Article(id=1321170216994853321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110430, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921125886, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921125886, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921125886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921125886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=52, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170218508997066, articleId=1321170216994853321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Apple Polyphenol Oxidase Purification Process Using Ethanol/Acetone Mixed Solvent Precipitation Guided by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a key enzyme triggering enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables, requires efficient purification for both mechanistic studies and industrial applications. To address the limitations of conventional single precipitants (e.g., high solvent consumption and low enzyme activity recovery), this study aimed to develop a cost-effective PPO purification strategy by integrating mixed solvent precipitation guided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with chromatographic techniques. First, MD simulations predicted the interaction mechanisms between PPO and precipitants (ammonium sulfate, ethanol, acetone, and ethanol/acetone mixtures). Further purification was then conducted using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The experimental validation demonstrated that the ethanol/acetone mixed solvent precipitant exhibited superior binding affinity. Single-step mixed solvent precipitation (ratio of ethanol/acetone 1:1, v/v) at 50% solvent concentration reduced precipitant usage by 33.33%, while achieving 89.85% enzyme activity recovery and a 1.24-fold purification. After chromatography, the PPO specific activity reached 156362.78 U/mg, with a purification fold of 18.33. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed a single protein band at approximately 28 kDa. The mixed solvent precipitation approach proposed in this study based on MD provides a novel approach for PPO purification, offering critical implications for advancing enzymatic browning control technologies in fruit and vegetable processing industries.

, authors=Xiaoxue SHI1, 2, 3, 4, Yanbing WEN1, 2, 3, 4, Xiangming QI1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Xiaoxue SHI, Yanbing WEN, Xiangming QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangming QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170219859562967, articleId=1321170216994853321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于分子动力学模拟的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀法优化苹果多酚氧化酶纯化工艺, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

苹果多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是引发果蔬酶促褐变的关键酶,其高效分离纯化对褐变抑制机制研究及工业化应用具有重要意义。针对传统单一沉淀剂用量大、酶活回收率低的问题,本研究旨在通过分子动力学模拟辅助设计复合沉淀体系,结合层析技术优化苹果PPO分离纯化工艺,以实现低成本、高效率的酶制备。首先通过分子动力学模拟预测单一沉淀剂(硫酸铵、乙醇、丙酮)及复合体系的沉淀效果,再进一步采用DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析与Sephadex G-100层析进行纯化。实验结果表明:乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀剂与苹果PPO的相互作用更优,50%浓度乙醇/丙酮(以1:1的比例混合)单级沉淀PPO可减少33.33%沉淀剂用量,同时获得了89.85%酶活回收率和1.24纯化倍数;层析后PPO比酶活达156362.78 U/mg,纯化倍数达到18.33。SDS-PAGE电泳显示单一条带(分子量约为28 kDa)。本研究基于分子动力学模拟提出的复合沉淀策略为PPO的提供了新思路,对果蔬加工中酶促褐变控制技术的开发具有参考价值。

, authors=时小雪1, 2, 3, 4, 闻彦兵1, 2, 3, 4, 齐祥明1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=时小雪, 闻彦兵, 齐祥明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=齐祥明, authorNote=

时小雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品非热加工技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
齐祥明(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:绿色食品生物技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gb37Ks8XEMGnskR5XPSz2w==, magXml=607TsqClDn6TaRl5+h7Xnw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Cj7a80EbxXV+dwommS0Qxw==, pdfFileSize=5635774, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zycjJKMQlLJD0o2ghL0A/g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OJeZdGKmO8al39H1fs1WoQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170223848346085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=shixiaoxue9286@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170223974175210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, authorId=1321170223848346085, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoxue SHI, firstName=Xiaoxue, middleName=null, lastName=SHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
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Food Chemistry, 2013, 136(2): 407−414., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170220136387032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170220148969945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170220136387032, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170220161552858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170220136387032, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170223579910619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170223588299228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170223579910619, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170223596687837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170223579910619, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青岛海洋科技中心海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室,山东青岛 266237)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170223672185310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170223680573919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170223672185310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170223688962528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170223672185310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3青岛市食品生物技术重点实验室,山东青岛 266404)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170223760265697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170223768654306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170223760265697, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170223777042915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, companyId=1321170223760265697, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4中国轻工业水产品生物加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266404)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170225614148104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Precipitation of PPO by ammonium sulphate at different saturation levels, figureFileSmall=5pxB9GlFmvT4/sjflkbYDw==, figureFileBig=zycjJKMQlLJD0o2ghL0A/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227291869705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同饱和度硫酸铵沉淀PPO

注:(a)酶活回收率,(b)蛋白回收率;不同大写字母表示沉淀组差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示上清组差异显著(P<0.05),图2同。

, figureFileSmall=5pxB9GlFmvT4/sjflkbYDw==, figureFileBig=zycjJKMQlLJD0o2ghL0A/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227547722250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Precipitation of PPO with different concentrations of ethanol and acetone, figureFileSmall=Bmgjce8M1H5nxh9GfhPzxg==, figureFileBig=rAPHMod9DvCthqJvHweepA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227627414027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度乙醇、丙酮沉淀PPO

注:(a,c)酶活回收率,(b,d)蛋白回收率。

, figureFileSmall=Bmgjce8M1H5nxh9GfhPzxg==, figureFileBig=rAPHMod9DvCthqJvHweepA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227707105804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of molecular dynamics simulation, figureFileSmall=lqu90lNmA//MuYM7fK8PAg==, figureFileBig=5gXU3KfhjVxtbeL9dk/Nfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227790991885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=图3, caption=分子动力学模拟结果

注:(a)SASA,(b)RMSD,(c)Rg,(d)总能量。

, figureFileSmall=lqu90lNmA//MuYM7fK8PAg==, figureFileBig=5gXU3KfhjVxtbeL9dk/Nfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227866489358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Docking images of PPO molecules and tertiary structure of PPO after molecular dynamics simulation, figureFileSmall=V9Z5B1mYK+s1PR8j51kCTw==, figureFileBig=pchKU4wbgyewJEaP1WNpaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170227937792527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PPO分子对接图像以及分子动力学模拟后PPO三级结构

注:(a)单结合乙醇,(b)单结合丙酮,(c)结合乙醇+丙酮,(d)单纯PPO;负值(蓝色)亲水,正值(棕色)疏水。

, figureFileSmall=V9Z5B1mYK+s1PR8j51kCTw==, figureFileBig=pchKU4wbgyewJEaP1WNpaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170228021678608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Precipitation of PPO by mixed ethanol/acetone solutions of different concentrations and ratios, figureFileSmall=pe1guTU1/Gz98ssv6PpTXQ==, figureFileBig=bZ+ZQBOW/5kPFJZqtt2QOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170228101370385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度和比例的乙醇/丙酮混合溶液沉淀PPO

注:(a)酶活回收率,(b)蛋白回收率;不同大写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=pe1guTU1/Gz98ssv6PpTXQ==, figureFileBig=bZ+ZQBOW/5kPFJZqtt2QOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170228181062162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Purification steps of apple PPO, figureFileSmall=ZoD84J5YK/Zx5jA8opW++g==, figureFileBig=+DgFyOPtP07dqwkogxWiug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170228248171027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=图6, caption=苹果PPO纯化步骤

注:(a)DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow洗脱曲线,(b)Sephadex G-100洗脱曲线,(c)PPO的SDS-PAGE图。

, figureFileSmall=ZoD84J5YK/Zx5jA8opW++g==, figureFileBig=+DgFyOPtP07dqwkogxWiug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170228315279892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Purification multiplicity of PPO after ammonium sulphate precipitation at different saturation levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硫酸铵饱和度(%)纯化倍数
103.39±0.37a
202.15±0.10b
301.43±0.10c
400.61±0.03de
500.45±0.02ef
600.27±0.07f
700.19±0.01f
800.61±0.01de
900.76±0.03d
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228382388757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同饱和度硫酸铵沉淀后PPO纯化倍数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硫酸铵饱和度(%)纯化倍数
103.39±0.37a
202.15±0.10b
301.43±0.10c
400.61±0.03de
500.45±0.02ef
600.27±0.07f
700.19±0.01f
800.61±0.01de
900.76±0.03d
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228445303318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Purification multiplicity of PPO after precipitation with different concentrations of ethanol and acetone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乙醇/丙酮浓度(%)纯化倍数(乙醇)纯化倍数(丙酮)
100.30±0.02e0.52±0.05e
200.39±0.07de0.41±0.01f
300.51±0.03d0.39±0.02f
400.69±0.07c0.73±0.04d
501.09±0.05b0.84±0.03c
601.23±0.06a1.25±0.05a
701.14±0.07ab1.06±0.01b
801.27±0.00a1.32±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228512412183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同浓度乙醇、丙酮沉淀后PPO纯化倍数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乙醇/丙酮浓度(%)纯化倍数(乙醇)纯化倍数(丙酮)
100.30±0.02e0.52±0.05e
200.39±0.07de0.41±0.01f
300.51±0.03d0.39±0.02f
400.69±0.07c0.73±0.04d
501.09±0.05b0.84±0.03c
601.23±0.06a1.25±0.05a
701.14±0.07ab1.06±0.01b
801.27±0.00a1.32±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228571132440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Quantitative data from molecular dynamics simulation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系PPO乙醇丙酮乙醇/丙酮
SASA均值(nm2)100.82±1.56101.27±1.83102.82±2.01104.73±1.98
RMSD均值(nm)0.16±0.010.20±0.020.18±0.020.24±0.03
Rg均值(nm)2.21±0.012.22±0.012.22±0.012.23±0.01
总能量均值(kJ/mol)−783332.69±1475.72−790115.77±1480.72−790002.56±1491.9−790176.99±1485.57
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228642435609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分子动力学模拟结果的定量数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系PPO乙醇丙酮乙醇/丙酮
SASA均值(nm2)100.82±1.56101.27±1.83102.82±2.01104.73±1.98
RMSD均值(nm)0.16±0.010.20±0.020.18±0.020.24±0.03
Rg均值(nm)2.21±0.012.22±0.012.22±0.012.23±0.01
总能量均值(kJ/mol)−783332.69±1475.72−790115.77±1480.72−790002.56±1491.9−790176.99±1485.57
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228730515994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Purification multiplicity of PPO after precipitation from different proportions of ethanol/acetone mixture at 50% concentration

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乙醇/丙酮比例2:84:65:56:48:2
纯化倍数1.16±0.05ab1.19±0.05ab1.24±0.04a1.16±0.06ab1.07±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228785041947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

50%浓度下不同比例乙醇/丙酮混合溶液沉淀后PPO纯化倍数

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乙醇/丙酮比例2:84:65:56:48:2
纯化倍数1.16±0.05ab1.19±0.05ab1.24±0.04a1.16±0.06ab1.07±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170228864733724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Purification steps of apple polyphenol oxidase

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纯化步骤蛋白(mg/mL)酶活(U/mL)比酶活(U/mg)纯化倍数
粗酶0.10±1.79×10−3845.83±89.778530.21±742.351.00
乙醇/丙酮混合沉淀0.12±2.24×10−31535.83±127.0412939.02±1242.151.52
DEAE-Sepharose FF层析0.10±2.67×10−36577.50±173.5566140.39±2245.577.75
Sephadex G-100层析0.17±1.79×10−327000.00±212.13156362.78±753.5018.33
), ArticleFig(id=1321170229036700189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170216994853321, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

苹果多酚氧化酶纯化步骤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯化步骤蛋白(mg/mL)酶活(U/mL)比酶活(U/mg)纯化倍数
粗酶0.10±1.79×10−3845.83±89.778530.21±742.351.00
乙醇/丙酮混合沉淀0.12±2.24×10−31535.83±127.0412939.02±1242.151.52
DEAE-Sepharose FF层析0.10±2.67×10−36577.50±173.5566140.39±2245.577.75
Sephadex G-100层析0.17±1.79×10−327000.00±212.13156362.78±753.5018.33
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基于分子动力学模拟的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀法优化苹果多酚氧化酶纯化工艺
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时小雪 1, 2, 3, 4 , 闻彦兵 1, 2, 3, 4 , 齐祥明 1, 2, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 52-61
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 52 -61
基于分子动力学模拟的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀法优化苹果多酚氧化酶纯化工艺
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3青岛市食品生物技术重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
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时小雪1, 2, 3, 4 , 闻彦兵1, 2, 3, 4, 齐祥明1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
  • 2青岛海洋科技中心海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室,山东青岛 266237
  • 3青岛市食品生物技术重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
  • 4中国轻工业水产品生物加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
通讯作者:
齐祥明(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:绿色食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

时小雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品非热加工技术,E-mail:

Optimization of Apple Polyphenol Oxidase Purification Process Using Ethanol/Acetone Mixed Solvent Precipitation Guided by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Xiaoxue SHI1, 2, 3, 4 , Yanbing WEN1, 2, 3, 4, Xiangming QI1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110430
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苹果多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是引发果蔬酶促褐变的关键酶,其高效分离纯化对褐变抑制机制研究及工业化应用具有重要意义。针对传统单一沉淀剂用量大、酶活回收率低的问题,本研究旨在通过分子动力学模拟辅助设计复合沉淀体系,结合层析技术优化苹果PPO分离纯化工艺,以实现低成本、高效率的酶制备。首先通过分子动力学模拟预测单一沉淀剂(硫酸铵、乙醇、丙酮)及复合体系的沉淀效果,再进一步采用DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析与Sephadex G-100层析进行纯化。实验结果表明:乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀剂与苹果PPO的相互作用更优,50%浓度乙醇/丙酮(以1:1的比例混合)单级沉淀PPO可减少33.33%沉淀剂用量,同时获得了89.85%酶活回收率和1.24纯化倍数;层析后PPO比酶活达156362.78 U/mg,纯化倍数达到18.33。SDS-PAGE电泳显示单一条带(分子量约为28 kDa)。本研究基于分子动力学模拟提出的复合沉淀策略为PPO的提供了新思路,对果蔬加工中酶促褐变控制技术的开发具有参考价值。

苹果  /  多酚氧化酶  /  硫酸铵沉淀  /  有机溶剂沉淀  /  复合沉淀剂  /  分离纯化

Apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a key enzyme triggering enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables, requires efficient purification for both mechanistic studies and industrial applications. To address the limitations of conventional single precipitants (e.g., high solvent consumption and low enzyme activity recovery), this study aimed to develop a cost-effective PPO purification strategy by integrating mixed solvent precipitation guided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with chromatographic techniques. First, MD simulations predicted the interaction mechanisms between PPO and precipitants (ammonium sulfate, ethanol, acetone, and ethanol/acetone mixtures). Further purification was then conducted using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The experimental validation demonstrated that the ethanol/acetone mixed solvent precipitant exhibited superior binding affinity. Single-step mixed solvent precipitation (ratio of ethanol/acetone 1:1, v/v) at 50% solvent concentration reduced precipitant usage by 33.33%, while achieving 89.85% enzyme activity recovery and a 1.24-fold purification. After chromatography, the PPO specific activity reached 156362.78 U/mg, with a purification fold of 18.33. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed a single protein band at approximately 28 kDa. The mixed solvent precipitation approach proposed in this study based on MD provides a novel approach for PPO purification, offering critical implications for advancing enzymatic browning control technologies in fruit and vegetable processing industries.

apple  /  polyphenol oxidase  /  ammonium sulphate precipitation  /  organic solvent precipitation  /  mixed precipitant  /  separation and purification
时小雪, 闻彦兵, 齐祥明. 基于分子动力学模拟的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀法优化苹果多酚氧化酶纯化工艺. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110430
Xiaoxue SHI, Yanbing WEN, Xiangming QI. Optimization of Apple Polyphenol Oxidase Purification Process Using Ethanol/Acetone Mixed Solvent Precipitation Guided by Molecular Dynamics Simulations[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110430
多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是催化果蔬原料酶促褐变的关键酶类[1],其通过催化酚类底物氧化的级联反应[2−4],直接影响果蔬制品的感官品质[5−7]和营养价值[8]。苹果作为全球第二大水果品类,其加工过程中的褐变控制研究尤为重要[4,9−10],且高度依赖于高纯度PPO样品的获取。苹果PPO的研究涉及酶学性质及其影响因素[11]等多方面,甚至包括其生理功能[12]、基因克隆等[13]。然而,现有研究多采用蘑菇PPO作为模型酶[14−15],这可能导致抑制策略开发的物种特异性偏差。这种局限性的根源在于苹果PPO分离纯化技术的不足,特别是粗提取阶段的技术瓶颈,已严重制约了其本征酶学特性的精准解析,因而阻碍了苹果褐变控制理论的研究和理性技术开发。
目前PPO粗提取主要采用硫酸铵沉淀[16]和有机溶剂沉淀[7,17−18]两种方法,这两种方法都面临着效率和活性的双重挑战。硫酸铵沉淀法虽被广泛应用,但需60%~80%的高饱和度,存在蛋白质构象扰动[19]、脱盐过程酶损失大等问题[11](单步酶活损失超60%[10,20−21])。有机溶剂沉淀,如乙醇[22]和丙酮[18],虽能规避脱盐步骤,回收率可达70%~100%[23−24]。然而,却要面临溶剂浓度高(往往高达80%)、杂蛋白共沉淀严重等挑战。更为关键的是,现有技术缺乏对沉淀剂-酶相互作用机制的深入解析,严重依赖经验性试错优化。分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)模拟技术能预测蛋白质在不同条件下的构象和功能动态变化[25]、提供蛋白质微观结构的模拟信息[26−27],为优化沉淀PPO策略提供理论依据。然而,目前尚未有研究者采用MD模拟技术对乙醇、丙酮以及本研究首次提出的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀策略进行系统评价和优化。本研究创新性地提出MD模拟指导的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀策略,旨在突破传统分离纯化技术的局限,实现苹果PPO的高效分离纯化。
本研究采用MD模拟技术构建苹果PPO-溶剂分子相互作用模型,通过溶剂可及表面积(solvent-accessible surface area,SASA)数据及亲疏水表面分析等指标,从分子机制层面系统评价沉淀方案的优劣。实验研究方面,首先比较硫酸铵、乙醇、丙酮单一沉淀剂对苹果PPO的沉淀效果,进而优化乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀策略。通过模拟与实验相结合,建立高效的苹果PPO粗提取工艺,为苹果酶促褐变抑制研究提供高质量的PPO样品,推动果蔬加工业更科学地、高效地解决酶促褐变问题。
苹果 山东省烟台市栖霞市红富士苹果1号种植基地,挑选新鲜、无腐烂变质、无机械损伤,色泽正常的为实验材料;磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、硫酸铵、无水乙醇、丙酮、十二烷基硫酸钠、邻苯二酚、氯化钠 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinylpolypyrrolidone,PVPP)、DEAE琼脂糖凝胶FF(DEAE-sepharose fast flow)、葡聚糖G-100(Sephadex G-100)凝胶、牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane,Tris)、苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride,PMSF)、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)、抗坏血酸、考马斯亮蓝G-250 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
Z8-V82榨汁机 九阳股份有限公司;Neo 1600R高速冷冻离心机 上海力申科学仪器有限公司;HD-2电脑紫外检测仪、HD-A核酸蛋白检测仪 上海沪西分析仪器厂有限公司;Multiskan FC酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
参考刘芳[28]的方法并略作修改。将苹果清洗、去皮后,切成小块,以料液比为1:1加入4 ℃预冷的0.05 mol/L、pH6.80的磷酸盐缓冲液中打浆2 min,磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)中添加1 mmol/L PMSF、1 mmol/L EDTA、2%(w/v)PVPP,0.07%抗坏血酸。然后将匀浆通过两层160目的纱布过滤,所得滤液在4 ℃下,10000 r/min离心20 min。所得上清液即为PPO提取原液。
参考Han等[10]的方法,加入固体硫酸铵粉末到PPO提取原液中,使其分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%饱和度,4 ℃静置30 min后,10000 r/min离心15 min,分别收集上清液和沉淀,并用5 mL 0.05 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.80)将此沉淀物溶解。溶解后的沉淀物作为后续实验的粗酶液。收集粗酶液保存于4 ℃冰箱供后续分析使用。分别测定不同饱和度硫酸铵沉淀所得上清液和沉淀溶解后粗酶液的酶活和蛋白浓度,并计算沉淀酶活回收率、蛋白回收率及纯化倍数。
参考Derardja等[18]的方法,将−20 ℃预冷的丙酮,加入到PPO提取原液中,使其分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%的浓度。−20 ℃静置4 h后,10000 r/min离心15 min,分别收集上清液和沉淀,将沉淀置于冰上在通风橱中挥发15 min。并用5 mL 0.05 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.80)将此沉淀物溶解。溶解后的沉淀物作为后续实验的粗酶液。收集粗酶液保存于4 ℃冰箱供后续分析使用。分别测定不同浓度丙酮沉淀所得上清液和沉淀溶解后粗酶液的酶活和蛋白浓度,并计算沉淀酶活回收率、蛋白回收率及纯化倍数。
参考Li等[22]的方法,将−20 ℃预冷的乙醇,加入到PPO提取原液中,使其分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%的浓度。−20 ℃静置4 h后,10000 r/min离心15 min,分别收集上清液和沉淀,将沉淀置于冰上在通风橱中挥发15 min。并用5 mL 0.05 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.80)将此沉淀物溶解。溶解后的沉淀物作为后续实验的粗酶液。收集粗酶液保存于4 ℃冰箱供后续分析使用。分别测定不同浓度乙醇沉淀所得上清液和沉淀溶解后粗酶液的酶活和蛋白浓度,并计算沉淀酶活回收率、蛋白回收率及纯化倍数。
为比较不同沉淀剂使用策略在分子机制上的优劣性,使用AutoDock分别对PPO+乙醇、PPO+丙酮和PPO+乙醇+丙酮三种体系进行分子对接,网格间距为0.375 Å,基于lamarkian遗传算法获得结合能最低的体系。对接过程中使用的PPO的晶体结构(PDB Code:6ELS)从蛋白质数据库RCSB(https://www.rcsb.org)获取,乙醇(Pubchem CID:702)和丙酮(Pubchem CID:180)的分子结构从NCBI Pubchem(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)获得。
而后采用GROMACS 2020.3软件对上述对接模型进行分子动力学模拟。参考Wen等[29]的方法并略作修改,使用AMBER99sb.ff力场分别对上述对接模型进行MD模拟(100 ns),总能量均值取从初始值到100 ns的平均值。复合物被封闭在适当大小的立体(TIP3P)水盒子的中心,以满足最小的空间约束。为了获得中性溶剂化体系,加入6个钠离子平衡体系电荷,并使用最快速下降算法在50000步中进行能量最小化,使用Berendsen恒温器和Parrinello-Rahman压力耦合方法在288 K和1 bar的压力下进行100 ps的NVT和NPT平衡。静电相互作用采用粒子网格(PME)方法计算,网格间距为0.16 nm,模拟过程中的时间步长设置为2 fs,使用截断距离1 nm,以限制短程非键相互作用和范德华相互作用。模拟完成后,基于溶剂可及表面积(SASA)、均方根偏差(root mean square deviation,RMSD)、回转半径(radius of gyration,Rg)和总能量等指标进行分析,并使用开源版PyMol和BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2019绘图。
将−20 ℃预冷的乙醇和丙酮,以0:10、2:8、4:6、5:5、6:4、8:2、10:0的比例,分别加入到PPO提取原液中,使其分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%的浓度。−20 ℃静置4 h后,10000 r/min离心15 min,分别收集上清液和沉淀,将沉淀置于冰上在通风橱中挥发15 min。并用适量0.05 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.80)将此沉淀物溶解。溶解后的沉淀物作为后续实验的粗酶液。收集粗酶液保存于4 ℃冰箱供后续分析及层析使用。分别测定不同比例乙醇/丙酮沉淀所得上清液和沉淀溶解后粗酶液的酶活和蛋白浓度,并计算每步沉淀后的酶活回收率、蛋白回收率以及纯化倍数。
参考Han等[9]的方法略作修改,装柱后(16 mm×650 mm),先用磷酸缓盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)平衡4个柱床体积后,取1.2.4所得的粗酶液20 mL上柱,静置10 min后用pH6.80、0.05 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(含0~1 mol/L氯化钠)进行线性梯度洗脱,恒流泵速度设置为0.3 mL/min,每管收集3 mL;然后分别测定各管中PPO酶活性,收集活性较高的酶液,然后用10 kDa超滤管浓缩。将浓缩后的PPO酶液于4 ℃冰箱中保存,后续利用Sephadex G-100色谱柱进一步纯化。
装柱后(16 mm×200 mm),用磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)平衡4个柱床体积后,然后加入DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析后浓缩酶液4 mL,用磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)洗脱,流速设为0.3 mL/min,每管收集3 mL;分别测定各管中PPO酶活性,收集活性较高的酶液,获得PPO,−20 ℃冰箱保存备用。并对PPO的纯度和相对分子质量进行测定。
参照Han等[9]的方法略作修改。将30 µL 1.2.2、1.2.4及1.2.5节中获取的粗酶液或纯化酶液和150 µL邻苯二酚(20 mmol/L)溶液混匀,测定混合溶液在420 nm处的吸光度变化,空白对照为30 µL的磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)。以每分钟反应混合液在420 nm波长处吸光度变化0.001为1个酶活力单位(U),计算各酶液的酶活。酶的比活力(U/mg pro)为酶活与酶液蛋白含量的比值。酶活回收率的计算如式(1),纯化倍数的计算如式(2)所示。
$ \mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{回}\mathrm{收}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{每}\mathrm{一}\mathrm{步}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}}{\mathrm{初}\mathrm{始}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}}\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{纯}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{倍}\mathrm{数}=\frac{\mathrm{每}\mathrm{一}\mathrm{步}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{比}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}}{\mathrm{初}\mathrm{始}\mathrm{比}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}} $
采用Bradford法[30]进行蛋白含量测定。以牛血清蛋白(BSA)标准品作为标准蛋白,绘制标准曲线。根据标准曲线计算样品中蛋白质的浓度。标准曲线方程:Y=2.2614X+0.6404(R2=0.9915)。蛋白回收率的计算如式(3)所示。
$ \mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{回}\mathrm{收}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{每}\mathrm{一}\mathrm{步}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}}{\mathrm{初}\mathrm{始}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}}\times 100 $
实验利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)变性凝胶电泳法检测经DEAE-Sepharose FF层析和SephadexG-100凝胶层析纯化后PPO的分子质量。配制体积分数为5%的浓缩胶和体积分数为12%的分离胶,10 μL蛋白上样缓冲液加入40 μL 1.2.5.2所得PPO样品,混合均匀,沸水浴10 min,之后吸取Marker 5 μL和样品15 μL注入凝胶孔道内,设定起始电压为80 V,电泳一段时间至指示剂进入分离胶时,改变电压至120 V继续电泳,结束电泳后用考马斯亮蓝R-250染色。最后凝胶在脱色液脱色。脱色开始1 h换1次脱色液,连续换3次后,再脱色过夜。通过电泳凝胶上该样品泳道的条带情况判断该PPO样品是否达到电泳纯。
实验方法如1.2.6.3所述,最终通过Marker泳道和样品泳道的比对初步判断样品PPO的分子量。
所有数据均为3次重复实验的平均值±标准差,实验数据采用Origin 2022软件作图。采用SPSS 22.0软件对组间和组内差异性进行分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。
本研究首先系统评估了传统硫酸铵沉淀法对苹果PPO的纯化效能。图1显示,当硫酸铵饱和度低于80%时,PPO酶活回收率始终低于20%;饱和度提升至80%以上后,酶活回收率显著增至57.93%±0.12%(P<0.05)。表1和图1数据结合显示,在饱和度达80%前,尽管蛋白回收率一直增加,纯化倍数却出现降低,提示此阶段增加的沉淀物以杂蛋白为主。因此,采用此法沉淀PPO时硫酸铵饱和度需超过80%。
上述实验结果与文献报道的苹果PPO硫酸铵沉淀工艺[10−11,21]中饱和度的选择并不吻合(文献通常采用50%~80%饱和度),可部分解释相关研究中酶活回收率普遍低于40%的现象。分级沉淀策略虽被部分研究采用[10−11,18,31],试图通过牺牲酶活回收率提高纯化效果,但本实验表明,该方案将导致PPO大量流失。因为在硫酸铵饱和度低于80%时沉淀物中仍残留12%~19%的PPO酶活。
进一步分析发现,高饱和度硫酸铵(≥80%)沉淀虽可得到较高PPO酶活回收率,但引入的盐离子需透析处理,此过程酶活损失率极高[20]。上述局限性表明,硫酸铵沉淀法在规模化PPO制备中存在本质缺陷:为维持合理回收率(>60%),需同步承担高盐负荷与复杂后处理成本,难以满足大剂量制备对效率与经济性的双重需求。
结合上文结果及文献研究基础[18,22],本实验进一步探索了乙醇或丙酮作为单一蛋白沉淀剂对苹果PPO的纯化效能。与硫酸铵沉淀法相比,这两种有机溶剂浓度50%以上时所得的酶活回收率均提高了30%以上。图2、表2显示,当乙醇浓度增至60%时,PPO开始大量沉淀,其酶活回收率可达97.96%,纯化倍数为1.23。丙酮沉淀效果稍差,其浓度增至60%时,PPO沉淀也大量出现,酶活回收率达93.44%,纯化倍数为1.25。此时纯化倍数均仅略高于1,伴随大量杂蛋白共沉淀。统计显示,丙酮和乙醇沉淀法在酶活回收率上有显著性差异(P<0.05),造成该差异的原因可能在于丙酮和乙醇与PPO分子相互作用的不同:乙醇在分子层面上对PPO疏水性的提升作用优于丙酮,使其具备了略强的沉淀能力与酶活保护效果。
文献多采用80%冷丙酮沉淀PPO[18,23−24],酶活回收率在70%~100%之间,但未探索更低浓度沉淀的可行性。本研究结果显示,60%的有机溶剂浓度同样可实现90%以上的酶活回收率,且溶剂用量大幅减少。具体而言,处理1 L粗酶液时,80%浓度需4 L沉淀剂,而60%浓度仅需1.5 L。
在有机溶剂沉淀工艺研究中,乙醇和丙酮的低浓度沉淀物中均保留近20%的酶活。因此,从维持高酶活回收率的角度考虑,有机溶剂分级沉淀策略仍不具备推荐价值。
从降低环境污染和成本的角度考虑,采用更低有机溶剂用量以实现更高酶活回收率的工艺策略具有重要探索价值。为此,本研究分别从分子动力学模拟计算和实验验证两个角度探索了乙醇/丙酮复合溶剂沉淀的工艺策略可行性。
通过分子动力学模拟,本研究首先预测了PPO在乙醇、丙酮以及乙醇/丙酮混合溶液中的疏水性变化(结果如图3、表3所示)。
RMSD显示模拟体系在30 ns左右达到平衡构象(图3b),表明PPO-溶剂复合体系趋于稳定[32]。通过蛋白质亲疏水表面分析显示(图4),PPO在与乙醇、丙酮单独结合以及乙醇/丙酮混合溶剂结合后,均呈现疏水区域增多和SASA增大的趋势。值得注意的是,乙醇和丙酮单独作用时主要表现为疏水区域疏水性的增强,而乙醇/丙酮复合体系在疏水性的增强的同时还增加了疏水区域的暴露面积(图4c)。这一现象表明,混合溶剂体系通过协同作用诱导PPO分子疏水区域结构的暴露,其作用机制不同于单一溶剂对局部疏水性的简单增强效应。上述发现与经典疏水相互作用驱动蛋白质沉淀的理论相契合,因此,乙醇/丙酮复合溶剂沉淀策略的理论可行性存在,值得进一步实验验证。
单沉淀剂模拟结果显示,乙醇、丙酮单独与PPO对接时都优先选择与Pro 237结合。与丙酮结合体系相比,乙醇对PPO疏水性的提升作用较好(图4a、b)。这与前文实验中乙醇沉淀效果略好的结果也能相互对应,进一步显示了分子动力学模拟结果可用于沉淀效果的预测。对同时对接了两种沉淀剂的PPO分子进行分子动力学模拟结果显示(如图4c),在乙醇/丙酮共同作用下,丙酮对接的位置并未发生变化,而乙醇被迫对接到其他地方,SASA出现了进一步增加(图3a),据推测与此对接方式也有关。这进一步证实结合后PPO分子表面疏水性可能会增加,进而促其更快沉淀。
基于图4进行更进一步空间分析显示,苹果PPO酶的上部二级结构以α-螺旋为主,下部为β-折叠所围成桶状结构,活性中心位于接近两部分中间的上部区域。结合文献数据推测[33−35],β-折叠所围成的桶状结构应为PPO的跨膜区域,而桶中的通道应为底物达到内部活性中心所经过的区域。图4还显示,在结合了乙醇、丙酮或同时结合乙醇/丙酮后,PPO疏水性变化较大的两个区域主要是上部远离活性中心的顶端和侧面。上部靠近活性中心的侧面以及下部β-桶状结构,尤其是活性中心附近,均较好地维持了原状。据此推测,这样的表面疏水性变化对PPO活性的影响可能不大,这和单一有机溶剂沉淀的结果也能很好的吻合。
此外,一些蛋白结构数据也反映了结合有机溶剂后PPO的结构性质发生了一些变化。首先,相比于单独溶剂体系,复合溶剂体系中PPO的RMSD更高,表明复合溶剂具有更强的改变PPO构象的能力。PPO分子的Rg呈相同的增加趋势(图3c),这表明PPO分子在结合了有机溶剂后将变得更加松散[32],比表面积倾向于增加,这同样预示着蛋白有更高的沉淀可能性。通常,类似的变化均会得到蛋白结构趋于不稳定的推测[32]。然而在本研究对接后的分子动力学模拟的结果中,其总能量却是降低的(图3d),说明这种疏水性增加的结构变化趋势并未造成蛋白质构象的不稳定[36]。
结合上文的模拟结果,本研究进一步进行了乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀策略的探索,结果如图5所示。乙醇/丙酮复合溶剂浓度仅为50%时,PPO即开始大量沉淀。图5和表4的数据进一步显示,两种溶剂的比例对PPO的沉淀效果有显著影响。乙醇/丙酮的比例为1:1,浓度为50%时,PPO的酶活回收率和纯化倍数均为最高。
在50%有机溶剂浓度下,复合溶剂沉淀较单一乙醇或丙酮沉淀的酶活回收率提升约30%。与60%的单一有机溶剂相比,本方案酶活回收率略低(89.85%),但蛋白回收率也出现了降低(即72.40%,去除到上清中的杂蛋白量有所增加),纯化倍数提高,且有机溶剂用量减少33.33%。
与文献[23]中80%浓度的有机溶剂沉淀PPO相比,本方法节省75%的有机溶剂用量。与前文提到的60%单一有机溶剂沉淀PPO相比,本方法节省33.33%的有机溶剂用量。
然而,乙醇/丙酮复合溶剂所得沉淀蛋白的纯化倍数也仅为1.24,这表明其中的杂蛋白尚未得到有效去除,仍需通过层析进一步去除杂蛋白,获取可用于研究的PPO单条带样品。因此,针对乙醇/丙酮复合溶剂的沉淀物,后续继续结合离子交换和凝胶排阻层析继续进行纯化。
本研究首先采用DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析进行杂蛋白的去除。实验中以含有0~1 mol/L氯化钠的磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)进行梯度洗脱,在整个洗脱过程中发现三个蛋白峰(如图6a所示的A、B、C峰),其中C为酶活力峰。依据活力检测结果收集C峰,并使用10 kDa超滤管进行浓缩。如表5所示,得到的PPO酶液的比酶活为66140.39 U/mg,纯化倍数为7.75。
再利用Sephadex G-100层析对上述浓缩后的PPO酶液进一步层析,实验中以磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH6.80)进行洗脱,在整个洗脱过程中发现三个蛋白峰(如图6b所示的A、B、C峰),其中B为酶活力峰。依据活力检测结果收集B峰,使用10 kDa超滤管浓缩。如表5所示,PPO酶液的比酶活达到156362.78 U/mg,纯化倍数为18.33。这一结果优于从蛇果[37] 中分离的PPO(15.16 U/mg,纯化倍数为14.1)以及澳洲青苹果[10] 中分离的PPO(17500 U/mg,纯化倍数为20.53)。
将经过层析纯化后的酶液进行SDS-PAGE电泳,结果如图6c所示。经纯化后,可得到较为纯净的单一条带,PPO的分子量约为28 kDa,这和文献报道的苹果sPPO[9,11]分子量接近(30~31 kDa)。
本研究通过对比硫酸铵、乙醇、丙酮及乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀剂对苹果PPO的沉淀效果,结合分子动力学模拟的机理阐释,系统评估了乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀的可行性。结果表明,1:1比例的乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀剂在50%浓度下效果最佳,酶活回收率达89.85%,纯化倍数为1.24,沉淀剂用量较单一沉淀剂减少33.33%。通过DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100层析进一步纯化,获得比酶活为156362.78 U/mg、纯化倍数为18.33的PPO。SDS-PAGE分析显示纯化后的PPO呈单一清晰条带,分子量约为28 kDa,证实了纯化工艺的高效性。
本研究首次提出并验证了乙醇/丙酮复合沉淀剂的可行性,较以往单一沉淀剂工艺大幅提升了酶活回收率并降低了沉淀剂用量,为PPO的高效提取和分离纯化提供了新思路。该研究为果蔬加工业解决酶促褐变问题提供了技术支持,同时减少了有机溶剂用量,符合绿色化学趋势。复合沉淀剂提取蛋白工艺及该过程的分子机制阐释,均为本研究首次提出,该法在更多蛋白分离纯化策略的优化中是否具有普适性意义,仍待深入验证。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110430
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
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    1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
    2青岛海洋科技中心海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室,山东青岛 266237
    3青岛市食品生物技术重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
    4中国轻工业水产品生物加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266404

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齐祥明(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:绿色食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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