Article(id=1320889984119325643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854313163, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854313163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854313163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854313163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=404, endPage=412, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889984408732620, articleId=1320889984119325643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Quality Characteristics and Protein Oxidation of Salmon salar Fillets during Refrigeration, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate the preservative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) on aquatic products. Methods: Salmon salar was utilized as the model subject. The regulatory effects of different GSP concentrations on quality characteristics, including physicochemical properties, freshness, texture properties, muscle microstructure, and protein oxidation, were investigated throughout refrigerated storage (4 ℃) at intervals (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 d). The mechanism by which GSP influences the structure of myofibrillar protein (MP) was analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Results: By the end of storage, compared with the control group, pH variations were reduced and water-holding capacity was significantly increased (P<0.05) in GSP-treated groups. The increase in total viable count (TVC) was significantly inhibited (P<0.05). The exceeding of the upper limit for total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) was delayed by 3 days in the 0.75 mg/mL GSP treatment group. The carbonyl content of MP was reduced by 7.31%~18.27%, and the retention rate of total sulfhydryl groups was increased by 2.8%~12.1%. The structural integrity of myofiber bundles was significantly improved. Fluorescence spectral analysis revealed that GSP bound to MP via a static quenching mechanism, inhibiting the exposure of tryptophan residues. CD spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reduction rate in α-helices proportion (19%) was significantly lower in the 0.75 mg/mL GSP group than in the control group (34%), confirming its stabilizing effect on protein secondary structure. Conclusion: It is comprehensively demonstrated that the quality of salmon during storage is more effectively maintained by GSP through the modulation of protein oxidation pathways and molecular conformation. This study can provide a theoretical basis for natural antioxidant preservation technologies in aquatic products.

, authors=He ZHU1, Kun MA1, Bo LIU2, Yueyue MENG1, Shuang ZHAO1, Tingting LI1, *, authorsList=He ZHU, Kun MA, Bo LIU, Yueyue MENG, Shuang ZHAO, Tingting LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tingting LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889988376544225, articleId=1320889984119325643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=葡萄籽原花青素对三文鱼片在冷藏期间品质及蛋白氧化的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:为探究葡萄籽原花青素(Grape seed proanthocyanidin,GSP)对水产品的保鲜作用。方法:本研究以三文鱼为对象,探究冷藏(4 ℃)过程(0、3、6、9、12 d)中不同浓度GSP对其理化性质、新鲜度、质构特性、肌肉微观结构及蛋白氧化等品质特性的调控作用。通过荧光光谱和圆二色光谱技术分析GSP对肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)结构的影响机制。结果:至贮藏期结束,与对照组相比,GSP处理组pH变化减小,持水力显著提高(P<0.05),菌落总数(TVC)的增长显著减缓(P<0.05),0.75 mg/mL GSP处理组挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)可延缓3 d超出上限值,MP的羰基含量降低7.31%~18.27%,总巯基保留率提高2.8%~12.1%,肌纤维束结构完整性显著改善。荧光光谱分析显示,GSP通过静态猝灭机制与MP结合,抑制色氨酸残基暴露;圆二色光谱结果表明,0.75 mg/mL GSP处理组α-螺旋比例下降率(19%)显著低于对照组(34%),证实其对蛋白质二级结构的稳定作用。结论:综合表明,GSP通过调控蛋白氧化路径和分子构象,更有效维持三文鱼贮藏品质。本研究可为水产品天然抗氧化保鲜技术提供理论依据。

, authors=祝赫1, 马堃1, 刘波2, 蒙月月1, 赵爽1, 李婷婷1, *, authorsList=祝赫, 马堃, 刘波, 蒙月月, 赵爽, 李婷婷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李婷婷, authorNote=

祝赫(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏加工及质量安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李婷婷(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品贮藏加工及质量安全,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示在同一时间下不同处理组存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图5、图7~图9同。

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葡萄籽原花青素对三文鱼片在冷藏期间品质及蛋白氧化的影响
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祝赫 1 , 马堃 1 , 刘波 2 , 蒙月月 1 , 赵爽 1 , 李婷婷 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(4): 404-412
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (4) : 404 -412
葡萄籽原花青素对三文鱼片在冷藏期间品质及蛋白氧化的影响
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祝赫(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏加工及质量安全,E-mail:

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祝赫1 , 马堃1, 刘波2, 蒙月月1, 赵爽1, 李婷婷1, *
作者信息
  • 1大连民族大学生命科学学院,生物技术与资源利用教育部重点实验室,辽宁大连 116600
  • 2大连瑞驰企业集团有限公司,辽宁大连 116039
通讯作者:
李婷婷(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品贮藏加工及质量安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

祝赫(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏加工及质量安全,E-mail:

Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Quality Characteristics and Protein Oxidation of Salmon salar Fillets during Refrigeration
He ZHU1 , Kun MA1, Bo LIU2, Yueyue MENG1, Shuang ZHAO1, Tingting LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
  • 2Dalian Rich Enterprise Group Co., Ltd., Dalian 116039, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040203
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目的:为探究葡萄籽原花青素(Grape seed proanthocyanidin,GSP)对水产品的保鲜作用。方法:本研究以三文鱼为对象,探究冷藏(4 ℃)过程(0、3、6、9、12 d)中不同浓度GSP对其理化性质、新鲜度、质构特性、肌肉微观结构及蛋白氧化等品质特性的调控作用。通过荧光光谱和圆二色光谱技术分析GSP对肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)结构的影响机制。结果:至贮藏期结束,与对照组相比,GSP处理组pH变化减小,持水力显著提高(P<0.05),菌落总数(TVC)的增长显著减缓(P<0.05),0.75 mg/mL GSP处理组挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)可延缓3 d超出上限值,MP的羰基含量降低7.31%~18.27%,总巯基保留率提高2.8%~12.1%,肌纤维束结构完整性显著改善。荧光光谱分析显示,GSP通过静态猝灭机制与MP结合,抑制色氨酸残基暴露;圆二色光谱结果表明,0.75 mg/mL GSP处理组α-螺旋比例下降率(19%)显著低于对照组(34%),证实其对蛋白质二级结构的稳定作用。结论:综合表明,GSP通过调控蛋白氧化路径和分子构象,更有效维持三文鱼贮藏品质。本研究可为水产品天然抗氧化保鲜技术提供理论依据。

三文鱼  /  葡萄籽原花青素  /  肌原纤维蛋白  /  品质变化

Objective: To investigate the preservative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) on aquatic products. Methods: Salmon salar was utilized as the model subject. The regulatory effects of different GSP concentrations on quality characteristics, including physicochemical properties, freshness, texture properties, muscle microstructure, and protein oxidation, were investigated throughout refrigerated storage (4 ℃) at intervals (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 d). The mechanism by which GSP influences the structure of myofibrillar protein (MP) was analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Results: By the end of storage, compared with the control group, pH variations were reduced and water-holding capacity was significantly increased (P<0.05) in GSP-treated groups. The increase in total viable count (TVC) was significantly inhibited (P<0.05). The exceeding of the upper limit for total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) was delayed by 3 days in the 0.75 mg/mL GSP treatment group. The carbonyl content of MP was reduced by 7.31%~18.27%, and the retention rate of total sulfhydryl groups was increased by 2.8%~12.1%. The structural integrity of myofiber bundles was significantly improved. Fluorescence spectral analysis revealed that GSP bound to MP via a static quenching mechanism, inhibiting the exposure of tryptophan residues. CD spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reduction rate in α-helices proportion (19%) was significantly lower in the 0.75 mg/mL GSP group than in the control group (34%), confirming its stabilizing effect on protein secondary structure. Conclusion: It is comprehensively demonstrated that the quality of salmon during storage is more effectively maintained by GSP through the modulation of protein oxidation pathways and molecular conformation. This study can provide a theoretical basis for natural antioxidant preservation technologies in aquatic products.

Salmon salar  /  grape seed roanthocyanidins  /  myofibrillar protein  /  quality change
祝赫, 马堃, 刘波, 蒙月月, 赵爽, 李婷婷. 葡萄籽原花青素对三文鱼片在冷藏期间品质及蛋白氧化的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 404 -412 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040203
He ZHU, Kun MA, Bo LIU, Yueyue MENG, Shuang ZHAO, Tingting LI. Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Quality Characteristics and Protein Oxidation of Salmon salar Fillets during Refrigeration[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 404 -412 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040203
三文鱼(Salmon salar),又称大西洋鲑鱼,作为寒带性迁徙鱼类的典型代表,该物种以优良的营养价值被列为优质水产资源,具有典型的高蛋白中脂特性,其肌肉中含有多种必需氨基酸,钙磷比接近人体理想吸收比例[1−2]。三文鱼作为高附加值水产品代表,该物种肌肉组织内二十碳五烯酸与二十二碳六烯酸等ω-3系多不饱和脂肪酸占比显著,其不饱和脂肪酸能够降低患心脑血管疾病的风险,还对大脑健康起着积极的保护作用[3]。三文鱼质地紧实,富有独特弹性,肌间的白色纹理清晰可辨,鱼肉呈诱人的红色或鲜橘红色,入口嫩滑,在市场上深受消费者青睐[4]。然而在加工、贮藏运输和销售环节,其极易遭受微生物污染,不仅破坏肌肉组织结构,降低蛋白质与不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质的含量,引发三文鱼营养价值下降,还会导致挥发性盐基氮等腐败产物的积累,蛋白氧化破坏蛋白质结构,为微生物繁殖创造条件,腐败微生物代谢又加剧氧化损伤,加速了色泽和风味改变,造成了感官品质劣化,导致鱼肉发生腐败变质,致使货架期显著缩短[5−6]。目前,已有多种保鲜技术应用于三文鱼保鲜,但存在局限性。如气调包装技术因依赖专用设备导致保鲜成本显著增加;辐照保鲜虽能高效灭活表面及内部微生物,但其产生的辐射残留争议及消费者认知偏差影响市场接受度;低温等离子体活化水等新型化学保鲜手段存在剂量依赖性安全风险,其活性物质残留控制技术尚未完全成熟;壳聚糖、茶多酚等生物源保鲜剂凭借天然产物的生物相容性优势,不仅具备广谱抗菌活性,还能通过多酚结构的氧化还原特性发挥抗氧化协同作用,在实现绿色保鲜的同时规避了传统技术的设备成本、公众接受度及安全性制约,展现出兼具理论价值与应用潜力的双重优势[7]。
葡萄籽原花青素是从葡萄籽中分离得到的一类多酚类天然抗氧化剂,其低聚物(二聚体原花青素),是被公认的清除自由基有效的成分,其抗氧化能力大约是维生素E的20倍,维生素C的50倍[8]。根据Ahn等[9]研究表明,葡萄籽提取物能抑制牛肉中腐败微生物的生长,减少牛肉颜色的褐变度,葡萄籽提取物可以作为鲜肉冷藏保鲜中有效的抗氧化剂和抗菌剂。葡萄籽原花青素作为植物源性保鲜剂较传统化学合成保鲜剂具有显著优势,不仅避免成本高的问题,消费者还对其安全性没有较大争议。
因此,本文以三文鱼为研究对象,分析在4 ℃冷藏过程中葡萄籽原花青素对其品质特性的影响,通过多光谱技术研究葡萄籽原花青素对肌原纤维蛋白构象的影响,揭示葡萄籽原花青素对三文鱼品质影响的原因。
三文鱼 大连瑞驰集团提供;牛血清蛋白 德国Merck KGaA公司;平板计数琼脂 北京奥博星生物技术有限公司;总巯基试剂盒、羰基试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;其余化学物质均为国产分析纯。
MP1100B电子天平 上海奥豪斯仪器有限公司;ESB-500X高剪切均质机 上海易勒机电设备有限公司;CF16XⅡI冷冻离心机 日本HITACHI公司;PHS-3E酸度计 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司;DF101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;UV-6100紫外-可见分光光度计、Fluorolog-3荧光光谱仪 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;TA.XT.PLUS质构仪 英国Stale Micro Syst公司;Synergy H1多功能酶标仪 美国BioTek Instruments公司;S-4800扫描电子显微镜 日本株式会社日立制作所;Chirascan VX圆二色光谱仪 英国Applied Photophysics公司。
取鱼体脊骨两侧鱼肉,切成长宽厚约7 cm×5 cm×1 cm,混匀后随机分为4组。其中在无菌水中浸泡15 min后取出的鱼片,记为Con;在0.25 mg/mL的GSP溶液中浸泡15 min后取出的鱼片,记为GSP0.25;在0.50 mg/mL的GSP溶液中浸泡15 min后取出的鱼片,记为GSP0.50;在0.75 mg/mL的GSP溶液中浸泡15 min后取出的鱼片,记为GSP0.75。稍沥干后,用无菌洁净的食品级聚乙烯材质自封袋封装后,在4 ℃条件下贮藏,分别在0、3、6、9、12 d取样进行各项指标的测定。
参考Yan等[10]的方法,略有修改。取绞碎鱼肉5.00 g,按1:9(m/v)加入预冷去离子水,采用高速剪切仪充分匀浆后(5000 r/min,1 min),静置30 min,测定匀浆液的pH。
根据国标GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》[11]中自动凯氏定氮仪法进行测定。
根据国标GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》[12]进行测定。
离心损失参照Du等[13]的方法。3 g鱼肉在4 ℃,10000×g,离心15 min。离心后除去水分。持水力按如下公式计算。
$ \mathrm{持}\mathrm{水}\mathrm{力}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{离}\mathrm{心}\mathrm{后}\mathrm{重}\mathrm{量}}{\mathrm{离}\mathrm{心}\mathrm{前}\mathrm{重}\mathrm{量}}\times 100 $
依据Xu等[14]提出的方法,开展对鱼片的质构特性的测定和分析,将鱼肉样品切成1 cm×1 cm×1 cm立方体,对其硬度、弹性、回复性、咀嚼度进行分析。测定模式和选项为TPA,每个样品两次轴向压缩,压缩百分比30%,两次时间间隔为5 s,测前速率:1 mm/s,测中速率:1 mm/s,测后速率:1 mm/s,3 g触发力。使用P50探头(直径50 mm),进行10组平行试验。
参考Chen等[15]的方法略有改动。采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)检测鱼肉在冷藏过程中的微观结构。将鲜样(Fresh组)和各组(Con组、GSP0.25组、GSP0.50组、GSP0.75组)贮藏12 d的样品切成1 cm×1 cm×1 cm方块,用2.5%戊二醛浸泡24 h固定肌纤维。用乙醇脱水后,将样品喷在金导电带上,在5.0 kV放大300×观察微观结构。
参考Xu等[14]的研究方法,将鱼肉切成肉糜,1:4溶于磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)(20 mmol/L,pH7.0)中,4000 r/min均质10 min,4 ℃,5000×g,离心15 min。弃去上清液,沉淀复溶于PBS溶液中,重复两次上述操作。用PBS(20 mmol/L,pH6.7,0.6 mol/L NaCl)洗涤最终沉淀,上述相同条件离心后,取上清液,使用双层纱布过滤后,将其置于4 ℃,24 h内使用。以牛血清蛋白作标准曲线,双缩脲法测定蛋白质浓度。标准曲线y=0.0548x+0.1107,R2=0.9996
将各样本中的肌原纤维蛋白用PBS(20 mmol/L,pH6.7,0.6 mol/L NaCl)稀释至3 mg/mL,于4 ℃环境下,静置1 h后,4 ℃,4500×g离心15 min,取上清液,用双缩脲法测定上清液中蛋白的含量。肌原纤维蛋白的溶解程度用溶解性来表示,溶解度按如下公式计算:
$ \mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{溶}\mathrm{解}\mathrm{度}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{上}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{液}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}}{\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}}\times 100 $
将各组样品MP浓度稀释至1 mg/mL,使用总巯基试剂盒测定。
将各组样品MP浓度稀释至1 mg/mL,使用羰基试剂盒测定。
根据Lu等[16]的方法,运用的1-苯奈氨-8-磺酸(ANS)荧光探针技术,对蛋白质表面疏水性进行测定。样品的肌原纤维蛋白用PBS(20 mmol/L,pH6.7,0.6 mol/L NaCl)稀释至0.2 mg/mL,取4 mL稀释后的蛋白溶液,与20 μL含有8 mmol/L ANS的含有氯化钠的磷酸盐缓冲液充分混合。混合后,将溶液置于避光环境下,静置10 min。
采用荧光分光光度计对蛋白-ANS复合物的荧光强度进行测定。设定仪器的激发波长为390 nm,发射波长为390 nm,狭缝宽度为10 nm,扫描速度选择高速模式,灵敏度设定为3。以荧光强度对蛋白浓度绘制散点图,拟合直线的初始斜率,该斜率值用于表征蛋白质的表面疏水性。
采用圆二色光谱法分析了MP样品的二级结构。将Fresh组鲜样和各组(Con组、GSP0.25组、GSP0.50组、GSP0.75组)贮藏12 d的鱼片的MP蛋白质浓度调节至0.2 mg/mL,扫描范围为190~240 nm,检测温度为25 ℃,检测速度为50 nm/min。每组样品三次平行测量,通过CDNN软件对二级结构的含量进行分析。
内源荧光光谱的测定参考Xu等[17]的研究方法为基础,并根据实验实际进行了适当优化。将Fresh组鲜样和各组(Con组、GSP0.25组、GSP0.50组、GSP0.75组)贮藏12 d的样品的MP蛋白质浓度调节至0.1 mg/mL,使用荧光分光光度计,设定激发波长为295 nm,记录315~400 nm区间的发射光谱。每组样品三次平行测量。
各指标平行测定3次,结果以均值±标准差形式展示。数据经SPSS 22.0分析,运用单因素ANOVA进行组间比对,并通过Origin 2024软件绘制图表。不同字母表示组间差异性显著(P<0.05)。
pH是衡量水产品品质的一项关键指标。在贮藏初始阶段,鱼体内糖原通过酶解生成葡萄糖单体,继而经糖酵解代谢产生乳酸等有机酸类物质,与此同时,三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的酶促降解导致磷酸基团解离,可能促使无机磷酸盐浓度升高[18]。随着贮藏时间的延长,微生物群落通过蛋白水解酶系统对肌原纤维蛋白进行逐级分解,将高分子量蛋白质转化为低分子肽段及游离氨基酸,进而经脱氨基和脱羧基作用生成具有碱性特征的含氮化合物,最终导致pH的逆向回升[19]。由图1所示,各组鱼肉的pH在整个贮藏期间(12 d)总体呈现先下降后上升的趋势。杨华等[20]研究发现三文鱼片在冷藏期间pH呈先下降后上升的趋势。从整体来看,0.50 mg/mL和0.75 mg/mL的葡萄籽原花青素处理组pH上升趋势平缓,且显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。这表明葡萄籽原花青素处理能延缓蛋白质的分解从而抑制碱性物质的生成,保持了鱼肉的品质。
水产品在贮藏过程中,微生物与酶协同作用会引发蛋白质降解,生成挥发性含氮化合物(如氨类及胺类物质)[21]。挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)作为表征水产品新鲜度的关键指标,其数值变化与腐败进程呈显著正相关[22]。根据GB/T 18108-2024《鲜海水鱼通则》[23]的质量分级标准,TVB-N值被划分为两个等级,优级品要求≤15 mg/100 g,合格品则允许在15~30 mg/100 g的阈值范围。由图2可知,初始三文鱼鱼片的TVB-N值为7.82 mg N/100 g,为优级品。贮藏期间,对照组三文鱼的TVB-N含量均随时间的延长而快速增加,在第9 d超过30 mg N/100 g的限值,而经过0.75 mg/mL葡萄籽原花青素处理的鱼片的TVB-N含量在第12 d接近30 mg N/100 g。经葡萄籽原花青素处理后,鱼片的TVB-N含量随着GSP浓度的升高生成速率降低,表明葡萄籽原花青素可以抑制腐败,减少蛋白质的分解。此外,从TVB-N含量上来看,0.75 mg/mL GSP处理组可延长货架期3 d。陈锡武[24]的研究表明,使用0.10%的葡萄籽提取物处理冰鲜冷藏的南美白对虾,可以使其挥发性盐基氮超限量标准时间较无处理组可延长3~6 d。
微生物的生长繁殖及其代谢活动是导致三文鱼在贮藏过程中腐败变质的关键原因。海鲜产品的菌落总数低于6.00 lg CFU/g表示质量可接受[25]。由图3可知,随着贮藏时间延长,各处理组间三文鱼的菌落总数持续上升,这与赵冬寒等[26]研究一致。在贮藏初期,对照组的菌落总数为(2.48±0.15)lg CFU/g,说明样品较新鲜,处理组与对照组没有明显差异。在贮藏过程中,与对照组相比,经GSP处理后的三文鱼鱼片的菌落总数的增长速度减缓;在第6 d,对照组的菌落总数含量超过了菌落总数的上限值6.00 lg CFU/g,失去食用价值,而0.50 mg/mL葡萄籽原花青素溶液处理组的菌落总数在第9 d超出上限值,0.75 mg/mL葡萄籽原花青素溶液处理组的菌落总数在第12 d超出上限值,说明0.50 mg/mL和0.75 mg/mL葡萄籽原花青素溶液处理能够延缓三文鱼微生物的生长。可能是葡萄籽原花青素属于多酚类物质,其主要通过破坏细菌细胞膜的完整性和通透性,影响细菌吸收营养物质的能力以及抑制蛋白质等大分子的合成,破坏细胞结构,使细胞崩解死亡,从而达到杀灭微生物的目的[27]。
持水力可以反映肌间纤维截留不易流动水流失的能力,可以反映三文鱼肌原蛋白的完整性和变质程度[28]。如图4所示,在贮藏期间,各组的鱼片的持水力整体呈现下降趋势,这与张涵等[29]的研究结果一致。在贮藏0 d时,各组三文鱼的持水力并没有表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。但是随着贮藏时间的增加,经0.25、0.50和0.75 mg/mL的葡萄籽原花青素处理后的三文鱼的持水力的下降速率低于空白对照组。从贮藏期3 d开始,四组三文鱼的持水力表现出明显差异(P<0.05),且葡萄籽原花青素浓度越高,三文鱼的持水力越高,这可能是由于高浓度的葡萄籽原花青素与肌原纤维蛋白之间静电力增加,有效减少了鱼片的水分流失,保持了鱼肉的持水力[30]。
质构特性分析是评估鱼类冷藏效果的重要维度[31]。肌原纤维蛋白决定肌肉的收缩性,影响肉制品的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度以及回复性等质构特性。图5展示了贮藏过程中三文鱼鱼片质构指标的动态变化。随着贮藏时间的延长,鱼肉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度以及回复性均发生下降,这一现象归因于鱼肉的内源酶和微生物对蛋白质的分解作用,它们破坏了蛋白质稳定的空间构象,致使肌肉质构特性发生劣化[32]。在贮藏期终点时,经0.25 mg/mL的葡萄籽原花青素处理后的样品,硬度和弹性与对照组鱼片无显著性差异,咀嚼度和回复性与对照组鱼片有显著性差异(P<0.05);经0.50 mg/mL和0.75 mg/mL的葡萄籽原花青素处理后,硬度、弹性、咀嚼度以及回复性与对照组鱼片均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。这主要得益于葡萄籽原花青素对细菌生长和内源酶(如组织蛋白酶)活性的双重抑制作用,进而有效减轻了对蛋白质空间结构的破坏,维持了鱼肉的质构特性[33]。
如图6所示,Fresh组为新鲜鱼肉扫描电镜图像,质地均匀,表面光滑。贮藏期12 d,在Con组中观察到鱼肉表面撕裂严重,纤维间隙较大,表明鱼肉蛋白质网状结构在冷藏过程中破坏。在GSP0.75组的鱼肉中观察到了较为致密的鱼肉表面网络结构。表明葡萄籽原花青素可以延缓三文鱼肌原纤维结构蛋白降解,保持鱼肉的肌肉组织结构。
蛋白质表面疏水性氨基酸残基的相对数量由So-ANS表示,肌原纤维蛋白表面的疏水性氨基酸数量的增加,意味着蛋白质被破坏的程度加深。如图7所示,随贮藏时间的延长,各组的MP的表面疏水性升高。其中对照组鱼片MP的表面疏水性由最初的1190.08 AU逐渐上升至5918.05 AU,经过葡萄籽原花青素处理鱼片后,MP的表面疏水性升高趋势有所降低,其中0.25 mg/mL、0.50 mg/mL和0.75 mg/mL葡萄籽原花青素处理组表面疏水性由最初的1190.08 AU,第12 d升高至5538.74 AU、5126.29 AU、4677.13 AU,与对照组相比其升高程度分别减小8.02%、16.74%、26.20%。说明经葡萄籽原花青素处理后,其蛋白变性的程度都得到了一定的抑制,且抑制程度随着葡萄籽原花青素浓度的升高而提升。葡萄籽原花青素富含酚羟基,可通过氢键、疏水相互作用或范德华力与蛋白质结合,部分葡萄籽原花青素率先结合到蛋白质疏水区域部分从而稳定蛋白质的天然构象,从而有效的减少蛋白质内部疏水氨基酸暴露的情况发生。雷用东[33]研究发现,使用葡萄籽原花青素能够有效减少鳙鱼鱼片在冷藏过程中蛋白质内部疏水氨基酸暴露的情况发生。
氨基酸侧链被氧化后生成羰基衍生物,因此羰基含量被认为是蛋白质氧化的重要指标之一[34]。如图8所示,随着三文鱼贮藏时间的延长,对照组肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量呈上升趋势,由最初的1.25 nmol/mg逐渐上升至3.51 nmol/mg,经过GSP处理后,羰基含量升高趋势随着GSP浓度的增加而减弱,其中0.75 mg/mL处理组羰基含量由最初的1.25 nmol/mg逐渐上升至2.871 nmol/mg,与空白对照组相比上升程度由280.80%下降到229.68%,这表明了GSP能够有效的抑制氨基酸残基向羰基衍生物发生转变[33]。
鱼肉总巯基含量指标的降低,主要是因为总巯基中巯基-二硫键受到断裂或破坏[35]。如图8所示,三文鱼鱼片在贮藏过程中其肌原纤维蛋白的结构遭到了破坏。在贮藏12 d时,GSP0.25组、GSP0.50组、GSP0.75组总巯基含量由最初的26.41 nmol/mg降低至16.67、17.87和19.12 nmol/mg,与对照组相比总巯基保留率由60.30%提高到63.12%、67.69%、72.43%,葡萄籽原花青素处理可以显著抑制样品的总巯基含量降低(P<0.05),表明葡萄籽原花青素能够有效抑制鱼片的蛋白结构发生破坏,抑制程度随着GSP浓度的升高而升高。Wei等[36]研究发现通过添加原花青素、槲皮素等多酚类物质能有效延缓罗非鱼片贮藏期间蛋白质降解,抑制羰基含量的上升和总巯基含量的下降。
蛋白质氧化变性、交联和聚集,是导致蛋白质溶解度显著降低的重要因素[33]。因此,蛋白质溶解度与氧化程度紧密相关,溶解度越低,表明蛋白质的氧化程度越严重。如图9所示,随着贮藏时间的推移,样品的蛋白质溶解度整体呈下降趋势。在冷藏期间,微生物的繁殖和内源酶的作用会破坏蛋白质的空间构象。蛋白质结构的破坏使得内部的巯基暴露,巯基在氧化作用下转化为二硫键,引发蛋白质分子间的变性交联反应,最终形成聚集体。聚集体形成后,其理化性质发生改变,致使蛋白质在溶液中的分散性变差,最终导致鱼片中蛋白质溶解度下降。对照组鱼片中蛋白质溶解度从起始的93.54%降至第12 d的37.98%,降低了59.40%。0.25、0.50和0.75 mg/mL处理组鱼片蛋白质溶解度从起始的93.54%降至第12 d的44.12%、48.53%、52.35%。经GSP溶液浸泡处理后,蛋白质溶解度降低趋势减弱。这可能是葡萄籽原花青素的处理能够减少对蛋白质空间结构的破坏,使得鱼片可溶性蛋白质依旧保持较高的水平。
圆二色谱提供蛋白质分子主链的构象信息,可用于研究蛋白质的二级结构。如图10所示,每个处理组在210 nm和222 nm处都有两条沟槽,表明肌原纤维蛋白存在α-螺旋结构。由图10所示,GSP0.75组的α-螺旋结构相比Con组高9%,表明GSP能有效抑制冷藏过程中蛋白质二级结构的变化,对肌原纤维蛋白有保护作用。
内源性荧光分析是检测蛋白质微环境变化的有效技术,其对微环境的极性和结构变化极为敏感。通过监测荧光强度的变化,该技术能够精准判断色氨酸残基的改变,量化蛋白质氧化程度,进而揭示蛋白质三级结构的变化[14]。图10展示了与Fresh组的MP相比,贮藏12 d后各组样品的MP的荧光强度均明显下降。与Con组相比,GSP0.75组降低了λmax的蓝移程度,而且具有最大的荧光强度。可能是由于贮藏过程中在微生物和内源酶的作用下,不仅破坏了蛋白质的天然空间构象,致使色氨酸残基暴露,还促使蛋白质分子发生聚集,最终导致荧光强度下降[37]。结果表明,GSP可减少蛋白质三级结构的改变,抑制肌原纤维蛋白的变性。
本研究分析了葡萄籽原花青素(0.25、0.50、0.75 mg/mL)作为保鲜剂对三文鱼片在4 ℃冷藏期间品质变化以及肌原纤维蛋白氧化的影响。通过对比实验组与对照组冷藏三文鱼鱼片样品的品质变化,发现葡萄籽原花青素处理能显著抑制鱼肉的品质劣变。经过葡萄籽原花青素的处理,在贮藏过程中减小了pH的波动范围,减缓了微生物的生长,减缓了挥发性盐基氮的升高速率,同时延缓了持水力的下降和质构特性的劣化。在蛋白质氧化及构象变化方面,处理组肌原纤维蛋白的表面疏水性和羰基含量较对照组降低;总巯基含量保持率较对照组提高,且蛋白质溶解度的下降比例减小。通过圆二色光谱和荧光光谱分析发现,处理组肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构和三级结构得到了保护。综上所述,葡萄籽原花青素对三文鱼鱼片在冷藏期间的品质劣变方面有积极的调控作用,其对三文鱼肌原纤维蛋白有保护作用。从微生物总数和挥发性盐基氮方面来看,葡萄籽原花青素可使三文鱼冷藏货架期延长2~3 d。本研究不仅为水产品绿色保鲜技术开发提供理论依据,更为天然活性成分在食品工业中的应用开辟新路径,对提升水产品价值和保障食品安全具有重要实践意义。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040203
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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    1大连民族大学生命科学学院,生物技术与资源利用教育部重点实验室,辽宁大连 116600
    2大连瑞驰企业集团有限公司,辽宁大连 116039

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李婷婷(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品贮藏加工及质量安全,E-mail:。
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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