Article(id=1320889961516225055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854307773, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854307773, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854307773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854307773, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=292, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889961801437728, articleId=1320889961516225055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Freeze-dried Fish Cake Formulation and Analysis of Quality and Shelf Life, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study addresses the limitations of traditional fish cake, including its short shelf life, stringent transportation conditions, and limited eating methods. By optimizing the formulation and applying vacuum freeze-drying technology, a novel fish cake product was developed. This innovation aims to extend shelf life, enhance nutritional balance, and facilitate ready-to-eat and multi-scenario applications. It also provides a technological reference for the industrial processing of aquatic products. Using silver carp as the primary raw material, we constructed a comprehensive scoring model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with the entropy weight method (EWM). Single-factor experiments were conducted to determine optimal addition levels of pork fat, chicken, corn starch, and egg white. These results informed the subsequent optimization of the freeze-dried fish cake formulation using a genetic algorithm in conjunction with the Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and physicochemical properties—including protein, fat, moisture, and ash content were measured. Shelf life was estimated using the Arrhenius equation. The optimal formulation (relative to minced fish) consisted of 10% pork fat, 20% chicken, 11% corn starch, and 8% egg white (by mass), achieving a comprehensive score of 0.87±0.34. SEM imaging revealed a uniform pore distribution, and there were no significant changes in the key physicochemical indices following the vacuum freeze-drying treatment. The Arrhenius equation-based shelf-life model predicted a storage life of 77 days at 25 ℃, an 11-fold increase over the 4~7 day shelf life of fresh-cut fish cake. This study successfully produced freeze-dried fish cake with uniform color, crispy texture, a long shelf life and balanced nutrition, offering a reference for the ambient storage, transportation and ready-to-eat application of fish cake products.

, authors=Haiyan LIU1, Wenyu GAO1, Yaxin LI1, Na AI1, Shengjiao LEI1, 2, *, authorsList=Haiyan LIU, Wenyu GAO, Yaxin LI, Na AI, Shengjiao LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengjiao LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889963735011886, articleId=1320889961516225055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=鱼糕冻干配方优化及品质、货架期分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统鱼糕货架期短、运输条件苛刻、食用方法单一等问题,本研究通过配方优化与真空冷冻干燥技术开发新型鱼糕产品,旨在延长其保质期、提升营养均衡性并拓展即食化、多场景应用潜力,同时为水产制品的工业化加工提供工艺参考。以鲢鱼为主要原料,基于层次分析-熵权法构建综合评分模型,选择猪肥肉、鸡肉、玉米淀粉和蛋清添加量进行单因素实验,并在单因素实验基础上通过遗传算法结合Box-Behnken响应面法对鱼糕冻干配方进行优化。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)分析微观结构,测定蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分等理化指标,并基于Arrhenius方程预测货架期。确定了鱼糕冻干最优配方为:相对碎鱼肉用量,猪肥肉添加量10%(质量分数),鸡肉添加量20%,玉米淀粉添加量11%,蛋清添加量8%,综合评分达0.87±0.34。微观结构显示孔隙分布均匀,真空冷冻干燥处理前后关键理化指标无显著变化。基于Arrhenius方程的货架期模型预测25 ℃贮藏期为77 d,较鲜切鱼糕(4~7 d)延长11倍。本研究得到了色泽均匀、口感酥脆、货架期长以及营养均衡的鱼糕冻干制品,为鱼糕制品常温储运与即食化应用提供借鉴。

, authors=刘海燕1, 高文喻1, 李雅欣1, 艾娜1, 雷生姣1, 2, *, authorsList=刘海燕, 高文喻, 李雅欣, 艾娜, 雷生姣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=雷生姣, authorNote=

刘海燕(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
雷生姣(1975−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术与生物催化剂,E-mail:。
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注:A:优化后的鱼糕冻干(200×);B:优化前的鱼糕冻干(200×);C:某生鲜超市的鱼糕冻干(200×);D:某农贸市场的鱼糕冻干(200×)。

, figureFileSmall=CbOi696LaU122LayxprWAg==, figureFileBig=x85u/WgKGI3LrbR7jcNxoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889968264860257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of physicochemical indexes of fish cakes before and after vacuum freeze-drying, figureFileSmall=Xi6cpefoI3iIMVsrtOprYQ==, figureFileBig=f0uWXFlfp5r51ZDr/oSBAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889968340357730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=图4, caption=真空冷冻干燥前后鱼糕理化指标的变化

注:不同小写字母表示不同组别间的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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Factor level of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A猪肥肉
添加量(%)
B鸡肉添
加量(%)
C玉米淀粉
添加量(%)
D蛋清添
加量(%)
−1812106
01018128
112241410
), ArticleFig(id=1320889970483647080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A猪肥肉
添加量(%)
B鸡肉添
加量(%)
C玉米淀粉
添加量(%)
D蛋清添
加量(%)
−1812106
01018128
112241410
), ArticleFig(id=1320889970584310377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评分标准评分范围(分)
色泽色泽均匀,冻干呈淡黄色
色泽较均匀,冻干呈灰黄色
色泽不均匀,冻干呈灰暗色
7~9
4~6
1~3
气味具有鱼肉本身的鲜味
鱼肉味较淡
鱼肉味不足
7~9
4~6
1~3
口感口感细腻,咸淡适中,余味浓郁
口感较细腻,咸淡尚可
口感粗糙,偏咸或偏淡
7~9
4~6
1~3
质地酥脆度高,硬度适中,易咀嚼
酥脆度一般,偏硬,较易咀嚼
酥脆度差,硬,不易咀嚼
7~9
4~6
1~3
总体可接受度非常接受
一般接受
不接受
7~9
4~6
1~3
), ArticleFig(id=1320889970684973674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评分标准评分范围(分)
色泽色泽均匀,冻干呈淡黄色
色泽较均匀,冻干呈灰黄色
色泽不均匀,冻干呈灰暗色
7~9
4~6
1~3
气味具有鱼肉本身的鲜味
鱼肉味较淡
鱼肉味不足
7~9
4~6
1~3
口感口感细腻,咸淡适中,余味浓郁
口感较细腻,咸淡尚可
口感粗糙,偏咸或偏淡
7~9
4~6
1~3
质地酥脆度高,硬度适中,易咀嚼
酥脆度一般,偏硬,较易咀嚼
酥脆度差,硬,不易咀嚼
7~9
4~6
1~3
总体可接受度非常接受
一般接受
不接受
7~9
4~6
1~3
), ArticleFig(id=1320889970773054059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Judgment matrix scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标水分复水比白度脆度
水分11/71/51/5
复水比7122
白度51/211
脆度51/211
), ArticleFig(id=1320889970844357228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

判断矩阵评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标水分复水比白度脆度
水分11/71/51/5
复水比7122
白度51/211
脆度51/211
), ArticleFig(id=1320889970936631917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Indicators and weighting values of single factor test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素添加量(%)归一化
水分(%)复水比白度脆度(mm)综合评分
A40.710.970.460.040.51d
60.840.800.490.480.63c
80.580.730.960.520.70b
100.740.630.970.890.81a
120.900.490.870.780.73b
B60.810.610.660.330.56d
120.580.660.680.850.72b
180.001.000.780.850.78a
240.450.780.510.670.64c
300.810.970.000.220.48e
C60.900.440.300.740.56c
80.650.580.410.890.65b
100.450.630.690.780.67b
120.520.760.690.930.77a
140.740.930.530.440.66b
D20.870.530.530.700.63c
40.520.640.510.780.64c
60.740.730.850.630.73b
80.580.760.831.000.83a
101.000.640.740.410.63c
E1.00.350.561.000.520.62b
1.50.740.000.950.960.63ab
2.00.740.850.920.220.65a
2.50.870.981.000.000.65a
3.00.420.970.890.220.64a
AHP法权重0.050.450.250.25
EWM法权重0.190.180.220.41
AHP-EWM综合权重0.120.290.220.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971020517998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单因素实验指标与权重值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素添加量(%)归一化
水分(%)复水比白度脆度(mm)综合评分
A40.710.970.460.040.51d
60.840.800.490.480.63c
80.580.730.960.520.70b
100.740.630.970.890.81a
120.900.490.870.780.73b
B60.810.610.660.330.56d
120.580.660.680.850.72b
180.001.000.780.850.78a
240.450.780.510.670.64c
300.810.970.000.220.48e
C60.900.440.300.740.56c
80.650.580.410.890.65b
100.450.630.690.780.67b
120.520.760.690.930.77a
140.740.930.530.440.66b
D20.870.530.530.700.63c
40.520.640.510.780.64c
60.740.730.850.630.73b
80.580.760.831.000.83a
101.000.640.740.410.63c
E1.00.350.561.000.520.62b
1.50.740.000.950.960.63ab
2.00.740.850.920.220.65a
2.50.870.981.000.000.65a
3.00.420.970.890.220.64a
AHP法权重0.050.450.250.25
EWM法权重0.190.180.220.41
AHP-EWM综合权重0.120.290.220.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971137958511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Design and results of response surface methodology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(%)B(%)C(%)D(%)综合评分(分)
112181080.82
210181280.84
3102412100.79
410241260.81
581812100.70
610181280.85
7121812100.78
8101810100.74
910241480.74
1010121260.72
11101212100.72
1210181460.73
1312241280.78
148181260.75
158121280.64
1612181480.65
1710241080.80
18101814100.75
1910121080.68
208241280.75
2110181060.79
2210181280.87
238181480.76
2412121280.70
258181080.64
2612181260.76
2710121480.68
2810181280.87
2910181280.84
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971217650288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(%)B(%)C(%)D(%)综合评分(分)
112181080.82
210181280.84
3102412100.79
410241260.81
581812100.70
610181280.85
7121812100.78
8101810100.74
910241480.74
1010121260.72
11101212100.72
1210181460.73
1312241280.78
148181260.75
158121280.64
1612181480.65
1710241080.80
18101814100.75
1910121080.68
208241280.75
2110181060.79
2210181280.87
238181480.76
2412121280.70
258181080.64
2612181260.76
2710121480.68
2810181280.87
2910181280.84
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971314119281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型0.1200140.0086100.44<0.0001**
A0.005210.005261.02<0.0001**
B0.023410.0234274.24<0.0001**
C0.002110.002124.990.0002**
D0.000510.00056.250.0255*
AB0.000210.00022.640.1268-
AC0.021010.0210246.32<0.0001**
AD0.001210.001214.350.0020**
BC0.000910.000910.540.0058**
BD0.000110.00011.170.2974-
CD0.001210.001214.350.0020**
A²0.034010.0340398.52<0.0001**
B²0.025310.0253296.05<0.0001**
C²0.028410.0284332.70<0.0001**
D²0.007410.007486.13<0.0001**
残差0.0012140.0001
失拟项0.00031000.11960.9969-
纯误差0.000940.0002
总和0.121228
系数R2=0.9901 R2adj=0.9803
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971439948402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

模型的方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型0.1200140.0086100.44<0.0001**
A0.005210.005261.02<0.0001**
B0.023410.0234274.24<0.0001**
C0.002110.002124.990.0002**
D0.000510.00056.250.0255*
AB0.000210.00022.640.1268-
AC0.021010.0210246.32<0.0001**
AD0.001210.001214.350.0020**
BC0.000910.000910.540.0058**
BD0.000110.00011.170.2974-
CD0.001210.001214.350.0020**
A²0.034010.0340398.52<0.0001**
B²0.025310.0253296.05<0.0001**
C²0.028410.0284332.70<0.0001**
D²0.007410.007486.13<0.0001**
残差0.0012140.0001
失拟项0.00031000.11960.9969-
纯误差0.000940.0002
总和0.121228
系数R2=0.9901 R2adj=0.9803
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971544806003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Predicted values and validation results of the optimization method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法结果类型猪肥肉添加量(%)鸡肉添加量(%)玉米淀粉添加量(%)蛋清添加量(%)综合评分
响应面法预测值10.5220.2811.397.720.8676
遗传算法10.6120.0511.337.870.8671
响应面法验证结果10.0020.0011.008.000.87±0.21
遗传算法10.0020.0011.008.000.87±0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971637080692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

优化方法的预测值与验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法结果类型猪肥肉添加量(%)鸡肉添加量(%)玉米淀粉添加量(%)蛋清添加量(%)综合评分
响应面法预测值10.5220.2811.397.720.8676
遗传算法10.6120.0511.337.870.8671
响应面法验证结果10.0020.0011.008.000.87±0.21
遗传算法10.0020.0011.008.000.87±0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971720966773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Textural parameters of freeze-dried fish cake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质构参数优化后优化前某生鲜超市某农贸市场
硬度(g)2039.89±47.21b742.05±24.08d952.47±33.48c4032.02±87.75a
脆度(mm)0.63±0.11b0.39±0.09d0.48±0.05c1.12±1.19a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889971825824374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889961516225055, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

鱼糕冻干质构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质构参数优化后优化前某生鲜超市某农贸市场
硬度(g)2039.89±47.21b742.05±24.08d952.47±33.48c4032.02±87.75a
脆度(mm)0.63±0.11b0.39±0.09d0.48±0.05c1.12±1.19a
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鱼糕冻干配方优化及品质、货架期分析
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刘海燕 1 , 高文喻 1 , 李雅欣 1 , 艾娜 1 , 雷生姣 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(4): 292-302
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (4) : 292 -302
鱼糕冻干配方优化及品质、货架期分析
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刘海燕1 , 高文喻1, 李雅欣1, 艾娜1, 雷生姣1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学生物与制药学院,湖北宜昌 443002
  • 2天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北宜昌 443002
通讯作者:
雷生姣(1975−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术与生物催化剂,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘海燕(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:

Optimization of Freeze-dried Fish Cake Formulation and Analysis of Quality and Shelf Life
Haiyan LIU1 , Wenyu GAO1, Yaxin LI1, Na AI1, Shengjiao LEI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030057
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针对传统鱼糕货架期短、运输条件苛刻、食用方法单一等问题,本研究通过配方优化与真空冷冻干燥技术开发新型鱼糕产品,旨在延长其保质期、提升营养均衡性并拓展即食化、多场景应用潜力,同时为水产制品的工业化加工提供工艺参考。以鲢鱼为主要原料,基于层次分析-熵权法构建综合评分模型,选择猪肥肉、鸡肉、玉米淀粉和蛋清添加量进行单因素实验,并在单因素实验基础上通过遗传算法结合Box-Behnken响应面法对鱼糕冻干配方进行优化。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)分析微观结构,测定蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分等理化指标,并基于Arrhenius方程预测货架期。确定了鱼糕冻干最优配方为:相对碎鱼肉用量,猪肥肉添加量10%(质量分数),鸡肉添加量20%,玉米淀粉添加量11%,蛋清添加量8%,综合评分达0.87±0.34。微观结构显示孔隙分布均匀,真空冷冻干燥处理前后关键理化指标无显著变化。基于Arrhenius方程的货架期模型预测25 ℃贮藏期为77 d,较鲜切鱼糕(4~7 d)延长11倍。本研究得到了色泽均匀、口感酥脆、货架期长以及营养均衡的鱼糕冻干制品,为鱼糕制品常温储运与即食化应用提供借鉴。

鱼糕冻干  /  配方优化  /  综合评分  /  层次分析法  /  熵权法  /  遗传算法

This study addresses the limitations of traditional fish cake, including its short shelf life, stringent transportation conditions, and limited eating methods. By optimizing the formulation and applying vacuum freeze-drying technology, a novel fish cake product was developed. This innovation aims to extend shelf life, enhance nutritional balance, and facilitate ready-to-eat and multi-scenario applications. It also provides a technological reference for the industrial processing of aquatic products. Using silver carp as the primary raw material, we constructed a comprehensive scoring model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with the entropy weight method (EWM). Single-factor experiments were conducted to determine optimal addition levels of pork fat, chicken, corn starch, and egg white. These results informed the subsequent optimization of the freeze-dried fish cake formulation using a genetic algorithm in conjunction with the Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and physicochemical properties—including protein, fat, moisture, and ash content were measured. Shelf life was estimated using the Arrhenius equation. The optimal formulation (relative to minced fish) consisted of 10% pork fat, 20% chicken, 11% corn starch, and 8% egg white (by mass), achieving a comprehensive score of 0.87±0.34. SEM imaging revealed a uniform pore distribution, and there were no significant changes in the key physicochemical indices following the vacuum freeze-drying treatment. The Arrhenius equation-based shelf-life model predicted a storage life of 77 days at 25 ℃, an 11-fold increase over the 4~7 day shelf life of fresh-cut fish cake. This study successfully produced freeze-dried fish cake with uniform color, crispy texture, a long shelf life and balanced nutrition, offering a reference for the ambient storage, transportation and ready-to-eat application of fish cake products.

freeze-dried fish cake  /  formulation optimization  /  comprehensive score  /  analytic hierarchy process  /  entropy weight method  /  genetic algorithm
刘海燕, 高文喻, 李雅欣, 艾娜, 雷生姣. 鱼糕冻干配方优化及品质、货架期分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 292 -302 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030057
Haiyan LIU, Wenyu GAO, Yaxin LI, Na AI, Shengjiao LEI. Optimization of Freeze-dried Fish Cake Formulation and Analysis of Quality and Shelf Life[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 292 -302 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030057
鱼糕是我国一种品质上乘的传统鱼糜制品。鱼糕产品是以鱼肉为主要原料,加入适量的猪肉、鸡蛋等辅料,通过搅拌和蒸煮等工艺制作而成[1]。鱼糕的特色不仅在于充分保留了鱼肉的营养价值,口感柔软且具有弹性,并且去除了鱼腥味,具有独特的风味[2]。鱼糕含有可溶性蛋白质较多,肌肉结缔组织、脂肪较少,易于消化吸收[3],但富含蛋白质也导致其极易腐败变质,鲜切鱼糕比冷冻鱼糕更容易被污染,货架期短且不耐储存,极大制约了鱼糕及鱼糜制品的发展。
真空冷冻干燥技术,亦称为冻干技术,是一种高效的物料干燥手段,在食品、医药、农业等多个领域有着广泛的应用[4]。该技术先将含水的物料在低温下冻结,再在真空环境中将冻结的水分直接从固态转变为气态,实现物料的脱水干燥。经过冻干处理的物料会变得松散多孔、质量轻、体积略有减小[5]。由于整个干燥过程都在真空和低温条件下进行,物料的形态、色泽、风味、香气以及原有的活性成分都能得到很好地保持[6]。此外,真空冷冻干燥技术能够去除物料中超过90%的水分,极大的降低储运成本。目前,该技术已经在水产品加工中得到了广泛的应用。牛改改等[7]基于变异系数权重法对鼓风干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥处理的牡蛎进行了各项指标变化评分。试验结果显示,真空冷冻干燥牡蛎干品质最佳,可较好保留牡蛎的色泽、风味及营养成分。阙婷婷等[8]以常规热风干燥为空白对照,研究真空微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥技术对鱼糜干制品品质的影响,发现真空冷冻干燥鱼糜效果最好,其处理样品的水分含量低,白度高,吸水指数高,水溶解指数低,复水性能好。林丰等[9]通过感官评定并经电子鼻及GC-MS测定比较了南极磷虾制品三种干燥方式,发现真空冷冻干燥更好地保存了南极磷虾原有的蛋白质和脂肪,且色泽好,有独特的风味,所含风味物质更接近原虾。
因此,本研究以鲢鱼为主要原料,基于层次分析-熵权法构建品质指标(水分、复水比、白度、脆度)的综合评分模型,探究猪肥肉、鸡肉、玉米淀粉和蛋清添加量对鱼糕冻干产品综合评分的影响,在单因素实验基础上,通过响应面法结合遗传算法优化鱼糕冻干制品配方,旨在提升鱼糕冻干制品品质特性,延长制品的保质期,丰富鱼糕制品的品类。研究中采用的评价方法可为鱼糕制品的产业化发展提供借鉴,获得的冻干制品可作为烹饪的主辅料,也可作为户外/野外活动的方便副食品。
鱼糕、鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)、鳊鱼(Parabramis pekinensis)、鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)、猪肥肉、鸡胸脯肉及其他辅料 均购于本地农贸市场;原、辅料新鲜,无霉变和腐烂,无杂质;石油醚(沸程为30~60 ℃)、乙酸镁、浓盐酸、硫酸铵、硫酸等 均为AR分析纯,购于天津市富于精细化工有限公司。
KQ5200E超声清洗机 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;SHB-Ⅲ循环水式真空泵 长沙明杰仪器有限公司;DK-Sl2电热恒温水浴锅 上海森信实验仪器有限公司;ME204E电子天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器上海有限公司;DSH-7真空冷冻干燥机 北京博医康实验仪器有限公司;SX2-8-13箱式电阻炉 金坛区荣华仪器制造有限公司;YHG-500-BS-Ⅱ远红外快速恒温干燥箱 上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;K1100全自动凯氏定氮仪、SH220F石墨消解仪 山东海能仪器有限公司;LG10-2.4A离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;JSM-7500F扫描电子显微镜SEM 日本电子公司(JEOL);TA.XT Plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;SPSIC WSC-S型测色色差计 上海精密科学仪器有限公司。
新鲜鲢鱼→去鳞解剖→清洗→采肉→漂洗→离心脱水→擂溃(斩拌)→调味及调色→铺板成型→蒸煮→冷却→切片→预冻→真空冷冻干燥→成品。
原料前处理:新鲜鲢鱼首先去鳞、去头、去内脏,再用清水(温度10 ℃以下)反复清洗,以清除腹腔内的剩余内脏、黑膜、血污,沥干水分,备用。
采肉:沿背部中线将鲢鱼一分为二,去皮、鱼刺和红肉,从两片鱼肉上手工获取白色鱼肉。
漂洗与脱水:将鱼肉放入盆中,加入5倍的清水(温度10 ℃以下)漂洗30 min,反复漂洗,直至水澄清。漂洗完毕将鲢鱼肉于5000 r/min离心脱水10 min。
部分辅料处理:猪肥肉切成丁块状,用绞肉机绞成糊状备用;鸡胸脯肉浸泡除去血水,沥干表面水分,用绞肉机绞成糊状备用;将生姜去皮切块、葱白切段、大蒜剥皮,用绞肉机打浆备用。
擂溃及调色、调味:将处理好的鲢鱼肉放入斩拌机内空擂5 min,再加入处理好的猪肥肉和鸡肉一起斩拌,待鱼糜发黏时,将鸡蛋清、白砂糖、味精、葱、姜、蒜等调味料放入斩拌机中继续斩拌至浆体发亮、均匀即可,最后加入玉米淀粉,搅拌均匀(基本配方:白砂糖2%,葱白1%,生姜0.5%,大蒜0.5%,味精0.5%,水15%)。
成型:在模具底部铺一层纱布,将斩拌后的鲢鱼鱼糜立即装入模具中,表面抹平,等待成型。
蒸煮:将成型后的鱼肉于100 ℃蒸煮15 min,用一块干净的纱布擦干鲢鱼鱼糕表面水分,用刷子将蛋黄液均匀地涂抹在鱼糕表面,继续蒸煮5 min。
冷却、预冻:将制作好的鱼糕放在凉架上,待其自然冷却后切成长7 cm宽5 cm厚6 mm的片状,放入−20 ℃冰箱速冻4 h。
干燥、包装:将预冻后的鱼糕进行真空冷冻干燥48 h,工艺参数为冷阱温度−50 ℃,真空度70 Pa,加热板温度48 ℃,干燥结束后用透明真空袋进行抽真空包装。
将鸡肉添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、蛋清添加量、食盐添加量分别固定在12%、10%、6%和2%,考察猪肥肉添加量(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)对综合评分的影响。
将猪肥肉添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、蛋清添加量、食盐添加量分别固定在8%、10%、6%和2%,考察鸡肉添加量(6%、12%、18%、24%、30%)对综合评分的影响。
将猪肥肉添加量、鸡肉添加量、蛋清添加量、食盐添加量分别固定在8%、12%、6%和2%,考察玉米淀粉添加量(6%、8%、10%、12%、14%)对综合评分的影响。
将猪肥肉添加量、鸡肉添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、食盐添加量分别固定在8%、12%、10%和2%,考察蛋清添加量(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)对综合评分的影响。
将猪肥肉添加量、鸡肉添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、蛋清添加量分别固定在8%、12%、10%和6%,考察食盐添加量(1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%)对综合评分的影响。
考虑产品的整体特性,以含水率、复水比、白度值和脆度的综合评分为评价指标进行优化,在评价指标优化过程中采用主客观结合的方法,利用AHP-EWM综合赋权法进行权重计算,既能对各指标的重要性进行主观分配,又能客观反映应指标数据信息,使得权重系数更加科学合理。
在单因素实验的基础上,选择影响显著的因素:猪肥肉添加量(A)、鸡肉添加量(B)、玉米淀粉添加量(C)、蛋清添加量(D),并以综合评分(Z)作为响应值进行响应面试验,试验因素及水平如表1所示。
遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)是一种搜索启发式算法[10],它模拟了自然选择过程和生物遗传学原理,其主要特点是可以跳出局部最优解,实现全局择优,弥补了Box-Behnken响应面法设计局部不足的缺点[11]。在本研究中,鱼糕冻干的配方优化是一个涉及多变量和多目标的全局优化问题,为获得全局最优解,采用Box-Behnken响应面法结合遗传算法来进行求解,遗传算法流程如图1所示。本文采用python编程遗传算法对鱼糕冻干的配方进行优化,具体的遗传算法参数设定如下:初始种群大小为200,交叉概率为0.7,变异概率为0.1,进化代数为100。选择猪肥肉添加量8%(上限12%)、鸡肉添加量12%(上限24%)、玉米淀粉添加量10%(上限14%)和蛋清添加量6%(上限10%)作为初始值,在初始值限定范围内随机生成200个个体构成初始种群,以综合评分作为输出适应度值,计算种群所有个体的适应度。利用轮盘赌选择法随机挑选50个个体进入下一轮进化,用进化后的个体替换随机挑选的50个个体,对替换后的种群进行适应度计算,并不断重复上述操作,当迭代次数达到100次后,终止迭代,此时输出每一代的最大适应度与最优参数,选择100次迭代过程中出现的最优值,即为最高综合评分,其对应的参数即为最优配方。
依据GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》对样品初始水分含量进行测定。
参照吴满刚等[12]的方法并略作调整,将干燥后的样品放入95 ℃热水中,水浴加热保持恒温,每隔1 min拿出,在筛网中沥干表面水分并测定质量,在30 min内,直到其质量不再变化,记录复水时间与复水后的质量,每组进行3次平行实验,根据式(1)计算复水比R,结果以平均值表示。
$\rm R(\text{%})=\frac{m}{{m}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,R为复水比;m0为冷冻干燥鱼糕质量,g;m为复水后鱼糕质量,g。
采用SPSIC WSC-S型测色色差计室温条件下测定鱼糕的L*(亮度值)、a*(红度值)、b*(黄度值)。所有试样重复两次,每次做3次平行测定。采用亨氏白度计算方法[13]。
$ {\mathrm{W}}=100-{[{{(100-{{L}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}}+{{a}^{\text{*}}}{{}^{2}}+{{b}^{\text{*}}}{{}^{2}}]}^{1/2} $
式中,W为亨氏白度;a*为红度值;b*为黄度值;L*为亮度值。
脆度和硬度通过TA.XT-plus质构仪进行测定。将鱼糕冻干切为40 mm×10 mm×5 mm的薄片,参照宋振硕等[14]的方法并略作调整,采用HDP/3PB探头进行三点弯曲试验。试验基本参数设置为:测试模式为压缩力测试;运行方式返回起始位置;测前、测中、测后速度为1 mm/s;探头下压距离10 mm;每个样品平行测定3次。
微观结构通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)进行观测。制备鱼糕冻干的观测样本后,用碳导电胶将观测样本固定在样品托上,对样品进行喷金后SEM观测[15]。
鱼糕冻干前后的蛋白质含量测定参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》;脂肪含量测定参照GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》;灰分测定参照GB 5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》;水分含量测定参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》。鱼糕冻干微生物的测定参考GB 4789.2-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》,GB 4789.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》。
参照黄艳等[16]的方法略作修改,考虑鱼糕冻干成品的水分含量较低,并且含有一定量的不饱和脂肪酸,而过氧化值(peroxidation value,POV)能反映脂肪发生初级氧化程度,因此将POV作为预测货架期的指标。
POV测定:参照GB 5009.227-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》。
通过进行加速破坏性试验,选择在35 ℃和45 ℃两个试验温度下加速脂肪氧化,直至达到产品允许的最大临界值(0.25 g/100 g),再利用Arrhenius方程预测产品在25 ℃贮藏的货架期。脂肪氧化酸败与其储藏时间符合一级动力学方程[17],按公式(3)计算:
$\rm \ln [POV]=K\times t+\ln [PO{V}_{0}] $
式中,POV为过氧化值,g/100 g;K为速率常数;t为贮藏时间,d;POV0为原始过氧化值,g/100 g。
在25 ℃的货架期由式(4)、式(5)计算:
$\rm {Q}_{10}=\frac{{K}_{T2}}{{K}_{T1}} $
$\rm {\theta }_{s}(T)={\theta }_{s}(T\text{'})\times Q_{10}^{\Delta Ta/10} $
式中,Q10为加速破坏性试验条件下,温差为10 ℃的两个温度(试验温度T1和T2)下的品质变化速率常数的比率;θs(T)为实际贮存温度T下食品的保质期;θs(T')为在T'温度下进行加速破坏性试验得到的保质期;ΔTa为较高温度(T')与实际贮存温度(T)的差值(T'-T),℃。
感官评价小组由通过GB/T 16291.1-2012《感官分析 选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则》标准筛选的20名食品专业人员(男女各10名)组成,正式实验在符合GB/T 13868-2009《感官分析 建立感官分析实验室的一般导则》的感官实验室内进行。对冷冻干燥后的鱼糕进行感官评定,采用9点快感标度法对样品的色泽、气味、口感、质地以及总体可接受度进行评分,得分为1~9,其中9分代表极度喜欢,7分代表喜欢,5分代表普通,3分代表厌恶,1分代表极度厌恶[18]。至少5分的得分是认为可被接受的。全程符合GB/T 10220-2012《感官分析 方法学总论》的规定,感官评价表如表2所示。
根据各指标的重要程度构建判断矩阵,综合考虑确定各项指标的重要性顺序为复水比>白度=脆度>水分,采用1~9标度法建立两两比较的判断矩阵并对各项指标进行评分,判断矩阵B如表3所示。
本研究采用方根法计算层次分析法权重[19]。依据公式(6)计算判断矩阵特征向量,再对特征向量进行归一化。
$ \begin{split} \rm {\overline{W}}_{\text{i}}=\sqrt[4]{\prod \limits_{{\mathrm{j}}=1}^{4}{{\mathrm{b}}}_{{\mathrm{ij}}}} \quad {\mathrm{i}}=1,2 ,3,4\\ \rm {W}_{i}=\frac{{\overline{W}}_{i}}{\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{4}{\overline{W}}_{i}} \quad i=1,2,3,4\end{split} $
式中,$ {\overline{{\mathrm{W}}}}_{\text{i}} $为归一化前水分、复水比、白度、脆度的权重向量,反映该指标的综合重要性;Wi表示归一化后水分、复水比、白度、脆度的权重向量;bij是判断矩阵内第i行指标对第j列指标的重要程度。
根据式(7)计算矩阵的最大特征值λmax。
$\rm {\lambda }_{\max }=\sum \limits_{i=1}^{4}\frac{{(BW)}_{i}}{4{W}_{i}} \quad i=1,2,3,4 $
通过公式(8)计算一致性比值CR对矩阵合理性进行评估,CR值小于0.1表明矩阵数值设置以及权重系数可靠[20]。
$\rm CR=\frac{{\lambda }_{\max }-4}{(4-1)\times RI} $
式中,λmax为判断矩阵的最大特征值;CR表示一次性比值;RI为随机一致性指标。
$\rm {W}_{j}={[{{W}_{i}}]}^{T} \quad i=j $
式中,Wj为第j个指标的层次分析法权重。
熵权法是一种基于信息量的客观赋权方法,通过衡量各评价指标数值变化程度来确定其权重。指标差异越大,所包含的信息量越多,熵权值也越大,对评估结果的影响越显著[21]。本试验有25个待评价方案,每个方案有4个评价指标构成数据原始矩阵A=(Aij)25×4,首先通过式(10)和式(11)对原始数据矩阵中正向指标和负向指标进行归一化:
$\rm {r}^+{}_{ij}=\frac{{a}_{ij}-{a}_{\min }}{{a}_{\max }-{a}_{\min }} $
$\rm {r}^-{}_{ij}=\frac{{a}_{\max }-{\mathrm{a}}_{\mathrm{i}j}}{{a}_{\max }-{a}_{\min }} $
式(10)中,r+ij为正向指标,对应复水比和白度;aij为矩阵中第i次实验时第j个评价指标的值;amax表示第j个评价指标的最大值;amin表示第j个评价指标的最小值。
式(11)中,r−ij为负向指标,对应水分和脆度。
第j个评价指标的信息熵可按公式(12)计算:
$ \begin{cases} \rm {u}_{ij}=\dfrac{{r}_{ij}}{\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{25}{r}_{ij}}\\ \rm {H}_{j}=-\dfrac{1}{\ln 25}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{25}{u}_{ij}\ln {u}_{ij}\\ \end{cases} $
式中,uij表示第i次实验时第j个评价指标标准化后的值,当uij=0时,uijlnuij=0;Hj表示第j个评价指标的信息熵值。
则第j个指标的熵权法权重θj定义为:
$\rm {\theta }_{j}=\frac{1-{H}_{j}}{4-\displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{4}{H}_{j}} $
采用AHP-EWM综合赋权法,能显示客观数据并兼顾主观经验对指标重要性的排序分配,解决两种方法各自的缺点,使得权重系数更加科学合理[22]。各指标的综合权重dj计算公式如下。
$\rm {d}_{j}=a{\theta }_{j}+b{W}_{j}$
式中,θj为熵权法确定的各指标权重;Wj为层次分析法确定的各指标权重;a、b为比例系数,且a+b=1,考虑两种方法的均衡性,取a=b=0.5。
$\rm Z=\sum \limits_{i=1}^{25}{x}_{ij}\times {d}_{j} $
式中,Z为综合评分;xij为第i次实验时第j个评价指标的归一化数据。
试验数据均为3次重复试验的平均值,所有数据均以平均数±标准差表示。采用Excel 2020进行数据统计整理。实验数据利用SPSS Statistics 20.0进行统计分析,并利用LSD法进行多重比较,P<0.05表示组间差异显著。Box-Behnken实验设计及模型显著性分析通过Design-Expert 13软件完成,对回归模型和各项系数进行方差分析和t检验。理化指标在真空冷冻干燥前后的差异通过配对样本t检验进行分析。使用Origin 2024软件进行数据绘图分析,应用python编程遗传算法进行优化得出最佳配方。
以猪肥肉、鸡肉、玉米淀粉、蛋清和食盐添加量为自变量,探究其对鱼糕冻干综合评分的影响,从而选出最佳单因素水平。其中,综合评分越高,产品色泽越佳,酥脆度越好,复水比越大。
如表4所示,在固定鸡肉、玉米淀粉、蛋清和食盐添加量的条件下,随猪肥肉添加量的增加,鱼糕冻干的综合评分呈现先上升后下降的趋势,可能是由于猪肥肉中脂肪含量较高,脂肪在冻干过程中不会升华,在复水过程中不易吸收水分[23],因此鱼糕冻干制品的吸水能力随猪肥肉添加量的增加而减弱。此外,猪肥肉与瘦肉的颜色相比更浅,适量添加可以提高鱼糕的白度,过量添加(超过10%)会使产品内部脂肪含量过高,表面出现油光,降低白度,并使结构变得松散,从而降低脆度,使产品的整体口感油腻而不脆,与施建斌等[24]在麻城肉糕制作工艺配方研究中的发现一致。因此,选择猪肥肉添加量为8%、10%、12%进行后续响应面试验。
鸡肉富含高质量的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质,可以提高鱼糕的营养价值。在固定猪肥肉、玉米淀粉、蛋清和食盐添加量的条件下,随鸡肉添加量的升高,综合评分呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在添加量为18%时达到最高(表4)。鸡肉冻干过程水分以冰晶态升华汽化,蛋白质能够形成稳定的网络结构,维持鱼糕冻干后的形态[12],其鸡肉纤维结构保持比较完整,且冰晶升华后会在其原位置形成小孔并形成疏松结构,提高鱼糕冻干复水效果,适量的添加能够增强产品的纤维感[25]。此外,肉类的色泽主要由肌红蛋白、氧合肌红蛋白和高铁肌红蛋白三种蛋白决定[26],鸡肉添加过量会导致鱼糕冻干整体颜色变暗,翁江来等[27]研究了美拉德褐变是干燥后鸡肉色泽变化的主要原因。因此,选择鸡肉添加量为12%、18%、24%进行后续响应面试验。
在固定猪肥肉、鸡肉、蛋清和食盐添加量的条件下,玉米淀粉的加入使综合评分呈先上升后下降的趋势(表4)。玉米淀粉是一种由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成的碳水化合物,主要来源于玉米,其支链淀粉由α-葡萄糖单元构成,其分支状结构赋予其优异的吸水性和膨胀性,能够吸收和保持水分[28]。在加热过程中,蛋白质和淀粉都可以发生凝胶化,形成三维网络结构[29],使整个体系更加稳定,避免在储存过程中出现破碎或变形。罗颖莹等[30]也在研究中发现,在鱼糜中添加适量的玉米淀粉,鱼糜中的自由水转换为不易流动水和结合水,蛋白质分子间的疏水相互作用增强,α-螺旋转变为有序β-折叠,形成致密、稳定的网络结构。此外,玉米淀粉在冻干过程中会形成多孔结构,不仅可以提高鱼糕冻干的复水性能,也能增强冻干的脆度。但过量的玉米淀粉可能导致产品在储存时吸湿变软[31],影响复水性并使口感变得粗糙。因此,选择玉米淀粉添加量为10%、12%、14%进行后续响应面试验。
在固定猪肥肉、鸡肉、玉米淀粉和食盐添加量的条件下,随着蛋清添加量的增加,综合评分呈先上升后下降的趋势(表4)。蛋清中的蛋白质在加热时会凝固,有助于鱼糕中的其他成分粘结在一起,从而增强其结构稳定性,防止在冻干过程中表面出现裂痕。蛋清同时具有乳化作用[32],能够吸附在油水交界处,降低界面张力,促进油滴在水中均匀分散形成乳液,乳化后的脂肪颗粒在冻干过程中有助于形成多孔结构[33],进而提升鱼糕冻干产品的复水性。赖燕娜等[34]发现,在鱼糜制品中添加咸鸭蛋蛋清能改善产品的色泽,增加其白度。蛋清添加量为8%时,鱼糕冻干的综合评分最高,随着蛋清添加量的逐渐增加,产品品质明显下降,可能是因为过度乳化导致鱼糕冻干制品的质地变得油腻,且过多的蛋白质会导致鱼糕冻干制品的质地变得过于紧实缺乏多孔性,影响口感和复水性。因此,选择蛋清添加量为6%、8%、10%进行后续响应面试验。
食盐是一种离子晶体,可以与蛋白质相互作用,促进蛋白质的溶解和凝胶化[35],影响鱼糕的质地和结构,而食盐对鱼糕冻干的白度和复水比影响不是很大,适当地添加能够提升鱼糕的味道,使其更加鲜美,过量则可能导致口感偏咸。食盐添加量大于2%时,综合评分变化并不显著(P>0.05)(表4)。因此,选择食盐添加量为2%。
据单因素实验结果,由于食盐添加量对鱼糕冻干综合评分影响不显著(P>0.05),在添加量为2%时综合评分最高,因此,排除不显著因素,确定食盐添加量为2%,研究猪肥肉添加量(A)、鸡肉添加量(B)、玉米淀粉添加量(C)、蛋清添加量(D)对综合评分(Z)的影响。根据Box-Benhnken原理设计四因素三水平试验方案,优化鱼糕冻干工艺配方,试验方案与结果如表5所示。通过Design-Expert 13进行二次多项回归拟合得到猪肥肉添加量、鸡肉添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、食盐添加量4个因素之间的二次多项回归方程:综合评分:
Z=0.854+0.0208A+0.0442B−0.0133C−0.0067D−0.0075AB−0.0725AC+0.0175AD−0.015BC−0.005BD+0.0175CD−0.0724A2−0.0624B2−0.0662C2−0.0337D2
方差分析如表6所示,模型显著性检验P<0.0001表示显著;失拟项P>0.05表示不显著,表明该模型合理、可靠性高、误差小。此外,回归方程的相关系数R2为0.9901,调整系数R2adj为0.9803,说明模型拟合度高,建立的回归模型可解释98.03%响应值的变化。模型二次项中AC、AD、BC、CD呈极显著(P<0.01)。通过比较四因素F值的大小可知,对综合评分的影响程度顺序为:鸡肉添加量>猪肥肉添加量>玉米淀粉添加量>蛋清添加量。
遗传算法全局寻优结果如图2所示,迭代次数接近第15代时,适应度值逐渐增大并趋于收敛,表明种群已接近最优状态。至第27代时,适应度函数达到了最大值0.8671,即最高综合评分为0.8671。此时,适应度函数对应的最优参数为(10.61,20.05,11.33,7.87),即遗传算法优化后的最佳配方为:猪肥肉添加量为10.61%,鸡肉添加量为20.05%,玉米淀粉添加量为11.33%,蛋清添加量为7.87%。
通过Box-Behnken响应面优化法和遗传算法获得的理论最优配方综合评分预测值与验证结果如表7所示。为适应实际生产操作的需要,对工艺配方进行适当的调整后开展验证实验,每组工艺条件独立重复3次,结果取平均值,验证结果显示,实验测定值与模型预测值接近,证实Box-Behnken响应面法与遗传算法联合模型的可靠性。
遗传算法能够在Box-Behnken响应面优化法的基础上进行全局优化,从而弥补了Box-Behnken响应面优化法的局限性。将这两种优化方法结合起来,可以更科学地寻找最佳工艺配方,并且能够模拟和预测不同配方的综合评分。
质构参数在衡量食品口感方面起着重要的作用,如表8所示,采用最优配方制作的鱼糕冻干制品硬度为2039.89 g,脆度为0.63 mm,远高于优化前制作的鱼糕冻干产品。微观结构如图3所示,优化前鱼糕冻干和某生鲜超市鱼糕冻干微观结构都呈现出不规则的片状结构,表面出现不均匀的孔洞和裂缝,导致产品易碎,复水时易破裂且复水后的鱼糕可能会出现局部软硬不一、质地不均匀的情况,影响口感和食用体验,而购自于某农贸市场的鱼糕冻干微观结构呈不规则的团块状,孔洞小,整体紧致密实,导致产品硬而不易碎,复水时难以吸收水分导致复水所需时间长。配方优化后所制作的鱼糕冻干微观结构表面呈网络状,孔隙分布较均匀,使其具有更好的结构稳定性和完整性,从而在贮藏和运输过程中不易发生变形、开裂或破碎等问题,能保持良好的外观和形态,同时,均匀的孔隙分布为水分的渗透和扩散提供了良好的通道,复水时水分能够沿着这些均匀的孔隙快速渗透到鱼糕的内部,使内部结构迅速被水分子填充,加速鱼糕的复水过程,缩短复水所需的时间,均匀的孔隙分布也有利于水分在整个鱼糕中均匀分布,避免因孔隙不均匀导致的局部吸水过多或过少现象。
为减少误差,避免样本单一,本实验以最优配方制作五种鱼糕并测定其真空冷冻干燥前后理化指标的变化,如图4所示,冷冻干燥前后鱼糕水分含量有显著变化(P<0.05),其他三种营养成分含量变化均不显著(P>0.05),说明冷冻干燥处理对鱼糕的品质影响较低,且冷冻干燥后的鱼糕不含水分更易于运输和贮藏。冷冻干燥处理前后,鲫鱼鱼糕的粗脂肪含量显著高于鲢鱼鱼糕、鳊鱼鱼糕、草鱼鱼糕和鳙鱼鱼糕(P<0.05),鲢鱼鱼糕的总蛋白含量显著高于其他四种鱼糕(P<0.05),鳊鱼鱼糕的灰分含量显著高于其他四种鱼糕(P<0.05),五种鱼糕在真空冷冻干燥处理前后的水分含量均未呈现统计学显著差异(P>0.05)。以鲢鱼冻干为主进行微生物特性分析,检测结果为菌落总数263 CFU/g,未检测出大肠菌群和致病菌,符合鱼糜制品的国家标准GB 10132-2005《鱼糜制品卫生标准》。
采用透明真空袋包装,分别放在35 ℃和45 ℃的生化培养箱中进行食品加速破坏性试验,35 ℃条件下贮藏5 d检测一次POV值,45 ℃条件下贮藏2 d检测一次POV值,当POV值达到0.25 g/100 g时终止试验,鱼糕冻干的POV变化情况如图5所示,对鱼糕冻干贮藏期间POV的变化进行回归分析,根据公式(3)得35 ℃下的回归方程为:ln(POV)=0.0066t+0.048,R2=0.9781;45 ℃下的回归方程为:ln(POV)=0.0171t+0.0471,R2=0.9634;由公式(4)得出Q10=2.59,由公式(5)计算出在25 ℃温度下的保质期为77 d,因此当温度为25 ℃时,采用透明真空袋包装的鱼糕冻干货架期为77 d,根据前期预实验可知传统鲜切鱼糕在此温度下只能贮藏4~7 d,鱼糕冻干的贮藏时间比鲜切鱼糕延长了11倍,证实该工艺确实可以有效延长鱼糕的货架期。
为评价消费者对产品的可接受性,本试验从气味、色泽、口感、质地以及总体可接受度5个方面对样品的感官品质进行分析,如图6所示,因为配料比例的不同,产品的气味、色泽、口感和质地均有明显的差别。从色泽来看,优化后的鱼糕冻干得分处于优秀水平,表明其色泽均匀,呈现淡黄色,冻干工艺使得鱼糕原有色泽有效保留;气味方面,得分显示其具有较浓郁的鱼糕气味;口感得分反映出其在咀嚼时口感酥脆、细腻,这与其均匀分布的孔隙结构有关;质地维度的得分体现了其硬度适中。整体上优化后的鱼糕冻干各方面得分较高,品质明显优于其他三组,表明其符合现代消费者追求方便食品的趋势,在这些方面具有一定市场竞争力。
本研究以层次分析-熵权法计算的综合评分为评价指标,并在单因素实验基础上通过遗传算法结合Box-Behnken响应面法优化出鱼糕冻干最佳配方:相对碎鱼肉用量,猪肥肉添加量10%(质量分数),鸡肉添加量20%,玉米淀粉添加量11%,蛋清添加量8%。此条件下制备的鱼糕冻干综合评分为(0.87±0.34),微观结构表面孔隙分布较均匀,硬度适中不易碎,酥脆,品质较好,真空冷冻干燥前后理化指标变化不显著,25 ℃贮藏时预测货架期可达77 d,较鲜切鱼糕(4~7 d)延长11倍。本研究得到了色泽均匀、口感酥脆、货架期长以及营养均衡的鱼糕冻干制品,为鱼糕制品常温储运与即食化应用提供借鉴。目前,对鱼糕的研究多集中在对传统工艺和配方进行优化,及鲜切鱼糕的品质的影响,本研究在传统工艺基础上应用真空冷冻干燥技术,更结合多维度指标对鱼糕冻干配方进行了优化,旨在延长其保质期、提升营养均衡性并拓展即食化、多场景应用潜力。此外,相较于传统单一的优化方法,本研究采用响应面法结合遗传算法,能更科学精准地确定各原料的最优添加量,为食品配方开发提供了更先进、有效的方法。后续将引入高通量检测技术(如高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用)进一步分析鱼糕冻干过程中的营养成分保留率和生物活性变化,从食品化学的角度分析鱼糕产品的品质,为鱼糕类产品的深度开发提供理论与实践支撑。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030057
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
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    1三峡大学生物与制药学院,湖北宜昌 443002
    2天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北宜昌 443002

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雷生姣(1975−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术与生物催化剂,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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