Article(id=1321170197579419987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921121258, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921121258, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921121258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921121258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170197776552276, articleId=1321170197579419987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Exploring the Potential Mechanism of Anti-aging Effects of Spray-dried Mulberry Leaf Phenolics Based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS and Network Pharmacology, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS) and network pharmacology methods were used to study the metabolic absorption and potential biological activity of spray-dried mulberry leaves. Methods: UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS was used to detect the phenolic components of spray-dried mulberry leaves in simulated in vitro digestion, intestinal microbial fermentation and in vivo metabolic processes. Based on the detected phenolic components, the corresponding material targets were found through the database analysis platform Swiss Target and Pharmmapper, and the aging targets were obtained by searching the HAGR and Genecards databases. The PPI (Protein-Protein Interaction) network was constructed using String11.5 database and Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. DAVID 6.8 was used for gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Analysis) pathway enrichment analysis to analyze core targets and action pathways, and then the "components-targets-pathway" network was constructed. Results: The phenolic compounds of spray-dried mulberry leaves mainly underwent hydrolysis or deglycosidation during the gastrointestinal digestion stage. After being absorbed, these substances mainly underwent phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ reactions such as reduction, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation in the body. The prototype compounds and metabolites of phenolic compounds in spray-dried mulberry leaves co-existed in the blood circulation. Through the network pharmacology method, 476 intersection targets of phenolic substances and aging were screened out. After constructing PPI, 47 core targets were screened out. The top ten targets were GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ), ALB (albumin), AKT1 (protein kinase B1), INS (insulin), ACTβ (β-actin), TP53 (tumor protein p53), TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL6 (interleukin 6), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), IL1β (interleukin 1β). KEGG results showed that phenolic compounds of spray-dried mulberry leaves might play an anti-aging role by regulating Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways. Conclusion: The phenolic compounds of spray-dried mulberry leaves may play an anti-aging role through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway.

, authors=Chaoli TAN1, Xu ZHANG2, Yuqing XIE2, Jingjing SHENG2, Yao PAN2, Yanfang YU3, Fang CHEN2, *, authorsList=Chaoli TAN, Xu ZHANG, Yuqing XIE, Jingjing SHENG, Yao PAN, Yanfang YU, Fang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170202725831009, articleId=1321170197579419987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS及网络药理学探讨喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质抗衰老潜在作用机制, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电轨道阱质谱法(UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS)及网络药理学方法研究喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质的消化代谢情况以及潜在的抗衰老作用机制。方法:使用UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS 分别检测喷雾干燥桑叶在模拟体外消化、肠道微生物发酵和体内代谢过程中的酚类物质成分。基于检测到的酚类物质成分,通过数据库分析平台Swiss Target和Pharmmapper查找相应的物质靶点,查找HAGR和Genecards数据库得到衰老靶点,二者取交集。采用String11.5 数据库和Cytoscape 3.9.1软件构建 PPI(Protein-Protein Interaction)网络。利用 DAVID 6.8 进行基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)注释和 KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Analysis)核心作用通路分析,进而构建“活性成分-靶点-通路”网络。结果:喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质在胃肠道消化阶段主要发生水解或脱去糖苷等反应。这些物质被吸收后在体内主要发生还原、羟基化、葡糖醛酸化和硫酸化等Ⅰ、Ⅱ相反应。喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质的原型化合物和代谢产物共同存在于血液循环中。将检测到的16种化合物作为喷雾干燥桑叶发挥抗衰老作用的潜在活性成分。通过网络药理学方法筛选出476个酚类物质与衰老的交集靶点,构建PPI后筛选出47个核心靶点。排名前十的靶点有GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)、ALB(白蛋白)、AKT1(蛋白激酶B1)、INS(胰岛素)、ACTβ(β-肌动蛋白)、TP53(肿瘤蛋白p53)、TNF(肿瘤坏死因子)、IL6(白细胞介素6)、EGFR(表皮生长因子受体)、IL1β(白细胞介素1β)。KEGG通路富集结果表明,喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质可能通过调控Wnt信号通路、TGF-β信号通路等发挥抗衰老作用。结论:喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质可能通过多成分、多靶点、多通路发挥抗衰老的功能。

, authors=檀朝立1, 章旭2, 谢雨晴2, 盛晶晶2, 潘瑶2, 俞燕芳3, 陈芳2, *, authorsList=檀朝立, 章旭, 谢雨晴, 盛晶晶, 潘瑶, 俞燕芳, 陈芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈芳, authorNote=

檀朝立(1990−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈芳(1987−)(ORCID:0000−0003−4196−9734),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、植物化学物的生物活性及其作用机制,E-mail:。
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檀朝立(1990−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

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Blood, 2019, 134(9): 727−740., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170216265044422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BLEVE A, MOTTA F, DURANTE B, et al. Immunosenescence, inflammaging, and frailty: Role of myeloid cells in age-related diseases[J]. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 2023, 64(2): 123−144., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170216386679239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Weitong, TIAN Wangqi, WANG Yifan, et al. Explore the mechanism and substance basis of Mahuang FuziXixin decoction for the treatment of lung cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking[J]. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2022, 151: 106293., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170216470565320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JI Lingyun, SONG Ting, GE Chunlei, et al. Identification of bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of Scutellariae Radix-Coptidis Rhizoma in the treatment of atherosclerosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 165: 115210., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170203011043682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170203019432291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, companyId=1321170203011043682, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Jiangxi Sunshine Dairy Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170203027820900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, companyId=1321170203011043682, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江西阳光乳业股份有限公司,江西南昌 330001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170203107512677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170203115901286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, companyId=1321170203107512677, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170203124289895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, companyId=1321170203107512677, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南昌大学公共卫生学院,江西南昌 330000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170203199787368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170203203981673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, companyId=1321170203199787368, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Economic Crops Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330202, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170203212370282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, companyId=1321170203199787368, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3江西省经济作物研究所,江西南昌 330202)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170207519920536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Simulation of the change pathway of phenolic compounds in spray drying mulberry leaves during in vitro digestion, figureFileSmall=kR2KIyhp6Mi9XKUD8FNhUQ==, figureFileBig=g6yfASIQvP4ChzeDqpaoUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170207603806617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模拟体外消化过程中喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质的变化途径, figureFileSmall=kR2KIyhp6Mi9XKUD8FNhUQ==, figureFileBig=g6yfASIQvP4ChzeDqpaoUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170207796744602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=MS/MS spectra and fragmentation patterns of several phenolic compound metabolites in spray-dried mulberry leaves and the metabolic pathways of the main phenolic compounds in spray-dried mulberry leaves in mice, figureFileSmall=3DNbLQsHiKMR1yOMxuVpaQ==, figureFileBig=AuoDTciNyt43FTNGIFCaFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209478660507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=图2, caption=喷雾干燥桑叶中几种酚类化合物代谢物的MS/MS谱图及裂解模式及喷雾干燥桑叶中主要酚类化合物在小鼠体内的代谢途径

注:A:咖啡酸硫酸结合物MS/MS质谱图以及裂解碎片信息;B:奎尼酸MS/MS质谱图以及裂解碎片信息;C:二氢咖啡酸MS/MS质谱图以及裂解碎片信息;D:喷雾干燥桑叶主要酚类物质在小鼠体内的代谢途径。

, figureFileSmall=3DNbLQsHiKMR1yOMxuVpaQ==, figureFileBig=AuoDTciNyt43FTNGIFCaFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209554157980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Venn diagram of compound targets and aginge targets, figureFileSmall=EaTBlWJVAWOEqXCuYOYxfA==, figureFileBig=rC5RuVF70yfgRZueuCWJUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209638044061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=图3, caption=物质靶点与衰老靶点韦恩图, figureFileSmall=EaTBlWJVAWOEqXCuYOYxfA==, figureFileBig=rC5RuVF70yfgRZueuCWJUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209709347230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PPI network of the intersection targets of active components in spray-dried mulberry leaf powder and aging targets, figureFileSmall=I66sqQZC7d2yNceZhzmDAQ==, figureFileBig=Nf6SZ4duC2WSLN/YuKVzgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209789039007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=图4, caption=喷雾干燥桑叶粉中活性成分物质与衰老靶点交集靶点的PPI网络

注:节点的圆形面积越大,颜色越深,表明其degree值越高,其在网络中重要性越高。

, figureFileSmall=I66sqQZC7d2yNceZhzmDAQ==, figureFileBig=Nf6SZ4duC2WSLN/YuKVzgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209906479520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Enrichment analysis of core targets, figureFileSmall=TJL+sg2xTiF37wGmoWNLaQ==, figureFileBig=JqhnCTWtghd5eGw/98eAcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170209977782689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=图5, caption=核心靶点的富集分析

注:A:GO富集分析结果;B:KEGG富集分析结果。

, figureFileSmall=TJL+sg2xTiF37wGmoWNLaQ==, figureFileBig=JqhnCTWtghd5eGw/98eAcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170210065863074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Diagram of effective component-target-pathway network, figureFileSmall=b69cSlcyU26d1mEA6cn3XQ==, figureFileBig=TtwMhGRvf/kCV4IfNrcduw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170210141360547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=图6, caption=活性成分-靶点-通路网络示意图

注:椭圆形代表喷雾干燥桑叶中的活性成分,菱形代表核心靶点,长方形代表信号通路。

, figureFileSmall=b69cSlcyU26d1mEA6cn3XQ==, figureFileBig=TtwMhGRvf/kCV4IfNrcduw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170210191692196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation of digestion working solution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分模拟口腔
消化液(mL)
模拟胃
消化液(mL)
模拟小肠
消化液(mL)
氯化钾(0.5 mol/L)156.96.8
磷酸二氢钾(0.5 mol/L)3.70.90.8
碳酸氢钠(1 mol/L)6.812.542.5
氯化钠(2 mol/L)−11.89.6
氯化镁(0.15 mol/L)0.50.41.1
碳酸铵(0.5 mol/L)0.060.5−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170210258801061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

消化工作液的配制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分模拟口腔
消化液(mL)
模拟胃
消化液(mL)
模拟小肠
消化液(mL)
氯化钾(0.5 mol/L)156.96.8
磷酸二氢钾(0.5 mol/L)3.70.90.8
碳酸氢钠(1 mol/L)6.812.542.5
氯化钠(2 mol/L)−11.89.6
氯化镁(0.15 mol/L)0.50.41.1
碳酸铵(0.5 mol/L)0.060.5−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170210334298534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identification of the major phenolic compounds in spray-dried mulberry leaves during the simulated gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质保留时间
(min)
质荷比
(m/z)
质量偏差
(ppm)
二级碎片化合物来源
EGIF0F1F3F6F12F24
10.863191.05660.604191.0563/111.0090/87.0090/85.0298奎尼酸+++++++++
21.932353.08927.056191.0558/135.0455/85.02943-咖啡酰奎宁酸+++++−−−−
32.03179.0516.785135.0442/134.0372/136.9236咖啡酸+++++++++
42.741353.0896.49191.05745-咖啡酰奎宁酸+++++−−−−
54.669609.14650.363447.0924/285.0401/283.0269山奈酚-3,7-O糖苷++++−−−−−
64.721711.14114.340667.1517/462.0804槲皮素-丙二酰二己糖苷+−−−−−−−−
76.935625.14170.368463.0866/300.0281槲皮素3-槐糖苷++++−−−−−
89.952609.14790.365300.0281芦丁+++++−−−−
910.671463.09016.473300.0283异槲皮素+++++−−−−
1011.723505.09933.233300.0279/301.033槲皮素3-O-(6-乙酰葡萄糖苷)+++++−−−−
1111.793549.08984.196505.1000/300.0283槲皮素3-O-丙二糖苷++++−−−−−
1211.88593.15264.221285.0405山奈酚3-葡萄糖基-鼠李糖苷++++−−−−−
1312.355447.09455.172284.0331/285.0391/255.0302紫云英苷+++++−−−−
1412.362515.11890.966353.0899/191.0557/179.0341二咖啡酰奎宁酸++++−−−−−
1513.073447.09536.961284.0329/285.0377/151.0042山奈酚7-O-葡萄糖苷−−+++−−−−
1613.565489.10535.209284.0331/285.0391/255.0302山奈酚3-(6-乙酰半乳糖苷)+++++−−−−
1713.967533.09341.535489.1035/285.0406山奈酚-丙二酰-葡萄糖苷++++−−−−−
183.618181.05086.985136.9225/135.9150/109.04293/121.0295二氢咖啡酸−−−−−+−−−
193.811177.0128-30.705135.9156/89.0393/105.0350/136.9221咖啡醌−−−++++++
204.741121.0278-5.00706.0285/93.0345苯甲酸−−−−−−+++
217.767165.0544-1.337119.0501/135.9147/106.0420对羟基苯丙酸−−−++++++
2216.569301.03647.045151.0042/121.0300/107.0146槲皮素−−−+++−−−
2319.278285.04167.84393.0348山奈酚−−−++−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170210413990311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

喷雾干燥桑叶经体外消化、肠道微生物发酵后主要酚类化合物的成分鉴定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质保留时间
(min)
质荷比
(m/z)
质量偏差
(ppm)
二级碎片化合物来源
EGIF0F1F3F6F12F24
10.863191.05660.604191.0563/111.0090/87.0090/85.0298奎尼酸+++++++++
21.932353.08927.056191.0558/135.0455/85.02943-咖啡酰奎宁酸+++++−−−−
32.03179.0516.785135.0442/134.0372/136.9236咖啡酸+++++++++
42.741353.0896.49191.05745-咖啡酰奎宁酸+++++−−−−
54.669609.14650.363447.0924/285.0401/283.0269山奈酚-3,7-O糖苷++++−−−−−
64.721711.14114.340667.1517/462.0804槲皮素-丙二酰二己糖苷+−−−−−−−−
76.935625.14170.368463.0866/300.0281槲皮素3-槐糖苷++++−−−−−
89.952609.14790.365300.0281芦丁+++++−−−−
910.671463.09016.473300.0283异槲皮素+++++−−−−
1011.723505.09933.233300.0279/301.033槲皮素3-O-(6-乙酰葡萄糖苷)+++++−−−−
1111.793549.08984.196505.1000/300.0283槲皮素3-O-丙二糖苷++++−−−−−
1211.88593.15264.221285.0405山奈酚3-葡萄糖基-鼠李糖苷++++−−−−−
1312.355447.09455.172284.0331/285.0391/255.0302紫云英苷+++++−−−−
1412.362515.11890.966353.0899/191.0557/179.0341二咖啡酰奎宁酸++++−−−−−
1513.073447.09536.961284.0329/285.0377/151.0042山奈酚7-O-葡萄糖苷−−+++−−−−
1613.565489.10535.209284.0331/285.0391/255.0302山奈酚3-(6-乙酰半乳糖苷)+++++−−−−
1713.967533.09341.535489.1035/285.0406山奈酚-丙二酰-葡萄糖苷++++−−−−−
183.618181.05086.985136.9225/135.9150/109.04293/121.0295二氢咖啡酸−−−−−+−−−
193.811177.0128-30.705135.9156/89.0393/105.0350/136.9221咖啡醌−−−++++++
204.741121.0278-5.00706.0285/93.0345苯甲酸−−−−−−+++
217.767165.0544-1.337119.0501/135.9147/106.0420对羟基苯丙酸−−−++++++
2216.569301.03647.045151.0042/121.0300/107.0146槲皮素−−−+++−−−
2319.278285.04167.84393.0348山奈酚−−−++−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170210489487784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Identification of metabolites of major phenolic compounds in spray-dried mulberry leaves after metabolism in mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质保留时间
(min)
分子式质荷比
(m/z)
质量偏差
(ppm)
二级碎片原型物质鉴定反应心肝肾肺血
10.863C9H8O4179.10670.000134.9866/161.0960/107.0850绿原酸咖啡酸(绿原酸分解产物)−−−−+
21.932C7H12O6191.05542.018191.0563/111.0090/127.0381/85.0298绿原酸奎尼酸(原型/绿原酸分解产物)−−−−+
32.03C15H12O7303.058327.621267.0732/135.0299槲皮素糖苷还原+−−−−
42.741C16H16O8336.08451.580303.0529/243.0314/187.0413槲皮素糖苷还原、水和、甲基化−++−−
54.669C17H20O9367.10548.285127.0196/187.0410绿原酸甲基化−+−−−
64.721C17H14O7329.0393-7.986301.0349/241.0589槲皮素糖苷双甲基化++−−+
76.935C9H8O3163.03921.407119.0490/121.7563绿原酸香豆酸(绿原酸分解产物)++−−−
89.952C9H10O4181.04981.462163.0391/135.0440/119.04903/134.0361咖啡酸糖苷氢化−−+++
910.671C9H8O7S258.99121.932179.0339/135.0438/134.0361咖啡酸糖苷咖啡酸硫酸化−−−−+
1011.723C7H10O5173.08080.000111.0802/129.0906/155.0701绿原酸莽草酸(绿原酸分解产物)−−−−+
1111.793C15H10O9S365.07270.000116.9272/180.8893/285.1159/297.1528山奈酚糖苷山奈酚硫酸化−−−−+
1211.88C16H12O9347.17082.177301.1661槲皮素糖苷甲基化,双羟基化−−−−+
), ArticleFig(id=1321170210577568169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170197579419987, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

喷雾干燥桑叶经小鼠体内代谢后主要酚类化合物代谢产物鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质保留时间
(min)
分子式质荷比
(m/z)
质量偏差
(ppm)
二级碎片原型物质鉴定反应心肝肾肺血
10.863C9H8O4179.10670.000134.9866/161.0960/107.0850绿原酸咖啡酸(绿原酸分解产物)−−−−+
21.932C7H12O6191.05542.018191.0563/111.0090/127.0381/85.0298绿原酸奎尼酸(原型/绿原酸分解产物)−−−−+
32.03C15H12O7303.058327.621267.0732/135.0299槲皮素糖苷还原+−−−−
42.741C16H16O8336.08451.580303.0529/243.0314/187.0413槲皮素糖苷还原、水和、甲基化−++−−
54.669C17H20O9367.10548.285127.0196/187.0410绿原酸甲基化−+−−−
64.721C17H14O7329.0393-7.986301.0349/241.0589槲皮素糖苷双甲基化++−−+
76.935C9H8O3163.03921.407119.0490/121.7563绿原酸香豆酸(绿原酸分解产物)++−−−
89.952C9H10O4181.04981.462163.0391/135.0440/119.04903/134.0361咖啡酸糖苷氢化−−+++
910.671C9H8O7S258.99121.932179.0339/135.0438/134.0361咖啡酸糖苷咖啡酸硫酸化−−−−+
1011.723C7H10O5173.08080.000111.0802/129.0906/155.0701绿原酸莽草酸(绿原酸分解产物)−−−−+
1111.793C15H10O9S365.07270.000116.9272/180.8893/285.1159/297.1528山奈酚糖苷山奈酚硫酸化−−−−+
1211.88C16H12O9347.17082.177301.1661槲皮素糖苷甲基化,双羟基化−−−−+
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基于UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS及网络药理学探讨喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质抗衰老潜在作用机制
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檀朝立 1 , 章旭 2 , 谢雨晴 2 , 盛晶晶 2 , 潘瑶 2 , 俞燕芳 3 , 陈芳 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 22-31
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 22 -31
基于UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS及网络药理学探讨喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质抗衰老潜在作用机制
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檀朝立1 , 章旭2, 谢雨晴2, 盛晶晶2, 潘瑶2, 俞燕芳3, 陈芳2, *
作者信息
  • 1江西阳光乳业股份有限公司,江西南昌 330001
  • 2南昌大学公共卫生学院,江西南昌 330000
  • 3江西省经济作物研究所,江西南昌 330202
通讯作者:
陈芳(1987−)(ORCID:0000−0003−4196−9734),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、植物化学物的生物活性及其作用机制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

檀朝立(1990−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

Exploring the Potential Mechanism of Anti-aging Effects of Spray-dried Mulberry Leaf Phenolics Based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS and Network Pharmacology
Chaoli TAN1 , Xu ZHANG2, Yuqing XIE2, Jingjing SHENG2, Yao PAN2, Yanfang YU3, Fang CHEN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangxi Sunshine Dairy Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330001, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 3Economic Crops Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330202, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100152
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目的:通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电轨道阱质谱法(UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS)及网络药理学方法研究喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质的消化代谢情况以及潜在的抗衰老作用机制。方法:使用UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS 分别检测喷雾干燥桑叶在模拟体外消化、肠道微生物发酵和体内代谢过程中的酚类物质成分。基于检测到的酚类物质成分,通过数据库分析平台Swiss Target和Pharmmapper查找相应的物质靶点,查找HAGR和Genecards数据库得到衰老靶点,二者取交集。采用String11.5 数据库和Cytoscape 3.9.1软件构建 PPI(Protein-Protein Interaction)网络。利用 DAVID 6.8 进行基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)注释和 KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Analysis)核心作用通路分析,进而构建“活性成分-靶点-通路”网络。结果:喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质在胃肠道消化阶段主要发生水解或脱去糖苷等反应。这些物质被吸收后在体内主要发生还原、羟基化、葡糖醛酸化和硫酸化等Ⅰ、Ⅱ相反应。喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质的原型化合物和代谢产物共同存在于血液循环中。将检测到的16种化合物作为喷雾干燥桑叶发挥抗衰老作用的潜在活性成分。通过网络药理学方法筛选出476个酚类物质与衰老的交集靶点,构建PPI后筛选出47个核心靶点。排名前十的靶点有GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)、ALB(白蛋白)、AKT1(蛋白激酶B1)、INS(胰岛素)、ACTβ(β-肌动蛋白)、TP53(肿瘤蛋白p53)、TNF(肿瘤坏死因子)、IL6(白细胞介素6)、EGFR(表皮生长因子受体)、IL1β(白细胞介素1β)。KEGG通路富集结果表明,喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质可能通过调控Wnt信号通路、TGF-β信号通路等发挥抗衰老作用。结论:喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质可能通过多成分、多靶点、多通路发挥抗衰老的功能。

桑叶  /  高效液相色谱质谱联用  /  酚类物质  /  抗衰老  /  网络药理学

Objective: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS) and network pharmacology methods were used to study the metabolic absorption and potential biological activity of spray-dried mulberry leaves. Methods: UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS was used to detect the phenolic components of spray-dried mulberry leaves in simulated in vitro digestion, intestinal microbial fermentation and in vivo metabolic processes. Based on the detected phenolic components, the corresponding material targets were found through the database analysis platform Swiss Target and Pharmmapper, and the aging targets were obtained by searching the HAGR and Genecards databases. The PPI (Protein-Protein Interaction) network was constructed using String11.5 database and Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. DAVID 6.8 was used for gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Analysis) pathway enrichment analysis to analyze core targets and action pathways, and then the "components-targets-pathway" network was constructed. Results: The phenolic compounds of spray-dried mulberry leaves mainly underwent hydrolysis or deglycosidation during the gastrointestinal digestion stage. After being absorbed, these substances mainly underwent phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ reactions such as reduction, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation in the body. The prototype compounds and metabolites of phenolic compounds in spray-dried mulberry leaves co-existed in the blood circulation. Through the network pharmacology method, 476 intersection targets of phenolic substances and aging were screened out. After constructing PPI, 47 core targets were screened out. The top ten targets were GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ), ALB (albumin), AKT1 (protein kinase B1), INS (insulin), ACTβ (β-actin), TP53 (tumor protein p53), TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL6 (interleukin 6), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), IL1β (interleukin 1β). KEGG results showed that phenolic compounds of spray-dried mulberry leaves might play an anti-aging role by regulating Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways. Conclusion: The phenolic compounds of spray-dried mulberry leaves may play an anti-aging role through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway.

mulberry leaves  /  UPLC-MS  /  phenolic compounds  /  anti-aging  /  network pharmacology
檀朝立, 章旭, 谢雨晴, 盛晶晶, 潘瑶, 俞燕芳, 陈芳. 基于UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS及网络药理学探讨喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质抗衰老潜在作用机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 22 -31 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100152
Chaoli TAN, Xu ZHANG, Yuqing XIE, Jingjing SHENG, Yao PAN, Yanfang YU, Fang CHEN. Exploring the Potential Mechanism of Anti-aging Effects of Spray-dried Mulberry Leaf Phenolics Based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS and Network Pharmacology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 22 -31 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100152
近年来,老龄化已经成为世界面临的重大问题,本世纪中叶我国社会将进入“深度老龄化”阶段,这将给家庭和社会造成巨大的负担。衰老是一种复杂的生理过程,是机体随着年龄的增长而出现的各种生理器官和功能的退行性变化[1]。随着现代医学和生物学的迅速发展,自由基学说成为广为接受的机制之一:随着年龄的增大,生物体中清除自由基的抗氧化酶活性下降,自由基逐渐堆积从而加速衰老。因此,清除生物体内过量的自由基是抗氧化与抗衰老研究的核心机制[2]。天然植物中富含的多酚及黄酮类成分通过清除超氧离子自由基、降低氧化应激毒性等途径发挥天然抗氧化作用[3]。研究证实,植物多酚类物质不仅具有抗氧化特性,还可通过抗炎等多重作用机制增强衰老机体的生理功能,为防治多种衰老相关疾病提供潜在干预策略[4]。
桑叶(Mulberry leaves)是桑树的叶器官,作为中国传承数千年的特色经济作物,其叶片富含蛋白质(15%~25%)、膳食纤维(8%~12%)、碳水化合物(30%~40%)、维生素(B族、C、E)及锌、铁、铜等必需微量元素[5]。研究表明,桑叶中酚类化合物(包括酚酸、黄酮苷元及其衍生物)具有显著的抗氧化特性,可通过调节细胞氧化应激通路发挥延缓衰老、改善心血管功能及调节血糖代谢等生理效应[6−7]。
然而,尽管这些酚类物质具有潜在的健康价值,但因胃肠道降解和肠道吸收屏障的存在,常常出现实际生理效应与体外实验结果不一致。本课题组前期建立的桑叶喷雾干燥工艺(含38.7%麦芽糊精、3.8%大豆卵磷脂和24.2%乳清分离蛋白的复合助剂)可显著提升酚类化合物生物可接受率[6],但其中的酚类化合物的消化代谢情况如何,通过哪些靶点发挥抗衰老作用,尚不清楚。因此,本研究拟在前期研究基础上,进一步探讨喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质模拟体外消化、肠道微生物发酵和体内代谢情况,并分析其血液中的酚类有效活性成分的抗衰老靶点及作用通路,为喷雾干燥桑叶开发成抗衰老功能食品奠定基础。
桑叶 采自江西省蚕桑茶叶研究所桑树品种园,品种为农桑14号;α-淀粉酶(1500 U/mL)、胃蛋白酶(25000 U/mL) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;胰酶(800 U/mL)、猪胆盐 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;乙腈、甲醇、甲酸 色谱纯,德国Merck公司;阿拉伯半乳聚糖、酪蛋白、木聚糖、L-半胱氨酸、刃天青 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;24只雄性昆明小鼠(24~28 g,6~8周龄) 购买自维通利华(北京,中国),生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2021-0006,动物实验经南昌大学动物伦理委员会批准。
FA22型电子分析天平 上海舜宇恒平科学有限公司;LDZX-50KBS立式压力蒸汽灭菌锅 上海申安医疗器械厂;UPLC-Q-Exactive Focus 赛默飞世尔科技中国有限公司;YQX-Ⅱ厌氧培养箱 上海跃进医疗器械有限公司。
消化工作液的配制见表1,分别调节口腔、胃、肠消化液pH为7、3和7,于4 ℃储存待用。
模拟口腔、胃、肠消化:参照Hu等[8]的方法并修改后进行体外模拟消化实验。称取1 g喷雾干燥桑叶粉于离心管中,加入模拟口腔消化工作液,37 ℃的恒温水浴摇床中避光振荡5 min;模拟口腔消化结束后,在口腔消化产物中加入模拟胃消化工作液,涡旋混匀后于37 ℃恒温水浴摇床内避光振荡2 h;在模拟口腔-胃消化结束后,向胃消化产物中加入小肠消化工作液,涡旋混匀后37 ℃恒温水浴摇床中避光振荡2 h,得到小肠消化产物。取胃消化产物和小肠消化产物,3000×g离心 10 min收集上清,加入等体积的无水乙醇,过0.22 μm滤膜用UPLC-Q-Exactive Focus进行酚类化合物的测定。
选择3名健康志愿者(25~35岁,无特殊饮食习惯),志愿者要求在粪便收集前三个月内未得消化系统疾病、未注射或服用抗生素、取样前3日内避免摄取水果、蔬菜、坚果、茶等酚类化合物含量较高的食物和酒精。粪便样品采集后立即储存于厌氧罐中,在厌氧环境中用10%(w/v)的PBS缓冲液稀释,然后用双层无菌纱布过滤得到10%(w/v)的粪便菌悬液。
样品组在每个离心管中加入生长培养基、粪便菌悬液、PBS缓冲液及桑叶小肠消化残渣0.1 g。空白对照组中不加桑叶消化残渣,其余条件与样品组相同。将离心管置于厌氧培养箱中,37 ℃条件下培养24 h,分别在发酵0.5、1、3、6、12、24 h时收集发酵液0.5 mL,加乙腈终止反应涡旋混匀后离心收集上清,加入等体积的无水乙醇,过0.22 μm滤膜后用UPLC-Q-Exactive Focus进行酚类化合物的测定。
实验设计:取24只雄性昆明小鼠,随机平均分为空白组(n=12)、给药组(n=12)。
剂量设置依据:根据药典(2020)推荐的干桑叶成人剂量为5~10 g/d,再根据人和小鼠按体表面积折算的等效剂量比值0.0026换算成小鼠等效剂量为16.25~32.5 mg/25 g小鼠,喷雾干燥桑叶的配比中桑叶占33.3%,即喷雾干燥桑叶的剂量应为50~100 mg/25 g小鼠。本研究选择喷雾干燥桑叶剂量为50 mg/25 g小鼠。考虑到小鼠的安全灌胃体积为0.5 mL,因此配制100 mg/mL的喷雾干燥桑叶粉混悬液进行灌胃。
饲养条件为:温度24±1 ℃,湿度70%左右,光照黑暗各12 h。饲喂普通饲料,小鼠自由摄食和饮水,适应性喂养7 d,给药前12 h禁食不禁水。
生物样品的采集与制备:空白组和给药组分别在灌胃0.5、1、3和6 h四个时间点采样。采用摘取眼球取血的方式收集各组小鼠血液,置于抗凝管中,离心收集各组小鼠血浆置于−80 ℃冰箱冻存。动物颈椎脱臼处死,取相应组织(肝、肾、肺、心)并转移至−80 ℃保存留待分析。血液样本去除蛋白质后过固相萃取柱(CNW Poly-sery HLB Pro SPE 60 mg, 3 mL)纯化甲醇洗脱;组织样本匀浆涡旋混匀后离心取上清液作为固相萃取所用的上样液,用固相萃取柱纯化甲醇洗脱。收集的洗脱液用氮气吹干并用200 μL甲醇溶解过0.22 μm有机滤膜,用UPLC-Q-Exactive Focus进行代谢产物分析。
用C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.9 µm)进行色谱分离,色谱柱温度设置为25 ℃。流动相由乙腈(A)和0.1%甲酸水溶液(B)组成,流动相B洗脱梯度为0 min 10%,8 min 15%,20 min 35%,24 min 50%,29 min 100%,34 min 100%,35 min 0%。流速为0.34 mL/min。进样量为5 µL。串联质谱检测仪装备电喷雾离子源(ESI),质谱参数为:气帘气40 psi,雾化气和辅助气50 psi,源温度550 ℃,喷雾电压−4500 V,去簇电压80 V,碰撞能10、20、40 V。采用负离子IDA模式扫描,全质谱数据在m/z 100~1500 范围下获得,数据采集和分析采用Xcalibur 3.1软件。
基于喷雾干燥桑叶在体内的代谢情况筛选出对应的酚类活性成分,利用Swiss Target和Pharmmapper数据库查找所筛选的酚类活性成分的物质靶点,利用HAGR和Genecards数据库查找衰老相关靶点,综合数据库去掉重复靶点得到衰老靶点,利用Venny2.1将物质靶点与衰老靶点作交集并导入String11.5软件,获得靶点间相互作用关系,进一步将数据导入Cytoscape 3.9.1软件,构建PPI网络并筛选获得degree值前10%的核心靶点,筛选的核心靶点进一步在DAVID网站进行KEGG和GO富集分析,构建成分-靶点-疾病互作网络图。
质谱数据分析和作图均采用质谱仪配套软件Xcalibur 3.1,二级质谱数据参考MassBank、 Pubmed、Metlin、ChemSpider、Phenol-Explorer等数据库进行分析。
鉴定体外模拟胃肠消化及微生物发酵各阶段喷雾干燥桑叶主要酚类物质及其代谢产物。结果如表2所示。
消化前:在乙醇提取液中(E),检测到的酚类物质原型成分有16种:奎尼酸、3-咖啡酰奎宁酸、咖啡酸、5-咖啡酰奎宁酸、山奈酚-3,7-O糖苷、槲皮素-丙二酰二己糖苷、槲皮素3-槐糖苷、芦丁、异槲皮素、槲皮素3-O-(6-乙酰葡萄糖苷)、槲皮素3-O-丙二糖苷、山奈酚3-葡萄糖基-鼠李糖苷、紫云英苷、二咖啡酰奎宁酸、山奈酚3-(6-乙酰半乳糖苷)、山奈酚-丙二酰-葡萄糖苷。
胃消化阶段:胃消化上清液(G)未检测到原型物质槲皮素-丙二酰二己糖苷,可能被消化降解。
小肠消化阶段:肠消化上清液(I),原型物质种类与胃消化阶段一致,检测到新的代谢产物山奈酚7-O-葡萄糖苷。
结肠微生物发酵阶段:体外发酵0.5 h后(F0),无原型物质消失,检测到新的物质咖啡醌、对羟基苯丙酸、槲皮素、山奈酚。体外发酵1 h后(F1),未检测到山奈酚-3,7-O糖苷、槲皮素3-槐糖苷、槲皮素3-O-丙二糖苷、山奈酚3-葡萄糖基-鼠李糖苷、二咖啡酰奎宁酸、山奈酚-丙二酰-葡萄糖苷,可能被消化降解。未检测到新的物质。体外发酵3 h后(F3),未检测到3-咖啡酰奎宁酸、5-咖啡酰奎宁酸、芦丁、异槲皮素、槲皮素3-O-(6-乙酰葡萄糖苷)、紫云英苷、山奈酚7-O-葡萄糖苷、山奈酚3-(6-乙酰半乳糖苷)、山奈酚代谢。检测到新的物质二氢咖啡酸。体外发酵6 h后(F6),未检测到槲皮素,可能被消化降解。检测到新的物质苯甲酸。体外发酵24 h后(F24),除了奎尼酸、咖啡酸,其余原型成分均未检测到。检测到新的物质咖啡醌、苯甲酸、对羟基苯丙酸。
结肠微生物发酵可以水解黄酮类成分的糖苷键使之变成相应的苷元,基于鉴定结果绘制了喷雾干燥桑叶主要的酚类物质在肠道微生物发酵过程中可能的变化途径(图1)。喷雾干燥桑叶中富含的黄酮类物质大都是槲皮素和山奈酚的糖苷形式,因此在发酵初期可检测到槲皮素和山奈酚等苷元。而在肠道菌群作用下,槲皮素和山奈酚可以继续被降解为更小分子的代谢产物,如二氢咖啡酸[8−9]。而酚酸类物质绿原酸可以被降解为咖啡酸和奎尼酸,咖啡酸发生还原反应转变为二氢咖啡酸,二氢咖啡酸可作为槲皮素和绿原酸共同的代谢中间产物[10],并可以进一步脱羟基转化为两种羟基苯丙酸,其中3,4-羟基苯丙酸同时也是山奈酚的代谢产物,3,4-羟基苯丙酸进一步代谢生成苯甲酸。
使用UPLC-Q-Exactive Focus分析灌胃喷雾干燥桑叶的小鼠血浆、脏器中酚类物质的代谢产物。结合相对分子质量、结构式、碎片裂解规律、特征碎片离子及相关文献等,共确定12个酚类代谢产物,其中在血浆、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏中分别检测到8、3、4、2、1种代谢产物(表3)。
喷雾干燥桑叶中的主要酚类物质包括酚酸和黄酮类化合物,其中酚酸主要以绿原酸为代表,黄酮类以山奈酚糖苷和槲皮素糖苷为主,代表化合物是芦丁、异槲皮素和紫云英苷[8]。多酚在体内的代谢通常遵循Ⅰ、Ⅱ相反应,即还原、脱羧、水解、羟基化、脱氧和去糖基化等Ⅰ相反应,Ⅱ相反应如甲基化、葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化[9,11]。喷雾干燥桑叶中的绿原酸在进入体内后可以水解为咖啡酸和奎尼酸两个核心代谢产物,并在此基础上发生进一步的代谢反应,奎尼酸经体内代谢转化为莽草酸和香豆酸;而黄酮类化合物异槲皮素、紫云英苷、芦丁等在体内的代谢首先通过脱去糖苷生成对应的苷元,进而发生丰富的Ⅰ、Ⅱ相反应[12]。基于质谱结果本文列举几种典型代谢产物的MS/MS质谱图以及裂解碎片信息(图2A~C)。在图2A中,在正离子模式下的一级质谱信息得到的准分子离子峰为[M-H]−(m/z 258.9913),分子式为C9H8O4,二级碎片丢失硫酸基产生的主要碎片离子为[M-H-SO3]−(m/z 179.0339),进一步失去羧酸基团生成[M-H-SO3-CO2]−(m/z 135.0438),鉴定为咖啡酸硫酸结合物。在图2B中,在负离子模式下的一级质谱信息得到的准分子离子峰为[M-H]−(m/z 191.0554),分子式为 C9H8O4。二级质谱中,该离子首先失去一个二氧化碳分子(CO2),生成主要碎片离子[M-H-CO2]−(m/z 147.0286);进一步脱水形成[M-H-CO2-2H2O]−(m/z 111.0076),鉴定为奎尼酸。在图2C中,在正离子模式下的一级质谱信息得到的准分子离子峰为[M-H]−(m/z 181.0496),分子式为C9H10O4,二级碎片丢失水分子产生的主要碎片离子为[M-H-H2O]−(m/z 163.0391),二级碎片丢失羧基生成[M-H-CO2]−(m/z 135.0440),鉴定为二氢咖啡酸。并基于表3的代谢产物信息绘制喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质在小鼠体内可能的代谢途径(图2D)。
利用Swiss target和Pharmmapper数据库将全部检测到的原型物质和代谢产物进行物质靶点分析,结果发现有16种能够在数据库中找到对应的物质靶点。其中,咖啡酸、3-咖啡酰奎宁酸、5-咖啡酰奎宁酸、芦丁、异槲皮素、紫云英苷、2-咖啡酰奎宁酸是喷雾干燥桑叶主要酚类原型物质,二氢咖啡酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、槲皮素、山奈酚、绿原酸、槲皮素糖苷、香豆酸、莽草酸是喷雾干燥桑叶经过体内代谢产生的代谢产物。综合两个数据库的结果,去掉重复靶点后得到2999个物质靶点。利用HAGR和Genecards数据库以aging为关键词查找衰老的相关靶点,综合两个数据库去掉重复靶点得到衰老靶点743个。利用Venny2.1.0构建Venn图将物质靶点与衰老靶点取交集,得到476个交集靶点(图3)。
将476个交集靶点导入String11.5数据库,获得靶点间相互作用关系,进一步将数据导入Cytoscape 3.9.1软件,构建PPI(Protein-protein interaction)网络(图4)并筛选获得degree值前10%的核心靶点。得到的核心靶点有47个,排名前十的靶点有GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)、ALB(白蛋白)、AKT1(蛋白激酶B1)、INS(胰岛素)、ACTβ(β-肌动蛋白)、TP53(肿瘤蛋白p53)、TNF(肿瘤坏死因子)、IL6(白细胞介素6)、EGFR(表皮生长因子受体)、IL1β(白细胞介素1β)。
核心靶点进一步在David网站进行GO(gene ontology)和KEGG富集分析(图5A、B)。GO分析根据P≤0.05分别选取生物过程BP(biological progress)、生物功能MF(molecular function)和细胞成分CC(cell component)前10的条目,结果显示核心靶点集中在染色质重塑、细胞表面受体信号通路、免疫应答等生物过程;作用于膜筏、细胞外基质、质膜等细胞成分;通过蛋白质二聚化活性、DNA结合、染色质结合等分子功能发挥作用。
KEGG富集分析发现,与喷雾干燥桑叶抗衰老作用相关的通路包括Hippo信号通路、Wnt信号通路、线粒体自噬、转化生长因子-β信号通路等。为了进一步明确活性成分、靶点、信号通路,构建“活性成分-靶点-通路”网络(图6),对主要成分、靶点和通路进行可视化分析。结果显示咖啡酸、3-咖啡酰奎宁酸、5-咖啡酰奎宁酸、芦丁、2-咖啡酰奎宁酸、二氢咖啡酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、槲皮素、山奈酚、绿原酸、槲皮素糖苷是喷雾干燥桑叶粉中发挥作用的突出活性成分。GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)、AKT1(丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶B1)、INS(胰岛素)、TNF(肿瘤坏死因子)、IL6(白细胞介素6)等靶点关联最多。
桑叶作为传统中药材和药食同源植物,其抗衰老作用近年来受到广泛关注。研究表明,桑叶中的多种活性成分通过抗氧化、调节代谢、抗炎等机制延缓衰老进程[6−7]。在食品行业中将桑叶开发为一类保健食品已成为一种趋势,而喷雾干燥技术运用于桑叶可进一步提高桑叶酚类物质的利用率[11,13−14]。
本研究检测了喷雾干燥桑叶在模拟体外消化、肠道微生物发酵和体内动物实验中酚类物质原型及代谢产物。在体外模拟消化及发酵过程中,酚类化合物主要经历水解、裂解及脱羟基等反应生成小分子代谢物;而体内代谢则呈现更为复杂的生物转化过程,涉及丰富的Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相代谢反应。喷雾干燥桑叶中黄酮类成分多以槲皮素-糖苷和山奈酚-糖苷形式存在,这一特征决定了在肠道菌群作用的初始阶段即可检测到苷元(槲皮素和山奈酚)的释放[9,11]。进一步研究表明,上述苷元在微生物作用下可逐步降解为二氢咖啡酸等小分子代谢产物。就酚酸类成分而言,绿原酸经肠道菌群代谢后裂解为咖啡酸和奎宁酸,其中咖啡酸通过还原反应转化为二氢咖啡酸。该中间产物不仅是槲皮素和绿原酸代谢的共同枢纽,更通过脱羟基作用生成两种羟基苯丙酸异构体(3,3-羟基苯丙酸和3,4-羟基苯丙酸)。3,4-羟基苯丙酸作为山奈酚的特征性代谢产物,其后续代谢终产物为苯甲酸[12]。
网络药理学作为现代药物研究的前沿领域,通过整合多源生物信息学数据库获取药物活性成分与疾病相关靶点数据[15]。该方法整合系统生物学、多向药理学及计算科学等多学科的研究方法,从生物网络调控的全局视角解析药物-靶点-通路-表型间的动态关联。相较于传统研究模式,这种方法显著优化了研究周期效率,本研究采用网络药理学的核心目的在于解析喷雾干燥桑叶中的多成分多靶点协同效应及多通路调控网络[16]。本研究利用网络药理学确认16种酚类化合物可能是喷雾干燥桑叶中发挥生物学功能的潜在活性成分,并对喷雾干燥桑叶中酚类物质及代谢产物抗衰老的可能靶点进行预测。通过网络药理学方法以进一步探究喷雾干燥桑叶中活性物质抗衰老的作用靶点。根据“活性成分-靶点-通路”网络,筛选喷雾干燥桑叶中物质发挥抗衰老作用的主要靶点包括GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)、AKT1(丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶B1)、INS(胰岛素)、TNF(肿瘤坏死因子)、IL6(白细胞介素6)等。“活性成分-靶点-通路”网络证实喷雾干燥桑叶具有抗氧化和调控衰老相关通路的生物活性,这为阐明喷雾干燥桑叶抗衰老作用的药效物质基础提供了关键证据[17−25]。
喷雾干燥桑叶中的多种成分,可以对多个衰老相关靶点产生影响,起到调节作用。研究发现,GAPDH的亚硝基化修饰在衰老性肌少症中起关键作用。自然衰老的小鼠骨骼肌中,GAPDH的亚硝基化水平显著升高,导致其从细胞质转位至细胞核,激活促凋亡基因PUMA(p53上调凋亡调节因子),从而诱导骨骼肌细胞凋亡[22]。在衰老过程中,活性氧(ROS)的积累可诱导GAPDH发生氧化修饰,使其失去酶活性并触发细胞凋亡。GAPDH作为依赖NAD+的酶,其活性可能因NAD+缺乏而受损,导致糖酵解效率降低和能量代谢失衡。这种代谢紊乱与线粒体功能障碍、自噬受损等衰老标志密切相关[23]。AKT1作为PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的核心成员,不仅参与细胞增殖、代谢和存活,还在衰老过程中发挥重要作用[25]。在早衰症(HGPS)模型中,早老素(progerin)通过结合并抑制IGF-1受体(IGF-1R),进而削弱AKT1的磷酸化活性,导致细胞能量代谢障碍和生长停滞,加速衰老表型[24]。这表明AKT1活性维持对延缓衰老具有关键作用。INS(胰岛素)作为调节血糖的核心激素,其功能异常不仅与糖尿病密切相关,近年来研究还揭示了其在衰老进程中的复杂作用机制。在果蝇模型中,抑制肠道分泌的神经肽F(NPF)可减少胰岛素分泌,进而延长寿命[18]。胰岛素抵抗(IR)不仅是2型糖尿病的核心特征,也是衰老相关代谢紊乱的驱动因素。IR状态下,脂肪组织释放促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6),加剧线粒体功能障碍和ROS积累,形成“衰老-代谢紊乱”恶性循环[17]。肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)在衰老的生物学过程中扮演着重要角色。TNF-α作为一种多功能的促炎细胞因子,能够诱导广泛的生物学反应。TNF-α在正常细胞的增殖中起到促进作用,同时对肿瘤细胞具有细胞溶解效应,在肿瘤抑制中具有重要作用[26−27]。
GO富集分析是基于生物信息学与系统生物学理论构建的统计推断方法。该方法通过多层次功能注释与通路交互网络耦合分析,为阐释药物多靶点作用的功能组织原则提供定量化分析框架[28]。GO结果显示核心靶点集中在染色质重塑、细胞表面受体信号通路、免疫应答等生物过程;作用于膜筏、细胞外基质、质膜等细胞成分;通过蛋白质二聚化活性、DNA结合、染色质结合等分子功能发挥作用。KEGG富集分析则侧重于揭示基因在生物系统中的通路级别的相互作用和调控。建立了分子互作网络,为揭示天然产物多靶点干预的跨通路协调机制提供多组学整合分析框架[29]。KEGG富集分析结果显示,喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质可能通过Wnt信号通路、TGF-β信号通路发挥作用。以往研究表明,常氧条件下过表达HIF-1α可以通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制大鼠髓核细胞的衰老[19]。TGF-β(转化生长因子-β)信号通路为调控细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及组织稳态的核心通路[21]。肝细胞衰老可通过TGF-β信号通路诱导多脏器衰老和功能障碍,肝细胞衰老通过分泌TGF-β激活远端器官(如肾脏、肺、脑)的衰老标志物,导致肾功能障碍、认知能力下降等表型[20]。
综上,本研究采用UPLC-Q-Exactive Focus检测了喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质的消化、代谢变化,结合网络药理学分析方法,通过GO及KEGG通路富集分析,系统解析其潜在作用靶点及分子调控网络。研究构建了“活性成分-靶点-通路网络”多维网络调控模型,揭示喷雾干燥桑叶酚类物质通过调控Wnt/β-catenin、TGF-β等衰老相关信号通路,代谢相关酶GAPDH和AKT1、INS、TNF、IL6等靶点介导氧化应激抑制、代谢稳态维持及细胞周期调控等多维度生物学过程发挥抗衰老作用。本研究为喷雾干燥桑叶制剂抗衰老功能产品的开发提供了理论支撑和数据参考。后续研究中,拟对喷雾干燥桑叶粉中与衰老调控通路关联性较强的特定酚类成分开展定量分析研究,旨在系统阐明其介导抗衰老效应的关键活性物质及其分子作用机制。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100152
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
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    1江西阳光乳业股份有限公司,江西南昌 330001
    2南昌大学公共卫生学院,江西南昌 330000
    3江西省经济作物研究所,江西南昌 330202

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陈芳(1987−)(ORCID:0000−0003−4196−9734),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、植物化学物的生物活性及其作用机制,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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