Article(id=1321170197923348738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120363, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921121340, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921121340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921121340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921121340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170198124675331, articleId=1321170197923348738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Characterization of Zein-Peach Gum Polysaccharide Nanoparticles and Composite Properties, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Protein-polysaccharide complexes exhibit promising functionality as encapsulation wall materials to enhance the stability and bioavailability of bioactive components during delivery. In this work, zein-peach gum polysaccharide (PGP) nanocomposite particles were fabricated via antisolvent precipitation. The interaction mechanisms and microstructure organization of zein-PGP composite nanoparticles were systematically investigated using multi-technique characterization, while their antioxidant capacity and colloidal stability were concurrently evaluated. The results showed that the primary forces driving the formation of nanoparticles between zein and PGP were hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, which contributed to the stability of the composites. At the meanwhile, the incorporation of PGP significantly enhanced the radical scavenging capacity of the complexes (P<0.05). When the mass ratio of zein to PGP was 1:1, the composite particles exhibited optimal stability, with a particle size of 156.73±5.17 nm, a PDI of 0.15±0.01, and a Zeta potential of −31.43±0.44 mV. The relative contents of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turn in the composites were 45.0%, 12.0%, and 15.0%, respectively. Additionally, the presence of PGP enhanced the quenching of zein's intrinsic fluorescence. These findings not only provide a new perspective for the combined utilization of zein and PGP but also lay a foundation for future applications of composite nanoparticles in delivering bioactive components in food industry.

, authors=Qianyun HAN1, 2, Yu SHUAI1, 2, Zhilin GAN1, 2, *, Guangqi ZHANG1, 2, Zhen TIAN1, 2, Tianhua BAI1, 2, Aidong SUN1, 2, authorsList=Qianyun HAN, Yu SHUAI, Zhilin GAN, Guangqi ZHANG, Zhen TIAN, Tianhua BAI, Aidong SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhilin GAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170205540204826, articleId=1321170197923348738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=玉米醇溶蛋白-桃胶多糖纳米颗粒的制备及性质表征, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白-多糖复合物可以作为包埋体系的壁材,在递送生物活性成分过程中提高其活性和生物利用度。本研究采用反溶剂沉淀法制备玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)-桃胶多糖(Peach gum polysaccharides,PGP)纳米颗粒,通过多种表征手段,详细分析了Zein-PGP纳米颗粒的互作机制和微观结构,并对Zein-PGP复合物的抗氧化性能和稳定性进行了评价。结果表明,Zein与PGP形成纳米颗粒的主要作用力为氢键和疏水相互作用,这两种力提升了复合物的稳定性,且PGP的加入显著增强了复合物的自由基清除能力(P<0.05)。当Zein:PGP质量比为1:1时,纳米颗粒具有较好的稳定性,其粒径、PDI和电位分别为156.73±5.17 nm、0.15±0.01和−31.43±0.44 mV,复合物的α-螺旋、β-折叠及β-转角相对含量分别为45.0%、12.0%、15.0%,同时PGP的加入能淬灭Zein的内源性荧光。本研究不仅为Zein和PGP的综合利用提供了新思路,也为Zein-PGP纳米颗粒在食品领域递送生物活性成分的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=韩倩云1, 2, 帅屿1, 2, 甘芝霖1, 2, *, 张广琪1, 2, 田震1, 2, 白天华1, 2, 孙爱东1, 2, authorsList=韩倩云, 帅屿, 甘芝霖, 张广琪, 田震, 白天华, 孙爱东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=甘芝霖, authorNote=

韩倩云(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:天然产物提取及功能食品开发、果蔬采后生物学与贮运保鲜,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
甘芝霖(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:现代食品加工技术、天然产物生理活性物质的开发与利用,E-mail:。
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韩倩云(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:天然产物提取及功能食品开发、果蔬采后生物学与贮运保鲜,E-mail:

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韩倩云(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:天然产物提取及功能食品开发、果蔬采后生物学与贮运保鲜,E-mail:

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注:(a)Zein-PGP5:1;(b)Zein-PGP2:1;(c)Zein-PGP1:1;(d)Zein-PGP1:2;(e)Zein-PGP1:5;(f)Zein-PGP1:0。

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注:图中不同字母表示差异显著,P<0.05,图7~图11同。

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玉米醇溶蛋白-桃胶多糖纳米颗粒的制备及性质表征
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韩倩云 1, 2 , 帅屿 1, 2 , 甘芝霖 1, 2, * , 张广琪 1, 2 , 田震 1, 2 , 白天华 1, 2 , 孙爱东 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 79-89
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 79 -89
玉米醇溶蛋白-桃胶多糖纳米颗粒的制备及性质表征
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韩倩云(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:天然产物提取及功能食品开发、果蔬采后生物学与贮运保鲜,E-mail:

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韩倩云(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:天然产物提取及功能食品开发、果蔬采后生物学与贮运保鲜,E-mail:

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韩倩云1, 2 , 帅屿1, 2, 甘芝霖1, 2, * , 张广琪1, 2, 田震1, 2, 白天华1, 2, 孙爱东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京林业大学 生物科学与技术学院,北京 100083
  • 2林业食品加工与安全北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
通讯作者:
甘芝霖(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:现代食品加工技术、天然产物生理活性物质的开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

韩倩云(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:天然产物提取及功能食品开发、果蔬采后生物学与贮运保鲜,E-mail:

Preparation and Characterization of Zein-Peach Gum Polysaccharide Nanoparticles and Composite Properties
Qianyun HAN1, 2 , Yu SHUAI1, 2, Zhilin GAN1, 2, * , Guangqi ZHANG1, 2, Zhen TIAN1, 2, Tianhua BAI1, 2, Aidong SUN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120363
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蛋白-多糖复合物可以作为包埋体系的壁材,在递送生物活性成分过程中提高其活性和生物利用度。本研究采用反溶剂沉淀法制备玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)-桃胶多糖(Peach gum polysaccharides,PGP)纳米颗粒,通过多种表征手段,详细分析了Zein-PGP纳米颗粒的互作机制和微观结构,并对Zein-PGP复合物的抗氧化性能和稳定性进行了评价。结果表明,Zein与PGP形成纳米颗粒的主要作用力为氢键和疏水相互作用,这两种力提升了复合物的稳定性,且PGP的加入显著增强了复合物的自由基清除能力(P<0.05)。当Zein:PGP质量比为1:1时,纳米颗粒具有较好的稳定性,其粒径、PDI和电位分别为156.73±5.17 nm、0.15±0.01和−31.43±0.44 mV,复合物的α-螺旋、β-折叠及β-转角相对含量分别为45.0%、12.0%、15.0%,同时PGP的加入能淬灭Zein的内源性荧光。本研究不仅为Zein和PGP的综合利用提供了新思路,也为Zein-PGP纳米颗粒在食品领域递送生物活性成分的应用提供了理论依据。

玉米醇溶蛋白  /  桃胶多糖  /  纳米颗粒  /  性质表征  /  稳定性

Protein-polysaccharide complexes exhibit promising functionality as encapsulation wall materials to enhance the stability and bioavailability of bioactive components during delivery. In this work, zein-peach gum polysaccharide (PGP) nanocomposite particles were fabricated via antisolvent precipitation. The interaction mechanisms and microstructure organization of zein-PGP composite nanoparticles were systematically investigated using multi-technique characterization, while their antioxidant capacity and colloidal stability were concurrently evaluated. The results showed that the primary forces driving the formation of nanoparticles between zein and PGP were hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, which contributed to the stability of the composites. At the meanwhile, the incorporation of PGP significantly enhanced the radical scavenging capacity of the complexes (P<0.05). When the mass ratio of zein to PGP was 1:1, the composite particles exhibited optimal stability, with a particle size of 156.73±5.17 nm, a PDI of 0.15±0.01, and a Zeta potential of −31.43±0.44 mV. The relative contents of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turn in the composites were 45.0%, 12.0%, and 15.0%, respectively. Additionally, the presence of PGP enhanced the quenching of zein's intrinsic fluorescence. These findings not only provide a new perspective for the combined utilization of zein and PGP but also lay a foundation for future applications of composite nanoparticles in delivering bioactive components in food industry.

zein  /  peach gum polysaccharides  /  nanoparticles  /  characterization  /  stability
韩倩云, 帅屿, 甘芝霖, 张广琪, 田震, 白天华, 孙爱东. 玉米醇溶蛋白-桃胶多糖纳米颗粒的制备及性质表征. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120363
Qianyun HAN, Yu SHUAI, Zhilin GAN, Guangqi ZHANG, Zhen TIAN, Tianhua BAI, Aidong SUN. Preparation and Characterization of Zein-Peach Gum Polysaccharide Nanoparticles and Composite Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120363
玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)是玉米中的主要蛋白质,其含量约占玉米蛋白的60%[1]。玉米醇溶蛋白含有大量的疏水性氨基酸,溶于50%~90%的醇类水溶液[2−3]。玉米醇溶蛋白具有自组装性,当玉米醇溶蛋白处于极性溶剂中时,随着溶剂极性的增加,玉米醇溶蛋白会发生α-螺旋向β-折叠的实质性转变,且主链端碳间距减小,疏水区向内包裹[4]。玉米醇溶蛋白分子在氢键、疏水相互作用、静电相互作用和范德华力的驱动下会发生构型的转变形成不同的结构,典型结构有棒状、片状和球形三种[5]。这些特性使得人们可以通过改变溶剂极性来制备玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒,包裹并保护疏水活性成分,因此玉米醇溶蛋白是功能成分理想的运载材料[6]。玉米醇溶蛋白可通过化学改性、物理改性和酶改性的方法对其功能进行修饰。常见的方法包括将玉米醇溶蛋白与蛋白、多糖、多酚等分子络合,或者与活性小分子通过共价/非共价结合以增强其功能特性。复合体系可以增强单一蛋白运载体系的稳定性,从而更好地对活性物质起到保护和缓释作用[7−9]。Jiang等[10]研究发现当玉米醇溶蛋白与杨梅果胶的质量比为1:1时,该复合体系在环境温度达到60 ℃时仍具有较高的稳定性。崔承珺[11]通过制备玉米醇溶蛋白与明胶的复合膜来探究其抗氧化能力,研究表明该复合膜对DPPH自由基的清除率达到71.16%。Ma等[12]在玉米醇溶蛋白体系中加入茶皂素,与单一的玉米醇溶蛋白颗粒相比,复合体系的α-螺旋含量增加而β-折叠含量下降,此外当复合体系处于浓度为0~300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液中时,其PDI值始终小于0.2,说明茶皂素能改变玉米醇溶蛋白的二级结构并显著提高其离子稳定性。
桃胶是桃或山桃等蔷薇科植物树干受到虫咬或切伤等机械伤或致病后分泌出来的胶质物质,呈现桃红色或黄褐色的固体块状[13−14]。桃胶的主要成分是多糖和蛋白质,其中多糖由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖、甘露糖等单糖组成[15−16]。与食品工业领域常用的阿拉伯胶相比较,桃胶多糖(PGP)溶液的黏度和透光率始终高于相同浓度下的阿拉伯胶[17],表明桃胶多糖具有更好的增稠和食物呈色作用以及更低的应用成本[18]。同时,Wei等[19]的研究表明,桃胶多糖的乳化性能也优于阿拉伯胶。Yao等[20]的研究表明,桃胶多糖对枯草芽孢杆菌等具有良好的抑菌活性。因此,桃胶多糖具有优于阿拉伯胶的功能性质,可以带来低成本高产出的效果,然而桃胶多糖目前主要用作增稠剂和稳定剂,其作为运输活性物质的壁材研究还较少。玉米醇溶蛋白与多糖的复合体系已被证明能够有效提高纳米颗粒的稳定性和水溶性,可作为提高生物活性物质整体生理功效的有效递送载体。因此,将玉米醇溶蛋白与桃胶多糖进行复合,既能改善玉米醇溶蛋白运载体系的不稳定性,还能提高桃胶的利用度。
基于以上研究背景,本论文采用反溶剂法合成Zein-PGP纳米颗粒复合物,分析不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的互作机制、结构变化和微观形貌,探究不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的抗氧化性以及Zein-PGP1:1复合物的稳定性,以期为Zein-PGP活性物质递送体系的应用提供理论依据和技术参考。
玉米醇溶蛋白 食品级92%,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;桃胶多糖 食品级100%,泰安鼎立胶业;无水乙醇 分析纯,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;盐酸、氢氧化钠 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氯化钠 分析纯,北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司。
AL104型电子天平、EL20型pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;Nano-ZS9型马尔文激光粒度仪 英国马尔文公司;HJ-4A型磁力加热搅拌器 深圳市鼎鑫宜实验设备有限公司;3H20RI型智能高速冷冻离心机 湖南赫西仪器装备有限公司;RV10DS96型旋转蒸发仪、HB10S096型恒温水浴锅 艾卡仪器设备有限公司;IS20型傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;SU8010型热场发射扫描电镜 日立科学仪器(北京)有限公司;UV-6100型紫外分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;Chirascan plus型圆二色光谱仪 英国应用光物理公司。
将1.0 g的Zein溶解在100 mL 80 %(v/v)乙醇水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解,得到质量浓度为10 mg/mL的Zein-乙醇溶液,结果中以Zein溶液表示;然后分别将0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5 g的PGP溶于40 mL纯水中,搅拌至完全溶解,得到质量浓度分别为0.5、1.25、2.5、5.0、12.5 mg/mL的PGP溶液;再将10 mL的Zein-乙醇溶液缓慢加入到40 mL的桃胶多糖溶液中,制成Zein-PGP质量比为5:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:5、1:0的二元复合物分散溶液(不同质量比的复合物分别以Zein-PGP5:1、Zein-PGP2:1、Zein-PGP1:1、Zein-PGP1:2、Zein-PGP1:5、Zein-PGP1:0表示),随后用磁力搅拌器(1000 r/min)连续搅拌2 h,在45 ℃水浴条件下经真空旋转蒸发去除乙醇。取部分液态样品置于4 ℃冰箱冷藏用于性质测定,其余液态样品在−80 ℃冷冻室预冻12 h,然后真空冷冻干燥(−50 ℃)48 h,将冻干样品置于干燥器中备用。
采用UV-6100型紫外分光光度计探究Zein和PGP的相互作用,将1.2.1.1制备的不同质量比的分散液稀释10倍,同时配制一定浓度的Zein-乙醇水溶液和PGP-水溶液,通过紫外分光光度计进行全波长扫描,分别测定样品的紫外吸收光谱。设置200~600 nm的波长范围,200 nm/min速度下进行扫描,以蒸馏水作为空白对照组。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定Zein、PGP以及1.2.1.1制备的不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的化学结构。在红外灯的烘烤下,取2 mg样品与适量溴化钾粉末混合均匀研磨(比例约1:100),压成球状并测定,以4 cm−1分辨率在500~4000 cm−1波数范围内对样品进行扫描。
将1.2.1.1制备的不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物样品用去离子水稀释至0.2 mg/mL,并以去离子水作为空白对照进行圆二色光谱测定。扫描速率为1 nm/s,扫描波长范围为200~260 nm,带宽为2.0 nm。采用Pro-Data Viewer软件进行数据处理,运用CDNN方法分析蛋白质的二级结构组成,通过AppliedPhotophysics软件CD Spectra Deconvolution计算获得。
将1.2.1.1制备的不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物样品用去离子水稀释至0.25 mg/mL,并以去离子水作为空白对照进行荧光光谱测定。在280 nm激发波长下测定不同样品的荧光发射光谱(250~500 nm),测定狭缝为1 nm。
将1.2.1.1制备的冻干样品固定在不锈钢样品台上,对样品进行真空镀金,采用热场发射扫描电子显微镜在5 kV的加速电压下放大50000倍观察样品的微观形态。
将1.2.1.1制备的不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物样品用去离子水稀释至0.1 mg/mL,并将样品通过10000 r/min转速离心10 min后收集上清液,使用激光粒度仪测定样品的粒径、Zeta电位及PDI,强度检测角度为90º,水折射率为1.33。
DPPH自由基清除率:将0.002 g的DPPH用无水乙醇定容至50 mL,得到0.1 mmol/L DPPH乙醇溶液。在室温下避光搅拌1 h,置于4 ℃冰箱静置待用。取1 mL质量比分别为5:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:5、1:0的Zein-PGP样品与2 mL DPPH乙醇溶液混合20 s,避光静置1 h,在517 nm波长下测定吸光值。以溶剂代替样品为空白对照,利用公式(1)计算DPPH自由基清除率:
$ \text{DPPH}\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\times \text{100} $
式中,As:样品吸光度;Ac:空白对照吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除率:将0.0406 g的ABTS用10 mL超纯水溶解,得到浓度为7.4 mmol/L的ABTS溶液。将0.0141 g过硫酸钾用20 mL超纯水溶解,得到浓度为2.6 mmol/L的过硫酸钾溶液。取上述配制的ABTS和过硫酸钾溶液各5 mL混合,避光条件下反应12~16 h,获得ABTS工作液。取2 mL工作液进行稀释,使其在734 nm处的吸光度值为0.70±0.02。取1.5 mL不同质量比的Zein-PGP复合物样品与2.5 mL稀释后的ABTS工作液避光反应5 min,在734 nm波长下测定样品吸光度值。以溶剂代替样品为空白对照,按公式(2)计算ABTS+自由基清除率:
$ \text{ABTS}^+\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,As:样品吸光度;Ac:空白对照吸光度。
以玉米醇溶蛋白质量浓度为2.5 mg/mL制备Zein-PGP质量比为1:1的复合物溶液,在4 ℃条件下储存28 d,分别测定第0、7、14、21、28 d时溶液的平均粒径、Zeta电位和PDI。
以玉米醇溶蛋白质量浓度为2.5 mg/mL制备Zein-PGP质量比为1:1的复合物溶液,将样品置于恒温水浴锅中加热,加热温度分别为30、40、50、60、70 ℃,加热3 h[21],随后通过10000 r/min转速离心10 min去除沉淀,测定离心后溶液的平均粒径、Zeta电位和PDI。
以玉米醇溶蛋白质量浓度为2.5 mg/mL制备Zein-PGP质量比为1:1的复合物溶液,分别与浓度为0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L的NaCl溶液等体积混合,充分搅拌后在室温下静置3 h,随后通过10000 r/min转速离心10 min去除沉淀,测定离心后溶液的平均粒径、Zeta电位和PDI。
以玉米醇溶蛋白质量浓度为10 mg/mL制备Zein-PGP质量比为1:1的复合物溶液,用浓度为1 mol/L的HCl和NaOH溶液将测定样品溶液的pH分别调整到4、5、6、7、8,充分搅拌后在室温静置3 h,随后通过10000 r/min转速离心10 min去除沉淀,测定离心后溶液的平均粒径、Zeta电位和PDI。
每组实验至少重复测定3次,所有数据均为3次检测的平均值,结果用平均值±标准差表示。通过SPSS Statistics 23软件,采用Duncan法对数据进行单因素方差分析,显著水平为5%。采用Origin 2021软件进行绘图。
紫外吸收光谱是评估样品光吸收行为的可靠手段,常用于检测是否形成了新的配合物[22]。当分子与蛋白质相互作用时,蛋白质的构象以及发色氨基酸的微环境可能发生变化,导致紫外吸收峰位置的移动或信号强度的变化。
如图1(a)所示为玉米醇溶蛋白和桃胶多糖的紫外吸收光谱结果。Zein的特征吸收峰在210、280 nm附近,这与玉米醇溶蛋白在乙醇溶液中的吸收峰一致[23]。这两个吸收峰分别来源于蛋白肽键(C=O)的n-π*跃迁以及芳香氨基酸残基(酪氨酸、色氨酸和苯丙氨酸)的π−π*跃迁[24−25]。PGP在290 nm附近有一个特征吸收峰,这是桃胶多糖的典型光谱表现[26]。图1(b)为不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的紫外光谱结果。与单一的Zein相比,Zein在自组装过程中构象发生了改变,吸收光谱也发生了显著变化,特征吸收峰从210 nm移动至290 nm附近,这可能是因为酪氨酸、色氨酸和苯丙氨酸等芳香族氨基酸残基所处的微环境发生了从非极性向极性的改变,从而发生特征吸收峰红移。通过分析不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的光谱变化可知,复合物的吸收峰与单一Zein的吸收峰差异明显。从吸收峰强度上看,复合物的吸光度值明显增大,可能是由于Zein在自组装过程中与多糖的相互作用而发生构象改变,当PGP与Zein的疏水氨基酸残基相互作用时,会使蛋白质中的酪氨酸、色氨酸和苯丙氨酸等发色基团更多地暴露于外界环境中,从而增加了紫外吸收强度[27]。随着PGP添加量的增加,特征峰强度逐步增大,表明Zein的构象发生了改变,并且PGP与Zein发生了相互作用。这与Zein和没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)相互作用研究中的结果一致,Zein-EGCG二元共价复合物中同样未出现新的吸收峰[27]。
傅里叶红外光谱中特征峰位置的移动和吸收强度的变化(增强或减弱)反映了分子间相互作用的强度,因此傅里叶红外光谱可用于进一步揭示蛋白质与多糖之间的相互作用[28]。图2为不同样品的傅里叶红外光谱结果图,3100~3500 cm−1范围内的谱带归因于羟基的伸缩振动,通常被称为酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带[29]。酰胺Ⅰ带主要由C=O基团和C-N基团的伸缩振动引起,在红外光谱中呈现为特定的吸收峰,从而构成了酰胺Ⅰ带的特征,而酰胺Ⅱ带则主要受N-H基团的弯曲振动和C-N基团的伸缩振动影响,这两种振动的叠加形成了酰胺Ⅱ带的特征吸收峰[30]。未经处理的Zein在3325.19、1656.71和1534.48 cm−1处显示出特征峰,经反溶剂处理后,这些峰位微移至3317.62、1656.35 cm−1和1533.67 cm−1。此时,羟基的振动峰红移、酰胺Ⅰ带轻微红移,酰胺Ⅱ带向低频段偏移,这表明自组装后的Zein构象发生了变化。通过分析不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的红外光谱图可知,PGP加入后,羟基伸缩振动带发生了明显的蓝移,分别移动至3321、3336、3344、3349和3394 cm−1。该结果表明,Zein与PGP之间发生了相互作用,可能是由于PGP中的羧基或羟基与Zein中谷氨酰胺的酰胺基之间形成了氢键,且随着PGP添加量的增加,形成的氢键强度逐渐增强。随着PGP的加入,酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的吸收峰由尖而窄逐渐变得矮而宽,特征峰强度也随之降低,这可能是由于Zein与PGP之间的疏水性相互作用导致了Zein的二级结构变化[30]。PGP的傅里叶红外特征光谱图与Chen等[31]的研究结果一致,在3418 cm−1处的宽频带归因于-OH和C-H的伸缩振动,在1614 cm−1处的特征峰与羧基的对称和不对称的拉伸振动有关,在1036.55 cm−1处的特征峰则与C-O键的伸缩有关。通过观察Zein-PGP复合物的光谱,可以看到PGP加入后,复合物在1000 cm−1附近出现了一个新的C-O-C振动吸收峰,这表明PGP与Zein的基团发生了作用,进一步证明了二者之间的相互作用。综上所述,Zein与PGP之间的相互作用是非共价的,主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用实现。
圆二色光谱是一种研究蛋白质二级结构的灵敏快速方法[32],圆二色光谱已被用于表征玉米醇溶蛋白的结构,并帮助其构建结构模型[33]。圆二色光谱图中的峰值位置提供了样品的二级结构信息,通常α-螺旋结构在208和222 nm处会出现负峰,而β-折叠结构在210~220 nm处会出现正峰,通过观察这些峰值位置的变化,可以推测蛋白质二级结构的变化。由图3(a)可以看出,单一Zein的圆二色光谱图在209 nm和223 nm附近有两个负峰,在202 nm处具有一个零交叉点,这表明Zein具有富含α-螺旋的结构特征[34],这与郭浩等[35]的研究结果一致。添加PGP后,Zein蛋白的光谱峰值发生不同程度的偏移,尤其是在209 nm和223 nm处的曲率绝对值显著变化,同时峰值强度也发生了变化,表明多糖的加入影响了Zein的蛋白构象,导致其二级结构比例发生了改变[36−37]。这是由于Zein和PGP之间具有分子相互作用力,多糖的作用改变了蛋白质的基团,打破了维持α-螺旋结构的静电平衡。图3(b)为Zein-PGP复合物的二级结构占比图。Zein蛋白约含32% α-螺旋、18% β-折叠、17% β-转角和36%无规则卷曲,这与陈改亭等[38]的研究结果相似。当Zein-PGP的质量比为5:1时,Zein的α-螺旋相对含量下降至28%,β-折叠相对含量增加至19%,无规则卷曲增加至37%,β-转角变化较小,这与Zein-PGP的质量比为1:5时的结果相似。当Zein-PGP的质量比为2:1、1:1和1:2时,Zein的α-螺旋结构相对含量分别上升至43%、45%和48%,而无规则卷曲相对含量逐渐减少,表明其二级结构变得更加有序[39]。圆二色光谱的结果进一步证明了Zein与PGP之间的相互作用。
蛋白质的荧光基团对微环境的变化较敏感,因此荧光光谱成为研究分子间相互作用的重要工具。蛋白质内部的酪氨酸(Trp)、色氨酸(Tyr)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)均具有天然荧光,这些残基在特定波长的激发下会发出荧光。其中,Trp的最大发射峰位于348 nm,Phe在282 nm,Tyr在303 nm,且荧光强度为Trp>Tyr>Phe[40]。由于Zein中Trp含量较低且Phe的量子产率低,因此直接检测这两种氨基酸的荧光较为困难,然而Zein含有高水平Tyr残基,且该残基在280 nm波长的激发下能够产生荧光。因此,本实验选择280 nm作为激发波长,以测定Zein的内源性荧光,并分析PGP的加入对蛋白内源性荧光强度的影响,进而探究两者的结合方式。
图4为不同质量比Zein-PGP复合物的内源性荧光光谱结果。结果显示,Zein的最大吸收峰位于304 nm处,且蛋白的荧光强度较强,这一结果符合玉米醇溶蛋白的基本性质[41]。随着PGP含量的增加,Zein的荧光强度先上升随后逐渐下降。研究表明,芳香族氨基酸通常位于蛋白质的疏水核心中,当蛋白质结构发生伸展时,位于疏水核心的Tyr残基可能会被暴露出来[40]。当Zein-PGP质量比为5:1时,复合物的荧光强度略高于单一Zein,这可能是由于PGP的加入使得蛋白结构发生部分展开,更多Tyr残基暴露在溶液中,但此时PGP与蛋白质的结合并不多,从而导致荧光强度反而增加,类似的现象也出现在Rasheed等[42]的研究中。同时,刘雪琼[43]的研究也发现,玉米醇溶蛋白与壳聚糖复合物在超声处理后荧光强度增加,表明超声处理改变了复合物中Zein的空间构象,使得更多的疏水和极性基团暴露在空间中。随着PGP含量的继续增加,复合物的荧光强度逐渐减弱,这可能是由于高浓度的PGP分子间发生交联作用,导致蛋白质与多糖形成的复合物聚集更为明显。结果表明,PGP与Zein的相互作用改变了蛋白质中Tyr残基所处的微环境,并能猝灭其内源荧光[44]。
扫描电镜结果如图5所示,该结果直观反映了样品的表面形貌和微观结构。研究发现,Zein颗粒和Zein-PGP纳米颗粒均呈现典型的球状结构,该结果与之前的研究相一致,例如Zein与果胶[45]、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯[46]、没食子酸[47]等物质复合时也形成了球形的纳米颗粒。单一Zein颗粒的分布相对均匀,但由于颗粒间相互连接,导致颗粒表面有一定程度的粘连现象,这是因为单一Zein颗粒具有高疏水性,疏水相互作用促使微粒之间发生聚集。
从扫描电镜的图像中可以清晰地观察到,Zein-PGP纳米颗粒形成了比Zein颗粒更大的聚集体。当Zein-PGP质量比为5:1或2:1时,纳米颗粒呈现不规则聚集体并形成了网络状结构,这可能是由于Zein与PGP之间的相互作用减弱了Zein颗粒的表面疏水性,且静电斥力的增强使得复合物的结构更为紧凑,颗粒大小更均一,表面也更加光滑。当Zein-PGP质量比为1:1时,纳米颗粒彼此独立,网络结构紧密,这是由于静电斥力和空间位阻效应的增强而导致颗粒的聚集减少。当PGP的添加量较高时(如Zein-PGP质量比为1:2和1:5),纳米颗粒被紧紧包裹,这可能是由于过量的多糖分子包裹在Zein颗粒表面,并且多糖分子间的相互作用力使得颗粒相互黏附。相似的结果也在Chen等[48]的研究中得到证实,过量的透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid,HA)分子引起的分子间交联作用使得Zein-HA纳米颗粒被包裹在网状结构中。
本研究通过分析粒径、PDI和Zeta-电位参数,探讨了单一Zein和Zein-PGP复合物的粒径分布和稳定性。由图6可知,Zein颗粒的平均粒径约为100 nm,加入PGP后,Zein-PGP复合物的粒径介于150~230 nm之间,且其大小与Zein和PGP的质量比密切相关。当Zein-PGP质量比为5:1时,复合物的平均粒径较大(211.74±2.72 nm)且PDI值较高,表明体系分散性较差,这可能是由于PGP含量较少不能完全覆盖Zein颗粒进而导致蛋白间出现桥连絮凝现象,使得颗粒间发生聚集[49]。该现象与梁晓等[50]在玉米醇溶蛋白-多糖的纳米颗粒研究中的结果一致,Li等[51]在玉米蛋白-大豆多糖的相关研究中也发现了蛋白絮凝聚沉现象。随着PGP含量增加,复合物的平均粒径逐渐减小,当Zein-PGP质量比为2:1和1:1时,粒径分别为203.07±1.51 nm和156.73±5.17 nm,PDI值也相应降低,表明此时复合物溶液的均一性和稳定性得到了改善。Zeta-电位表征物质表面的电荷特性,一般用电位的绝对值大小判断微粒间离子作用的强弱,绝对值越大,溶液稳定性越好[52]。Zeta-电位结果显示,Zein颗粒带正电荷,加入PGP后,复合物带负电荷,表明Zein与PGP之间通过静电和非静电相互作用形成了稳定的复合物。随着PGP含量的增加,样品的表面电荷逐渐增加,静电斥力增强,使得纳米颗粒更紧密。当Zein-PGP质量比为1:1时,纳米颗粒的平均粒径达到最小值,PDI值也最小(0.15±0.01),此时Zeta-电位绝对值为−31.43±0.44 mV,表明Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒的分散性和稳定性最佳,这可能是由于复合物形成了包裹充分的壳-核结构,从而使得体系更加稳定[53]。当PGP含量继续增加时(如Zein-PGP1:2和Zein-PGP1:5),复合物的平均粒径反而增大至166.47±5.66 nm和221.57±9.05 nm,这可能是因为过量的PGP分子相互交联,导致颗粒间发生聚集,从而增加复合物的粒径。刘钱媛[44]在探究玉米醇溶蛋白-褐藻胶负载紫檀芪的研究中也报道了相似的变化趋势。综上所述,通过粒径、PDI和电位的综合分析,当Zein-PGP的质量比为1:1时,所制备的复合物粒径最小且溶液最均一稳定,适用于后续Zein-PGP纳米颗粒稳定性的研究。
本研究采用DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除法测定单一Zein与Zein-PGP复合物的抗氧化活性。图7结果显示,单一Zein的DPPH自由基清除活性为40.98%±1.21%,当Zein-PGP质量比为5:1、2:1、1:1、1:2和1:5时,DPPH清除率分别增加至50.82%±0.65%、52.65%±0.54%、61.03%±0.96%、62.78%±0.51%和50.53%±0.72%;对于ABTS+自由基,单一Zein的清除率为30.21%±0.98%,当Zein-PGP质量比为5:1、2:1、1:1、1:2和1:5时,ABTS+自由基清除率分别提升至44.41%±0.83%、44.82%±0.95%、45.17%±0.73%、45.59%±1.31%和40.21%±0.60%。由此可见,PGP的加入显著提高了复合物的抗氧化活性(P<0.05)。然而,当PGP含量过高时(如Zein-PGP1:5),抗氧化活性出现了下降,这可能是由于过高的多糖含量使得玉米醇溶蛋白与多糖分子之间产生拮抗作用并降低复合物的自由基清除能力。单一Zein颗粒虽然具有一定的抗氧化性,但其活性相对较弱,PGP的加入能显著提高复合物的抗氧化效果,且当Zein-PGP质量比为1:1和1:2时,纳米颗粒的抗氧化性最好。
本研究将Zein-PGP1:1复合物在4 ℃条件下进行为期28 d的贮藏实验,以评价纳米颗粒的贮藏稳定性。如图8所示,随着贮藏时间的增加,复合物的粒径和PDI均呈现增大的趋势。在贮藏的前14 d内,Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒的粒径由178.37±1.54 nm增大至199.23±2.85 nm,PDI值也从0.15±0.01增加至0.17±0.01,这可能是由于颗粒间的布朗运动引发相互碰撞,进而导致的轻微聚集现象[54]。在贮藏后期(14~28 d),粒径和PDI的变化趋于稳定且无显著性差异(P>0.05),说明聚集现象在此阶段基本停止。电位绝对值在贮藏过程中变化较大,在第28 d时,其数值仍高于初始值(第0 d),表明复合物之间的静电排斥依然有效,阻止了进一步的聚集。因此,Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒在4 ℃条件下具有良好的贮藏稳定性,其粒径、PDI和电位值在贮藏后期趋于稳定,表明在此条件下该复合物体系能够保持较为稳定的物理形态。
Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒的热稳定性研究结果如图9所示,在30 ℃条件下,Zein-PGP1:1复合物的粒径最大,为199.23±2.85 nm,当温度升高至40 ℃时,粒径显著减小至181.87±1.69 nm(P<0.05),Zein和PGP结合更为紧密。在40~60 ℃之间,复合物的粒径变化不大,说明在此温度范围内复合物结构较为稳定。然而,当加热温度升高至70 ℃时,复合物的粒径增大至185.80±1.10 nm,这可能是由于高温下蛋白质结构发生一定程度的松弛或聚集,导致颗粒尺寸有所增加。电位绝对值的变化与粒径的变化呈相反趋势,随着温度的升高,电位绝对值先增大后平稳,复合物在中低温(40 ℃)条件下的表面电荷分布更均匀从而形成了较稳定的结构;当温度继续升高电位绝对值变化不显著,这是因为表面电荷可能已经达到饱和[55]。因此,Zein-PGP1:1复合物在40 ℃条件下表现出较小的粒径和较好的热稳定性,说明适度的加热能够促进Zein和PGP之间的结合,使得复合物结构更为紧凑,而在高温条件下(如70 ℃),复合物粒径有所增加,显示出一定的热敏感性。该结果表明Zein-PGP1:1复合物在30~70 ℃温度范围内具有良好的热稳定性,在40 ℃温度附近表现最佳。
NaCl通过静电屏蔽作用可以改变Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒之间的静电斥力,进而影响其粒径大小和稳定性。如图10所示,在0~50 mmol/L浓度范围内,随着NaCl浓度的增加,复合物的粒径由184.10±1.34 nm增加至286.67±1.05 nm,电位绝对值由19.40±0.43 mV减小至15.17±1.16 mV,这是由于NaCl的Na+和Cl−离子中和了复合物表面的电荷,导致颗粒之间的静电斥力减弱,因此粒径增大且电位绝对值减小。当NaCl浓度在100~150 mmol/L范围内,复合物的粒径逐渐减小至108.93±0.05 nm,这表明随着NaCl浓度的进一步增加,盐析作用逐渐占据主导地位,此时NaCl引发了纳米颗粒表面的水分子脱水,导致颗粒间的结合更紧密,进而使粒径减小[56]。当NaCl浓度继续增大至200 mmol/L时,复合物粒径增大至155.27±0.84 nm,这可能是由于在高浓度盐环境下,过多的Na+和Cl−离子引发了较强的电中和作用,使得颗粒表面电荷变化显著,此时复合物电位绝对值由18.23±1.20 mV减小至11.07±0.71 mV,颗粒间的聚集现象再次增强,进而导致粒径增大。因此,NaCl浓度的变化对Zein-PGP1:1复合物的稳定性产生了两种主要作用机制,在低离子浓度下,静电屏蔽作用使颗粒间的斥力减弱,导致粒径增大;而在较高的离子浓度下,盐析作用使颗粒间结合紧密,稳定性增强,最终表现为粒径减小;在更高的离子浓度下,颗粒表面可能发生电荷过度屏蔽使粒径增大,同时电位绝对值减小[57]。这一现象和壳聚糖-玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒的研究结果相一致,说明不同离子浓度对纳米颗粒的稳定性有显著影响[58]。
Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒的酸碱稳定性研究结果表明,图11所示,随着pH的增加,复合物的粒径呈现先减小后增大的趋势。在中性条件(pH7)下,Zein-PGP1:1复合物的粒径最小,约为189.27±1.07 nm,这是因为在中性条件下,Zein带负电,导致其与PGP间的静电吸引力减小,部分多糖分子从蛋白质表面脱落,使得复合物的粒径减小[59]。在酸性环境下(如pH4或5),粒径分别增大至266.43±2.29 nm和240.43±6.75 nm,这是因为此时的pH接近Zein和PGP的等电点,导致颗粒稳定性下降,聚集现象增强,从而使粒径增大。在pH7时,Zein-PGP1:1复合物的PDI值较小(0.15±0.01),说明此时颗粒的分布较为均匀;在pH6时,PDI达到最大值为0.17±0.01,但仍小于0.3,表明粒度分布仍然较为均匀。因此,Zein-PGP1:1复合物在pH6~8范围内具有较好的分散性和均匀性。研究结果还发现,在pH6时,复合物电位绝对值达到24.10±0.65 mV,表明该条件下复合物的表面电荷增多,颗粒间的静电斥力增强,从而提高了体系的稳定性。因此,Zein-PGP1:1复合物在中性及微酸碱性条件下(pH6~8)的稳定性最佳,表现为较小的粒径、PDI和较大的电位绝对值,而在接近等电点的酸性环境下,复合物的粒径增大,稳定性较差。
本文采用反溶剂沉淀法制备Zein-PGP纳米颗粒,并通过多种分析手段探究了PGP的添加量对纳米颗粒的粒径、电位、蛋白结构、微观形貌、抗氧化性以及稳定性等性质的影响。研究表明,当Zein-PGP质量比为1:1时,所制备的纳米颗粒的稳定性最佳,颗粒的聚集程度和网络结构更高、更紧密。通过蛋白结构分析,Zein-PGP1:1纳米颗粒的α-螺旋结构相对含量上升至45%,且PGP对Zein的内源性荧光产生明显的猝灭效应。当Zein-PGP质量比为1:1和1:2时,纳米颗粒表现出优异的抗氧化活性,这可能与其紧密的结构和良好的分散性相关,能够更有效地清除自由基,从而增强了其抗氧化能力。综上所述,PGP的加入不仅改善了Zein的物理稳定性,还通过静电相互作用和疏水作用等方式,改变了Zein的结构和功能,显著提高了纳米颗粒的抗氧化性和稳定性。该结果为Zein-PGP复合物在食品、药物或其他领域的应用奠定了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120363
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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    1北京林业大学 生物科学与技术学院,北京 100083
    2林业食品加工与安全北京市重点实验室,北京 100083

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甘芝霖(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:现代食品加工技术、天然产物生理活性物质的开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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