Article(id=1320890124053889952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854346525, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854346525, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854346525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854346525, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=480, endPage=491, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320890124934693793, articleId=1320890124053889952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Factors Affecting the Quality of Daqu, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Daqu serves as the core saccharification and fermentation starter in traditional Chinese Baijiu production. It is characterized by its abundant enzymatic systems, diverse flavor precursors, and complex microbial communities, which together provide the material basis and driving force for fermentation and play an irreplaceable role in shaping the flavor profile of the base liquor. Recent studies have indicated a significant positive correlation between the quality of Daqu and that of the resulting base liquor. However, current research studies have primarily focused on characterizing individual influencing factors, whereas the systematic integration of the key determinants affecting the quality of Daqu and elucidation of their underlying mechanisms remain insufficient. In this review, we comprehensively summarize—from the perspective of brewing microbial ecology—the mechanisms by which raw material properties (including moisture, starch, and protein contents), processing parameters (e.g., particle size), environmental factors (temperature and humidity), storage duration, and modern enhancement strategies (notably, the addition of functional microbial inoculants) influence the quality of Daqu. The aim of this review is to provide theoretical insights and technical support for the improvement and stabilization of Daqu quality for future applications.

, authors=Jianxun LI1, 2, Yumeng WANG1, Shankai WU1, Ziheng YANG1, Caixia LIU1, Die ZHOU3, Wenjun SONG1, *, Ping LI1, *, authorsList=Jianxun LI, Yumeng WANG, Shankai WU, Ziheng YANG, Caixia LIU, Die ZHOU, Wenjun SONG, Ping LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjun SONG, Ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320890127031845796, articleId=1320890124053889952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大曲质量影响因素的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大曲是中国传统白酒酿造的核心糖化发酵剂,其所含丰富的酶系、风味前体物质以及复合微生物群落,共同构成发酵过程的物质基础与动力来源,在基酒风味特征形成中发挥着不可替代的作用。当前研究证实大曲品质与基酒质量呈现显著正相关性。然而,现有成果多集中于单一因素的表征分析,在关键质量影响因子的系统性归纳与作用机理解析方面仍存在明显不足。本文基于酿造微生物生态学视角,系统综述原料特性(水分、淀粉及蛋白质含量)、加工参数(粉碎粒度)、环境因子(温度、湿度)、贮藏周期及现代强化手段(功能性菌剂添加)对大曲质量的影响机制,旨在为后续大曲质量提升与稳定提供理论参考与技术支持。

, authors=李建勋1, 2, 王雨萌1, 武山开1, 杨子珩1, 刘彩霞1, 周蝶3, 宋文军1, *, 李凭1, *, authorsList=李建勋, 王雨萌, 武山开, 杨子珩, 刘彩霞, 周蝶, 宋文军, 李凭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋文军, 李凭, authorNote=

李建勋(1995−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋文军(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:。
李凭(1990−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:现代酿造技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yVmCWzJC58koT2+Wg3WOWw==, magXml=3td9W0DWaZ2C0cO9mMDEbg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+amYnkIgXxgIuQxccQmF6Q==, pdfFileSize=883142, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ZV/SMtfKC7CAQphoDUE2Yg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320890128831202223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15900318860@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320890129477125042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, authorId=1320890128831202223, language=EN, stringName=Jianxun LI, firstName=Jianxun, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
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李建勋(1995−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:

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李建勋(1995−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:

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Effects of raw materials on Daqu quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
酿酒专用小麦中温大曲差异挥发性风味成分种类及含量优于普通小麦大曲[15]
‘宜麦7号’小麦、普通小麦高温大曲“宜麦”7号小麦大曲优质率提高、出酒率以及原酒优级品提高[16]
酿酒专用小麦中温大曲提升中温曲及基酒的理化指标和感官质量[17]
硬质小麦中高温大曲与软质麦大曲感官、理化无明显差异[18]
有机小麦中高温大曲培菌期间升温快,顶温更高,成品曲感官质量提升[19]
不同产地大麦清香型大曲成品曲菌群丰富度不同[9]
不同配比青稞清香型大曲理化指标与菌群丰富度差异显著[20]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890136791991273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原料对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
酿酒专用小麦中温大曲差异挥发性风味成分种类及含量优于普通小麦大曲[15]
‘宜麦7号’小麦、普通小麦高温大曲“宜麦”7号小麦大曲优质率提高、出酒率以及原酒优级品提高[16]
酿酒专用小麦中温大曲提升中温曲及基酒的理化指标和感官质量[17]
硬质小麦中高温大曲与软质麦大曲感官、理化无明显差异[18]
有机小麦中高温大曲培菌期间升温快,顶温更高,成品曲感官质量提升[19]
不同产地大麦清香型大曲成品曲菌群丰富度不同[9]
不同配比青稞清香型大曲理化指标与菌群丰富度差异显著[20]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890137081398250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of pulverization on the quality of Daqu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉碎度大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
74%~79%高温大曲发酵顶温整体呈上升趋势[26]
6~7月细粉占比19.2%~20.6%凤香型大曲发酵力提升[27]
皮:颗粒:细粉=41:39:20中高温大曲皮及细粉的含量与糖化力和发酵力呈现负相关和正相关[28]
夏季:45%~50%
冬季:40%~45%
中高温大曲感官、理化[29]
57%中高温大曲糖化力、发酵力提高[30]
57%浓香型大曲成品曲感官质量和糖化力、发酵力最优[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890137488245739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

粉碎度对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉碎度大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
74%~79%高温大曲发酵顶温整体呈上升趋势[26]
6~7月细粉占比19.2%~20.6%凤香型大曲发酵力提升[27]
皮:颗粒:细粉=41:39:20中高温大曲皮及细粉的含量与糖化力和发酵力呈现负相关和正相关[28]
夏季:45%~50%
冬季:40%~45%
中高温大曲感官、理化[29]
57%中高温大曲糖化力、发酵力提高[30]
57%浓香型大曲成品曲感官质量和糖化力、发酵力最优[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890137949619180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of the method of song making on the quality of Daqu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制曲方式大曲种类对大曲或酒质量的影响参考文献
机械制曲、人工制曲、混合制曲成品大曲微生物群落结构略有差异[37]
机械制曲、人工制曲高温大曲感官、理化指标无明显差异[38]
机械制曲高温大曲大曲使用量降低4%~6%[39]
机械制曲、人工制曲浓香型大曲风味物质总含量无明显差异,醇醚类、烷烯类有明显差异[40]
机械制曲、人工制曲酱香大曲机械制曲投粮与糖化作用提升[41]
机械制曲、人工制曲中偏高温大曲理化各有优势,微生物属水平差异明显[42]
机械制曲、人工制曲中高温大曲人工制曲感官、理化指标优于机械制曲[43]
机械制曲、人工制曲酱香大曲人工制曲的细菌种类较机械曲少,真菌种类则比机械制曲更为丰富[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138293552109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

制曲方式对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制曲方式大曲种类对大曲或酒质量的影响参考文献
机械制曲、人工制曲、混合制曲成品大曲微生物群落结构略有差异[37]
机械制曲、人工制曲高温大曲感官、理化指标无明显差异[38]
机械制曲高温大曲大曲使用量降低4%~6%[39]
机械制曲、人工制曲浓香型大曲风味物质总含量无明显差异,醇醚类、烷烯类有明显差异[40]
机械制曲、人工制曲酱香大曲机械制曲投粮与糖化作用提升[41]
机械制曲、人工制曲中偏高温大曲理化各有优势,微生物属水平差异明显[42]
机械制曲、人工制曲中高温大曲人工制曲感官、理化指标优于机械制曲[43]
机械制曲、人工制曲酱香大曲人工制曲的细菌种类较机械曲少,真菌种类则比机械制曲更为丰富[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138369049582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of fermentation top temperature on quality of Daqu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
高温、中温大曲高温大曲中Bacillus和Aspergillus的相对丰度显著高于中温大曲[53]
高温、中温、低温大曲3种大曲中优势属不同[54]
高温、中高温大曲生物群落组成之间的物种多样性和丰富度存在显著差异[55]
高温、中高温大曲中高温大曲细菌菌群丰富度显著高于高温大曲[56]
高温、中温大曲真菌群落在丰富度、多样性、均匀度差异显著[57]
高温、中温大曲理化指标和群落菌群丰富度差异显著[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138448741359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发酵顶温对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
高温、中温大曲高温大曲中Bacillus和Aspergillus的相对丰度显著高于中温大曲[53]
高温、中温、低温大曲3种大曲中优势属不同[54]
高温、中高温大曲生物群落组成之间的物种多样性和丰富度存在显著差异[55]
高温、中高温大曲中高温大曲细菌菌群丰富度显著高于高温大曲[56]
高温、中温大曲真菌群落在丰富度、多样性、均匀度差异显著[57]
高温、中温大曲理化指标和群落菌群丰富度差异显著[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138700399600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of storage time on quality of Daqu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮存时间大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
0~6个月高温大曲酸、醇类物质增加,酯类及含氮类等重要风味物质不断形成[65]
0~90 d中高温大曲水分、酸度、氨基酸态氮、还原糖等变化显著[66]
1~12个月特香型大曲贮存3~4个月酶系平衡[67]
0~5个月浓香大曲贮存3个月微生物和理化指标变化趋于平稳[68]
0~4个月中高温大曲贮存2个月时理化生化指标值、感官评分和风味物质种类和含量最适宜[69]
0~9个月中温大曲贮存6个月的中温大曲菌群丰度最高,理化指标趋于稳定[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138780091377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

贮存时间对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮存时间大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
0~6个月高温大曲酸、醇类物质增加,酯类及含氮类等重要风味物质不断形成[65]
0~90 d中高温大曲水分、酸度、氨基酸态氮、还原糖等变化显著[66]
1~12个月特香型大曲贮存3~4个月酶系平衡[67]
0~5个月浓香大曲贮存3个月微生物和理化指标变化趋于平稳[68]
0~4个月中高温大曲贮存2个月时理化生化指标值、感官评分和风味物质种类和含量最适宜[69]
0~9个月中温大曲贮存6个月的中温大曲菌群丰度最高,理化指标趋于稳定[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138872366066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effects of adding bactericide on quality of Daqu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加菌剂大曲种类对大曲或酒质量的影响参考文献
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌浓香型大曲提高群落稳定性和风味特征[85]
地衣芽孢杆菌高温大曲芽孢杆菌的相对丰度增加,乳酸杆菌的相对丰度降低[86]
异常汉逊酵母成品大曲酯类含量增加,高级醇含量降低[87]
地衣芽孢杆菌浓香型大曲酯化力提高、细菌和真菌丰度及真菌多样性增高[88]
谢瓦散囊菌成品大曲关键风味物质含量提高[89]
酵母菌、芽孢杆菌等不同菌株成品大曲发酵稳定性提升、微生物群落丰富度提高[90]
高温放线菌高温大曲醇类和吡嗪类物质与酱香大曲、浓香大曲相近[91]
黑茶菌高温大曲提高大曲的液化酶活力和糖化酶活力[92]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890138977223667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

添加菌剂对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加菌剂大曲种类对大曲或酒质量的影响参考文献
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌浓香型大曲提高群落稳定性和风味特征[85]
地衣芽孢杆菌高温大曲芽孢杆菌的相对丰度增加,乳酸杆菌的相对丰度降低[86]
异常汉逊酵母成品大曲酯类含量增加,高级醇含量降低[87]
地衣芽孢杆菌浓香型大曲酯化力提高、细菌和真菌丰度及真菌多样性增高[88]
谢瓦散囊菌成品大曲关键风味物质含量提高[89]
酵母菌、芽孢杆菌等不同菌株成品大曲发酵稳定性提升、微生物群落丰富度提高[90]
高温放线菌高温大曲醇类和吡嗪类物质与酱香大曲、浓香大曲相近[91]
黑茶菌高温大曲提高大曲的液化酶活力和糖化酶活力[92]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890139069498356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effects of environmental factors on Daqu quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境及地区因素大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
春季、秋季中高温大曲大曲微生物丰度以及酶含量不同[101]
不同生产月份中高温大曲理化指标、挥著发性风味物质差异显[102]
不同时期及不同区域低温大曲菌群丰富度差异显著[103]
贵州大曲、四川大曲酱香大曲风味化合物差异显著[104]
四川不同地区中高温大曲己酸菌群组成存在差异[105]
不同产地高温大曲理化指标与挥发性成分类别浓度差异显著[106]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890139144995829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890124053889952, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

环境因素对大曲质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境及地区因素大曲种类对大曲质量的影响参考文献
春季、秋季中高温大曲大曲微生物丰度以及酶含量不同[101]
不同生产月份中高温大曲理化指标、挥著发性风味物质差异显[102]
不同时期及不同区域低温大曲菌群丰富度差异显著[103]
贵州大曲、四川大曲酱香大曲风味化合物差异显著[104]
四川不同地区中高温大曲己酸菌群组成存在差异[105]
不同产地高温大曲理化指标与挥发性成分类别浓度差异显著[106]
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大曲质量影响因素的研究进展
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李建勋 1, 2 , 王雨萌 1 , 武山开 1 , 杨子珩 1 , 刘彩霞 1 , 周蝶 3 , 宋文军 1, * , 李凭 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(4): 480-491
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (4) : 480 -491
大曲质量影响因素的研究进展
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李建勋1, 2 , 王雨萌1, 武山开1, 杨子珩1, 刘彩霞1, 周蝶3, 宋文军1, * , 李凭1, *
作者信息
  • 1天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津 300134
  • 2海天(江苏)调味食品有限公司,江苏宿迁 223800
  • 3贵州国台数智酒业集团股份有限公司,贵州怀仁 564501
通讯作者:
宋文军(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:。
李凭(1990−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:现代酿造技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李建勋(1995−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:

Research Progress on Factors Affecting the Quality of Daqu
Jianxun LI1, 2 , Yumeng WANG1, Shankai WU1, Ziheng YANG1, Caixia LIU1, Die ZHOU3, Wenjun SONG1, * , Ping LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
  • 2Haitian (Jiangsu) Condiment & Food Co., Ltd., Suqian 223800, China
  • 3Guizhou Guotai Digital-Intelligence Liquor Group Co.,Ltd., Huairen 564501, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040003
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大曲是中国传统白酒酿造的核心糖化发酵剂,其所含丰富的酶系、风味前体物质以及复合微生物群落,共同构成发酵过程的物质基础与动力来源,在基酒风味特征形成中发挥着不可替代的作用。当前研究证实大曲品质与基酒质量呈现显著正相关性。然而,现有成果多集中于单一因素的表征分析,在关键质量影响因子的系统性归纳与作用机理解析方面仍存在明显不足。本文基于酿造微生物生态学视角,系统综述原料特性(水分、淀粉及蛋白质含量)、加工参数(粉碎粒度)、环境因子(温度、湿度)、贮藏周期及现代强化手段(功能性菌剂添加)对大曲质量的影响机制,旨在为后续大曲质量提升与稳定提供理论参考与技术支持。

大曲质量  /  原料  /  粉碎度  /  菌剂  /  环境因素  /  贮存时间

Daqu serves as the core saccharification and fermentation starter in traditional Chinese Baijiu production. It is characterized by its abundant enzymatic systems, diverse flavor precursors, and complex microbial communities, which together provide the material basis and driving force for fermentation and play an irreplaceable role in shaping the flavor profile of the base liquor. Recent studies have indicated a significant positive correlation between the quality of Daqu and that of the resulting base liquor. However, current research studies have primarily focused on characterizing individual influencing factors, whereas the systematic integration of the key determinants affecting the quality of Daqu and elucidation of their underlying mechanisms remain insufficient. In this review, we comprehensively summarize—from the perspective of brewing microbial ecology—the mechanisms by which raw material properties (including moisture, starch, and protein contents), processing parameters (e.g., particle size), environmental factors (temperature and humidity), storage duration, and modern enhancement strategies (notably, the addition of functional microbial inoculants) influence the quality of Daqu. The aim of this review is to provide theoretical insights and technical support for the improvement and stabilization of Daqu quality for future applications.

Daqu quality  /  raw materials  /  particle size  /  microbial inoculants  /  environmental factors  /  storage duration
李建勋, 王雨萌, 武山开, 杨子珩, 刘彩霞, 周蝶, 宋文军, 李凭. 大曲质量影响因素的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 480 -491 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040003
Jianxun LI, Yumeng WANG, Shankai WU, Ziheng YANG, Caixia LIU, Die ZHOU, Wenjun SONG, Ping LI. Research Progress on Factors Affecting the Quality of Daqu[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 480 -491 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040003
“曲乃酒之骨”,自古以来便存在“以曲酿酒”与“好曲酿好酒”的观点[1]。大曲通常以大麦、小麦、豌豆等谷物为原料,经过润麦、粉碎、配料、加水翻拌、压制成型、入仓发酵、出仓和贮藏等工序在自然条件下制备[2]。根据香型,大曲可分为酱香型、浓香型、清香型和凤香型。根据大曲发酵顶温可分为高温大曲(60~70 ℃)、中高温大曲(50~60 ℃)、中温大曲(45~50 ℃)和低温大曲(40~50 ℃)等[3]。
大曲是白酒酿造中的核心成分,其品质直接影响着最终白酒的质量。大曲品质评估主要包括微生物含量、酶活性和感官特征。其中,微生物群落的多样性直接促进糖化和发酵,提升白酒风味。酶活性是另一项关键指标,主要涉及淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶等水解酶的活性。这些酶类对发酵中各类原料的分解起着决定性作用。感官评价(色泽、气味、质地等)也是衡量大曲质量的重要维度,高质量的大曲应具备均匀的色泽、芳香的气味和适宜的湿润度。此外,根据制曲过程中各类指标的差异,大曲可分为不同的质量等级。实践表明,优质大曲应具备高活性酶、丰富的微生物群落和良好的感官特性。大曲的质量分级常根据其微生物种群的种类及其生长活性、酶活水平、感官评价等因素进行分类,从而决定其在不同白酒类型中的应用。然而,在自然条件下制备的大曲,其品质容易受到原料、生产环境及工艺流程的影响,这些因素导致微生物群落结构差异,从而影响成品大曲的质量和稳定性[4]。因此,本文将重点探讨影响白酒大曲质量的主要因素,包括原料、粉碎度、添加菌剂、制曲方式、环境因素、发酵顶温和储存时间等,旨在为提升和稳定大曲质量提供科学依据。
大曲的主要原料通常包括大麦、小麦、豌豆等谷物,其中以小麦使用最为广泛,配料占比通常超过50%[5]。不同原料所含的淀粉、蛋白质及其他营养成分差异,直接影响微生物的生长,从而影响大曲的质量。因此,原料在大曲的发酵过程和质量控制中起着至关重要的作用[6]。赵驰等[7]以青稞、紫小麦和纯小麦为原料在相同条件下制曲,发现三种大曲的优势菌群主要为子囊菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门,但在属水平上呈现出不同优势菌属。蛋白质含量差异较大的小麦制成的大曲虽具相似的生物标志物,但中筋小麦曲中的四甲基吡嗪和中强筋小麦曲中的苯乙醇与优势菌属呈正相关。其原因可能在于低蛋白小麦粉吸水后粘度较高,导致曲块结构更致密,不利于水分挥发和热量传递,从而影响发酵效果[8]。除小麦外,大麦富含可溶性糖和β-葡聚糖,既为微生物提供稳定碳源,又促进糖化力形成,同时较高的纤维素含量有利于改善曲块通透性和热传导条件,维持微生物多样性[9]。豌豆中则富含优质蛋白质和多种氨基酸,能够为诸如芽孢杆菌、放线菌等功能性微生物提供丰富的氮源,显著增强其发酵活性和香气物质的生成能力[10]。因此,不同原料之间的科学搭配,能够在满足微生物营养需求的同时,实现对大曲理化指标与香气风味的双重调控。
不同品种和产地的谷物成分及品质特性也会影响微生物的生长和代谢,从而进一步影响大曲的理化性质。例如,北方和南方的小麦酿制大曲时,微生物群落的组成有所不同;而同一地区或相邻地区的小麦酿制的大曲微生物组成则表现出较高的相似性,并且小麦微生物组成的相似度越高,大曲的香气成分也趋于一致。因此,选择适宜的小麦品种和其性状,不仅能够为大曲中的微生物提供更为丰富的营养来源,还能促进香气化合物的代谢和合成[11]。
大曲的微生物群落来源广泛,既受原料因素影响,也受环境因素影响。通过溯源追踪分析,研究发现新鲜大曲中的细菌群落主要来自小麦,其中葡萄球菌、糖多孢菌和克罗彭施泰特菌等微生物可能从小麦转移到大曲中,并成为优势细菌群体。这表明,原料中的微生物群落能够参与大曲的发酵过程,并在其中发挥重要作用,进而影响大曲生产过程中微生物的演替[12−13]。此外,对小麦的预处理也会对大曲质量产生影响。彭思婕等[14]研究了通过加热熟化处理小麦以制备中高温大曲(熟曲),并用于清香型白酒发酵的效果。研究表明,与传统大曲相比,熟曲的液化力、发酵力和酯化力均有显著提升,糖化力则有所下降,且其挥发性物质的种类和含量增加,特别是吡嗪类化合物的含量显著增加。此外,用熟曲制备的清香型大曲酒酒体更为醇厚、甜美。表1是原料对大曲质量影响的研究进展。综合来看,在大曲制作中,选择适宜的小麦品种、控制小麦的蛋白含量、对小麦进行适当的处理以及合理搭配软质麦和硬质麦的比例,对于提升大曲品质、丰富香气成分、优化发酵效果具有重要意义。
粉碎度是指大麦、小麦、豌豆等原料被粉碎后的粗细状况,通常以“皮张、粗粉、粉末”所对应的质量百分数表示。其中,粗粉是指直径为1.0~2.5 mm之间的麦粉;粉末是指直径≤1.0 mm的麦粉;皮张则是指原料的种皮和颖壳,其直径≥2.5 mm[21]。小麦的粉碎度一般与小麦的硬度、润麦水量、润麦时间以及粉碎机器等因素相关[18]。小麦在进行粉碎时要求保留较大面积的种皮,在曲坯培菌过程中能起到疏松透气的作用,有利于曲坯生火、散热以及排潮,同时也需要一定比例的粉末,其吸水后具有较好的黏性,有助于曲坯成型以及在培菌期间保水。然而,当粉碎度过小时,虽然其表面积进一步增大,但过细的颗粒可能导致水分控制困难、透气性差,反而抑制微生物的生长和代谢,导致发酵效率下降[22]。
利用不同粉碎度的小麦制作高温大曲时,对到达发酵顶温的时间以及成品曲的质量均存在影响。当小麦的粉碎度处于适中状态时,所制作出的高温大曲具有最佳的保水性,这更加有利于大曲的升温生酸以及麦皮中阿魏酸的释放,进而有利于生成愈创木酚,并且在此情况下,大曲的质量也得到了显著的提升[23]。粉碎度在56%~66%时,大曲糖化力最高,这可能是因为在该粉碎度范围时,原料中的营养物质能更好地被微生物利用,且具有一定的透气性,利于霉菌代谢。当粉碎度过大时,曲粉粘着紧,发酵时水分不易挥发,曲坯升酸多,细菌易滋生且占优势,霉菌在透气性差的环境中不易代谢,容易造成“窝水”现象;当粉碎度过小时,曲粉粘着性差,原料不能均匀地吃足水,且水分散失快,影响霉菌生长、繁殖、代谢,致使糖化力也不高[24]。杨阳等[25]将不同粉碎度(高、中、低)的小麦用于制作高温大曲,研究发现低粉碎度曲坯温度先达60 ℃且升温适度,成品曲中黄曲比例最高为82.37%。高粉碎度曲坯黑曲和黄曲中主要细菌累积相对丰度占比高于其他两组。中、低粉碎度曲坯黑曲和黄曲中的微生物群落以曲霉菌属等真菌为主,主要真菌总占比高于高粉碎度曲坯。粉碎度对大曲质量的影响如表2所示。综上所述,小麦粉碎度显著影响高温大曲的质量,适中的粉碎度既保证了曲坯在培菌过程中的疏松透气,有助于生火、散热和排潮,又能通过适量粉末的黏性保证曲坯成型和保水。同时,这种粉碎度有利于微生物的正常生长和代谢,促进大曲的升温生酸以及有益物质的释放,从而在多个方面提升高温大曲的品质。
制曲方式主要有传统人工制曲和机械制曲。传统人工制曲是将曲料导入模具中,经人工踩制而成,不仅耗费大量的劳动力,也增加了生产成本。因此,近些年来,出于降低成本以及改良生产工艺的目的,采用机械制曲的企业日益增多。机械制曲是采用自动控制系统,对曲块压制成型并实时监控,这种机械压曲替代了传统的人工压曲方式。虽然该过程的原理保持不变,但有可能会对大曲的比表面积、孔隙度等特性产生改变,进而改变大曲中微生物的演替过程,最终影响大曲质量[32]。
通过对比人工大曲与机械大曲在发酵过程中理化性质、挥发性代谢物和微生物群特征的差异,可发现在发酵过程中,水分、酸度和液化力变化趋势相近,但酯化力方面人工大曲波动较大。此外,在优势菌群数量方面人工大曲优于机械大曲,但在风味物质分析中两种大曲的酯类种类无明显差异[33−34]。张智超等[35]通过对豉香型传统人工制曲和机械制曲的酒曲中挥发性物质进行检测分析发现,不同制曲方法的酒曲风味存在显著差异,传统制曲的关键挥发性风味物质含量更高更丰富。杜向军等[36]探讨机制与人工大曲曲块部位间微生物群落结构差异。研究发现,两种曲块各部位的理化生化指标的变化规律基本一致,但不同部位的真菌构成具有一定的差异性。表3是制曲方式对大曲质量影响的研究进展。总体而言,人工大曲在优势菌群数量和关键挥发性风味物质含量上具有一定优势,但机械大曲在降低成本和提高生产效率方面表现出色。具体选择哪种制曲方式,需综合考虑成本、质量、风味等多方面因素。
大曲按照培养过程中所达到的最高温度(即发酵顶温)可分为高温大曲(60~70 ℃)、中高温大曲(50~60 ℃)、中温大曲(45~50 ℃)和低温大曲(40~50 ℃)。发酵顶温是指大曲在自然发酵过程中曲坯内部所达到的最高温度,是影响微生物群落演替、酶系活性以及风味物质形成的关键参数,对大曲品质的形成具有决定性作用[45]。较高的发酵顶温能够促进产酸菌的生长与代谢,导致大曲酸度升高、pH下降,进而改变曲体内部的化学环境,并对后续酿酒过程中有益微生物的活性产生潜在影响[46]。与此同时,发酵顶温的高低也显著影响大曲中酶系的组成与功能,尤其是淀粉酶的活性:高温条件下部分淀粉酶易发生热失活,导致糖化力下降,而适宜温度则有利于淀粉酶的稳定表达与作用,有助于提高还原糖含量和糖化效率[47]。不同发酵顶温所塑造的热生态环境也直接影响大曲中微生物群落结构及其相对丰度分布,高温环境下以芽孢杆菌属、嗜热真菌属等耐热菌为优势群体,而在中低温条件下,曲霉属、根霉属等中温性微生物则更具竞争优势。这些微生物群落结构的差异进一步通过调控其代谢通路及酶促反应,决定了大曲风味物质的生成方向与浓度水平:高温大曲通常富含酱香、焦香等重口风味物质,而中温大曲则更易形成清香、果香等轻柔风味,呈现出截然不同的香气特征[48]。
在高温大曲中,特有的菌株包括疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌和 Wallemia sp.;中高温大曲特有的菌株则有东方伊萨酵母、扣囊复膜酵母、米曲霉、热带假丝酵母、阿氏丝孢酵母、异常威克汉姆酵母以及微小根毛霉[49]。众多的酵母菌确保了中高温大曲具备较强的发酵力、液化力、酯化力以及产酒能力,同时米曲霉保障了中高温大曲液化酶、糖化酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性。高温大曲发酵顶温最高温度高于60 ℃,诸如酵母菌、米曲霉这类不耐高温的微生物难以存活,致使高温大曲的发酵力、液化力、酯化力以及产酒能力较弱,不过耐高温的疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌所分泌的高热稳定性酶,让高温大曲拥有了独特的生香功能[50]。邢钢等[51]研究了高温、中温和低温3种大曲在制曲过程中的理化指标变化,3种大曲在糖化力、液化力、酯化力和发酵力4个理化指标上差异显著,中温大曲表现最佳,低温大曲次之,高温大曲最差,但在水分、淀粉、酸度及微生物等理化指标方面差异不明显。杨阳等[52]讨论了不同发酵顶温对大曲细菌群落所产生的影响,中温大曲和高温大曲的细菌群落差异主要体现在物种组成上,在物种数量和群落稳定性方面无显著差别。其中,中温大曲的优势细菌类群主要为乳酸菌属,如Weissella和Lactobacillus;而高温大曲则以芽孢杆菌目细菌为主,包括Kroppenstedtia、Virgibacillus 和 Oceanobacillus等。表4是发酵顶温对大曲质量影响的研究进展。综上所述,不同温度的大曲在诸多方面存在显著差异。中温大曲在糖化力、液化力、酯化力和发酵力等理化指标上表现出色,而高温大曲虽在这些方面相对较弱,却因耐高温微生物分泌的高热稳定性酶拥有独特的生香功能。发酵顶温通过影响微生物群落和理化特性,进而决定大曲的风味和功能。因此,在大曲的制作中,应根据所需的大曲特性和最终产品的要求,选择合适的发酵温度,以获得理想的大曲品质和酿酒效果。
大曲通过固态发酵制作,包括配料、研磨混合、压制成型、发酵和熟化五个步骤。大曲在自然接种阶段需要1个月,成熟的大曲储存在通风良好的开放房间贮存3~6个月,以便熟化[59]。若贮存时间过短,大曲可能尚未完成充分熟化。此时,大曲的微生物群落尚未达到最佳平衡状态,酶的活性也未得到完全激发,这可能导致在酿酒过程中无法充分发挥其作用,影响酒的风味和品质。随着贮存时间的延长,大曲会发生一系列微妙的变化。微生物持续作用,使大曲的香气逐渐浓郁且独特,各种成分之间相互作用更加协调,在合适的时间范围内,大曲的质量不断提升,能为酿酒提供更有力的支持,赋予酒品更丰富的口感和醇厚的韵味。但是,在白酒酿造过程中,酒曲使用量大,储存大曲不仅占用大量生产空间,而且延长生产周期,间接导致生产成本的增加。近些年,大量的文献报道了大曲在贮存过程中的微生物多样性和动态变化,但目前大曲所需要的贮存时间仍然由生产者的经验和理化参数决定,这最终导致成品大曲的质量不稳定。因此,了解大曲在贮存期间的质量变化可以指导大曲何时停止贮存,以确保大曲在最佳状态下发挥作用,从而酿造优质基酒。
清香型大曲在贮存期间,水分、淀粉含量基本不变,酸度前3个月缓慢上升,随后下降;部分大曲糖化力在贮存3个月后开始下降;部分大曲细菌和真菌群落多样性在贮藏3个月后降至最低,从大曲主要指标的变化情况和实际生产成本分析,清香型大曲贮藏3个月后使用是较优选择[60−61]。浓香型大曲在贮存初始阶段受先前培曲工艺的作用较为显著。此时,酵母菌群虽居主导地位,然而因温度因素的影响,其活性或许会受到抑制,致使大曲的发酵力处于最低水平,而糖化力则达到最高水平。伴随贮存时间的延长,品温和水分逐渐降低,真菌群落结构迅速发生调整,真菌微生物的多样性显著提升,其中根霉菌实现了有效增殖。在贮存的末期,曲块温度降低至22 ℃,此阶段的真菌类群最为繁杂,其中毕赤酵母菌、根霉菌趋于平稳,横梗霉菌亦成为优势真菌,这种群落结构为大曲关键功能指标的提升提供了良好的微生态基础[62]。
在酱香大曲的贮存过程中,水分呈现下降趋势,酸度则有所上升。黄曲的风味物质种类与含量起初增加而后降低,于贮存2个月时达到峰值。白曲和黑曲内部的风味物质种类及含量并非单调递增,其中白曲在6个月、黑曲在4个月时含量达到最大值。仅就曲香风味物质含量这一维度而言,建议白曲、黄曲和黑曲的最低贮存时长分别为6个月、2个月和4个月[63−64]。表5是贮存时间对大曲质量影响的研究进展。目前研究大曲贮存时间都是基于理化特性、微生物多样性以及挥发性风味物质判断最优贮存期对大曲质量的影响,应结合实际生产成本综合考虑,从而确定最适宜的贮存时间。
翻仓是指在大曲发酵过程中,对曲块或曲料进行定期翻动和重新堆放的操作,是调节发酵环境、优化微生物生长条件的重要手段。适当增加翻仓次数可改善大曲质量,使曲料受热更均匀,促进微生物均匀分布,增强代谢活动,生成更多糖化酶、蛋白酶等,提升大曲糖化和发酵能力,提高酱香大曲品质。然而,过度频繁翻仓会破坏微生物生长环境,抑制甚至导致部分有益微生物死亡,减少代谢产物生成,影响大曲风味和香气成分形成[71]。此外,翻仓次数需与温度、湿度等工艺参数协调,若不当易导致曲块结构紊乱、水分分布失衡,进而影响质量[72]。
母曲是指制作新酒曲时,用于新曲作为引子发酵的老酒曲,在制曲过程中,母曲的主要作用是接种微生物和引导微生物的培养方向。若母曲添加量过少,新制大曲微生物初始量不足,生长繁殖受限,无法充分发挥作用,导致大曲糖化、发酵能力弱,风味和香气成分生成不足,影响品质。反之,添加量过多,虽微生物数量足,但会使微生物竞争激烈,消耗过多营养并产生过多代谢废物,不利其生长代谢,还可能导致微生物群落结构失衡,影响大曲风味协调和稳定[73]。
稻草是制曲过程中的辅料,具有一定的保温、保湿作用。合适的温度和湿度对于微生物的生长和代谢至关重要,良好的保温性能有助于维持曲坯发酵所需的适宜温度范围,促进有益微生物的繁殖和代谢活动,从而保障大曲的正常发酵和品质形成。此外,老稻草还可以提供一定量的优势菌群和多种酶系,有利于发酵前期生物热的产生和积累。然而,如果稻草使用量的处理不当,例如草堆过厚、过薄或新老稻草比例失衡,可能导致温度、湿度和氧气供应的不均衡,进而影响微生物的生长和代谢,最终对大曲的质量产生不利影响[74]。
目前堆曲方式主要有传统地堆曲和曲架堆曲。传统地堆曲是一种较为古老的大曲制作放置方式。即将制作好的大曲曲块直接放置在地面上,以一定的方式堆积起来进行发酵培养,在地面上通常会先铺上一层稻草等作为隔离层,然后将曲块按照一定的规则堆放在上面。由于曲块堆积紧密,通风条件相对较差,地堆曲的发酵过程受地面温度、湿度等环境因素的影响较大,不同批次的大曲质量可能会存在较大的差异。与传统地堆曲相比,曲架方式优势显著,其垂直分层结构促使空气在各层面自由流通,确保曲料充分接触氧气,促进微生物生长与代谢,提升曲的质量及稳定性,且通风更均匀。此外,该方式利于精确调控温湿度,借助合理布置的监测设备与自动化调控系统,能实时精准调节各层面环境参数,为曲创造适宜微环境,减少温湿度波动所致品质差异。同时,曲架方式大幅提高空间利用率,相同占地面积可放置更多曲料以增产量,分层结构也便于分类管理与操作,增强生产的规范性与可操作性[75]。
中国白酒是中国传统酿造工艺下形成的特有蒸馏酒品类,其特色主要源于传统的大曲发酵剂,大曲采用非灭菌原料,在开放环境下发酵而成,发酵过程中有众多微生物参与。大曲的典型原料是大麦、小麦或豌豆,其含有大量淀粉和蛋白质。这些大分子物质被淀粉酶、葡糖淀粉酶和蛋白酶等多种酶降解,从而为微生物生长和风味代谢提供营养和底物[76]。此外,酯酶也是负责挥发性酯的合成和水解的最重要的酶之一。这些酶主要由一系列微生物产生,如曲霉属、根霉属、芽孢杆菌属、乳杆菌属、威克氏酵母属和酵母菌属[77]。正是功能性微生物群驱动了发酵过程并影响大曲乃至最终产品的风味。然而,白酒在发酵过程中,由于真菌活性受到发酵环境的抑制,微生物群落对淀粉的利用不足,导致乙醇得率低,影响香气物质的产生[78]。因此在大曲生产过程中添加特性菌剂,可以有效控制微生物群落结构,增强发酵效率和风味物质的形成。
大曲含有多种挥发性成分,例如己醛、苯乙醛和4-乙基愈创木酚是大曲中重要的芳香活性成分,而这些芳香成分主要由霉菌、细菌和酵母代谢生成[79]。乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、曲霉菌和一些非酿酒酵母属是不同类型大曲中的优势微生物,特别是芽孢杆菌属被确定为重要的潜在产香菌株[80]。此外,曲霉菌也是一个潜在的优势种群,其多种酶编码基因参与了风味相关途径,这表明曲霉菌具有产生香味化合物的能力。曲霉菌还可以分泌一系列水解酶,如淀粉酶,纤维素酶和蛋白酶,以分解大分子化合物,因此,曲霉菌也可以用作功能微生物来制造生物强化大曲[81]。
将单一菌种地衣芽孢杆菌接种到大曲中,大曲中微生物相对丰度发生变化,芽孢杆菌属、棒孢属、曲霉属增加,毕赤酵母属、酵母菌属等菌属减少,此外芳香族化合物、吡嗪类化合物显著增加,说明接种地衣芽孢杆菌通过其自身代谢活性改变了大曲的风味特征[82]。将地衣芽孢杆菌和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌接种到大曲后,火圈和表层酯化能力提高,醇、酸和酮(酯除外)等风味化合物含量改善,大曲4层22个属的相对丰度,芽孢杆菌和曲霉丰度增加,热曲霉等部分属丰度降低,有效地提高大曲质量[83]。将枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和粉状米勒酵母接种到大曲后,大曲芽孢杆菌显著减少,五个细菌属(如韦斯氏菌属、葡萄球菌属等)和四个真菌属(如酵母菌属、米勒酶属等)增加,挥发性化合物含量(含酯类和芳香族化合物)大幅提高[84]。添加菌剂对大曲质量的影响见表6。综上可知,通过对大曲中的微生物进行强化和接种特定菌株,能够改变大曲中微生物的丰度,增加芳香族化合物等物质的含量,对改善白酒的香气化合物和其他理化参数发挥积极作用,这为优化大曲品质和白酒风味提供了有益的途径和方向。
大曲的质量受地理和气候等多种因素的综合影响。例如生产环境的温度、湿度和空气质量对大曲的微生物群落结构有重要影响。稳定且适宜的环境条件有助于微生物的稳定生长和代谢活动,从而提高大曲质量。大曲的自然发酵依赖于地理、气候等条件,质量随之而波动,7、8、9月大曲水分、酸度相对高于其他月份,糖化力、发酵力、液化力相对低于其他月份[93]。同样是酱香大曲,贵州大曲与北京大曲在微生物群落结构和挥发性风味组分存在显著差异[94]。由此可见,大曲质量的差异是由地理、气候等因素的变化造成的。因此,揭示地理、气候等因素对大曲发酵的影响具有重要意义,有利于控制大曲的质量。
大曲的淀粉酶和液化力是由霉菌分泌的酶产生的,霉菌的生长温度在20~30 ℃之间。春秋季的气候条件利于霉菌在大曲中富集、生长繁殖,而夏季环境温度较高,大曲在高温条件下发酵,不利于霉菌的生长,导致大曲的淀粉酶和液化力降低[95]。气温对大曲质量的影响。较高的日平均气温可以加速大曲中淀粉、蛋白质等转化为糖分,同时产生酱香酒的香味成分和前体物质。并且,适宜的温度(中温大曲30~40 ℃,高温大曲35~45 ℃)可以促进微生物的代谢活动,提高大曲的糖化和发酵效率[96]。此外,相对湿度也会影响大曲中微生物的生长和繁殖。在特香型大曲的制作过程中,前缓期的相对湿度应控制在65%~75%,中挺期为85%~95%,后缓落期为70%~80%,湿度过低可能导致微生物生长缓慢甚至死亡,而湿度过高则可能滋生杂菌,影响有益微生物的主导地位[97]。Liang等[98]研究了春、夏、秋、冬季的发酵大曲并构建了风味化合物多样性预测模型,发现秋季大曲的菌群丰富度和风味物质多样性最高,并且日平均温度和相对湿度是影响菌群和风味物质变化的重要气候因子。地区对大曲质量也有一定的影响。每个地区都有其独特的微生物生态,土壤、空气、水中的微生物种类和数量各不相同。这些本地微生物会参与到大曲的制作过程中,形成独特的微生物群落结构,进而影响大曲的品质和风味特征。贵州遵义茅台酒厂大曲与湖北襄阳尧治河楚翁泉酒业大曲中的细菌,主要组成均为芽孢杆菌属、嗜热放线菌属、葡萄球菌属、Kroppenstedtia等。但是,这些菌属在两个地区高温大曲间的相对含量呈现出显著差异。这与尧治河高温大曲制作时的发酵温度高于茅台大曲有关。在菌群的丰度和多样性、菌群彼此间的相关关系以及菌群中移动元件相对含量方面,茅台大曲均显著高于尧治河大曲[99]。同为河南省但不同地区(南部、东部、西部和中部)的浓香型大曲在糖化力、酸度和酯化力上差异显著;在绝对优势菌属方面,南部和西部大曲的绝对优势菌属是芽孢杆菌属,而东部、中部大曲中分别是青枯菌属、乳杆菌属[100]。表7是环境因素对大曲质量影响的研究进展。在大曲发酵中,春秋季较为适宜的温度与湿度条件,对提升大曲的菌群丰富度以及风味物质多样性具有积极意义。与此同时,各个地区独有的微生物生态环境,在一定程度上也塑造了大曲的品质和风味特质。要获得高质量且稳定的大曲,需要充分考虑并合理调控这些影响因素,根据不同季节的特点优化发酵环境,以及充分利用各地的微生物资源优势来改进大曲制作工艺。
综上所述,影响大曲质量的因素是多方面且相互关联的。原料的选择和质量是基础,为大曲的品质奠定了物质基础;制作工艺的精准把控决定了大曲的结构和微生物生长环境;微生物群落的种类、丰富度和相互作用直接影响着大曲的糖化、发酵等功能;环境条件则为大曲的生产和微生物的活动提供了适宜的外部条件。
然而,目前的研究仍存在一些局限性。对于原料的研究,虽然明确了常见原料的特性,但对于一些新型或特殊原料的应用探索还相对较少。在制作工艺方面,虽然对关键工艺参数有了一定的认识,但对于工艺参数之间的协同优化以及精细化控制仍有待深入研究。微生物群落的研究虽然揭示了主要微生物的作用,但对于微生物之间的复杂互作机制以及微生物与环境之间的动态关系尚未完全明晰。环境条件的研究大多集中在宏观的温度、湿度和通风等方面,对于微观环境如微生物微生态环境的研究还较为缺乏。
未来需要进一步拓展研究的广度和深度。在原料方面,积极开展新型原料的筛选和应用研究,探索不同原料组合对大曲质量的影响,以实现原料的多样化和优化利用。制作工艺的研究应更加注重工艺参数的精准调控和智能化控制,结合现代传感技术和自动化技术,实现大曲生产的高效和稳定。对于微生物群落,运用宏基因组学、转录组学等现代生物技术手段,深入剖析微生物之间的复杂互作网络以及微生物与大曲质量的内在联系,为定向调控微生物群落提供理论依据。在环境条件方面,加强对微生物微生态环境的研究,揭示微观环境因素对大曲质量的影响机制。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040003
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    1天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津 300134
    2海天(江苏)调味食品有限公司,江苏宿迁 223800
    3贵州国台数智酒业集团股份有限公司,贵州怀仁 564501

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宋文军(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:酒类发酵与质量控制,E-mail:。
李凭(1990−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:现代酿造技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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