Article(id=1321170192357503362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921120013, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921120013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921120013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921120013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170192617550211, articleId=1321170192357503362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=In Vitro Simulated Digestion Characteristics of Pectin with Different Molecular Weights and Its Adsorption Performance for Pb2+, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pectin is a highly promising biosorbent for heavy metals, however, its adsorption performance for these metals during human digestion remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the structural changes of Citrus pectin with varying molecular weights during in vitro digestion and to evaluate its Pb2+ adsorption performance. Four Citrus pectins (CP505, CP163, CP51, and CP21) with molecular weights of 505, 163, 51, and 21 kDa, respectively, were prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrafiltration. Their digestive behaviors were analyzed through an in vitro simulated digestion model, which included oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. Structural changes were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALLS-RI), and dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assays. The Pb2+ adsorption capacity was determined through in vitro simulated adsorption experiments. The results indicated that, in comparison with the oral digestion phase, the molecular weight of pectin was significantly reduced during the intestinal digestion phase (P<0.05) (e.g., a 35.20% decrease was observed for CP21), accompanied by an increase in reducing sugar content (a 40.06% rise for CP21) and a decrease in degree of esterification (a 59.22% reduction for CP21). Furthermore, the smaller the initial molecular weight of pectin, the more pronounced its degradation. In experiments involving Pb2+ adsorption, high-molecular-weight pectins (CP505 and CP163) achieved a removal rate of 38.03% for high-concentration Pb2+ (700 mg/L) during the oral phase. In the gastric phase, CP163 and CP51 demonstrated removal rates of 68.98% and 70.20%, respectively, for 600 mg/L Pb2+. During the intestinal stage, CP163 and CP51 still maintained adsorption efficiencies of 39.05% and 39.63% for 500 mg/L Pb2+. The study revealed that medium-molecular-weight pectins (CP163, CP51) demonstrated optimal adsorption performance in the gastrointestinal phases due to moderate degradation, which released active functional groups while maintaining structural stability. This research provides essential insights into the behavior of pectin in the human digestive system and offers a theoretical foundation for the development of oral heavy metal adsorbents.

, authors=Chuan LUO1, Hongyi LIU1, Jun CHEN1, 2, Lizhen DENG1, 2, Taotao DAI1, 2, Ruihong LIANG1, Ti LI1, Yihui WANG1, 2, Risi WANG3, *, authorsList=Chuan LUO, Hongyi LIU, Jun CHEN, Lizhen DENG, Taotao DAI, Ruihong LIANG, Ti LI, Yihui WANG, Risi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Risi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170194391740814, articleId=1321170192357503362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同分子量果胶体外模拟消化特性及其对Pb2+吸附性能研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

果胶是一种非常有潜力的重金属生物吸附剂,但其在人体消化过程中对重金属的吸附性能还不清楚。为了探究不同分子量柑橘果胶在体外消化过程中的结构变化,并评估其对Pb2+的吸附性能,本研究通过酶解超滤法制备了4种不同分子量(505、163、51和21 kDa)的柑橘果胶(CP505、CP163、CP51和CP21),结合体外模拟消化模型(口腔、胃、肠阶段)探究其消化行为,通过FTIR、HPSEC-MALLS-RI和DNS法表征其结构变化,利用体外模拟吸附实验测定其Pb2+吸附性能。结果表明,与口腔消化阶段相比,果胶在肠消化阶段分子量显著降低(P<0.05)(如CP21下降35.20%),还原糖含量增加(CP21提升40.06%),酯化度降低(CP21减少59.22%),且分子量越小降解越明显。Pb2+吸附实验中,高分子量果胶(CP505、CP163)在口腔阶段对高浓度Pb2+(700 mg/L)去除率达38.03%;胃阶段CP163和CP51对600 mg/L Pb2+的去除率分别达68.98%和70.20%;肠阶段CP163和CP51对500 mg/L Pb2+仍保持39.05%和39.63%的吸附效率。研究表明,中等分子量果胶(CP163、CP51)在胃肠阶段因适度降解释放活性基团且维持结构稳定性,展现出最优吸附性能,本研究为明晰果胶在人体消化系统中的行为提供了重要信息,并为开发口服重金属吸附剂提供了理论依据。

, authors=罗川1, 刘宏熠1, 陈军1, 2, 邓利珍1, 2, 戴涛涛1, 2, 梁瑞红1, 李俶1, 王乙惠1, 2, 王日思3, *, authorsList=罗川, 刘宏熠, 陈军, 邓利珍, 戴涛涛, 梁瑞红, 李俶, 王乙惠, 王日思, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王日思, authorNote=

罗川(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王日思(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品安全与品质控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Jd8roLC0IdOF1sZ9V5eTMw==, magXml=IhOa18G8/xHidqjV7RhwPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TmPwZwSoudz1Or2IlcCPLw==, pdfFileSize=4496652, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bwmHI2pAu5Nlv2HjW5YtCQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=I1Hfrt3EEJ73CgHQ20jahA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170196564390297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1666744910@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170196727968155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, authorId=1321170196564390297, language=EN, stringName=Chuan LUO, firstName=Chuan, middleName=null, lastName=LUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321170196816048540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, authorId=1321170196564390297, language=CN, stringName=罗川, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江西南昌 330047, bio={"content":"

罗川(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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罗川(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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Polymers, 2021, 13(15): 2453., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170219251380765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CELUS M, KYOMUGASHO C, SALVIA-TRUJILLO L, et al. Interactions between Citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2018, 79: 319−330., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170219318489630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOKSHAROV S A, ALEEVA S V, LEPILOVA O V. Description of adsorption interactions of lead ions with functional groups of pectin-containing substances[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2019, 283: 606−616., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170196258206095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170196266594704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, companyId=1321170196258206095, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170196283371921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, companyId=1321170196258206095, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江西南昌 330047)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170196384035218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170196392423827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, companyId=1321170196384035218, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., Nanchang University, Nanchang 330200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170196405006740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, companyId=1321170196384035218, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江西南大国创院食品科技有限公司,江西南昌 330200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170196476309909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170196484698518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, companyId=1321170196476309909, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170196488892823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, companyId=1321170196476309909, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330045)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170206660080081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatogram of monosaccharide standard, figureFileSmall=r0RCP5lT2EeUjlhZk6SdbQ==, figureFileBig=bwmHI2pAu5Nlv2HjW5YtCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170206735577554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单糖标准品色谱图, figureFileSmall=r0RCP5lT2EeUjlhZk6SdbQ==, figureFileBig=bwmHI2pAu5Nlv2HjW5YtCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170206920126931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in reducing sugar content of pectin with different molecular weights during in vitro simulated digestion, figureFileSmall=rHoMgkaxlV3lbS/Ps3pxnQ==, figureFileBig=tX8TkiwyIB6eYNNNXma6Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170206991430100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同分子量果胶在体外模拟消化中的还原糖含量变化

注:不同字母表示同一样品在不同消化阶段具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=rHoMgkaxlV3lbS/Ps3pxnQ==, figureFileBig=tX8TkiwyIB6eYNNNXma6Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170207066927573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in free monosaccharides of pectin with different molecular weights during in vitro simulated digestion, figureFileSmall=a50pyCB3VnJeRs+fquNM6w==, figureFileBig=Vkv4D1gfwhwii7z40ggHcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170207138230742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同分子量果胶在体外模拟消化过程中的游离单糖变化

注:A1:CP505-口腔,A2:CP505-胃,A3:CP505-肠,B1:CP163-口腔,B2:CP163-胃,B3:CP163-肠,C1:CP51-口腔,C2:CP51-胃,C3:CP51-肠,D1:CP21-口腔,D2:CP21-胃,D3:CP21-肠。

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注:(A)CP505体外模拟消化过程的红外谱图;(B)CP163体外模拟消化过程的红外谱图;(C)CP51体外模拟消化过程的红外谱图;(D)CP21体外模拟消化过程的红外谱图。

, figureFileSmall=2qfLNq2KcTR2G0oMiWYKuw==, figureFileBig=9RiIRePD3eXedHo9HZoucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170207352140249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Removal rate of Pb2+ by pectin with different molecular weights in an in vitro simulated digestion system, figureFileSmall=NuIrFPfpGToSak9N45Eesw==, figureFileBig=4Pjt8Nt+tRhEmj8bOethVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170207431832026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同分子量果胶在体外模拟消化体系下对Pb2+的去除率

注:(A)口腔消化过程Pb2+去除率;(B)胃消化过程Pb2+去除率;(C)肠消化过程Pb2+去除率。大写字母表示在不同Pb2+初始浓度下同一果胶样品的去除率具有显著性差异(P<0.05);小写字母表示在同一Pb2+初始浓度下不同果胶样品的去除率具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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Standard curves of monosaccharide standards in HPAEC chromatography

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖名称标准曲线R2
岩藻糖y=51.01576x+1.045580.9992
阿拉伯糖y=43.66762x+2.980880.9998
鼠李糖y=54.93964x−1.808950.9997
半乳糖y=62.27652x−9.34590.9999
葡萄糖y=55.15039x+8.27470.9996
甘露糖y=64.24709x+0.296390.9994
), ArticleFig(id=1321170207591215580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单糖标准品在HPAEC色谱中的标准曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖名称标准曲线R2
岩藻糖y=51.01576x+1.045580.9992
阿拉伯糖y=43.66762x+2.980880.9998
鼠李糖y=54.93964x−1.808950.9997
半乳糖y=62.27652x−9.34590.9999
葡萄糖y=55.15039x+8.27470.9996
甘露糖y=64.24709x+0.296390.9994
), ArticleFig(id=1321170207679295965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic indicators of pectin with different molecular weights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本指标CP505CP163CP51CP21
分子量(kDa)505.53±4.05a163.22±9.25b50.87±9.92c21.52±5.64d
还原糖含量(%)0.03±0.01c0.64±0.01b0.82±0.02a0.85±0.03a
酯化度(%)61.30±0.54a57.92±0.65b62.79±0.30a63.90±0.81a
岩藻糖(mg/g)0.72±0.02a0.74±0.04a0.75±0.04a0.51±0.03b
鼠李糖(mg/g)3.10±0.08c3.91±0.04a4.07±0.01a3.49±0.07b
半乳糖(mg/g)8.68±0.60a5.21±0.66d6.07±0.48c7.53±0.26b
阿拉伯糖(mg/g)4.13±0.18a4.52±0.27a3.58±0.16b3.08±0.09c
葡萄糖(mg/g)3.68±0.17b4.93±0.35a1.38±0.11c1.28±0.04c
半乳糖醛酸含量(%)69.11±0.59b85.06±2.08a87.11±5.04a81.63±3.93a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170207742210526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同分子量果胶的基本指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本指标CP505CP163CP51CP21
分子量(kDa)505.53±4.05a163.22±9.25b50.87±9.92c21.52±5.64d
还原糖含量(%)0.03±0.01c0.64±0.01b0.82±0.02a0.85±0.03a
酯化度(%)61.30±0.54a57.92±0.65b62.79±0.30a63.90±0.81a
岩藻糖(mg/g)0.72±0.02a0.74±0.04a0.75±0.04a0.51±0.03b
鼠李糖(mg/g)3.10±0.08c3.91±0.04a4.07±0.01a3.49±0.07b
半乳糖(mg/g)8.68±0.60a5.21±0.66d6.07±0.48c7.53±0.26b
阿拉伯糖(mg/g)4.13±0.18a4.52±0.27a3.58±0.16b3.08±0.09c
葡萄糖(mg/g)3.68±0.17b4.93±0.35a1.38±0.11c1.28±0.04c
半乳糖醛酸含量(%)69.11±0.59b85.06±2.08a87.11±5.04a81.63±3.93a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170209419932129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Molecular weight changes of pectin with different molecular weights during in vitro simulated digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
果胶样品Mw(kDa)
未消化口腔胃肠
CP505505.53±4.05a502.70±3.32b489.00±3.18c401.50±1.82d
CP163163.22±9.25a136.70±7.75b117.50±9.36c107.90±4.11d
CP5150.87±9.92d78.22±3.91a67.08±2.01b65.47±3.92c
CP2121.52±5.64d78.50±3.90a68.94±5.09b50.87±2.54c
), ArticleFig(id=1321170209499623906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同分子量果胶在体外模拟消化过程中的分子量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
果胶样品Mw(kDa)
未消化口腔胃肠
CP505505.53±4.05a502.70±3.32b489.00±3.18c401.50±1.82d
CP163163.22±9.25a136.70±7.75b117.50±9.36c107.90±4.11d
CP5150.87±9.92d78.22±3.91a67.08±2.01b65.47±3.92c
CP2121.52±5.64d78.50±3.90a68.94±5.09b50.87±2.54c
), ArticleFig(id=1321170209667396067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in esterification degree of pectin with different molecular weights during in vitro simulated digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
果胶样品酯化度(%)
未消化口腔胃肠
CP50561.30±0.54a57.20±0.65b42.53±0.08c34.21±0.21d
CP16357.92±0.65a40.87±0.04b31.33±1.42c29.38±1.45c
CP5162.79±0.30a25.07±1.66b19.53±0.11c17.57±5.74c
CP2163.90±0.81a19.30±0.99b14.64±0.62c7.87±0.17d
), ArticleFig(id=1321170209734504932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170192357503362, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同分子量果胶在体外模拟消化过程中酯化度的变化

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果胶样品酯化度(%)
未消化口腔胃肠
CP50561.30±0.54a57.20±0.65b42.53±0.08c34.21±0.21d
CP16357.92±0.65a40.87±0.04b31.33±1.42c29.38±1.45c
CP5162.79±0.30a25.07±1.66b19.53±0.11c17.57±5.74c
CP2163.90±0.81a19.30±0.99b14.64±0.62c7.87±0.17d
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不同分子量果胶体外模拟消化特性及其对Pb2+吸附性能研究
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罗川 1 , 刘宏熠 1 , 陈军 1, 2 , 邓利珍 1, 2 , 戴涛涛 1, 2 , 梁瑞红 1 , 李俶 1 , 王乙惠 1, 2 , 王日思 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 90-98
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 90 -98
不同分子量果胶体外模拟消化特性及其对Pb2+吸附性能研究
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罗川1 , 刘宏熠1, 陈军1, 2, 邓利珍1, 2, 戴涛涛1, 2, 梁瑞红1, 李俶1, 王乙惠1, 2, 王日思3, *
作者信息
  • 1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江西南昌 330047
  • 2江西南大国创院食品科技有限公司,江西南昌 330200
  • 3江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330045
通讯作者:
王日思(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品安全与品质控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

罗川(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

In Vitro Simulated Digestion Characteristics of Pectin with Different Molecular Weights and Its Adsorption Performance for Pb2+
Chuan LUO1 , Hongyi LIU1, Jun CHEN1, 2, Lizhen DENG1, 2, Taotao DAI1, 2, Ruihong LIANG1, Ti LI1, Yihui WANG1, 2, Risi WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
  • 2International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., Nanchang University, Nanchang 330200, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010069
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果胶是一种非常有潜力的重金属生物吸附剂,但其在人体消化过程中对重金属的吸附性能还不清楚。为了探究不同分子量柑橘果胶在体外消化过程中的结构变化,并评估其对Pb2+的吸附性能,本研究通过酶解超滤法制备了4种不同分子量(505、163、51和21 kDa)的柑橘果胶(CP505、CP163、CP51和CP21),结合体外模拟消化模型(口腔、胃、肠阶段)探究其消化行为,通过FTIR、HPSEC-MALLS-RI和DNS法表征其结构变化,利用体外模拟吸附实验测定其Pb2+吸附性能。结果表明,与口腔消化阶段相比,果胶在肠消化阶段分子量显著降低(P<0.05)(如CP21下降35.20%),还原糖含量增加(CP21提升40.06%),酯化度降低(CP21减少59.22%),且分子量越小降解越明显。Pb2+吸附实验中,高分子量果胶(CP505、CP163)在口腔阶段对高浓度Pb2+(700 mg/L)去除率达38.03%;胃阶段CP163和CP51对600 mg/L Pb2+的去除率分别达68.98%和70.20%;肠阶段CP163和CP51对500 mg/L Pb2+仍保持39.05%和39.63%的吸附效率。研究表明,中等分子量果胶(CP163、CP51)在胃肠阶段因适度降解释放活性基团且维持结构稳定性,展现出最优吸附性能,本研究为明晰果胶在人体消化系统中的行为提供了重要信息,并为开发口服重金属吸附剂提供了理论依据。

柑橘果胶  /  分子量  /  体外模拟消化  /  Pb2+吸附

Pectin is a highly promising biosorbent for heavy metals, however, its adsorption performance for these metals during human digestion remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the structural changes of Citrus pectin with varying molecular weights during in vitro digestion and to evaluate its Pb2+ adsorption performance. Four Citrus pectins (CP505, CP163, CP51, and CP21) with molecular weights of 505, 163, 51, and 21 kDa, respectively, were prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrafiltration. Their digestive behaviors were analyzed through an in vitro simulated digestion model, which included oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. Structural changes were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALLS-RI), and dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assays. The Pb2+ adsorption capacity was determined through in vitro simulated adsorption experiments. The results indicated that, in comparison with the oral digestion phase, the molecular weight of pectin was significantly reduced during the intestinal digestion phase (P<0.05) (e.g., a 35.20% decrease was observed for CP21), accompanied by an increase in reducing sugar content (a 40.06% rise for CP21) and a decrease in degree of esterification (a 59.22% reduction for CP21). Furthermore, the smaller the initial molecular weight of pectin, the more pronounced its degradation. In experiments involving Pb2+ adsorption, high-molecular-weight pectins (CP505 and CP163) achieved a removal rate of 38.03% for high-concentration Pb2+ (700 mg/L) during the oral phase. In the gastric phase, CP163 and CP51 demonstrated removal rates of 68.98% and 70.20%, respectively, for 600 mg/L Pb2+. During the intestinal stage, CP163 and CP51 still maintained adsorption efficiencies of 39.05% and 39.63% for 500 mg/L Pb2+. The study revealed that medium-molecular-weight pectins (CP163, CP51) demonstrated optimal adsorption performance in the gastrointestinal phases due to moderate degradation, which released active functional groups while maintaining structural stability. This research provides essential insights into the behavior of pectin in the human digestive system and offers a theoretical foundation for the development of oral heavy metal adsorbents.

Citrus pectin  /  molecular weight  /  in vitro simulated digestion  /  Pb2+ adsorption
罗川, 刘宏熠, 陈军, 邓利珍, 戴涛涛, 梁瑞红, 李俶, 王乙惠, 王日思. 不同分子量果胶体外模拟消化特性及其对Pb2+吸附性能研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010069
Chuan LUO, Hongyi LIU, Jun CHEN, Lizhen DENG, Taotao DAI, Ruihong LIANG, Ti LI, Yihui WANG, Risi WANG. In Vitro Simulated Digestion Characteristics of Pectin with Different Molecular Weights and Its Adsorption Performance for Pb2+[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010069
随着科技和工业的发展,向环境中释放的Pb2+不断增加。铅难以被生物降解,但能在食物链的生物放大作用下富集。被重金属污染的食物经口摄入后,在胃肠道内消化并随血液循环富集到人体不同组织器官中。铅(Pb)是一种外源性、持久性毒物,自古以来便是威胁人类生存环境与职业健康的重要毒素之一。铅在人体内能够和蛋白质及酶等发生强烈的相互作用,使蛋白质/酶失活,也可能引起器官组织形态和新陈代谢变化,从而对人体产生毒性效应[1]。过量重金属进入人体后,将导致机体器官受损,引发心血管疾病,产生慢性或急性中毒,且铅中毒对人体的危害是多器官、多系统、多指征、终生不可逆的[2]。铅中毒如果不及时诊断和治疗,可能会影响人体的神经系统、造血系统、肝脏和肾脏功能,如引发伴有持续性胃肠和神经系统疾病[3],也会以多种方式影响大脑,尤其是对于儿童来说会导致发育延迟或逆转、永久性学习障碍、癫痫发作、昏迷,甚至死亡[4]。目前,临床上对于急性或慢性铅中毒的患者,通常采取洗胃、利尿、螯合性合成药物等支持疗法,然而这些方法也会对肝肾代谢造成很大负担[5]。因此,亟待开发有效安全的铅离子吸附剂对减少人体中铅的残留。
果胶是一种存在于植物细胞壁中的天然多糖[6],具有免疫调节[7]、抗肿瘤[8]、调节血糖水平[9]、调节肠道菌群[10]等生理活性。果胶还能作为螯合剂,可以有效结合重金属离子并将其排出体外,具有高安全性[11]。果胶对重金属的吸附性能取决于其结构特性,主要有酯化度(DM)、中性糖的组成和分子量(Mw)等。已有研究表明,与高酯化果胶相比,由于低酯化果胶带负电荷的羧基数量更多,其对铅离子的吸附性能更好[12],但低酯化果胶更易被消化[13−14]。另外,果胶结构中RG-Ⅰ的分支程度及RG-Ⅱ上的中性糖被认为对果胶的重金属结合有影响,果胶的侧链可能限制了羧基与金属离子的结合,从而抑制了对重金属的吸附[15]。然而,不同分子量果胶对金属离子吸附性能的影响还存在着争议。Mudugamuwa等[16]研究了天然甘薯果胶(7.53 g/mol)和改性甘薯果胶(0.05 g/mol)在水溶液中对Pb2+的去除能力,发现改性后甘薯果胶的Pb2+结合能力远高于天然甘薯果胶;而Khozhaenko等[17]对天然海草果胶(596.19 kDa)、海草果胶衍生物(半乳糖醛酸A(30.55 kDa)和B(3.42 kDa))以及商业苹果果胶(289.92 kDa)的Cd2+、Pb2+结合活性进行了比较评估,结果表明,半乳糖醛酸A具有最高的重金属结合能力,而苹果果胶金属结合能力最差。此外,不同分子量果胶在人体消化系统中的消化特性差异仍不完全清楚,且果胶在消化过程中结构的变化会影响其对铅离子的吸附。体外模拟消化法[18]是一种有效的研究手段,可以模拟人体消化系统中的物理和化学条件,用于研究食品成分的消化过程[19]。通过这种方法,可以更好地理解不同分子量果胶在消化过程中的组成结构变化以及对铅离子的吸附效果。
本研究旨在通过体外模拟消化模型,研究不同分子量柑橘果胶在消化过程中的组成结构变化,并评估其对消化系统中Pb2+的吸附性能。研究结果将有助于深入明晰分子量对果胶消化特性及其对Pb2+吸附性能的影响,为开发新型的重金属离子吸附材料提供理论支持,并为不同分子量果胶在功能性食品中的应用提供科学依据。
柑橘果胶(P9135)、岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖(以上均为色谱纯) 上海Sigma公司;多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(≥3300 PGNU/g) 上海阿拉丁;胃蛋白酶(USP级,1:30000%)、胰酶(BR,1:4000%)、胆盐 上海源叶;所有试剂均为国产分析纯。
Vivaflow 50 超滤膜包 赛多利斯;SB-2000数显恒温水浴锅 上海爱朗仪器有限公司;LC 1260高效液相色谱系统(配有示差检测器和LC1260色谱工作站)  美国安捷伦公司;ZHWY-2102摇床 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;TU-1810紫外分光光度计、A3AFG-12火焰原子吸收光谱(AAS) 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;FE-28数显pH计 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;AlpHa1-2LD真空冷冻干燥机 北京照生行仪器设备有限公司;Nicolet iS10傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞公司;940系列谱峰思维TM离子色谱系统 瑞士万通公司。
将200 µL多聚半乳糖醛酸水解酶加入1%柑橘果胶(CP505),混合物在30 ℃水浴锅中搅拌1 h,然后沸水浴5 min灭酶。冷却后将果胶溶液泵送至不同截留分子量的超滤膜包,经冷冻干燥48 h得到不同分子量的果胶,分别命名为CP163(>100 kDa)、CP51(30~100 kDa)和CP21(<30 kDa)。
采用尺寸排阻色谱系统(SEC-MALLS-VISC-RI)测定分子量[20]。色谱柱:保护柱PL aquagel-OH(7.5 mm×50 mm,8 μm),分离柱PL aquagel-OH 30(7.5 mm×300 mm,8 μm),分离柱PL aquagel-OH MIXED-H(7.5 mm×300 mm,8 μm)。检测器:多角度激光散射检测器(DAWN),黏度检测器(ViscoStar),示差检测器(Optilab)。流动相为0.1 mol/L NaNO3;测试条件:柱温40 ℃,洗脱液流速0.5 mL/min,进样量100 μL。
不同分子量果胶用0.1 mol/L NaNO3配制成1 mg/mL溶液,用0.22 µm水相膜过滤后进行分析。采用ASTRA 7.3.2软件记录果胶样品的洗脱曲线,分析果胶的分子量信息。
以葡萄糖为标准,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定还原糖含量[21]。不同分子量果胶:用超纯水配制成1 mg/mL溶液。移取2 mL样品溶液于25 mL的具塞试管,并向其中加入1.5 mL的DNS,混匀,置100 ℃水浴中加热10 min,待冷却至室温后,用去离子水定容至25 mL,在540 nm波长处测吸光度(标准曲线:y=0.3884x−0.0086,R2=0.998)。
采用HPAEC-PAD法[22]测定果胶的单糖组成。不同分子量果胶样品水解:10 mg果胶与5 mL 2 mmol/L 三氟乙酸混合置于带盖玻璃瓶中,在110 ℃下水解2 h,冷却稀释一定倍数后用0.22 µm水相膜过滤用于分析。色谱洗脱条件:Metrosep Carb 2-150/2.0分析柱(3 mm×150 mm),柱温30 ℃,进样体积25 μL,洗脱液流速0.5 mL/min。洗脱液:(A)超纯水,(B)10 mmol/L NaOH。
单糖标准曲线测定:用超纯水配制1、2、4、6、8、10 mg/mL单糖标准溶液。分别吸取1 mL单糖溶液制作混标,过0.22 μm水相膜后用于分析,确定每个单糖的出峰时间,并建立单糖浓度与洗脱曲线中对应峰面积的标准曲线。
半乳糖醛酸含量测定:以半乳糖醛酸为标准,用间羟基联苯法测定半乳糖醛酸含量[23]。将半乳糖醛酸标准品溶于超纯水制备100 μg /mL的标准液;配制半乳糖醛酸含量为60 μg/mL的标准溶液,准确移取0.0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL标准溶液于试管中,加蒸馏水至1.0 mL。试管在冰浴中预冷后加入5.0 mL 0.0125 mol/L四硼酸钠-浓硫酸溶液,涡旋混匀,再沸水浴5 min。冷却至室温后加入200 μL 0.15%的间羟基联苯溶液,混匀后在525 nm波长处测吸光度,绘制标准曲线(y=0.007x−0.0118,R2=0.9989)。配制100 μg/mL不同分子量果胶溶液,移取1.0 mL于试管中,按上述方法处理,测定其在525 nm波长处的吸光度,然后根据标准曲线计算果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量。
按照Wang等[24]和Wu等[25]方法稍作修改进行测定。
口腔消化阶段:将20 mL果胶溶液(3 mg/mL)与6 mL人工唾液培养基(89.6 g/L KCl、20.0 g/L KSCN、88.8 g/L NaH2PO4、57.0 g/L Na2SO4、175.3 g/L NaCl、84.7 g/L NaHCO3、2.0 g/L尿素、290 mg α-淀粉酶)混合,用HCl(0.1 mol/L)调节pH至6.8。将混合物放入含有40 mL蒸馏水的离心管中,在37 ℃、150 r/min恒温摇床中孵育5 min。然后进行沸水浴5 min以终止反应,样品冷却后4000 r/min离心30 min,取2 mL用于还原糖含量的测定,剩余上清液用超纯水透析(3500 Da)48 h。透析袋外的透析液用于游离单糖的测定,透析袋内的溶液冷冻干燥,收集后按照1.2.2中方法进行口腔消化后样品的分子量和酯化度的测定。
胃消化阶段:口腔消化后的混合物立即用HCl(6 mol/L)调节pH至2.0,加入溶解于1 mL HCl(0.1 mol/L)中的胃蛋白酶(15 mg)开始胃消化。将混合物在37 ℃下孵育2 h,然后用NaOH(6 mol/L)调节pH至7.0停止反应。按照上述口腔消化类似的步骤,测定胃消化样品的组成结构变化。
肠消化阶段:胃消化后的混合物用NaOH(6 mol/L)调节pH至6.5,加入5 mL胰酶(8 mg/mL)和胆盐(50 mg/mL)混合液,在37 ℃下孵育2 h。按照上述相同的步骤,测定肠消化样品的组成结构变化。每个消化阶段分别进行3次重复实验。
称取2 mg不同分子量果胶粉末和140 mg溴化钾混合并充分研磨,用压片机在30 MPa下压片2 min制备成薄片。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪在400~4000 cm−1波段扫描[26],扫描频率设为64 Hz。酯化度根据式(1)计算[27]。
$ \text{DE}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{{{1700\sim 1750\;{\mathrm{cm}}}}^{{-1}}}}{{\text{A}}_{{{1700\sim 1750\;{\mathrm{cm}}}}^{{-1}}}+{\text{A}}_{{{1600\sim 1630\;{\mathrm{cm}}}}^{{-1}}}}\times \text{100} $
式中,$\rm A_{1700\sim1750\;cm^{-1}} $是1700~1750 cm−1波段的面积,$\rm A_{1600\sim1630\;cm^{-1}} $是1600~1630 cm−1波段的面积。
称取1.32 g PbCl2溶于1 L的超纯水中,配制成浓度为1000 mg/L Pb2+溶液。用超纯水稀释配成500、600、700、800、900 mg/L Pb2+溶液。分别移取10 mL各浓度的Pb2+溶液于100 mL的离心管中,再将0.1 g的不同分子量果胶样品分别加入其中,空白组不加果胶,再按照1.2.5进行体外消化后离心取上清液用AAS法测定Pb2+浓度[28]。果胶对Pb2+的去除率根据公式(2)计算。
$ \text{去除率}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}-\text{(C}-{\text{C}}_{\text{空白}}\text{)}\text{V}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
式中,C0为Pb2+溶液初始浓度(mg/L);C为吸附后的Pb2+溶液浓度(mg/L);C空白为空白组消化后的Pb2+溶液浓度(mg/L);V0表示初始Pb2+溶液的体积(L);V表示初始体积加不同阶段消化模拟液的体积(L)。
所有实验均为三次重复,结果以均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS软件进行统计分析。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)加事后Duncan检验进行统计学意义分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
经过酶解和超滤后制备得到不同分子量的柑橘果胶,其基本指标如表2所示。结果表明,与原果胶CP505(分子量505.53 kDa)相比,新制备的3种果胶分子量呈梯度降低,说明成功获得了4种不同分子量的果胶。与CP505相比(还原糖含量0.03%),经过酶解和超滤后的果胶还原糖含量略微上升(0.64%~0.85%),这是由于多聚半乳糖醛酸酶可以切断果胶分子中的糖苷键,将高分子量的果胶分解成较小的片段,这些小片段包含还原糖末端,从而增加了还原糖的含量[29]。4种果胶的酯化度为57.92%~63.90%,差异较小,均为高酯果胶。单糖的标准曲线如表1所示,单糖标准品的色谱峰如图1所示。计算出果胶的单糖含量,结果表明4种果胶的单糖组成和含量相似。4种果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量均大于65%,符合国家标准GB 25533-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 果胶》,且经过酶解和超滤后的果胶半乳糖醛酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),这是由于多聚半乳糖醛酸酶水解多聚半乳糖醛酸残基的糖苷键,产生半乳糖醛酸,从而增加果胶半乳糖醛酸的含量[30]。综上,除分子量有较大差异之外,4种果胶的基本结构组成相近,可用于研究分子量对果胶消化特性及体外Pb2+吸附性能的影响。
不同分子量果胶在体外模拟消化过程中分子量变化结果如表3所示。与未消化样品相比,在经过口腔消化后,CP505分子量下降了0.56%,CP163下降了16.13%;CP51和CP21分子量呈现增大的趋势,这可能是由于果胶结合了消化模拟液中的阳离子,导致果胶分子变大,且有研究发现消化模拟液会影响果胶的尺寸排阻色谱出峰[31]。与口腔消化后的样品相比,经过胃消化后的CP505、CP163、CP51和CP21分子量分别下降了2.73%、14.05%、14.24%和12.17%。与胃消化后的样品相比,经过肠消化后,CP505、CP163、CP51和CP21分子量分别下降了17.89%、8.17%、2.40%和26.21%。胃肠消化后分子量的降低,表明4种果胶在体外消化过程中会发生降解。这与Ferreira-lazarte等[32]的结论不一致,其研究发现果胶在胃肠上消化道具有不可消化性,但与王培等[33]研究结果相似,果胶会在胃肠消化过程中降解。这可能是由于果胶来源或组成结构等的不同。总之,样品肠消化后对比口腔消化后分子量降低程度:CP21>CP163>CP505>CP51,表明CP505虽然在口腔消化过程中具有更高的结构稳定性,但在胃肠消化中也会进一步发生降解;而分子量小的CP21在整个体外模拟消化过程中都容易被降解。
由于多糖在溶液中容易形成聚集体[34],很难确定果胶在体外消化过程中分子量的降低是由于糖苷键的破坏还是聚集体的破坏,因此需要进一步对果胶在体外消化过程中释放的还原糖含量进行分析,结果如图2所示。与未消化的果胶相比,经过口腔消化后,CP505、CP51、CP21的还原糖含量无显著变化,说明口腔消化阶段分子量的降低是果胶聚集体被破坏导致的;然而CP163的还原糖含量显著降低(P<0.05),这可能是由于果胶用多聚半乳糖醛酸酶酶解后产生了三半乳糖醛酸寡糖,三半乳糖醛酸寡糖在超滤时保留于CP163中,口腔消化时其与钠离子形成三半乳糖醛酸盐沉淀[35],而还原糖含量是测定离心后的上清液,导致测定的含量较低。在胃消化阶段,不同分子量果胶的还原糖含量均显著增加(P<0.05)。与口腔消化阶段相比,胃消化阶段的CP505、CP163、CP51、CP21还原糖含量分别增加了28.28%、25.36%、16.39%、20.22%,这可能是由于胃消化的酸性环境促使果胶发生了水解,释放出还原糖[36],说明胃消化阶段分子量的降低受到了果胶糖苷键断裂的影响,这与Yu等[37]研究的白茅多糖消化结果一致,在模拟胃消化后发生了降解。肠消化期间,CP163和CP51还原糖含量无显著变化,说明CP163和CP51在小肠消化阶段分子量的降低是果胶聚集体被破坏导致的;CP505还原糖含量略微下降,这可能是由于部分糖醛酸基团可能会在体外模拟消化系统中受其他离子影响,导致样品中的还原糖含量略有变化[33];而CP21还原糖含量显著增加(P<0.05),这可能是由于CP21的分子片段小,受消化酶的影响更大,从而发生了进一步糖苷键断裂[38]。综上,分子量更小的CP21在体外消化过程中更容易因糖苷键破坏而发生降解。
与单糖标准品的HPLC色谱峰(图1)相比,4种果胶在体外模拟消化过程中的色谱图(图3)均无明显出峰,说明4种果胶在体外模拟消化过程中均没有游离单糖产生[39]。结果表明虽然果胶在体外模拟消化过程中会发生降解,导致分子量降低,但不会产生游离单糖。这与Yu等[40]研究的百香果皮果胶、Wu等[25]研究的秋葵多糖和Fu等[41]研究的双孢蘑菇多糖结果一致,均发现样品在口腔-胃肠道消化过程中会发生轻微降解,但不会产生游离单糖。
消化前后果胶的红外谱图如图4所示。1000~1200 cm−1的吸收峰是果胶分子中的糖醛酸;1610~1650 cm−1处为自由羧基官能团吸收峰,1700~1760 cm−1处为酯化羧基官能团吸收峰;2900 cm−1左右吸收峰为C-H的伸缩振动和变角振动;3400 cm−1左右的吸收峰为O-H的伸缩振动[42]。结果表明,4种果胶经体外模拟口腔、胃、肠消化后,1700~1760 cm−1区域处的酯化羧基官能团吸收峰均减弱,表明酯化度降低,可能是由于消化液的酸性或碱性等环境促进果胶去酯化[43],且消化体系中添加的酶也对果胶甲酯也具有较弱的去酯化作用[44]。由表4可知,随着果胶分子量的降低,去酯化反应越明显。小肠消化结束后,CP505、CP163、CP51、CP21的酯化度分别降低了44.19%、49.27%、72.02%、87.68%。这与Du等[45]研究结果类似,果胶经体外消化后酯化度明显下降,其他区域峰几乎无变化。结果表明果胶的初级化学结构没有被破坏,官能团种类没有发生变化。综上,在体外模拟消化过程中,4种果胶的酯化度均发生了下降,但不会改变果胶的分子结构,且分子量越小的果胶酯化度降低越多。
综上,4种柑橘果胶在体外模拟消化过程中,均会发生降解,表现为分子量降低、还原糖含量升高,但不会产生游离单糖。其中分子量小的CP21更容易发生降解,而分子量大的CP505在体外模拟消化过程中更稳定。此外,4种柑橘果胶在体外模拟消化过程中,均会发生去酯化反应,且分子量越小的果胶酯化度降低越多。
由图5可知,4种果胶在体外模拟消化过程中,均对Pb2+具有一定的吸附能力,且存在剂量依赖性。已有研究也报道了果胶对Pb2+的去除率与Pb2+的初始浓度密切相关[46]。由图5A可知,在口腔消化阶段,CP505、CP163和CP51对Pb2+的去除率均随着Pb2+初始浓度的增加(500~900 mg/L)而先增大后减小。其中在Pb2+初始浓度为700 mg/L时,CP505、CP163和CP51对Pb2+的去除率最高,分别为38.03%、38.03%和5.88%;在Pb2+初始浓度为600 mg/L时,CP21对Pb2+的去除率最高(4.69%)。这可能是由于在低Pb2+浓度下,果胶具有较多的可以与Pb2+相互作用的位点,且表面吸附位点并未达到饱和,初始Pb2+浓度梯度是果胶吸附Pb2+的主要驱动力[17]。当Pb2+初始浓度超过一定量时,吸附位点达到饱和状态,所以Pb2+浓度继续升高反而会降低果胶吸附率,表现出去除率下降。这与Wang等[47]的研究结果一致,对于一定量的吸附剂,可用吸附位点的数量受到限制,去除率随着初始Pb2+浓度的增加而降低。 在4种果胶各自最佳Pb2+初始浓度下,不同分子量果胶对Pb2+的去除率CP505≈CP163>CP51>CP21,即果胶分子量越大,对口腔中Pb2+的吸附越强。
与口腔消化相比,4种果胶在胃消化阶段对Pb2+的去除率显著增强(图5B),这可能是由于胃消化过程中的酸性pH增加了果胶的游离羧酸和游离羟基用于Pb2+的吸附,从而提高了Pb2+去除效果[48];且果胶在消化过程中酯化度的降低(表4)也有利于提高对Pb2+的吸附能力[17]。随着Pb2+初始浓度的增加,4种果胶对Pb2+的去除率无明显规律性变化,其中CP163和CP51在Pb2+初始浓度为600 mg/mL时对Pb2+的去除率最高,分别为68.98%和70.20%;CP505和CP21在Pb2+初始浓度为800 mg/mL时的去除率最高,分别为52.38%和28.57%。在最佳Pb2+初始浓度下,不同分子量果胶对Pb2+的去除率CP163≈CP51>CP505>CP21,表明分子量适中的果胶对胃中Pb2+的吸附更强。CP21的去除率最低可能是由于果胶结合Pb2+是静电作用结合,没有形成稳定的合作结区[12]。
在小肠消化阶段,4种果胶对Pb2+的去除率低于胃消化阶段(图5C),这可能是由于在小肠消化阶段pH的改变[12]。随着Pb2+初始浓度的增加,CP505、CP163、CP51对Pb2+的去除率总体呈降低趋势,在Pb2+初始浓度为500 mg/L时,这3种果胶对Pb2+的去除率最高,分别为20.46%、39.05%、39.63%。这可能是由于经过了口腔和胃阶段的吸附,果胶吸附位点逐渐趋于饱和,继续升高Pb2+浓度不会增加果胶的吸附率,反而会降低果胶对Pb2+的去除率。CP21对Pb2+的去除率在Pb2+初始浓度为900 mg/L达到最高,为2.11%。结果表明4种果胶中在体外模拟小肠消化阶段,CP163和CP51对Pb2+的吸附能力最强,其次是CP505,CP21对Pb2+的吸附能力最弱,这与胃消化阶段的趋势一致。
综上,在体外模拟消化过程中果胶对Pb2+的去除效果与果胶分子量密切相关。在口腔消化阶段,分子量越大的果胶对Pb2+的去除率越高,这可能是由于较高分子量果胶的复杂结构使其拥有更多的分支点和内腔,在短时间内为铅离子提供了更多的吸附位点和较好的保留能力[16];而低分子量的果胶具有更简单的线性结构和较小的分子尺寸[49],所以对Pb2+的去除能力较弱。在胃肠消化阶段,分子量适中的CP163和CP51对Pb2+的去除率更高,而分子量最大的CP505和分子量最小的CP21对Pb2+的吸附能力较弱,说明在一定范围内,果胶分子量越小对Pb2+的吸附能力越强,但是超过这个范围后,果胶对铅的吸附能力下降,该结果与Khozhaenko等[17]研究的结果一致,该研究发现半乳糖醛酸A(30.55 kDa)对Pb2+的吸附能力高于高分子量海草果胶(596.19 kDa)和低分子量的半乳糖醛酸B(3.42 kDa),表明中等分子量果胶对Pb2+的吸附能力更强。
本研究通过体外模拟消化系统分析了不同分子量柑橘果胶的消化特性及其对Pb2+的吸附性能。结果表明,不同分子量柑橘果胶在口腔消化过程中,高分子量果胶表现出更高的稳定性;在胃肠消化过程中均发生显著降解和去酯化,且分子量越小(如CP21),降解程度和酯化度降低越显著。在体外吸附实验中,胃肠消化阶段中等分子量果胶(CP163和CP51)对Pb2+的吸附能力最强,去除率分别达68.98%和70.20%,优于高分子量(CP505)和低分子量(CP21)果胶,表明果胶吸附性能与分子量呈非线性关系,存在最佳分子量范围。本研究为开发基于分子量优化的新型果胶基重金属吸附剂提供了科学依据,并拓展了其在功能性食品中的潜在用途。然而,本研究仍存在局限性:体外模拟消化系统与真实人体环境的差异可能影响结果的普适性,未来需通过体内实验验证。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010069
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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    1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江西南昌 330047
    2江西南大国创院食品科技有限公司,江西南昌 330200
    3江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330045

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王日思(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品安全与品质控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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