Article(id=1320889873586836351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030243, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854286809, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854286809, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854286809, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854286809, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=303, endPage=312, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889873771385728, articleId=1320889873586836351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction Process and Functional Characterization of Neurospora intermedia Fermented-tempeh Oil, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, Neurospora intermedia HJ 2022-06 was used for the solid-state fermentation of soybeans, following which the tempeh oil was extracted using an alkaline protease-assisted aqueous enzymatic method. A single-factor experimental design was initially used, and the extraction parameters were subsequently optimized using Box–Behnken response surface methodology. Additionally, the physicochemical properties, bioactive components, and antioxidative activities of the extracted oil were comprehensively analyzed. The optimal extraction conditions were determined using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:5 (g/mL), an enzyme concentration of 2.0% (w/w), and a hydrolysis time of 3.3 h. Under these conditions, the oil extraction rate reached 74.10%±1.77%, which closely matched the model-predicted value of 74.74%. Compared with the unfermented control group, fermentation with Neurospora resulted in a significant decrease in the peroxide level (P<0.01), an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids to 82.16%±0.2%, and a decrease in the ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio. Furthermore, the contents of isoflavones and carotenoids increased by 33.76- and 2.05-fold, respectively. The tempeh oil also showed significant improvements in its DPPH and ABTS+ free radical-scavenging capacities (P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the enhanced antioxidative activities and elevated carotenoid and isoflavone levels. This study presents a novel and precise strategy for producing functional oils via controlled fermentation by Neurospora.

, authors=Yixia JIN, Jiaojiao ZHANG, Kang ZHAI, Mingsheng DONG*, authorsList=Yixia JIN, Jiaojiao ZHANG, Kang ZHAI, Mingsheng DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingsheng DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889877084885903, articleId=1320889873586836351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=间型脉孢菌发酵丹贝的水酶法提油工艺优化及功能性成分表征, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以间型脉孢菌(Neurospora intermedia HJ 2022-06)固态发酵大豆制备的丹贝为原料,选用碱性蛋白酶辅助水酶法提取油脂。基于单因素实验结果,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验优化提取工艺参数,并系统表征所得油脂的理化特性、功能成分及抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优工艺条件为:料液比1:5(g/mL)、酶添加量2.0%(w/w)、酶解时间3.3 h,在此条件下丹贝油提取率达74.10%±1.77%,与模型预测值74.74%高度吻合。与未发酵对照相比,脉孢菌发酵极显著降低了丹贝油的过氧化值(P<0.01),油脂中不饱和脂肪酸占比提高至82.16%±0.2%以及降低了ω-6/ω-3的比值;异黄酮总量与类胡萝卜素含量分别增加33.76倍和2.05倍,DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力显著增强(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明,DPPH及ABTS+自由基清除能力增强与类胡萝卜素和异黄酮总量增加显著相关。本研究为固态发酵调控制备功能性油脂提供了新策略。

, authors=金奕霞, 张姣姣, 翟康, 董明盛*, authorsList=金奕霞, 张姣姣, 翟康, 董明盛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董明盛, authorNote=

金奕霞(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
董明盛(1961−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物与生物技术,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2024, 45(20): 35−47., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889877298795408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889877311378321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, companyId=1320889877298795408, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889877319766930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, companyId=1320889877298795408, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京农业大学食品科学技术学院,江苏南京 211800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889880851370932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time on the extraction rate of Neurospora-tempeh oil, figureFileSmall=2gcQcKrdBzBZnWObjK20Jg==, figureFileBig=447noQT+uUZhLJlXgYkUmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889880918479797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酶解时间对脉孢菌丹贝油脂提取率的影响

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=2gcQcKrdBzBZnWObjK20Jg==, figureFileBig=447noQT+uUZhLJlXgYkUmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881107223478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of enzyme dosage on the extraction rate of Neurospora-tempeh oil, figureFileSmall=j15LAYdASK0UPOJmz8kXjQ==, figureFileBig=78coq9nuopa/ILJt37PKig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881170138039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图2, caption=加酶量对脉孢菌丹贝油脂提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=j15LAYdASK0UPOJmz8kXjQ==, figureFileBig=78coq9nuopa/ILJt37PKig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881266607032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of solid-liquid ratio on the extraction rate of Neurospora-tempeh oil, figureFileSmall=/FgvDp9fCHUx/pj0utmulA==, figureFileBig=eHOX185RTRM/HDl5UP2Z9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881342104505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图3, caption=料液比对脉孢菌丹贝油脂提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=/FgvDp9fCHUx/pj0utmulA==, figureFileBig=eHOX185RTRM/HDl5UP2Z9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881413407674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response surface and contour plots showing interactive effects of variables on oil extraction rate, figureFileSmall=z0uysJ30APbKDKrxdQs5Cg==, figureFileBig=Xe+voFmA9KEFiqHnEB3Zlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881476322235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各因素的交互作用对油脂提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=z0uysJ30APbKDKrxdQs5Cg==, figureFileBig=Xe+voFmA9KEFiqHnEB3Zlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881551819708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Neurospora-tempeh oil and unfermented soybean oil (control), figureFileSmall=xTuODwopLCQWbV70Vz2/zQ==, figureFileBig=ec1vD93hNAnI7WAr3FHegA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881648288701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图5, caption=脉孢菌丹贝油(F-AE)与未发酵大豆油(对照,UF-AE)

注:F-AE为水酶法提取脉孢菌丹贝油,UF-AE为水酶法提取未发酵的大豆油,图6同。

, figureFileSmall=xTuODwopLCQWbV70Vz2/zQ==, figureFileBig=ec1vD93hNAnI7WAr3FHegA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881723786174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scavenging effects of Neurospora-tempeh oil on DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals, figureFileSmall=2yr5OWPQR16HKp2Q9TSc2A==, figureFileBig=ek3OdL7VOjU+p1vMOD72Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881790895039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图6, caption=脉孢菌发酵丹贝油对DPPH、ABTS+自由基的清除活性, figureFileSmall=2yr5OWPQR16HKp2Q9TSc2A==, figureFileBig=ek3OdL7VOjU+p1vMOD72Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881883169728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Pearson correlation coefficients of bioactive components in the oil of Neurospora tempeh and the results of correlation tests, figureFileSmall=L+PxTz6Ho/XjMnVY+6iYyg==, figureFileBig=HqNrF5CjnKjmWAzfOJpWzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881958667201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=图7, caption=脉孢菌丹贝油脂中生物活性成分的皮尔逊相关系数及其相关性分析

注:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=L+PxTz6Ho/XjMnVY+6iYyg==, figureFileBig=HqNrF5CjnKjmWAzfOJpWzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889882038358978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Codes and levels of independent variables used in response surface analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A酶解时间(h)234
B加酶量(%)1.21.82.4
C料液比(g/mL)1:4.51:51:5.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882109662147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验的因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A酶解时间(h)234
B加酶量(%)1.21.82.4
C料液比(g/mL)1:4.51:51:5.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882201936836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of the Box-Behnken

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:酶解时间(h)B:加酶量(%)C:料液比油脂提取率(%)
121.21:548.44
241.21:564.01
322.41:549.56
442.41:571.6
521.81:4.558.73
641.81:4.565.2
721.81:5.547.74
841.81:5.561.21
931.21:4.564.12
1032.41:4.566.08
1131.21:5.556.23
1232.41:5.561.19
1331.81:573.63
1431.81:573.22
1531.81:572.97
1631.81:574.5
1731.81:570.64
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882273240005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:酶解时间(h)B:加酶量(%)C:料液比油脂提取率(%)
121.21:548.44
241.21:564.01
322.41:549.56
442.41:571.6
521.81:4.558.73
641.81:4.565.2
721.81:5.547.74
841.81:5.561.21
931.21:4.564.12
1032.41:4.566.08
1131.21:5.556.23
1232.41:5.561.19
1331.81:573.63
1431.81:573.22
1531.81:572.97
1631.81:574.5
1731.81:570.64
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882340348870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of variance analysis of response surface regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1241.949137.99200.0003**
A酶解时间414.001414.00600.0001**
B加酶量30.54130.544.430.0735
C料液比96.33196.3313.960.0073**
AB10.47110.471.520.2579
AC12.25112.251.780.2245
BC2.2512.250.32610.5858
A²351.531351.5350.950.0002**
B²125.171125.1718.140.0038**
C²133.691133.6919.370.0032**
残差48.3076.90
失拟项40.03313.346.460.0517
纯误差8.2742.07
总和1290.2416
R2=0.9626R2adj=0.9144
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882411652039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1241.949137.99200.0003**
A酶解时间414.001414.00600.0001**
B加酶量30.54130.544.430.0735
C料液比96.33196.3313.960.0073**
AB10.47110.471.520.2579
AC12.25112.251.780.2245
BC2.2512.250.32610.5858
A²351.531351.5350.950.0002**
B²125.171125.1718.140.0038**
C²133.691133.6919.370.0032**
残差48.3076.90
失拟项40.03313.346.460.0517
纯误差8.2742.07
总和1290.2416
R2=0.9626R2adj=0.9144
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882482955208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Acid value, peroxide value and fatty acid composition of Neurospora-tempeh oil before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标未发酵对照
(UF-AE)
脉孢菌发酵丹贝油
(F-AE)
酸价(AV)(mg/g)3.18±0.40b5.75±0.20a
过氧化值(PV)(g/100 g)0.039±0.003a0.019±0.003b
主要脂肪酸种类及占比(%)
棕榈酸(16:0)12.91±0.28a12.49±0.24a
硬脂酸(18:0)4.14±0.05a4.20±0.04a
油酸(18:1)20.02±0.11a19.89±0.37a
亚油酸(18:2)52.53±0.19a52.67±0.04a
亚麻酸(18:3n3)8.58±0.002a8.65±0.19a
花生四烯酸(C20:4n6)0.05±0.03a0.04±0.01a
EPA(C20:5n3)ND0.013±0.02
DHA(22:6n3)0.006±0.008a0.007±0.006a
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)17.98±0.003a17.83±0.2a
不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)82.02±0.05a82.16±0.2a
ω-6脂肪酸52.60±0.21a52.75±0.16a
ω-3脂肪酸8.58±0.01a8.67±0.21a
ω-6/ω-36.13:16.08:1
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882566841289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

脉孢菌丹贝油酸值、过氧化值及脂肪酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标未发酵对照
(UF-AE)
脉孢菌发酵丹贝油
(F-AE)
酸价(AV)(mg/g)3.18±0.40b5.75±0.20a
过氧化值(PV)(g/100 g)0.039±0.003a0.019±0.003b
主要脂肪酸种类及占比(%)
棕榈酸(16:0)12.91±0.28a12.49±0.24a
硬脂酸(18:0)4.14±0.05a4.20±0.04a
油酸(18:1)20.02±0.11a19.89±0.37a
亚油酸(18:2)52.53±0.19a52.67±0.04a
亚麻酸(18:3n3)8.58±0.002a8.65±0.19a
花生四烯酸(C20:4n6)0.05±0.03a0.04±0.01a
EPA(C20:5n3)ND0.013±0.02
DHA(22:6n3)0.006±0.008a0.007±0.006a
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)17.98±0.003a17.83±0.2a
不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)82.02±0.05a82.16±0.2a
ω-6脂肪酸52.60±0.21a52.75±0.16a
ω-3脂肪酸8.58±0.01a8.67±0.21a
ω-6/ω-36.13:16.08:1
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882671698890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contents of six monomeric isoflavones, the total content of glycosidic isoflavones, and the total content of aglycone isoflavones in Neurospora-tempeh oil before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异黄酮种类(μg/mL)未发酵对照(UF-AE)脉孢菌发酵丹贝油(F-AE)
大豆苷0.083±0.072ND
黄豆黄苷NDND
染料木苷0.23±0.015a0.18±0.026a
大豆苷元0.45±0.044b11.38±0.37a
黄豆黄素0.43±0.17b3.90±0.079a
染料木素1.93±0.63b90.22±2.79a
糖苷型异黄酮0.32±0.08a0.18±0.03b
苷元型异黄酮2.81±0.84b105.51±3.22a
异黄酮总量3.13±0.80b105.69±3.20a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882763973579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵前后脉孢菌丹贝油中6种单体异黄酮含量、糖苷型异黄酮总量、苷元型含量总量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异黄酮种类(μg/mL)未发酵对照(UF-AE)脉孢菌发酵丹贝油(F-AE)
大豆苷0.083±0.072ND
黄豆黄苷NDND
染料木苷0.23±0.015a0.18±0.026a
大豆苷元0.45±0.044b11.38±0.37a
黄豆黄素0.43±0.17b3.90±0.079a
染料木素1.93±0.63b90.22±2.79a
糖苷型异黄酮0.32±0.08a0.18±0.03b
苷元型异黄酮2.81±0.84b105.51±3.22a
异黄酮总量3.13±0.80b105.69±3.20a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882835276748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Bioactive substances in Neurospora-tempeh oil before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性物质(μg/mL)未发酵对照(UF-AE)脉孢菌发酵丹贝油(F-AE)
类胡萝卜素121.46±13.03b249.13±17.64a
麦角甾醇32.54±1.22b313.77±1.43a
豆甾醇350.38±13.9a370.46±11.73a
角鲨烯186.98±6.58a176.87±4.33a
α-生育酚23.40±0.11b29.74±1.93a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882969494477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889873586836351, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

发酵前后脉孢菌丹贝油中生物活性物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性物质(μg/mL)未发酵对照(UF-AE)脉孢菌发酵丹贝油(F-AE)
类胡萝卜素121.46±13.03b249.13±17.64a
麦角甾醇32.54±1.22b313.77±1.43a
豆甾醇350.38±13.9a370.46±11.73a
角鲨烯186.98±6.58a176.87±4.33a
α-生育酚23.40±0.11b29.74±1.93a
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间型脉孢菌发酵丹贝的水酶法提油工艺优化及功能性成分表征
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金奕霞 , 张姣姣 , 翟康 , 董明盛 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(4): 303-312
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (4) : 303 -312
间型脉孢菌发酵丹贝的水酶法提油工艺优化及功能性成分表征
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金奕霞 , 张姣姣, 翟康, 董明盛*
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学食品科学技术学院,江苏南京 211800
通讯作者:
董明盛(1961−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物与生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

金奕霞(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction Process and Functional Characterization of Neurospora intermedia Fermented-tempeh Oil
Yixia JIN , Jiaojiao ZHANG, Kang ZHAI, Mingsheng DONG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030243
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本研究以间型脉孢菌(Neurospora intermedia HJ 2022-06)固态发酵大豆制备的丹贝为原料,选用碱性蛋白酶辅助水酶法提取油脂。基于单因素实验结果,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验优化提取工艺参数,并系统表征所得油脂的理化特性、功能成分及抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优工艺条件为:料液比1:5(g/mL)、酶添加量2.0%(w/w)、酶解时间3.3 h,在此条件下丹贝油提取率达74.10%±1.77%,与模型预测值74.74%高度吻合。与未发酵对照相比,脉孢菌发酵极显著降低了丹贝油的过氧化值(P<0.01),油脂中不饱和脂肪酸占比提高至82.16%±0.2%以及降低了ω-6/ω-3的比值;异黄酮总量与类胡萝卜素含量分别增加33.76倍和2.05倍,DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力显著增强(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明,DPPH及ABTS+自由基清除能力增强与类胡萝卜素和异黄酮总量增加显著相关。本研究为固态发酵调控制备功能性油脂提供了新策略。

丹贝油  /  水酶法  /  间型脉孢菌  /  脂肪酸组成  /  功能成分  /  抗氧化活性

In this study, Neurospora intermedia HJ 2022-06 was used for the solid-state fermentation of soybeans, following which the tempeh oil was extracted using an alkaline protease-assisted aqueous enzymatic method. A single-factor experimental design was initially used, and the extraction parameters were subsequently optimized using Box–Behnken response surface methodology. Additionally, the physicochemical properties, bioactive components, and antioxidative activities of the extracted oil were comprehensively analyzed. The optimal extraction conditions were determined using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:5 (g/mL), an enzyme concentration of 2.0% (w/w), and a hydrolysis time of 3.3 h. Under these conditions, the oil extraction rate reached 74.10%±1.77%, which closely matched the model-predicted value of 74.74%. Compared with the unfermented control group, fermentation with Neurospora resulted in a significant decrease in the peroxide level (P<0.01), an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids to 82.16%±0.2%, and a decrease in the ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio. Furthermore, the contents of isoflavones and carotenoids increased by 33.76- and 2.05-fold, respectively. The tempeh oil also showed significant improvements in its DPPH and ABTS+ free radical-scavenging capacities (P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the enhanced antioxidative activities and elevated carotenoid and isoflavone levels. This study presents a novel and precise strategy for producing functional oils via controlled fermentation by Neurospora.

tempeh oil  /  aqueous enzymatic method  /  Neurospora intermedia  /  fatty acid composition  /  functional components  /  antioxidant activity
金奕霞, 张姣姣, 翟康, 董明盛. 间型脉孢菌发酵丹贝的水酶法提油工艺优化及功能性成分表征. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 303 -312 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030243
Yixia JIN, Jiaojiao ZHANG, Kang ZHAI, Mingsheng DONG. Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction Process and Functional Characterization of Neurospora intermedia Fermented-tempeh Oil[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 303 -312 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030243
丹贝(Tempeh),又称为天贝、天培,是一种源自印度尼西亚的大豆发酵食品,迄今有数百年的历史传承,现已成为印尼美食文化的一个重要组成部分[1]。传统丹贝是以大豆为原料,经浸泡、脱皮、煮熟和冷却后接种根霉菌(Rhizopus sp.)通过短期固态发酵而成[2]。近年来,随着丹贝作为一种健康食品在世界上广为传播,其生产原料与发酵菌种都发生了显著变化。在原料选择方面,除大豆外,其他豆类[3]、谷物也被用来制作丹贝类产品(Tempeh-type products);在发酵菌种方面,除根霉以外的脉孢菌、毛霉菌[4]等也开始应用于丹贝类产品的制作。其中脉孢菌(Neurospora sp.)具有高纤维素酶、蛋白酶和糖苷水解酶活性[5],使其成为丹贝发酵的优选菌种,而且脉孢菌发酵产生大量类胡萝卜素而使丹贝呈现独特的亮橙色,因此被称为红色丹贝(Red tempeh),或脉孢菌发酵丹贝(Neurospora- fermented tempeh)。研究表明,丹贝发酵能够改变大豆油中成分组成并赋予丹贝油脂更广泛的健康功能,如发酵不仅能够保留大豆亚油酸、油酸和亚麻酸等多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)成分,使其在维持细胞膜的完整性[6]发挥重要作用,而且发酵还可促进脂溶性异黄酮苷元的释放[7],使丹贝油脂的抗氧化性增强,从而降低心血管疾病、癌症和神经退行性疾病的风险[8]。Limanjaya等[9]的研究发现,丹贝油脂中ω-3脂肪酸占比达8.37%,具有预防阿尔兹海默病的功能。Tian等[10]研究表明,相比于未发酵大豆中的油脂,从发酵后大豆中提取出的油脂能显著诱导HeLa细胞凋亡,表现出抗肿瘤活性。由此可见,丹贝油脂具有开发成为功能食品的潜力。然而,目前国内外对于丹贝研究主要集中在根霉菌发酵丹贝[11],而对脉孢菌发酵丹贝(简称脉孢菌丹贝)研究相对较少,其油脂的提取方法、组成特性及潜在应用价值均有待深入研究。水酶法作为一种新兴的绿色提取技术,在机械破碎的基础上,使用特定的酶(如纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、蛋白酶、果胶酶、淀粉酶、葡聚糖酶等)对油料进行水解处理。通过降解破坏植物细胞壁以及油料组织的脂多糖、脂蛋白等复合体,促进油脂的释放[12],从而提高提取效率并最大程度地保留油脂中的天然活性成分。与传统提取方法相比,水酶法的最大优势表现为以水、酶为媒介在提取油脂的同时,不影响其他有效成分(如蛋白质、碳水化合物及其水解产物)的分层次利用[13]。基于此,本研究以间型脉孢菌发酵大豆丹贝为原料,用水酶法优化油脂提取工艺参数,并系统评估了脉孢菌发酵对丹贝油脂功能性成分的影响,为功能性油脂分层次、深度开发提供理论依据和技术支持。
黄豆 黑龙江赫慈农业发展有限公司;间型脉孢菌(Neurospora intermedia HJ 2022-06) 南京农业大学实验室保存,该菌种从广西传统红菌豆渣中筛选得到,通过基因组学分析证明不含任何致病产毒相关基因;碱性蛋白酶(200000 U/g)、DPPH、ABTS 上海索莱宝公司;大豆苷、黄豆黄苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素标准品 纯度99%,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;β-胡萝卜素、角鲨烯、豆甾醇、α-生育酚标准品 纯度99%,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;甲醇(色谱纯)、乙腈(色谱纯)、正己烷(色谱纯)、石油醚、无水乙醇、碘化钾、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、冰乙酸、三氯甲烷、硫代硫酸钠 分析纯,上海吉至生化科技有限公司。
SW-CJ-1FD超净工作台 苏净安泰空气技术有限公司;1260型高效液相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;UV-2450紫外分光光度计 日本岛津SHIMADZU公司;A7890气相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;64RL高速冷冻离心机 美国Beckemm公司。
取黄豆与等质量的水混合后装入广口玻璃瓶罐,121 ℃高压蒸汽灭菌20 min。灭菌后样品冷却至室温,在超净工作台内依次加入1%(v/w)乳酸和2%(v/w)间型脉孢菌孢子悬液(孢子浓度为106 CFU/mL),充分混合后于30 ℃培养箱中培养72 h。鲜丹贝样品和接种后未发酵(对照)的高压杀菌大豆样品放入50 ℃烘箱烘干至恒重,粉碎过40目筛,以用于后续处理。
参考杨柳等[14]的方法稍作修改。将样品粉末与水按一定质量比例混合均匀,将pH调整至酶最适活性范围为9.0±0.2,随后加入一定量的碱性蛋白酶,在45 ℃条件下不断搅拌。反应结束后,于沸水中灭酶10 min,冷却后以8000 r/min离心10 min,经分液漏斗分离得到四层物质,从上至下分别为游离油、乳状液、水解液和残渣。收集上层游离油,称重。下层残渣则用水洗涤、混匀后,8000 r/min离心10 min,收集残渣,烘干,称重。
根据杨柳等[14]、Rosenthal等[15]的研究结果,选择碱性蛋白酶水解样品中的蛋白质,使细胞中的油脂释放出来。该酶的最佳酶活温度为45 ℃、最适pH为9~10,故在酶解温度和pH上不做优化分析,分别对酶解时间、加酶量、料液比的单因素水平进行考察。
设定酶解时间分别为0、1、2、3和4 h,在料液比1:5 g/mL,加酶量2.4%的条件下,考察酶解时间对丹贝油脂提取率的影响,每组重复3次实验。
加酶量分别为0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%和2.4%,设定酶解时间3 h,料液比1:5 g/mL的条件下,考察加酶量对丹贝油脂提取率的影响,每组重复3次实验。
料液比分别为1:4、1:4.5、1:5、1:5.5和1:6 g/mL,设定加酶量2.4%,酶解时间3 h时,考察料液比对丹贝油脂提取率的影响,每组重复3次实验。
在单因素实验的基础上,根据Box-Benhnken中心组合设计试验,选取酶解时间、加酶量、料液比三个因素,选取三个水平,进行提取工艺优化。
样品粉末中油脂的质量分数以及残渣中残油量的测定依据GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》索氏抽提法进行测定。油脂提取率的计算公式参考杨柳等[14]的表述方法:
$ \text{油脂提取率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{T×}{ \omega }-\text{C}}{\text{T×}{ \omega }}\text{×100} $
式中:T为样品粉末的质量,g;ω为样品粉末中油脂的质量分数,%;C为残渣中的残油量,g
游离油得率的计算公式参考肖晓等[16]的表述方法:
$ \text{游离油得率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}\text{×100} $
式中:m1为丹贝游离油的质量,g;m2为丹贝粉的质量,g。
酸价的测定参照GB 5009.229-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中酸价的测定》;过氧化值的测定参照GB 5009.227-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》。
脂肪酸的测定参照闻乐嫣等[17]的方法。称取20 mg(精确至0.1 mg)油脂,溶于2 mL正己烷中,加入1 mL 2 mol/L的KOH-甲醇溶液,涡旋30 s后静置2 h,5000 r/min离心10 min,取上清用于GC分析。脂肪酸种类由37种脂肪酸标品定性得出,脂肪酸含量采用面积归一化法处理。
气相色谱条件:色谱柱:SPTM-2560毛细管柱(100 m×0.25 mm×0.2 μm);进样量1 μL;载气流量:20 cm/s的氦;补气流速:30 mL/min的氮;升温程序:初始温度100 ℃条件下保持13 min,以10 ℃/min的程序升温到130 ℃,保持5 min,再以40 ℃/min的程序升温到240 ℃,保持32 min。
在叶韬等[18]的方法上进行改良。取适量油脂样品,加入80%的乙醇,400 W超声提取10 min,静置1 h,10000 r/min离心10 min后,取上清液过0.22 μm有机滤膜,上机待测。以大豆苷、黄豆黄苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素和染料木素为标准品定性,外标法定量。
液相色谱条件:色谱柱:ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.60×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:A相为0.1%(v/v)三氟乙酸的水溶液,B相为乙腈。进样量:20 μL;流速:0.8 mL/min;柱温:25 ℃;检测器:DAD检测器;检测波长:254 nm。按照以下梯度洗脱:0~10 min,10% B;10~12 min,30% B;12~25 min,55% B;25~26 min,10% B。
参考金凌云等[19]的方法,取油样约0.1 g,置于25 mL容量瓶中,用三氯甲烷/甲醇定容至刻度,旋涡振荡1 min,摇匀,用0.45 μm有机微孔滤膜过滤,收集滤液,供高效液相色谱测定。
色谱柱:ODS-2HYPERSI色谱柱(4.60×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:100%甲醇;流速:10 mL/min;检测器:DAD检测器;检测波长:282 nm。
参照甘欢华等[20]的方法并进行修改。准确取0.5 g油样,加入10 mL 2%氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液,在65 ℃水浴皂化1 h,直至油滴消失,停止加热,加入10 mL去离子水转移至分液漏斗中,用10 mL正己烷提取3次,随后用10%乙醇水溶液洗涤3次。洗涤后除去水分和溶剂,所得样品溶解于色谱级正己烷中,供后续检测分析。同时,制备豆甾醇、角鲨烯和α-生育酚的混合标准溶液用于定性定量分析。
气相色谱条件:色谱柱:HP-5毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm);载气:高纯氮气,纯度99.99%;分流比:1:10;进样口温度:250 ℃;升温程序:以15 ℃/min的速率从160 ℃升温到220 ℃,保持2 min,然后以5 ℃/min的速率升温到280 ℃,保持20 min;最后以5 ℃/min的速率升温到300 ℃,保持2 min。FID检测器:温度300 ℃,氢气流速40 mL/min,空气流速450 mL/min,尾吹气流速30 mL/min。
参考刘海丽等[21]的方法。取油样200 μL,加入5 mL石油醚,超声处理15 min,室温下避光浸提2 h,5000 r/min离心10 min,在450 nm下测定吸光值,并根据β-胡萝卜素的标准浓度-吸光度曲线计算样品中类胡萝卜素浓度。因为间型脉孢菌能合成β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素在内的多种类胡萝卜素,以上提取方法不能将其分开,因此该方法求出的是类胡萝卜素的总量。
参考Xu等[22]的方法,取一定量的油脂样品和0.5 mmol/L DPPH溶液混合在96孔板,在室温、暗处静置30 min,在517 nm处测定吸光值,以乙醇为对照样,计算DPPH自由基清除率,每次试验重复3次,比较各样品清除率平均值。
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{i}}-{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{j}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{O}}}\right)\times 100 $
其中,Ao为空白吸光值;Ai为加入样品的吸光度;Aj为样品对照的吸光度。
参考Li等[23]的方法稍作修改。蒸馏水分别配制7.4 mmol/L ABTS二铵盐和2.6 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液按1:1混合,暗处反应12 h后,稀释至734 nm处吸收值为0.7左右备用。取一定量油脂样品和ABTS溶液在96孔板中混合,在734 nm处测定吸光值,以乙醇为对照样,计算ABTS+自由基清除率,每次试验重复3次,比较各样品清除率平均值。
$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^+\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{i}}-{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{j}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{O}}}\right)\times 100 $
其中,Ao为空白吸光值;Ai为加入样品的吸光度;Aj为样品对照的吸光度。
实验统计数据以平均值±标准差(x±s)表示,所有的实验数据均采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析,相关性分析采用Pearson方法进行评价,以P<0.05表示显著性差异,P<0.01表示极显著性差异;使用Origin 2021绘制图表;Design Expert 13进行Box Behnken设计。
由图1可知,随着酶解时间延长,丹贝油脂提取率持续上升。当酶解时间超过3 h时,提取率增幅不显著(P>0.05)。这是因为随着酶解时间的延长细胞结构被打开,酶与底物的作用越来越充分,油脂的释放量逐渐增多[24]。当酶解反应到达一定时间后,由于底物减少及抑制作用增强等反应,油脂的释放就不再进一步增加,提取率趋于稳定。
水酶法工艺中,酶的添加量会直接影响到油脂的提取效果以及提取工艺成本,因此选择合适的加酶量非常重要。由图2可知,随着酶用量的增加,丹贝油脂提取率由51.2%±2.01%上升至72.3%±1.45%。当酶用量超过1.2%时,提取率增加缓慢。这是因为加酶量在一定比例范围内,酶浓度较高时,酶与底物接触机会机率增大,接触较为充分,但到达一定程度时会趋于稳定不再升高,过多的酶无法继续酶解蛋白释放油脂,这与孙禹凡等[25]的研究结果一致。
由图3可知,丹贝油提取率随着料液比增加而提高,在料液比1:5时到达最高。料液比能通过影响油脂与溶剂的接触效率来影响油脂出油率[26]。当加水量较低时,反应体系中底物质量浓度大,流动性差、黏度高,影响酶解效果。而加水量过多降低了酶与底物的浓度,减少了蛋白酶与底物分子的碰撞几率,从而使酶的作用效果下降。综合考虑,以料液比1:5作为优化料液比时的中心点。
在单因素实验基础上,以油脂提取率(Y)为响应值,酶解时间(A)、加酶量(B)、料液比(C)为因素,采用Box-Behnken设计响应面试验来优化丹贝油脂提取的工艺条件。按照表1的设计进行三因素三水平的响应面试验,实验结果见表2。对表2实验数据进行多元回归,得到回归模型:Y=72.99+7.19A+1.95B−3.47C+1.62AB+01.75AC+0.75BC−9.14A2−5.45B2−5.63C2。对回归模型进行方差分析,结果如表3所示。由表3可知,模型极显著(P=0.0003),失拟项(P=0.0517>0.05)不显著,表明模型合理,具有统计学意义。模型的决定系数(R2)为0.9626,调整决定系数(R2adj)为0.9144,均接近1,表明模型拟合情况较好,能够较好地反映实验数据的变化。对各影响因素的极显著性分析表明,酶解过程中影响油脂提取率的主次顺序为:酶解时间>料液比>加酶量,因此用响应面来优化水酶法提取脉孢菌丹贝油脂的工艺是可行的。
用Design Expert 13软件对数据进行分析并绘制响应曲面图,得到图4。响应曲面图可以反映两个或多个变量的交互作用,响应曲面图中坡度越陡则该影响因素越大,交互作用越显著;响应面下对应的等高线图椭圆越明显则表明因素的交互作用越显著。由图4可以看出,各因素交互作用下响应曲面对应的等高线近似圆形,说明各因素交互作用下对丹贝油脂提取率的影响作用不显著。其中酶解时间的陡峭程度大于料液比大于加酶量,表明各因素的影响顺序为:A酶解时间>B料液比>C加酶量,各因素交互作用对于脉孢菌丹贝油的提取率影响顺序为:AC>AB>BC,与F值判定结果一致。在上述回归方程的基础上,预测最优方案为加酶量2.02%,酶解时间3.27 h,料液比1:4.87。在此条件下预测油脂提取率可达74.74%。考虑实际操作性,将最佳条件调整为加酶2%,酶解时间3.3 h,料液比1:5。在此条件下进行3次平行验证,油脂提取率可达74.10%±1.77%,与预测值接近,说明优化后的提取工艺参数具有较高的可靠性。
夏梓铭等[27]采用超临界CO2技术萃取少孢根霉发酵丹贝油量5.97±0.15 g/100 g,以及Limanjaya等[9]和Subali等[28]用有机溶剂法提取丹贝油,油得率分别为7.14%、6.7%。经过优化工艺后,脉孢菌丹贝油脂提取率可达74.10%±1.77%,且游离油得率可达8.36%±0.37%(脉孢菌丹贝含油量18.67%),显著高于根霉菌发酵丹贝的油得率。这可能是由于该研究所用的大豆含油量较高以及发酵使用菌种的酶系特性不同所致。
脉孢菌丹贝游离油和未发酵对照油样见图5。从图5可见,脉孢菌发酵丹贝油清澈透明,质地均匀,无混浊或悬浮物。由于间型脉孢菌产生大量脂溶性类胡萝卜素,因此脉孢菌丹贝油的颜色呈现明显亮橙色。
脉孢菌丹贝油酸价、过氧化值及脂肪酸组成见表4。由表4可见,经过脉孢菌发酵的丹贝油脂酸价(AV)为5.75±0.20 mg/g,显著高于未发酵对照(P<0.05)。酸价是衡量油脂中游离脂肪酸含量的重要指标,脉孢菌丹贝酸价上升是因为在脉孢菌发酵作用下,大豆油脂被分解成为游离的脂肪酸,从而导致酸价升高。王立群等[29]报道,大豆根霉菌发酵后油脂酸价从5.66 mg/g升至24.42 mg/g,提高3.7倍。与此项研究相比,脉孢菌丹贝油酸价显然要低,这可能与间型脉孢菌较低的脂肪酶活性有关[30],也可能是由于水酶法提取的油脂中游离脂肪酸会部分溶于水中,使油脂的酸价较低[31]。
过氧化值(PV)是衡量油脂和脂肪酸氧化程度的重要指标,它表示每千克样品中活性氧的含量。表4结果表明,水酶法提取的油脂过氧化值为0.019±0.003 g/100 g,显著低于未发酵对照(P<0.05),这可能是因为发酵后的脉孢菌丹贝油有一定的抗氧化能力,暗示脉孢菌丹贝油中存在抗氧化物质。
脉孢菌丹贝油脂肪酸的主要成分为棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3n3)。其中,亚油酸(C18:2)为主要脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸的52.67%±0.04%,其次是油酸(C18:1)和棕榈酸(C16:0),亚麻酸和硬脂酸。与未发酵对照相比,脉孢菌发酵丹贝油的不饱和脂肪酸由82.02%±0.05%上升至82.16%±0.2%,ω-6在总脂肪酸中的比例从52.60%±0.21%上升至52.75%±0.16%,ω-3的比例从8.58%±0.01%上升至8.67%±0.21%,ω-6/ω-3的比值有所减小,更加适用于人体健康要求,这与之前Limanjaya等[9]的研究结果一致。此外,脉孢菌丹贝油检测出了更高的DHA含量以及未发酵对照中不存在的EPA活性成分。据报道DHA和EPA作为一种重要的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸物质,可以预防和治疗心血管疾病、预防与治疗癌症、调节中枢神经系统功能和视觉系统,并可改善大脑的学习和记忆能力[32]。脂肪酸的组成对间型脉孢菌的类胡萝卜素的合成也有一定影响。王瑞琪等[33]研究发现不饱和脂肪酸高的底物更利于脉孢菌产生类胡萝卜素,且油酸相较于亚油酸、亚麻酸更明显促进类胡萝卜素的合成,这是因为多不饱和脂肪酸氧化形成的氧脂素可能影响真菌的生长发育及孢子的产生,因此较于亚油酸、亚麻酸,脉孢菌更趋向于利用油酸产生类胡萝卜素,该发酵后丹贝油脂中油酸含量的降低可能与此有关。
由表5可知,未发酵对照中异黄酮含量为3.13±0.80 μg/mL,而脉孢菌丹贝油中异黄酮含量达105.69±3.20 μg/mL,发酵使总大豆异黄酮总量提高33.76倍。Liu等[34]通过分析发酵过程中丹贝异黄酮的动态变化,发现随着发酵时间的延长,异黄酮糖苷逐渐下降,而苷元型异黄酮逐渐增长,这是由于微生物发酵产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶发挥脱糖基化作用,将异黄酮葡萄糖苷转化为异黄酮苷元。Mani等[35]指出丹贝中的异黄酮相比大豆异黄酮具有更高的抗肿瘤活性,即相比糖苷型异黄酮,苷元形式的异黄酮利于人体吸收,有广泛的抗癌效果[36]。
植物油中含有丰富的生物活性物质,主要包括植物甾醇、角鲨烯、生育酚、类胡萝卜素等。这些物质具有抗氧化、抗衰老、预防心血管疾病等。脉孢菌丹贝油中类胡萝卜素、麦角甾醇等成分含量见表6。
从表6可见,脉孢菌丹贝油中类胡萝卜素含量从121.46±13.03 μg/mL增加到249.13±17.64 μg/mL,是未发酵对照的2.05倍。油脂中类胡萝卜素的增加和脉孢菌的发酵有着必然联系,脉孢菌产生的类胡萝卜素大多为β-胡萝卜素,含有少量番茄红素和叶黄质等[37],在水酶法提油的过程中,菌体胞内的脂滴载运着类胡萝卜素同时也进入了丹贝油脂中,使得脉孢菌油脂中类胡萝卜素显著增加。唐刚等[38]利用固态发酵优化间型脉孢菌产类萝卜素,经优化后物料中类胡萝卜素产量可达81.94 μg/g,而该研究中油脂中的类胡萝卜素含量显著高于固态发酵产物中类胡萝卜素的含量,说明通过水酶法提取能使脉孢菌产生的类胡萝卜浓缩于油脂中。
麦角甾醇对于人体来说具有增强抵抗力、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抑菌的功效[39]。表6中发酵后脉孢菌丹贝油样中的麦角甾醇得到显著提高,提高了281.23±0.51 μg/mL,其产生与发酵及脉孢菌生物量的增长密切相关。周丹等[40]用超临界CO2萃取法萃取灵芝孢子油,其中麦角甾醇的含量可达1.75 mg/g,与灵芝孢子油相比,脉孢菌丹贝油中的麦角甾醇含量稍低,这是因为丹贝油脂中仍以大豆油为主要成分,而微生物油脂仅占一小部分。
豆甾醇、角鲨烯、α-生育酚是大豆油中常见的生物活性物质。豆甾醇是一种具有显著抗肿瘤作用的天然植物甾醇[41],角鲨烯和α-生育酚则有降低胆固醇,清除自由基的功能[42]。Xia等[43]研究发现发酵大豆油中的豆甾醇、角鲨烯、α-生育酚的含量相比未发酵均有所提高,该结果与其研究大致相符,但角鲨烯含量相比发酵前微量减少,结果的差异可能和发酵菌株的不同有关。
采用DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除能力反映脉孢菌丹贝油与未发酵对照的抗氧化性能,结果见图6。由图6可以看出,与未发酵对照相比,脉孢菌发酵丹贝油表现出更强的抗氧化活性。随着浓度升高,脉孢菌丹贝油和未发酵对照的DPPH、ABTS+的自由基清除率都在升高,表明样品用量与自由基清除能力存在明显量效关系。由图6中可见,丹贝油脂对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的半数清除率浓度(IC50)分别为46.5、39.2 μg/mL,都低于未发酵对照组,说明脉孢菌丹贝油是一种更强的自由基清除剂。
为探究脉孢菌丹贝油抗氧化性活性与其中的生物活性物质之间的相关,采用皮尔逊相关系数描述两个定距变量之间的联系与紧密程度,结果见图7。图7可知,脉孢菌丹贝油4个活性物质含量与2个抗氧化活性指标存在显著线性关系。DPPH自由基IC50值与类胡萝卜素、异黄酮含量呈高度线性的负相关且显著(P<0.05),ABTS+自由基IC50值与类胡萝卜素、麦角甾醇、α-生育酚含量呈高度线性的负相关且显著(P<0.05)。其中类胡萝卜素的含量与DPPH自由基IC50值、ABTS+自由基IC50值的相关系数分别为0.72、0.84,在脉孢菌丹贝油抗氧化性能中的相关系数最高,是主要的抗氧化活性成分。发酵后脉孢菌丹贝油中类胡萝卜素的显著增加为脉孢菌丹贝油脂提供了更好的氧化稳定性。赵文恩[44]研究类胡萝卜素清除活性氧自由基的机理,证明类胡萝卜素具有淬灭单线态氧,阻止脂质过氧化的功能。周丹红等[45]在食用油中添加了番茄红素,有效阻止了油脂变质,提高油脂自身的稳定性。大豆异黄酮等黄酮类物质利用酚羟基电子转移和脱氢反应,抑制自由基链式反应[46],且其具有较高的热稳定性。麦角甾醇、α-生育酚等的增加同样具有明显的抗氧化效果。综上所述,脉孢菌丹贝油脂的抗氧化效应是多种抗氧化化合物质通过不同机制协同作用的结果。这些生物活性物质的存在不仅保护油脂本身具有更强的氧化稳定性,更为机体服用提供更高的营养价值。
本研究采用水酶法提取脉孢菌丹贝油脂,并分析探讨了发酵前后丹贝油脂的变化。在提取工艺上成功构建了水酶法提取脉孢菌丹贝油脂的工艺体系,并优化出最佳提取条件。加酶量为2%、酶解时间达3.3 h、料液比1:5时,脉孢菌丹贝油脂的提取率可达74.10%±1.77%。与未发酵的大豆油相比,脉孢菌丹贝油脂具有更丰富的营养价值,如更合理的ω-6/ω-3比例、异黄酮、类胡萝卜素、麦角甾醇含量等。DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除率实验证实,脉孢菌丹贝油脂具有更高的抗氧化活性。Pearson相关性分析表明,类萝卜素的含量与DPPH自由基IC50值、ABTS+自由基IC50值的相关系数分别为0.72、0.84,在脉孢菌丹贝油抗氧化性能中的相关系数最高,是主要的抗氧化活性成分。该研究可作为医药和健康食品领域的功能性食用油,为功能型油脂的开发与应用提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030243
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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    南京农业大学食品科学技术学院,江苏南京 211800

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董明盛(1961−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物与生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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