Article(id=1320889872471146615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030276, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854286543, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854286543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854286543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854286543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889872655695992, articleId=1320889872471146615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Interaction and Film-forming Properties of Glycerol, Soybean β-Conglycinin, and Glycinin, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to elucidate the interactions among β-conglycinin (7S), glycinin (11S) and glycerol, as well as their effects on film-forming properties. Molecular dynamics simulations with experimental characterization were systematically combined to analyze changes in molecular interactions and their impact on the physicochemical properties of protein films. The results showed that as the glycerol content increased, the radius of gyration and solvent-accessible surface area between the 7S and 11S globulins gradually increased, while the number of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, non-polar solvation energies, and absolute value of binding free energies progressively decreased. At a glycerol concentration of 40%, interactions such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces between glycerol and the 7S-11S complex reached a maximum, and glycerol began to exhibit aggregation. As glycerol content increased from 10% to 50% in the 7S-11S protein films, the elongation at break (EAB) increased from 13.72% to 208.01%, while tensile strength (TS) decreased from 30.62 MPa to 2.51 MPa. A strong correlation was observed between TS, EAB, and the absolute value of the binding free energies, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.8. Glycerol addition enhanced the film peak intensity at 1040 cm−1 in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum. The proportion of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between proteins in the 7S-11S films decreased with increasing glycerol content. Additionally, the high molecular weight components involved in hydrophobic interactions gradually decreased. The water contact angles on both film surfaces decreased from 115.82° and 112.33° to 94.00° and 84.33°, respectively, as the glycerol content increased. These findings suggest that glycerol modulates the intermolecular forces between 7S and 11S globulins, shifting the hydrophobic interactions among high-molecular-weight components toward ionic and hydrogen bonds, thereby affecting the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of the films.

, authors=Meiling LIU, Linfan SHI, Zhongyang REN, Wuyin WENG*, authorsList=Meiling LIU, Linfan SHI, Zhongyang REN, Wuyin WENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wuyin WENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889876476706955, articleId=1320889872471146615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=β-伴大豆球蛋白、大豆球蛋白与甘油的相互作用及其对成膜性能的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为阐明β-伴大豆球蛋白(β-conglycinin,7S)、大豆球蛋白(glycinin,11S)与甘油间的相互作用及其对成膜特性的影响,本研究通过分子动力学模拟系统分析甘油、7S和11S球蛋白的分子相互作用变化,结合实验表征考察其对蛋白膜理化性质的影响。结果显示,随着甘油含量的增加,7S与11S球蛋白间的回旋半径和溶剂可及表面积逐渐增加,而氢键数量、静电作用、范德华力、非极性溶剂化能和结合自由能绝对值逐渐下降。当甘油含量增加至40%,甘油与7S-11S复合物之间的氢键、范德华力等相互作用达到峰值,但甘油分子开始出现聚集现象。制备的7S-11S蛋白膜的甘油含量从10%增加至50%,其断裂伸长率(elongation at break,EAB)从13.72%上升至208.01%,而抗拉伸强度(tensile strength,TS)从30.62 MPa降低至2.51 MPa。膜的TS和EAB与7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白和甘油间结合自由能绝对值的相关系数大于0.8。添加甘油使膜在傅里叶红外光谱上代表游离羟基的1040 cm−1处峰强度增加。7S-11S膜的蛋白质间氢键和疏水作用占比伴随甘油含量的增加而降低,参与疏水作用的高分子组分逐渐减少。膜上、下表面的水接触角伴随甘油含量的增加分别从115.82°和112.33°降低至94.00°和84.33°。综上,甘油通过调控7S和11S球蛋白分子间作用力,导致参与疏水作用的高分子组分逐渐转为参与离子键和氢键的形成,从而影响膜的机械性能和表面特性。

, authors=刘美铃, 石林凡, 任中阳, 翁武银*, authorsList=刘美铃, 石林凡, 任中阳, 翁武银, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=翁武银, authorNote=

刘美铃(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:

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翁武银(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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刘美铃(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011, 59(24): 13221−13229., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889876766113932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889876774502541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, companyId=1320889876766113932, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889876782891150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, companyId=1320889876766113932, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889878473195693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Initial configuration diagram of the 7S-11S-GLY system, figureFileSmall=GMC2NhRXlmWQHrg4sTMT/g==, figureFileBig=I5IP+s4Jmc9DtynMTRPlIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889878544498862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=CN, label=图1, caption=7S-11S-GLY体系的初始构型示意图

注:A. 7S与11S的初始三维图;B. 7S-11S-GLY体系三视图。

, figureFileSmall=GMC2NhRXlmWQHrg4sTMT/g==, figureFileBig=I5IP+s4Jmc9DtynMTRPlIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889878741631151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Structural changes of the 7S-11S-GLY system in MD simulations, figureFileSmall=w+gN1lLxiJ7WWQHyylAoBQ==, figureFileBig=R9n9m6RzCr9ewpKqlxnihw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889878825517232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MD模拟中7S-11S-GLY体系的结构变化

注:黑色框内为甘油聚集体。

, figureFileSmall=w+gN1lLxiJ7WWQHyylAoBQ==, figureFileBig=R9n9m6RzCr9ewpKqlxnihw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889878934569137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in the structural stability and compactness of 7S-11S in the 7S-11S-Gly simulation system, figureFileSmall=vs/TcP4L837YuEp2QQ/UMQ==, figureFileBig=7AGYn/mppITDoI1p8XQoLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889879089758386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=CN, label=图3, caption=7S-11S-GLY模拟体系中7S-11S的结构稳定性和紧凑性变化

注:A. 均方根偏差;B. 回旋半径。

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注:图中Energy7S-11S和Energy7S-11S-GLY分别代表7S-11S和7S-11S-GLY的∆ETotal绝对值;*代表P<0.05,**代表P<0.01。

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注:A. 7S-11S膜在不同变性溶液中的溶解率;B. 参与不同化学作用的蛋白质组分SDS-PAGE图谱,其中M为标准蛋白;HMWA为高分子量聚集体。

, figureFileSmall=jUTsMxzENgMu7+4OoVVBHA==, figureFileBig=poso9u9iKyKAroVTrQvq4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889881786695871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Binding free energies between 7S, 11S globulin and glycerol in MD simulations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系甘油含量(%)结合自由能(kcal/mol)
∆EvdW∆EeleΔEPB∆ESA∆ETotal
7S-11S10−289.39±5.89a−4520.46±137.89a4659.52±133.70d−44.99±1.72a−195.32±11.72a
20−256.70±11.22b−4005.49±119.20b4114.66±120.74c−41.79±1.82b−189.33±10.19b
30−283.05±7.41a−3590.39±103.10c3754.96±106.88b−44.43±1.20a−162.91±18.23c
40−207.14±11.51c−3601.86±87.75c3701.50±90.65b−32.83±1.41c−140.33±6.35d
50−207.06±7.91c−3153.86±185.15d3283.02±173.48a−29.80±1.60d−107.69±21.21e
7S-11S-GLY10−1322.03±34.16e−489.01±47.61e1198.81±58.43a−228.74±6.03e−840.96±24.39e
20−1875.30±64.32d−774.01±38.27d1778.85±36.60b−321.32±9.05d−1191.78±50.93d
30−3046.17±71.73c−1362.03±57.43c3027.18±77.23c−522.53±12.11c−1903.55±60.91c
40−4262.27±70.99a−1910.90±78.91a4209.95±101.66e−713.58±11.21a−2676.80±60.00a
50−3554.23±64.70b−1768.58±79.49b3752.47±93.06d−597.26±12.08b−2167.59±59.13b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889881874776256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MD模拟中7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白与甘油分子间的结合自由能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系甘油含量(%)结合自由能(kcal/mol)
∆EvdW∆EeleΔEPB∆ESA∆ETotal
7S-11S10−289.39±5.89a−4520.46±137.89a4659.52±133.70d−44.99±1.72a−195.32±11.72a
20−256.70±11.22b−4005.49±119.20b4114.66±120.74c−41.79±1.82b−189.33±10.19b
30−283.05±7.41a−3590.39±103.10c3754.96±106.88b−44.43±1.20a−162.91±18.23c
40−207.14±11.51c−3601.86±87.75c3701.50±90.65b−32.83±1.41c−140.33±6.35d
50−207.06±7.91c−3153.86±185.15d3283.02±173.48a−29.80±1.60d−107.69±21.21e
7S-11S-GLY10−1322.03±34.16e−489.01±47.61e1198.81±58.43a−228.74±6.03e−840.96±24.39e
20−1875.30±64.32d−774.01±38.27d1778.85±36.60b−321.32±9.05d−1191.78±50.93d
30−3046.17±71.73c−1362.03±57.43c3027.18±77.23c−522.53±12.11c−1903.55±60.91c
40−4262.27±70.99a−1910.90±78.91a4209.95±101.66e−713.58±11.21a−2676.80±60.00a
50−3554.23±64.70b−1768.58±79.49b3752.47±93.06d−597.26±12.08b−2167.59±59.13b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889881954468033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of glycerol on moisture content and mechanical properties of 7S-11S films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甘油含量(%)水分含量(%)TS(MPa)EAB(%)
108.80±0.93a30.62±3.25d13.72±10.04a
209.45±0.53a14.35±3.08c52.30±28.13b
3014.38±0.90b5.99±1.09b112.56±31.64c
4020.62±0.58c3.13±0.42a183.29±27.41d
5023.94±0.30d2.51±0.28a208.01±48.15d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882025771202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

甘油对7S-11S膜水分含量和机械性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甘油含量(%)水分含量(%)TS(MPa)EAB(%)
108.80±0.93a30.62±3.25d13.72±10.04a
209.45±0.53a14.35±3.08c52.30±28.13b
3014.38±0.90b5.99±1.09b112.56±31.64c
4020.62±0.58c3.13±0.42a183.29±27.41d
5023.94±0.30d2.51±0.28a208.01±48.15d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889882109657283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889872471146615, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of glycerol on the water contact angle of the 7S-11S film surfaces

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甘油含量(%)上表面水接触角(°)下表面水接触角(°)
10115.82±0.79d112.33±0.59d
20111.52±2.98c110.24±5.60cd
30106.96±0.88b103.34±4.52c
4097.95±2.30a94.49±1.93b
5094.00±2.17a84.33±2.06a
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甘油对7S-11S膜表面水接触角的影响

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甘油含量(%)上表面水接触角(°)下表面水接触角(°)
10115.82±0.79d112.33±0.59d
20111.52±2.98c110.24±5.60cd
30106.96±0.88b103.34±4.52c
4097.95±2.30a94.49±1.93b
5094.00±2.17a84.33±2.06a
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β-伴大豆球蛋白、大豆球蛋白与甘油的相互作用及其对成膜性能的影响
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刘美铃 , 石林凡 , 任中阳 , 翁武银 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(4): 134-142
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (4) : 134 -142
β-伴大豆球蛋白、大豆球蛋白与甘油的相互作用及其对成膜性能的影响
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刘美铃 , 石林凡, 任中阳, 翁武银*
作者信息
  • 集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021
通讯作者:
翁武银(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘美铃(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:

Mechanism of Interaction and Film-forming Properties of Glycerol, Soybean β-Conglycinin, and Glycinin
Meiling LIU , Linfan SHI, Zhongyang REN, Wuyin WENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030276
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为阐明β-伴大豆球蛋白(β-conglycinin,7S)、大豆球蛋白(glycinin,11S)与甘油间的相互作用及其对成膜特性的影响,本研究通过分子动力学模拟系统分析甘油、7S和11S球蛋白的分子相互作用变化,结合实验表征考察其对蛋白膜理化性质的影响。结果显示,随着甘油含量的增加,7S与11S球蛋白间的回旋半径和溶剂可及表面积逐渐增加,而氢键数量、静电作用、范德华力、非极性溶剂化能和结合自由能绝对值逐渐下降。当甘油含量增加至40%,甘油与7S-11S复合物之间的氢键、范德华力等相互作用达到峰值,但甘油分子开始出现聚集现象。制备的7S-11S蛋白膜的甘油含量从10%增加至50%,其断裂伸长率(elongation at break,EAB)从13.72%上升至208.01%,而抗拉伸强度(tensile strength,TS)从30.62 MPa降低至2.51 MPa。膜的TS和EAB与7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白和甘油间结合自由能绝对值的相关系数大于0.8。添加甘油使膜在傅里叶红外光谱上代表游离羟基的1040 cm−1处峰强度增加。7S-11S膜的蛋白质间氢键和疏水作用占比伴随甘油含量的增加而降低,参与疏水作用的高分子组分逐渐减少。膜上、下表面的水接触角伴随甘油含量的增加分别从115.82°和112.33°降低至94.00°和84.33°。综上,甘油通过调控7S和11S球蛋白分子间作用力,导致参与疏水作用的高分子组分逐渐转为参与离子键和氢键的形成,从而影响膜的机械性能和表面特性。

分子动力学模拟  /  大豆球蛋白  /  甘油  /  相互作用  /  成膜性能

This study aimed to elucidate the interactions among β-conglycinin (7S), glycinin (11S) and glycerol, as well as their effects on film-forming properties. Molecular dynamics simulations with experimental characterization were systematically combined to analyze changes in molecular interactions and their impact on the physicochemical properties of protein films. The results showed that as the glycerol content increased, the radius of gyration and solvent-accessible surface area between the 7S and 11S globulins gradually increased, while the number of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, non-polar solvation energies, and absolute value of binding free energies progressively decreased. At a glycerol concentration of 40%, interactions such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces between glycerol and the 7S-11S complex reached a maximum, and glycerol began to exhibit aggregation. As glycerol content increased from 10% to 50% in the 7S-11S protein films, the elongation at break (EAB) increased from 13.72% to 208.01%, while tensile strength (TS) decreased from 30.62 MPa to 2.51 MPa. A strong correlation was observed between TS, EAB, and the absolute value of the binding free energies, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.8. Glycerol addition enhanced the film peak intensity at 1040 cm−1 in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum. The proportion of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between proteins in the 7S-11S films decreased with increasing glycerol content. Additionally, the high molecular weight components involved in hydrophobic interactions gradually decreased. The water contact angles on both film surfaces decreased from 115.82° and 112.33° to 94.00° and 84.33°, respectively, as the glycerol content increased. These findings suggest that glycerol modulates the intermolecular forces between 7S and 11S globulins, shifting the hydrophobic interactions among high-molecular-weight components toward ionic and hydrogen bonds, thereby affecting the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of the films.

molecular dynamics simulation  /  soybean globulin  /  glycerol  /  interaction  /  film-forming properties
刘美铃, 石林凡, 任中阳, 翁武银. β-伴大豆球蛋白、大豆球蛋白与甘油的相互作用及其对成膜性能的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 134 -142 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030276
Meiling LIU, Linfan SHI, Zhongyang REN, Wuyin WENG. Mechanism of Interaction and Film-forming Properties of Glycerol, Soybean β-Conglycinin, and Glycinin[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 134 -142 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030276
利用大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)等天然高分子材料制备的生物基可食膜在食品包装领域具有广阔的应用前景[1]。SPI不仅具有良好的成膜性能,还具备食品营养和功能特性,这使其成为可食膜制备和研发的热门材料[2]。SPI侧链间的强电荷和极性相互作用使SPI可食膜具有较高的刚度和抗拉伸强度,但这种特性会导致薄膜脆性增加,限制了其在实际应用中的范围[3]。为了改善SPI可食膜的延展性和柔韧性,添加增塑剂成为一种有效的方法。增塑剂可以与蛋白质聚合物形成新的氢键,从而削弱聚合物链间的相互作用,使得聚合物链的流动性增强和分子自由体积增大,从而提高SPI膜的柔韧性和可加工性[4−5]。Kang等[6]研究甘油对SPI成膜性能影响时,发现甘油分子通过干扰蛋白质网络相互作用对SPI薄膜产生塑化作用。研究表明,甘油作为增塑剂在SPI成膜过程中起着至关重要的作用。它们通过与SPI分子形成氢键、降低分子间的相互作用力以及改变分子的三维空间结构等方式,可以提高SPI可食膜的柔韧性和可加工性。因此,有必要深入探究甘油对SPI的主要组分β-伴大豆球蛋白(β-conglycinin,7S)和大豆球蛋白(glycinin,11S)相互作用及其成膜的影响,为研发具有良好机械性能的SPI基膜提供理论参考。
分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)模拟方法可以从分子或原子水平分析甘油与7S和11S球蛋白之间的相互作用机制。Eslami-Farsani等[7]借助MD模拟方法揭示了甘油分子主要通过氢键和范德华力与肌红蛋白形成相互作用。Chen等[8]通过MD模拟发现添加甘油可以增大β-乳球蛋白氨基酸残基间的静电作用,从而增强蛋白质结构稳定性。Wu等[9]采用MD模拟方法揭示了7S和11S球蛋白与金丝桃苷之间主要由氢键和范德华力驱动分子间自发结合。Zhou等[10]将MD模拟应用于亚油酸对7S球蛋白膜形成机理的研究,结果发现静电作用主导了二者的结合过程,揭示了小分子与蛋白质的相互作用对膜理化性质的调节作用。因此,通过MD模拟将有助于揭示甘油对SPI链的构象、动力学行为以及相互作用的影响规律。研究表明,与7S球蛋白膜相比,11S球蛋白膜中蛋白质间的疏水作用更强,且巯基含量更高,促进分子间二硫键的形成,从而赋予其更优异的机械性能[10−11]。然而,有关甘油分子、7S和11S球蛋白的三元互作机制及其对SPI膜成膜的影响研究未见报道。
本研究旨在揭示甘油、7S与11S球蛋白之间的相互作用及其成膜机制。因此,通过MD模拟结合蛋白膜理化性质的分析,深入探讨甘油分子、7S和11S球蛋白间的相互作用及其对7S-11S成膜能力的影响,结果不仅有助于理解分子水平的相互作用机制,还可以为实际应用提供有价值的指导。
大豆 黑龙江仓天然生态农业有限公司;甘油、正己烷、盐酸、氢氧化钠、氯化钙、亚硫酸氢钠、氯化钠、尿素 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;β-巯基乙醇 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、丙烯酰胺、Bradford试剂盒(Quick Start™ Bradford Protein Assay) 美国Bio-Rad公司;标准蛋白(Page Ruler TM Protein Ladder) 美国Thermo Fisher公司;考马斯亮蓝R-250 北京中生瑞泰科技有限公司;所使用其他试剂均为分析纯。
TA-XT Plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;Nicolet IS 50型傅里叶变换红外(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;UV-8000A紫外-可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;SDC-100型接触角测定仪 东莞市晟鼎精密仪器有限公司;UM-113型搅拌脱泡机 日本UNIX公司。
7S球蛋白结晶结构(PDB ID:1UIK)和11S球蛋白晶体结构(PDB ID:1OD5)来源于RCSB网站的蛋白质数据库。甘油(glycerol,GLY)结构(PubChem CID:753)通过UCSF Chimera软件获取并保存为.pdb格式。通过GROMACS程序构建初始体系和运行模拟。首先,将7S和11S球蛋白置于周期性长方体盒子中心,并设置蛋白质表面与盒子边缘的最小距离为1 nm(图1)。接着,将甘油分子添加到盒子内,采用simple point charge水模型填充空隙,并添加Na+或Cl−平衡电荷。共构建5个初始体系,甘油分子的添加量分别为蛋白质质量的10%、20%、30%、40%和50%(w:w)。所有模拟均在AMBER 14SB力场下运行,模拟过程采用了最速下降法,Leap-frog算法、Particle Mesh Ewald方法和Linear Constraint Solver算法。模拟时长100 ns,步长2 fs,轨迹保存间隔10 ps。通过VMD和PyMOL软件获取可视化结构。使用GROMACS的分析工具对模拟轨迹进行分析。使用分子力学/泊松-玻尔兹曼表面积法(molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area,MM/PBSA)计算结合自由能[12]。
参考文献[10−11]报道的方法,提纯大豆7S和11S球蛋白。大豆经过液氮研磨和真空干燥后,使用正己烷脱脂。得到的脱脂豆粉按1:15(w:v)的比例溶于蒸馏水中。采用2 mol/L NaOH将溶液pH调至7.5并搅拌2 h,随后在25 ℃,9000×g离心30 min。离心后的上清液(L1)中加入10 mmol/L NaHSO3粉末,然后用2 mol/L HCl将pH调至6.4,置于4 ℃冷藏16 h。静置后,再在4 ℃,6500×g下离心30 min,得到11S沉淀和上清液(L2),并向上清液中加入5 mmol/L CaCl2粉末。粉末完全溶解后,在4 ℃,9000×g离心30 min,取上清液(L3)将pH调至5.5,再次离心30 min。将新的上清液(L4)pH调至4.8,在4 ℃,6500×g下离心30 min后,收集7S球蛋白沉淀。7S和11S球蛋白的沉淀中分别加入适量蒸馏水,并将pH调至7.0使沉淀溶解。溶解后在4 ℃下透析48 h,冻干后保存。采用SDS-PAGE电泳测7S和11S球蛋白的纯度分别约为87.52%和91.23%。
参考Hu等[13]报道的方法制备7S-11S膜。将2.4 g 7S球蛋白和3.6 g 11S球蛋白溶于100 mL蒸馏水中,再分别加入0.6、1.2、1.8、2.4和3.0 g甘油。将溶液pH调至7.0搅拌30 min后,于95 ℃水浴加热下搅拌30 min,获得成膜液。成膜液利用搅拌脱泡机脱除气泡后,均匀地倒在硅胶树脂板上,在25±0.5 ℃、相对湿度50%±5%条件下干燥24 h,将干燥的膜从板上揭下,并在相同条件下放置48 h后进行分析。
参照Zhao等[14]的方法测定水分含量。膜在25±0.5 ℃且相对湿度50%±5%条件下干燥24 h后取出称重,随后在105 ℃的烘箱中干燥24 h再次称重。水分含量的计算公式如下:
$ {水分含量(\text{%})=}\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{W}}_{\text{1}}}\text{×100} $
式中,W1代表7S-11S膜干燥前的重量,g,W0代表膜干燥后的重量,g。
参照江睿钊等[15]报道的方法,使用TA-XT Plus质构仪测定膜(20 mm×45 mm)的抗拉伸强度(tensile strength,TS)和断裂伸长率(elongation at break,EAB)。在5个随机位置测量每片膜的厚度。设置夹具的初始间距为30 mm,仪器测试速度为60 mm/min。TS和EAB计算公式如下:
$ \text{TS(MPa)}=\frac{{\text{F}}_{\text{m}}}{\text{A}} $
式中,Fm为拉断膜所需的最大拉力,N;A为横截面面积,mm2。
$ \text{EAB(\text{%})}=\frac{\text{L}}{\text{30}}\text{×100} $
式中,L为膜断裂时增加的长度,mm;30是夹具的初始间距,mm。
参考Zhao等[16]报道的方法,使用光学接触角测量仪,采用座滴法测定膜的上、下表面接触角。将5 μL蒸馏水滴加在膜(20 mm×45 mm)表面后等待5 s拍照,并通过设备配套软件计算接触角。
参照Hu等[17]的方法,通过Nicolet iS50的ATR-FTIR扫描膜的FTIR光谱。将膜样品置于硅胶中干燥7 d,干燥后的膜在扫描分辨率4 cm−1和波数范围4000~500 cm−1扫描32次。
参考Weng等[18]报道的方法,制备四种蛋白变性溶液,分别是:0.6 mol/L NaCl(S1),0.6 mol/L NaCl+1.5 mol/L urea(S2),0.6 mol/L NaCl+8 mol/L urea(S3),和0.6 mol/L NaCl+8 mol/L urea+0.5 mol/L β-巯基乙醇(S4)。在液氮中将膜研磨成粉末,并置于硅胶中干燥7 d。精确称取50 mg干燥的膜粉末,加入1 mL的S1溶液溶解24 h使蛋白膜中离子键断裂,然后在10000×g下离心30 min。按照相同的方法将离心后的蛋白质沉淀继续溶解到S2、S3溶液中,最后溶解到S4溶液中,依次使蛋白膜中氢键、疏水作用和二硫键断裂,通过离心(10000×g)收集上清液。通过Bradford法测定上清液中蛋白质浓度。按照Bradford试剂盒说明书,将上清液与Bradford试剂按1:50(v:v)比例混合并反应5 min,使用紫外-可见分光光度计测定溶液在波长595 nm处的吸光度,并以牛血清蛋白为标准蛋白,计算上清液中的蛋白含量。同时,通过SDS-PAGE法测定上清液中蛋白质的亚基分布。
参考Weng等[18]的方法,使用浓度为5%的浓缩胶和浓度为10%的分离胶,测定7S/11S球蛋白以及7S-11S膜的SDS-PAGE。电泳后的凝胶在含0.025%考马斯亮蓝R-250的5%甲醇和10%乙酸试剂中染色2 h,随后用30%甲醇和10%乙酸试剂脱色20 min。蛋白质组分的分子量对照10~200 kDa的标准蛋白估算。
数据采用IBM SPSS 26.0软件进行Duncan检验,对数据进行显著性分析,数据以平均值±标准差表示,显著性水平设为P<0.05。
7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白和甘油分子经过100 ns模拟后,三维结构变化如图2所示。在甘油含量为10%的体系中,7S和11S球蛋白相互靠近形成复合物,除了部分甘油分子附着到7S-11S复合物表面,大部分甘油分子呈现均匀的分散状态。随着模拟体系中甘油含量的增加,7S-11S复合物表面附着的甘油数量逐渐增加。当甘油含量达到40%及以上时,游离的甘油分子会在7S-11S复合物附近形成甘油聚集体,结果如图2中黑色框内所示。这可能是由于过量的甘油分子之间发生相互作用形成聚集。Mojumdar等[19]和Özeren等[20]分别通过蛋白膜热学性能分析和MD模拟研究支持这一观点,发现在小麦面筋蛋白中添加过多的甘油会导致甘油分子间发生相互作用。
通过均方根偏差(root-mean-square deviation,RMSD)和回旋半径(radius-of-gyration,Rg)对模拟体系中7S-11S的结构稳定性和紧凑性进行分析,结果如图3所示。所有体系的RMSD在经过60 ns模拟后达到相对平衡(图3A),表明形成的7S-11S复合物结构已经趋于稳定。图3B可以看出,各体系Rg值均在10 ns内降低随后基本不变,进一步说明所有体系的7S与11S球蛋白在模拟过程中相互靠近并形成相对稳定的复合物。当甘油含量为10%时,7S-11S的Rg值降低至4.6 nm左右开始趋于稳定。然而,伴随着甘油含量的增加,Rg值逐渐增大,这可能是增加的甘油分子会阻碍7S和11S球蛋白间相互作用,从而导致7S-11S复合物的结构紧凑性下降。类似的,Chen等[8]通过小角度X射线散射法研究甘油诱导的β-乳球蛋白构象变化,也发现蛋白质分子间的Rg值随着甘油含量的增加而增大。Aguirre等[21]研究甘油对黑小麦蛋白膜理化性质的影响时,发现甘油分子会阻碍蛋白质之间的相互作用。
溶剂可及表面积(solvent-accessible surface area,SASA)也可以反映蛋白质结构紧凑性,SASA值降低代表结构紧凑性增强[22]。在7S-11S-GLY模拟体系中,7S-11S的SASA变化趋势如图4所示。在甘油含量为10%的体系中,随着模拟时间从0 ns延长至100 ns,7S-11S的SASA从1315.57 nm2降低至1188.29 nm2。随着甘油含量从10%增加至30%,7S-11S在100 ns时的SASA值从1188.29 nm2增大到1244.66 nm2。这与图3B的Rg趋势一致,表明增加甘油含量会导致7S-11S复合物结构变松散。然而,当甘油含量超过30%时,甘油分子对SASA值的影响不明显,这可能归因于过量的甘油分子会在7S-11S复合物附近聚集(图2)。
7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白和甘油分子间的氢键数量变化如图5所示。当甘油含量不超过30%时,甘油对7S与11S球蛋白间氢键数量无明显影响,而进一步增加甘油含量会导致7S-11S氢键数量减少。这表明在低甘油浓度下,甘油分子可能主要作为溶剂或塑化剂存在,对蛋白质间的氢键作用影响较小,而过量的甘油可能会与蛋白质分子产生竞争作用,进而阻碍7S与11S球蛋白间氢键的形成。值得注意的是,当甘油添加量达到40%时,甘油分子间的氢键数量开始急剧增加,表明过量的甘油分子主要通过氢键形成聚集体。而且,甘油聚集体的形成可能会进一步影响蛋白质与甘油分子间的相互作用,以及蛋白质间的结构稳定性。甘油添加量对7S-11S复合物与甘油分子间的氢键数量影响结果进一步证实了甘油聚集体的形成会阻碍蛋白质与甘油分子间的氢键形成。有研究报道,分散在膜中的甘油降低了SPI分子内或分子间氢键,并通过氢键和范德华力与氨基酸残基发生相互作用[6]。Özeren等[20]通过MD模拟研究甘油对小麦面筋蛋白间氢键的影响时,发现甘油分子中的羟基不仅与小麦面筋中的Gln和Pro残基通过氢键发生结合,而且会通过氢键形成甘油-甘油聚集,从而抑制蛋白质间的相互作用。图5结果表明,甘油含量会影响7S-11S复合物及其与甘油之间的氢键作用,过量甘油的加入会破坏蛋白质间的氢键网络,从而影响蛋白质的结构稳定性。
为了深入探究7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白与甘油间的氢键相互作用,选取甘油-蛋白质间氢键最多的甘油含量40%模拟体系对分子间氢键进行可视化(图6)。结果显示,甘油的羟基之间通过氢键连接,可以形成甘油-甘油聚集体。7S与11S球蛋白之间通过Arg和Asp等氨基酸残基形成氢键。甘油的羟基与7S球蛋白的Asn、Arg、Gln、Lys和Ser等氨基酸残基,或与11S球蛋白的Asn、Gly和Tyr等氨基酸残基形成氢键连接。Zheng等[23]通过MD模拟发现花青素cyanidin-3-O-glucoside的羟基也可以与7S和11S球蛋白的Asn、Ser和Gln等氨基酸残基形成氢键相互作用。甘油的羟基可以与β-乳球蛋白的Trp和Gly等氨基酸残基形成氢键[7]。结果表明,甘油、7S与11S球蛋白之间的相互作用主要通过氢键来实现,这种相互作用在维持复合物的结构稳定性和改善其物理化学性质方面将起到重要作用。
7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白、甘油分子间的结合自由能如表1所示。结合自由能中负值表明分子间能够自发结合,负值的绝对值越大越有利于结合[24]。在模拟体系中,范德华力(∆EvdW)、静电相互作用(∆Eele)和非极性溶剂化能(∆ESA)均为负值,而极性溶剂化能(∆EPB)均为正值,表明∆EvdW、∆Eele、∆ESA共同促进了7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白、甘油分子间结合,而∆EPB不利于分子间结合。任意分子间的总结合自由能(∆ETotal)均为负值,表明7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白和甘油分子在模拟体系中可以自发结合。伴随着甘油含量的增加,7S-11S的∆ETotal绝对值逐渐降低,表明甘油分子会抑制7S与11S球蛋白分子间结合。与之相反,7S-11S-GLY的∆ETotal绝对值却随着甘油含量上升至40%而逐渐增加,表明甘油分子会与7S/11S球蛋白结合在一起,结果导致图3中7S-11S复合物结构紧凑性下降。然而,当甘油含量进一步增大至50%时,7S-11S-GLY的∆ETotal绝对值却出现下降。这可能是由于甘油含量较高时,部分甘油分子倾向于形成甘油聚集体,而不是与蛋白质发生相互作用[20]。相比于静电作用和非极性溶剂化能,7S-11S-GLY的结合自由能中范德华力的负值绝对值更大,表明范德华力在7S/11S球蛋白与甘油的结合中起重要作用。这一发现与Kang等[6]的分子对接结果相呼应,他们观察到甘油分子主要通过范德华力与7S球蛋白的His204和11S球蛋白的Gln67等残基形成相互作用。表1的结果表明,甘油分子能够降低7S与11S球蛋白之间的结合力,增加甘油含量会导致更多甘油分子通过范德华力等与7S-11S复合物结合,但过量甘油不利于蛋白质与甘油分子发生相互作用。
甘油添加量对7S-11S膜水分含量的影响如表2所示。当甘油含量从10%上升至20%时,7S-11S膜中水分含量变化不显著。伴随着甘油含量进一步上升至50%,7S-11S膜中的水分含量逐渐显著增加(P<0.05)。Chen等[25]报道了类似的现象,增加甘油导致大豆蛋白膜中水分含量增加。这是因为甘油中羟基可以与水分子和生物材料形成氢键使生物基可食膜水分含量增加[26]。
7S-11S膜的TS和EAB如表2所示。TS值随着甘油含量从10%增加至40%而出现显著降低,这是由于甘油分子阻碍7S与11S球蛋白间的相互作用(表1)。Tarique等[27]研究甘油对竹芋淀粉膜机械性能的影响时,发现甘油分子会减少淀粉链之间的氢键从而降低淀粉膜的TS。Lü等[28]的研究表明,甘油分子通过氢键与丝蛋白发生结合会破坏蛋白质分子间相互作用,结果导致丝蛋白膜的TS下降。然而,当甘油含量超过40%时,甘油对膜的TS影响不显著,这可能与过量的甘油自身容易形成聚集体有关(图2)。添加甘油对EAB的影响与对TS的影响的趋势相反(表2)。研究表明,甘油分子与蛋白质分子间的相互作用对膜的TS会产生负面影响,而甘油分子间的相互作用不影响膜TS。这将有助于更好地理解甘油添加对7S-11S膜机械性能的调控。
SPI膜的机械性能与蛋白质之间的相互作用有关,同时也与蛋白质和甘油之间的相互作用有关[29]。添加甘油会使7S与11S球蛋白之间的分子相互作用减弱(表1),导致可食膜中蛋白质相互作用网络被破坏,从而引起TS的下降。而且,甘油分子与7S/11S球蛋白之间的相互作用增强会降低蛋白质网状结构紧凑性(表1),结果导致EAB增加。通过相关性分析(图7),发现7S-11S膜的TS与MD模拟中7S-11S的∆ETotal绝对值的相关系数为0.84,且膜的EAB与7S-11S-GLY的∆ETotal绝对值的相关系数为0.87。
表3显示了7S-11S膜上表面和下表面水接触角的结果。蛋白膜表面水接触角越小,表明膜表面亲水性越高。膜上表面的水接触角伴随着甘油含量的增加而逐渐减小,表明增加甘油含量可以显著提高(P<0.05)7S-11S膜的表面亲水性。成膜溶液在95 ℃加热会使蛋白质变性暴露出疏水基团,在干燥过程中暴露的疏水基团更容易移动到与空气接触的上表面[13,30]。类似的现象也出现在7S-11S膜中,虽然甘油对膜的下表面水接触角影响趋势与上表面一致,但数值上始终小于上表面。
有研究报道,蛋白膜FTIR光谱中位于3600~3000 cm−1的特征峰代表参与氢键相互作用的N-H和O-H基团[31]。在2930 cm−1处出现的酰胺B带是由于C-N拉伸和-NH2拉伸[13],在1624、1532和1235 cm−1左右出现的酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带特征峰分别对应C=O拉伸、N-H弯曲和C-N拉伸[16]。位于1040 cm−1左右的峰不仅与甘油中C-O振动有关[32],也与甘油分子中的O-H基团有关[33]。7S-11S膜的FTIR光谱图中位于3270 cm−1左右的酰胺A带特征峰强度伴随着甘油含量增加而增强(图8),表明参与氢键作用的O-H增加。这与MD模拟结果(图5和图6)相互印证,表明甘油分子羟基不仅会与7S或11S球蛋白中氨基酸残基形成氢键,而且过量的甘油分子间还会形成氢键作用,结果导致蛋白膜中氢键作用增强。7S-11S膜中1040 cm−1附近的特征峰伴随着甘油含量的增加而逐渐变宽且强度增加(图8),表明甘油分子的C-O键及其游离羟基数量增加。
7S-11S膜在四种蛋白变性溶液中的溶解率如图9A所示。蛋白膜在S1、S2、S3和S4溶液中的蛋白溶解率分别表征膜中蛋白质之间的离子键、氢键、疏水作用和二硫键。当7S-11S膜的甘油含量从10%增加至30%,S2和S3中溶解的蛋白质比例分别从19.25%和71.94%降低至14.28%和65.38%,S4中溶解的蛋白质比例从3.42%增加至14.75%,表明添加甘油使蛋白质间氢键和疏水作用逐渐减弱,而共价二硫键比例相对增加。这可能是由于蛋白质之间的氢键等非共价作用比共价二硫键更容易受到甘油分子的阻碍。Niu等[34]研究甘油对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶分子间相互作用的影响时,发现甘油的添加也会导致蛋白凝胶中氢键和疏水作用比例减少,而二硫键比例增加。然而,伴随着甘油含量进一步增大至40%,二硫键的比例下降至12.42%,表明过量甘油会抑制二硫键的形成。这一发现与Kang等[6]的研究结果相印证,他们观察到甘油分子可以与11S中二硫键附近氨基酸残基通过氢键和范德华力发生相互作用,从而干扰或破坏蛋白质亚基之间的二硫键,导致蛋白质内聚性降低、延展性增强。
利用SDS-PAGE对蛋白变性剂中溶解的组分进行分析,探究甘油添加量对7S-11S膜中化学结合力的影响(图9B)。结果发现,甘油含量为10%时,在S1和S2中观察到α、α´亚基以及60~70 kDa和<30 kDa的组分,在S3中观察到α、α´、β亚基以及HMWA和150 kDa组分。伴随甘油含量的增加,S3中HMWA的条带强度减弱,而S1和S2中新增了≥150 kDa的组分,表明高分子量组分参与的疏水作用在甘油的影响下,可能逐渐转变为离子键和氢键。这主要是甘油分子结构中的醚键(-C2H5O-)等疏水基团可能与蛋白质疏水基团发生相互作用[35],进而减弱蛋白质间的疏水相互作用。图9B的结果分析表明,添加甘油会影响参与离子键、氢键和疏水作用形成的蛋白质组分,但不影响参与二硫键形成的蛋白质组分。当7S-11S膜中甘油含量不低于20%时,α、α´亚基会参与离子键、氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫键的形成,维持蛋白膜的网络结构。尤其,在甘油含量为30%~40%的7S-11S膜中,11S球蛋白的A亚基可以参与离子键、氢键和二硫键的形成。因此,甘油添加量确实会影响参与蛋白膜网络的化学结合力的组成及比例。Xia等[36]研究表明,增加甘油增塑剂会抑制蛋白质的展开和聚集,进而阻碍大麦蛋白膜中二硫键的形成。MD模拟研究结果也证实了甘油分子会阻碍蛋白质聚集,且过量甘油会进一步抑制蛋白质间的相互作用。这些研究结果表明,甘油主要通过改变甘油与蛋白质间的相互作用及甘油对蛋白膜网络结构化学结合力的作用来影响蛋白膜的理化性能,因此在实际应用中可以根据具体需求选择合适的甘油添加量对大豆分离蛋白膜的性能进行优化。
本研究揭示了7S球蛋白、11S球蛋白和甘油在成膜中的相互作用机制。研究发现,甘油分子主要通过氢键和范德华力与蛋白质结合,从而抑制7S与11S球蛋白之间的氢键、静电等相互作用,导致7S-11S复合物结构紧凑性降低。过量的甘油自身还会通过氢键形成聚集体,进而影响蛋白质分子间相互作用。形成的7S-11S膜会受到甘油的影响导致断裂伸长率增大,而抗拉伸强度降低,这是因为甘油与蛋白质间的相互作用以及甘油形成的聚集体阻碍了蛋白质间的相互作用。而且,甘油会使7S-11S膜中高分子组分间疏水作用转变为氢键和离子键,并增强膜的表面亲水性。因此,添加甘油可以改变7S-11S膜中蛋白质间相互作用,从而降低膜的抗拉伸强度和表面疏水性。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030276
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
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    集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021

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翁武银(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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