阶段样品呈暗紫红色,随处理时间延长逐渐转为深宝石红色,且呈现清亮质感。但发酵至48 h样品转变为紫褐色,透亮感下降。
由表2可见,随着发酵时间延长,蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料的L*值和a*值增大,而b*值先增后减。褐变度持续增加,表明美拉德反应与非酶促氧化褐变持续累积。透过率持续增加并在36 h时达到峰值,48 h有所降低,这一变化与酵母代谢降解胶体颗粒及自溶释放胞内多糖有关。浑浊度可通过色度参数L*值间接评估,L*值升高表明浑浊度降低,主要由于发酵过程中胶体颗粒的沉淀作用,以及酵母自溶后释放的β-葡聚糖酶对悬浮多糖的降解作用,这与石榴酒澄清机制一致[28]。发酵前24 h的pH变化小,36 h后略降。a*值的升高与pH降低诱导的花青素显色效应密切相关,酸性环境促使花青素质子转化为黄烊盐阳离子,显著增强红色调[29]。多酚与黄酮通过β-葡萄糖苷酶介导的苷元释放及多酚氧化产物协同提升b*值,与黄晓杰等[30]在蓝莓酒发酵中发现酵母驱动黄酮苷元释放增强了黄色调的研究一致。发酵48 h后褐变程度加剧与多酚氧化物增强了蓝黑色调使b*值降低,与李思媛等[31]在蓝莓花色苷饮料发酵48 h后观察到的色泽劣变规律一致。酿酒酵母将糖转化为酒精和二氧化碳,导致饮料可溶性固形物含量下降,说明其提高了样品糖的利用率。
图2A可知,蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料中的可溶性蛋白含量在发酵阶段缓慢下降,这可能与胶原蛋白肽与蓝莓汁中蛋白质的相互作用、酶活性变化以及微生物营养供给有关[32]。此外,酵母可利用可溶性蛋白将其水解为多肽和氨基酸,丰富饮料风味[33]。图2B显示不同发酵时间中黄酮含量先升后降,表明酵母发酵产生的酒精有助于类黄酮的溶解。Ovalle等[34]的葡萄酒研究中也发现β-葡萄糖苷酶解黄酮苷元的趋势,但本研究中黄酮峰值延迟至36 h,可能与蓝莓果胶(来源于带皮发酵的蓝莓果肉细胞壁,未使用果胶酶预处理)通过未降解的果胶-纤维素网络包裹黄酮苷元,限制酶-底物接触有关。图2C展示了多酚含量变化,发酵36 h后显著增加(P<0.05)达到1.40±0.02 mg∙mL−1,这可能是由于酵母发酵产醇促进多酚溶解,同时有机酸提高了细胞膜通透性,加速酚类物质释放。发酵48 h后,黄酮和多酚含量降低,可能是乙醛、丙酮等代谢产物与黄酮、酚类物质发生反应,导致类黄酮转化为其他代谢物[35]。图2D显示,发酵过程中花色苷含量持续下降,这一现象可能与酵母代谢产生的有机酸(如乙酸、乳酸)和胞外酶(如β-葡萄糖苷酶)以及乙醇相关产物有关。有机酸引起pH下降(表2)破坏花色苷的酸碱稳定性,而β-葡萄糖苷酶通过水解花色苷的糖苷键直接降解其结构。此外,乙醇代谢过程中生成的活性物质可能与花色苷发生氧化或缩合反应,进一步降低其稳定性[36]。
图3A显示,发酵过程中样品抗坏血酸含量下降,可能与蓝莓汁的氧化性及酵母代谢利用有关。如图3B、C所示,发酵过程中与新鲜样品相比,发酵样品的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率先升后趋平,在48 h达到最高,DPPH自由基清除率为86.54%,比新鲜样品提高约26.65%;ABTS+自由基清除率为83.59%,提高约28.31%,说明酵母发酵显著提高了样品的抗氧化活性(P<0.05)。研究表明,抗氧化能力与多酚类及黄酮类物质变化有关[37]。酵母代谢产生的没食子酸等小分子酚酸可通过氢原子转移机制直接向DPPH自由基提供氢原子,实现高效清除;同时,酵母分泌的β-葡萄糖苷酶催化大分子多酚水解为小分子酚类。这一机制与范昊安等[38]在苹果梨发酵饮料研究中的发现一致,经发酵后的饮料多酚含量显著提升,DPPH自由基清除率达90.91%,研究进一步证明邻苯二酚羟基基团的暴露是活性提升的关键。此外,酵母发酵产生的乙醇作为极性溶剂可促进疏水性酚类的溶出,并通过降低体系极性增强酚类与ABTS+自由基的电子转移效率,从而进一步提升抗氧化活性[39]。
α-淀粉酶是重要的水解酶,负责碳水化合物的代谢影响血糖水平。图4A显示,不同发酵时间的蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料对α-淀粉酶的抑制效果明显提升,发酵时间越长,抑制率逐渐上升,48 h达到59.23%,相比未发酵样品显著提高约102.63%(P<0.05)。这一效果可能源于样品中的酚类化合物通过羟基结构抑制α-淀粉酶,且高浓度多酚降低了酶对糊化淀粉的可接近表面积,增加了空间位阻,有助于增强抑制效果[40]。此外,发酵样品中丰富的游离多酚也可能进一步提高抑制率[41]。
脂肪酶在甘油三酯水解中发挥核心作用,因此抑制其与预防肥胖及代谢疾病密切相关系[42]。如图4B所示,发酵样品对脂肪酶的抑制效果显著增强(P<0.05),且随着发酵时间延长抑制率逐步提升,48 h达到47.82%,相较于未发酵样品提升约68.13%。与Shi等[43]使用植物乳杆菌发酵的西瓜汁脂肪酶抑制活性从53.94%增至83.36%的趋势一致。这可能是由于发酵过程中多酚、类黄酮和花色苷含量增加,进而提升了对脂肪酶的抑制活性。
使用电子舌和主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)不同发酵时间的蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料的风味差异(图5A)。结果显示,主成分1(PC1)和主成分2(PC1)的贡献率分别为65.70%和19.33%,累计为85.03%,能够反映数据的整体特征。五个样品分布在不同区域,无重叠,重复性良好,未发酵与发酵样品间距离较远,表明发酵显著影响饮料风味。发酵48 h样品与其他样品差异更大,说明较长发酵时间引起明显变化。
使用电子鼻和PCA分析不同发酵时间的蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料的香气差异(图5B)。PC1与PC2的贡献率分别为76.25%和13.46%,累计方差贡献率为89.71%,能够反映数据的整体特征。样品间无重叠,未发酵样品与发酵样品香气差异显著,表明发酵能够大幅改变气味特征。
感官评价小组对样品的香气、口味和外观进行了评分(表3)。结果显示,酵母发酵显著改善了蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料的风味及外观品质,36 h样品的整体接受性评分最高。在气味方面,果香气评分随发酵时间延长逐渐上升,36 h达到最高,较初始值提升39.4%;但继续发酵至48 h后,由于乙醇积累抑制酯酶活性,酯类合成减少,使果香气减少[44],果香气评分显著降低(P<0.05)。鱼腥气味在发酵前36 h内持续降低,这是由于酵母代谢对三甲胺的竞争性降解[45];而发酵48 h后,因蛋白质过度水解产生疏水性短肽与含硫化合物释放[46],鱼腥气味评分回升至4.38±0.50。在滋味方面,果鲜味和甜味在36 h评分最佳,这与酵母代谢产生的酯类物质积累密切相关[47]。酸味评分在36 h显著提高至7.75±0.45(P<0.05),表明此时酸味强度明显增强,可能是酵母代谢过程中积累乙酸等有机酸所致。而发酵48 h后评分回落至4.13±0.62,酸味强度有所减弱,可能与酵母进一步代谢或酸类转化有关。涩味评分在36 h时最低,可能是源于酵母分泌的还原性物质抑制了多酚氧化[48];而发酵至48 h后,酵母自溶释放的金属离子催化多酚氧化,涩味评分显著提升至7.50±0.73(P<0.05)。进一步分析表明,酵母发酵能有效降鱼腥异味,付湘晋等[49]的研究表明,酵母细胞内的醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶可将具有腥味的醛类物质转化为无嗅醇类及羧酸。发酵48 h后鱼腥异味回升与杨心怡等[46]的研究一致,过度发酵使疏水肽段聚集提高了异味强度。在外观方面,澄清度随发酵时间延长持续改善,而色泽评分在36 h时最优,随后因美拉德反应加剧导致褐变,48 h评分降至6.56±0.63。
利用GC-IMS对不同发酵时间的蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料挥发性物质的动态分布进行分析。二维俯视图中(图6A),横坐标为气相保留时间,纵坐标为离子迁移时间,每个点代表一种挥发性风味物质,信号点颜色深浅表示化合物浓度。未发酵样品的信号点集中于保留时间200~400 s及迁移时间1.0~1.5 ms的区域,对应短链小分子与极性化合物。随着发酵时间的延长,信号点向保留时间400~700 s及漂移时间1.5~1.75 ms区域扩散,表明酵母代谢合成的长链与非极性化合物逐渐富集。
为了更清晰地反映不同发酵时间样品间的挥发性成分差异,以未发酵的样品为基准,发酵样品扣除基准后得到差异化图谱(图6B)。红色斑点表示发酵样品中挥发性成分变化浓度高于基准,蓝色斑点表示浓度低于基准,颜色深度与差异幅度成正相关[50]。保留时间300~700 s,迁移时间1.5~1.75 ms区域的信号强度随发酵时间逐渐增强,表明酯类和醇类含量显著增加,这与Wang等[51]揭示的酿酒酵母ATF1基因调控酯合成途径有关。严红光等[52]对发酵蓝莓酒研究表明,酵母通过葡萄糖代谢和氨基酸分解途径合成酯类,显著提升果香特征,这一趋势与差异化图谱中红色斑点的分布规律一致。而蓝色斑点反映醛类和萜烯类的氧化降解及离心吸附损失,其中醛类保留率低于龚诗媚等[53]在荔枝超滤模型中的结果,这可能与样品中多酚-胶原蛋白肽形成的强疏水性复合物会增强吸附作用有关。随发酵时间延长pH持续降低,进一步加速醛类氧化,而杀菌后的离心步骤会使疏水成分沉淀,这些因素共同导致保留率降低。
为比较不同发酵时间样品的挥发性物质种类和含量变化,建立了挥发性物质指纹图谱(图7)。每行代表一个样品(不同发酵时间平行测定3次),每列的编号对应一种挥发性化合物,具体名称见表4。蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料中鉴定出47种挥发性化合物,包括13种酯类、5种醛类、6种醇类、4种烯烃类、6种酮类、2种含硫化物、3种酸类、1种吡嗪类、3种呋喃类,以及4种其他类无风味的挥发性成分。指纹图谱直观展示了发酵与未发酵样品间的风味物质差异。酯类是蓝莓汁香气的关键成分,乙酸异戊酯为重要代谢产物,有明显的香蕉香气[54]。随着发酵,乙酸异丁酯、丙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯的信号增强,这可能与微生物酯酶的作用有关。在所有发酵样品中,醇类(如异戊醇、异丁醇、正丙醇)含量较高,主要源自胶原蛋白肽的氧化,为样品增添了花果香和芽可可的醇厚[55]。未发酵样品中,具有果香的醛类含量较高,随发酵时间延长,醛类的含量显著降低(P<0.05),可能由于酵母的氧化或还原反应生成酸或醇[56]。但发酵后具有坚果味、焦糖香吡咯-2-甲醛显著增加,这使得发酵样品的风味更加丰富。样品中的酮类则来源于胶原蛋白肽中氨基酸的降解,具有果香的2-戊酮随发酵时间增加而增加。Li等[57]的研究表明,2-戊酮等直链脂肪族酮类化合物因具有较高的果香气感知阈值,可在发酵过程中逐渐积累,既能有效避免异味的产生,又能通过苹果与香蕉的香调提升饮料整体风味。胶原蛋白肽可能引入不良风味,未发酵样品中异硫氰酸烯丙酯(辛辣味、硫磺味)与二乙基三硫醚(洋葱味)含量较高,二者均随发酵时间延长呈现下降趋势。在酸类挥发性物质中,具有酸味的乙酸和正戊酸随发酵时间延长而降低,而具有奶香味的2-甲基庚酸则上升,表明酵母发酵能有效降低不良风味,提高饮料的果香和奶香[57]。
表4为不同发酵时间蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料挥发性风味物质定性及相对定量结果,在蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵体系中挥发性成分仅发生含量重组而未有新增,这一现象主要受酵母代谢特性、接种量阈值及基质互作限制的影响。酿酒酵母在初级代谢阶段通过糖酵解途径快速消耗葡萄糖生成乙醇,将乙酸、正戊酸等具有不良风味的酸类转化为具有果香的酯类,并通过抑制硫代谢酶活性减少二乙基三硫醚和异硫氰酸烯丙酯的积累。0.001%(w/v)的接种量能够减少低接种量(<0.0005%)延滞期过长、酯类合成不足和醛类残留等问题,又能减少高接种量(>0.0015%)引发的菌体自溶、菌体营养竞争产生的异味。萜烯类、吡嗪类等具有复杂风味的酵母次级代谢产物合成依赖氮源耗尽、氧化应激等胁迫信号的激活,而0.001%(w/v)接种量的菌群密度不足以激活这类信号。此外,蓝莓果胶通过吸附β-葡萄糖苷酶抑制黄酮苷元水解,间接抑制香草酚酸酯等新酚类的生成。但胶原蛋白肽-多酚复合物能够通过疏水作用吸附硫化物前体物质,有效减少了具有异味的硫醇类物质生成。李粟晋[58]的研究也具有类似的发现,单一酵母发酵体系因蓝莓果胶对β-葡萄糖苷酶的吸附抑制及氮源竞争限制,未生成新增风味成分;而引入乳酸菌可高效降解果胶-纤维素复合结构释放萜烯前体,使蓝莓汁新增9种酯类物质。
本研究通过酵母发酵开发蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽饮料,探究发酵时间对其功能特性与风味品质的调控规律。结果表明,发酵36 h为综合性能最佳节点,此时饮料的L*值和a*值达到峰值,红色调显著增强,透过率提升至87.06%,果香强度与整体接性最优;多酚、黄酮与花色苷含量达到峰值,抗氧化活性DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率分别稳定在86.41%和83.49%。结合GC-IMS分析与感官评价结果表明,酵母通过糖酵解及氨基酸代谢途径增加酯类化合物的生物合成,并抑制硫代谢关键酶活性以减少挥发性不良风味物质的积累。发酵时间延长至48 h虽然进一步提高了样品的抗氧化能力和酶抑制活性,但黄酮、多酚等生物活性物质含量显著降低,褐变度加剧与多酚氧化物增强了蓝黑色调,并且异味物质含量回升使风味品质下降。过度发酵引发的饮料风味品质劣变与生物活性成分损失需通过工艺优化调控,未来研究可结合菌株筛选与两阶段发酵工艺,定向平衡功能活性与风味协调性。综上所述,通过调控发酵时间,使蓝莓-胶原蛋白肽发酵饮料在维持多酚、黄酮等生物活性成分高保留率的同时,显著提升抗氧化能力及风味协调性兼具功能特性与风味品质,为健康型发酵饮料的开发提供了新思路。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010273
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
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    1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 316000
    2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
    3绍兴市群芳农业开发有限责任公司,浙江绍兴 312000
    4四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066

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牛犇(1988−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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