Article(id=1320889852292350960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854281732, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854281732, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854281732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854281732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=154, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889854385308658, articleId=1320889852292350960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Wheat Starch-Mung Bean Hull Polyphenol Complex-based Resistant Starch on Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Diabetes Patients, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To evaluate the prebiotics of wheat starch-mung bean hull polyphenol complex-based resistant starch (WS-MBPs-R) on the intestinal tract of T2DM patients, this study used the in vitro fermentation model, with wheat starch-based resistant starch (WS-R) and wheat starch-based resistant starch/mung bean skin polyphenols mixture (WS-R/MBPs) as positive controls, to determine the pH, gas production, reducing sugar content and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content of the fermentation broth at different times, and analyzed the impact of WS-MBPs-R on the intestinal flora of diabetes patients by 16S rRNA sequencing. Meanwhile, the multi-scale structural changes of WS-MBPs-R during the fermentation process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that compared with the negative (without carbon source) and positive control groups, the pH of the fermentation broth in the WS-MBPs-R group significantly decreased to 4.47 after 24 hours of fermentation, while the gas production significantly increased to 8.6 mL (P<0.05). Fermentation with three types of resistant starch promoted the production of SCFAs, especially WS-MBPs-R, whose total SCFAs concentration reached 246.51±3.01 mmol/L after fermentation for 24 h. WS-MBPs-R fermentation could improve the intestinal flora structure of diabetes patients, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Prevotella and Bifidobacterium, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia_Shigella and Fusobacterium. After fermentation, the short-range ordered structure and total crystallinity of WS-MBPs-R increased, indicating that gut microbiota preferentially utilized the amorphous region of resistant starch. In conclusion, WS-MBPs-R, a new type of resistant starch, has good probiotics and can be developed and utilized as a functional food raw material for people with diabetes.

, authors=Lujing XU, Ziyin WANG, Yifei LU, Cong TENG, Ying LI*, authorsList=Lujing XU, Ziyin WANG, Yifei LU, Cong TENG, Ying LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889856486653953, articleId=1320889852292350960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=小麦淀粉-绿豆皮多酚复合物基抗性淀粉对糖尿病患者肠道菌群及其代谢产物的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为评估小麦淀粉-绿豆皮多酚复合物基抗性淀粉(WS-MBPs-R)对二型糖尿病患者的肠道益生性,本研究采用体外发酵模型,以小麦淀粉基抗性淀粉(WS-R)和小麦淀粉基抗性淀粉/绿豆皮多酚混合物(WS-R/MBPs)为阳性对照,测定不同时间发酵液的pH、产气量、还原糖含量及短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量,并通过16S rRNA测序分析WS-MBPs-R对糖尿病患者肠道菌群的影响。同时,利用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱及X射线衍射仪明确发酵过程中WS-MBPs-R的多尺度结构变化。结果显示,与阴性(不含碳源)和阳性对照组相比,发酵24 h时,WS-MBPs-R组发酵液的pH显著降低至4.47,而产气量显著升高至8.6 mL(P<0.05)。三种抗性淀粉发酵均促进了SCFAs的产生,尤其是WS-MBPs-R,其总酸浓度在发酵24 h时达246.51±3.01 mmol/L。WS-MBPs-R发酵可改善糖尿病患者肠道菌群结构,促进Prevotella、Bifidobacterium等有益菌的增殖,抑制Escherichia_Shigella、Fusobacterium等有害菌的生长。发酵后WS-MBPs-R的短程有序结构和总结晶度增大,表明肠道微生物优先利用抗性淀粉的无定形区。综上,WS-MBPs-R这一新型抗性淀粉具有良好的益生性,可作为糖尿病人群功能食品原料进行开发利用。

, authors=许璐靖, 王紫印, 陆怡霏, 滕聪, 李莹*, authorsList=许璐靖, 王紫印, 陆怡霏, 滕聪, 李莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李莹, authorNote=

许璐靖(1995−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李莹(1981−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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Starch-starke, 2016, 68(9−10): 961−971., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889856742506498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889856750895107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, companyId=1320889856742506498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889856759283716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, companyId=1320889856742506498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889863239483435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in pH during in vitro fermentation, figureFileSmall=dUb07+IXgK8tBINYE3ws6g==, figureFileBig=r2Bx1U1YIsORP9nVcGfwww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863323369516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图1, caption=体外发酵过程中pH的变化

注:不同小写字母表示同一时间各组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=dUb07+IXgK8tBINYE3ws6g==, figureFileBig=r2Bx1U1YIsORP9nVcGfwww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863516307501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in gas production during in vitro fermentation, figureFileSmall=Ue2utYD8jO12B+F9LSxbcw==, figureFileBig=LkvhlUD6GOElI6PPOmp7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863587610670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图2, caption=体外发酵过程中产气量的变化, figureFileSmall=Ue2utYD8jO12B+F9LSxbcw==, figureFileBig=LkvhlUD6GOElI6PPOmp7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863667302447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in reduced sugar content during in vitro fermentation, figureFileSmall=N+8xyUvvEjT23P2rS2HLQg==, figureFileBig=k3SjF7CDa79vxyBv/eB30Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863730217008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图3, caption=体外发酵过程中还原糖含量的变化, figureFileSmall=N+8xyUvvEjT23P2rS2HLQg==, figureFileBig=k3SjF7CDa79vxyBv/eB30Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863793131569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of microbial α (A~D) and β (E~F) diversity, figureFileSmall=J0yUwvi8i88oGcfWLgLrGQ==, figureFileBig=42EFmizZKnvggLtZNjUcmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863851851826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图4, caption=微生物α(A~D)和β(E~F)多样性分析

注:不同小写字母表示各组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=J0yUwvi8i88oGcfWLgLrGQ==, figureFileBig=42EFmizZKnvggLtZNjUcmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889863931543603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relative abundance of gut microbiota at phylum (A) and genus (B) level, figureFileSmall=o/DircvFBXYri7a0ETvPxA==, figureFileBig=yAQplFeYtIH72p7tlCkMEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889864040595508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图5, caption=门(A)和属(B)水平上肠道微生物群的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=o/DircvFBXYri7a0ETvPxA==, figureFileBig=yAQplFeYtIH72p7tlCkMEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889864107704373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=SEM images of 3 kinds of resistant starches before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=m6dcN2HyBGYNWUGM5bYLFw==, figureFileBig=LkhzmoQaO939tA6CspPdQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889864166424630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三种抗性淀粉发酵前后的电镜图, figureFileSmall=m6dcN2HyBGYNWUGM5bYLFw==, figureFileBig=LkhzmoQaO939tA6CspPdQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889864229339191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=FT-IR (A) and XRD (B) spectra of WS-MBPs-R at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=t5stNmNtsMLrx763PtfKCA==, figureFileBig=80yw6SaBbMYtmwAcRxJd1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889864300642360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同发酵时间下WS-MBPs-R的FT-IR(A)和XRD(B)图谱, figureFileSmall=t5stNmNtsMLrx763PtfKCA==, figureFileBig=80yw6SaBbMYtmwAcRxJd1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889864367751225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Contents of produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) during in vitro fermentation (mmol/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SCFAs组别时间(h)
481224
乙酸Blank34.19±0.97d41.60±2.55c43.73±1.04d46.09±0.90d
WS-R112.44±1.02c142.60±3.67b154.23±1.66b167.95±2.30b
WS-R/MBPs115.60±1.04b140.96±1.02b140.48±3.99c164.58±0.55c
WS-MBPs-R156.61±2.51a179.55±1.31a183.73±1.71a192.55±1.12a
丙酸Blank4.34±0.08c5.11±0.13d5.28±0.06d6.90±0.08d
WS-R8.01±0.10b10.89±0.07b10.81±0.08c11.07±0.02c
WS-R/MBPs8.27±0.05b10.26±0.13c11.07±0.17b11.40±0.11b
WS-MBPs-R10.49±0.31a12.69±0.07a13.03±0.10a14.40±0.05a
丁酸Blank7.88±0.18c8.57±0.43d9.08±0.36d9.30±0.11d
WS-R22.44±0.60b22.85±0.31c23.75±0.18c27.15±0.42b
WS-R/MBPs22.64±0.35b24.27±0.13b24.90±0.62b25.47±0.31c
WS-MBPs-R33.57±0.31a37.81±0.72a38.16±0.11a39.56±0.55a
总酸Blank46.41±0.32d55.28±0.55c58.10±0.64d62.29±1.56d
WS-R142.90±2.31c176.34±1.00b188.79±3.12b206.17±1.87b
WS-R/MBPs146.51±1.24b175.49±2.06b176.44±2.01c201.44±1.88c
WS-MBPs-R200.67±2.22a230.04±4.12a234.91±3.22a246.51±3.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889864451637306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

体外发酵过程中产生的短链脂肪酸含量(mmol/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SCFAs组别时间(h)
481224
乙酸Blank34.19±0.97d41.60±2.55c43.73±1.04d46.09±0.90d
WS-R112.44±1.02c142.60±3.67b154.23±1.66b167.95±2.30b
WS-R/MBPs115.60±1.04b140.96±1.02b140.48±3.99c164.58±0.55c
WS-MBPs-R156.61±2.51a179.55±1.31a183.73±1.71a192.55±1.12a
丙酸Blank4.34±0.08c5.11±0.13d5.28±0.06d6.90±0.08d
WS-R8.01±0.10b10.89±0.07b10.81±0.08c11.07±0.02c
WS-R/MBPs8.27±0.05b10.26±0.13c11.07±0.17b11.40±0.11b
WS-MBPs-R10.49±0.31a12.69±0.07a13.03±0.10a14.40±0.05a
丁酸Blank7.88±0.18c8.57±0.43d9.08±0.36d9.30±0.11d
WS-R22.44±0.60b22.85±0.31c23.75±0.18c27.15±0.42b
WS-R/MBPs22.64±0.35b24.27±0.13b24.90±0.62b25.47±0.31c
WS-MBPs-R33.57±0.31a37.81±0.72a38.16±0.11a39.56±0.55a
总酸Blank46.41±0.32d55.28±0.55c58.10±0.64d62.29±1.56d
WS-R142.90±2.31c176.34±1.00b188.79±3.12b206.17±1.87b
WS-R/MBPs146.51±1.24b175.49±2.06b176.44±2.01c201.44±1.88c
WS-MBPs-R200.67±2.22a230.04±4.12a234.91±3.22a246.51±3.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889864527134779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

R1045/1022 value and total crystallinity of WS-MBPs-R at different fermentation times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目0 h4 h8 h12 h24 h
R1045/10220.520±0.028d0.696±0.073c0.748±0.011bc0.829±0.032b1.037±0.086a
总结晶度(%)5.39±0.03e8.57±0.13c7.49±0.04d9.26±0.06b9.62±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889864606826556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889852292350960, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同发酵时间下WS-MBPs-R的R1045/1022值和总结晶度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目0 h4 h8 h12 h24 h
R1045/10220.520±0.028d0.696±0.073c0.748±0.011bc0.829±0.032b1.037±0.086a
总结晶度(%)5.39±0.03e8.57±0.13c7.49±0.04d9.26±0.06b9.62±0.02a
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小麦淀粉-绿豆皮多酚复合物基抗性淀粉对糖尿病患者肠道菌群及其代谢产物的影响
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许璐靖 , 王紫印 , 陆怡霏 , 滕聪 , 李莹 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(4): 154-163
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (4) : 154 -163
小麦淀粉-绿豆皮多酚复合物基抗性淀粉对糖尿病患者肠道菌群及其代谢产物的影响
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许璐靖 , 王紫印, 陆怡霏, 滕聪, 李莹*
作者信息
  • 江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014
通讯作者:
李莹(1981−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

许璐靖(1995−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Effects of Wheat Starch-Mung Bean Hull Polyphenol Complex-based Resistant Starch on Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Diabetes Patients
Lujing XU , Ziyin WANG, Yifei LU, Cong TENG, Ying LI*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040035
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为评估小麦淀粉-绿豆皮多酚复合物基抗性淀粉(WS-MBPs-R)对二型糖尿病患者的肠道益生性,本研究采用体外发酵模型,以小麦淀粉基抗性淀粉(WS-R)和小麦淀粉基抗性淀粉/绿豆皮多酚混合物(WS-R/MBPs)为阳性对照,测定不同时间发酵液的pH、产气量、还原糖含量及短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量,并通过16S rRNA测序分析WS-MBPs-R对糖尿病患者肠道菌群的影响。同时,利用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱及X射线衍射仪明确发酵过程中WS-MBPs-R的多尺度结构变化。结果显示,与阴性(不含碳源)和阳性对照组相比,发酵24 h时,WS-MBPs-R组发酵液的pH显著降低至4.47,而产气量显著升高至8.6 mL(P<0.05)。三种抗性淀粉发酵均促进了SCFAs的产生,尤其是WS-MBPs-R,其总酸浓度在发酵24 h时达246.51±3.01 mmol/L。WS-MBPs-R发酵可改善糖尿病患者肠道菌群结构,促进Prevotella、Bifidobacterium等有益菌的增殖,抑制Escherichia_Shigella、Fusobacterium等有害菌的生长。发酵后WS-MBPs-R的短程有序结构和总结晶度增大,表明肠道微生物优先利用抗性淀粉的无定形区。综上,WS-MBPs-R这一新型抗性淀粉具有良好的益生性,可作为糖尿病人群功能食品原料进行开发利用。

小麦淀粉  /  绿豆皮多酚  /  复合物  /  抗性淀粉  /  糖尿病  /  肠道菌群

To evaluate the prebiotics of wheat starch-mung bean hull polyphenol complex-based resistant starch (WS-MBPs-R) on the intestinal tract of T2DM patients, this study used the in vitro fermentation model, with wheat starch-based resistant starch (WS-R) and wheat starch-based resistant starch/mung bean skin polyphenols mixture (WS-R/MBPs) as positive controls, to determine the pH, gas production, reducing sugar content and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content of the fermentation broth at different times, and analyzed the impact of WS-MBPs-R on the intestinal flora of diabetes patients by 16S rRNA sequencing. Meanwhile, the multi-scale structural changes of WS-MBPs-R during the fermentation process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that compared with the negative (without carbon source) and positive control groups, the pH of the fermentation broth in the WS-MBPs-R group significantly decreased to 4.47 after 24 hours of fermentation, while the gas production significantly increased to 8.6 mL (P<0.05). Fermentation with three types of resistant starch promoted the production of SCFAs, especially WS-MBPs-R, whose total SCFAs concentration reached 246.51±3.01 mmol/L after fermentation for 24 h. WS-MBPs-R fermentation could improve the intestinal flora structure of diabetes patients, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Prevotella and Bifidobacterium, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia_Shigella and Fusobacterium. After fermentation, the short-range ordered structure and total crystallinity of WS-MBPs-R increased, indicating that gut microbiota preferentially utilized the amorphous region of resistant starch. In conclusion, WS-MBPs-R, a new type of resistant starch, has good probiotics and can be developed and utilized as a functional food raw material for people with diabetes.

wheat starch  /  mung bean hull polyphenol  /  complex  /  resistant starch  /  diabetes  /  gut microbiota
许璐靖, 王紫印, 陆怡霏, 滕聪, 李莹. 小麦淀粉-绿豆皮多酚复合物基抗性淀粉对糖尿病患者肠道菌群及其代谢产物的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 154 -163 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040035
Lujing XU, Ziyin WANG, Yifei LU, Cong TENG, Ying LI. Effects of Wheat Starch-Mung Bean Hull Polyphenol Complex-based Resistant Starch on Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Diabetes Patients[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 154 -163 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040035
2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一种复杂的慢性代谢性疾病,其特征是胰岛素抵抗和/或分泌不足、β细胞功能障碍和持续的高血糖[1]。T2DM患者占全球糖尿病患者总数的90%~95%,预计到2035年将超过5.9亿[2]。T2DM会增加肾病、视网膜病变、糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险,对健康构成威胁,并造成巨大的公共卫生和社会经济负担[3]。最近的证据表明,T2DM可能部分是由肠道生态失衡引起的,包括微生物组成和代谢物的变化[4]。
人类肠道微生物群是一个由大约100万亿个微生物组成的复杂群落[5]。它们与宿主表现出共生关系,参与营养、能量代谢和免疫调节相关的过程[6]。糖尿病患者的微生物群落与健康人群不同,包括丰度和多样性的损失,以及不同分类水平上特定微生物的变化[2]。在门水平上,T2DM患者厚壁菌门和变形菌门的丰度显著增加,而拟杆菌门的丰度有所降低[4]。在属水平上,Bifidobacterium是T2DM研究中最常见的有益属,Faecalibacterium、Akkermansia、Roseburia及Prevotella也被报道与T2DM的发生发展呈负相关,而Ruminococcus、Fusobacterium、Blautia等则在糖尿病患者中丰度较高[7]。此外,微生物失调将通过减少紧密连接蛋白来增强肠道通透性,从而导致胰岛素抵抗和炎症[8]。
抗性淀粉被认为是一种新型膳食纤维,可作为底物被肠道微生物群利用,改善菌群结构,并产生有益代谢产物,其益生元活性已在体内外研究中被广泛证明[9−10]。根据来源和抗性机理的不同,抗性淀粉可分为物理包埋淀粉(RS1)、未糊化的天然淀粉颗粒(RS2)、回生淀粉(RS3)、化学改性淀粉(RS4)及淀粉-脂质复合物(RS5)五大类[11]。其中,RS5由脂质通过非共价相互作用被包裹在直链淀粉螺旋腔中形成,V型单螺旋紧凑稳定的结构能够抵抗酶的降解。有报道称,与RS2和RS3相比,RS5在刺激丁酸的产生方面更有效[12]。近年来,基于淀粉-多酚复合物的抗性淀粉也被认为属于RS5。淀粉-多酚复合物可由二者通过氢键、疏水相互作用和静电相互作用形成,多酚可部分包封在淀粉的疏水螺旋空腔内形成V型包合物,或与淀粉直接结合形成分子间聚集体[13]。淀粉-多酚复合物中抗性组分含量增加,经消化后所得的复合物基抗性淀粉的肠道益生性值得关注。Liu等[14]研究表明,与高直链玉米淀粉相比,大米淀粉-阿魏酸复合物基抗性淀粉促进了Bacteroides、Bifidobacterium、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001等有益菌的增殖及短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的生成。大米淀粉-花青素复合物基抗性淀粉可以减缓SCFAs的产生速度,从而使其在远端结肠中充分发挥作用[15]。此外,与小麦淀粉相比,基于小麦淀粉-苹果幼果多酚复合物的抗性淀粉增加了SCFAs的浓度,特别是乙酸和丙酸,并促进了Prevotella等有益菌的生长[16]。由此可见,淀粉-多酚复合物基抗性淀粉具有更强的益生性,这是因为当其进入结肠被肠道菌群利用的同时,会释放出酚类物质,这些酚类物质也可调节肠道微生物群结构并促进有益代谢产物形成,进而发挥协同益生作用[13]。
绿豆(Vigna radiata L.)是东南亚地区广泛种植的豆类作物[17],绿豆皮中的多酚含量相对较高,但通常在加工过程中被丢弃。团队前期研究结果表明,绿豆皮多酚(Mung bean hull polyphenols,MBPs)与小麦淀粉(Wheat starch,WS)复合可增强其消化抗性[18],但基于该复合物的抗性淀粉的肠道酵解特性及结构变化规律仍需进一步探究。本研究采用厌氧体外发酵模型评估了抗性淀粉与糖尿病患者肠道微生物之间的相互作用,并探究了发酵过程中抗性淀粉微观结构、短程有序结构及结晶结构的变化规律。本研究为抗性淀粉通过微生物群相互作用缓解糖尿病提供了新的见解,并为开发新型抗性淀粉产品提供了一定的理论依据。
绿豆 江苏省农业科学院经济作物研究所提供;小麦淀粉、猪胰α-淀粉酶(9 U/mg)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(28 U/mg)、3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)、猪胆盐、氯化血红素、维生素K1、L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐、酵母提取物、蛋白胨、刃天青 上海源叶生物有限公司;氯化钠、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、氯化钙、碳酸氢钠、吐温80  上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸、异丁酸 美国Sigma公司;厌氧产气包、氧气指示剂 日本三菱公司;发酵液DNA提取试剂盒 德国Qiagen公司;所用化学试剂均为分析纯。
FE28 pH测定仪 梅特勒托利多科技(中国)有限公司;SWT-100恒温水浴摇床 杭州米欧仪器有限公司;ZEISS EVO-LS10扫描电子显微镜 德国蔡司公司;Nicolet Is50 红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;Bruker AXS D2 PHASER X射线衍射仪 德国布鲁克公司;IMJ-78A高压蒸汽灭菌锅 上海施都凯仪器设备有限公司;C-31厌氧培养罐 日本三菱公司;安捷伦6890 N气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;LGJ-18D真空冷冻干燥机 北京四环启航有限公司;−80 ℃TDE超低温冰箱、Medifuge低温高速离心机 苏州赛默飞世尔仪器有限公司;LRH-70F恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司。
参考王紫印等[19]的方法。绿豆经清洗、浸泡后取皮,通过冷冻干燥及粉碎得绿豆皮粉末,向绿豆皮粉末中加入80%乙醇溶液1:20 g/mL),于300 W超声下提取1 h,5000 r/min转速下离心10 min,重复提取三次后合并上清液,旋蒸,冻干,得多酚粗提物。利用HPD-500大孔树脂对粗提物进行纯化,得MBPs。
将2 g WS溶解于5 mL乙醇的MBPs(10% w/w,基于淀粉干重)分散于30 mL超纯水中,90 ℃、150 r/min转速下搅拌加热20 min,冷却,用80%乙醇溶液洗涤2次,离心取沉淀后,真空冷冻干燥,得WS-MBPs[18]。
准确称取60 mg α-淀粉酶溶解于10 mL乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液中(0.02 mol/L,pH6),搅拌60 min后,6000 r/min离心去除载体物质。随后向溶液中添加10 mg α-葡萄糖苷酶,涡旋振荡制备混合酶液。取2 g WS-MBPs置于40 mL缓冲液中(0.02 mol/L,pH6),加入1.5 mL上述混合酶液,在37 ℃、120 r/min条件下酶解12 h,3000 r/min离心5 min后取沉淀,冷冻干燥后得到WS-MBPs-R[20]。以同样方法制备小麦淀粉基抗性淀粉(WS-R)及小麦淀粉基抗性淀粉/绿豆皮多酚混合物(WS-R/MBPs)。
参考Peng等[21]的方法进行体外发酵,并稍作修改。新鲜粪便样本由五位年龄为35~75岁的二型糖尿病患者提供。所有志愿者在近三个月未服用任何抗生素或益生菌补剂。将所有志愿者提供的粪便样本等量混合,加入改性生理盐水(0.5 g/L半胱氨酸盐,0.9 g/L氯化钠)得20%(w/v)粪便悬液,通过4层无菌纱布过滤,备用。设置阴性对照组(不含碳源,Blank)、阳性对照组(WS-R、WS-R/MBPs)和实验组(WS-MBPs-R),每组设置三个重复。Blank组为2 mL粪便悬液加入8 mL基础培养基(2 g/L蛋白胨、2 g/L酵母提取物、0.1 g/L氯化钠、0.04 g/L磷酸氢二钾、0.04 g/L磷酸二氢钾、0.01 g/L硫酸镁、0.01 g/L氯化钙、2 g/L碳酸氢钠、0.02 g/L氯化血红素、0.5 g/L L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐、0.5 g/L猪胆盐、1 mg/L刃天青、2 mL/L吐温80及10 μL维生素K1),WS-R、WS-R/MBPs及WS-MBPs-R组在此基础上分别加入100 mg相应抗性淀粉样品。厌氧发酵在37 ℃下进行,在0、4、8、12和24 h时测定pH、产气量和还原糖含量。发酵液离心后将上清液和沉淀置于−80 ℃冷冻保存。
通过pH计测定不同时间点发酵液的pH。插入刻度注射器,根据刻度变化测定产气量。取0.5 mL发酵上清液,加入2.5 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴5 min,流水冷却后,用去离子水定容至5 mL,测定520 nm处的吸光值,代入标准曲线(y=9.67x−0.1588,R2=0.9991)计算还原糖含量。
样品溶液经离心后取上清液与25 mmol/L 2-甲基丁酸混合(1:1,v/v),过0.22 μm滤膜后进行气相色谱分析,通过与SCFAs标准品同时进样比对获得样品中各SCFAs含量[22]。色谱条件为:毛细管柱为DB-FFAP柱(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm),初始柱温为60 ℃,保持2 min后,以10 ℃/min的速度加热至150 ℃,载气为N2,进样量1 μL。
将样品固定后喷金,通过扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察发酵前后WS-MBPs-R的微观结构变化。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared,FT-IR)由红外光谱仪记录。波长范围设置为4000~500 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1。此外,对1200~800 cm−1范围内光谱进行去卷积,计算短程有序结构。
使用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)仪在40 mA和40 kV下评估样品晶体结构。采用Cu-Kα为X射线源,在5°~50°的2θ范围内进行扫描。使用MDI Jade6.0软件通过峰拟合和峰面积比计算,确定相对结晶度[23]。
采用TGuide S96粪便DNA试剂盒(TIANGEN,Beijing,China)提取粪便样本的基因组DNA。使用正向引物(5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′)和反向引物(5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA V3~V4区域,扩增子在Illumina NovaSeq平台(Illumina,San Diego,CA)上测序。使用朴素贝叶斯分类器结合比对的方法对特征序列进行分类学注释,得到每个特征对应的物种分类信息,进而在各水平上统计样品群落组成,利用QIIME软件生成不同分类水平上的物种丰度表,再利用R语言工具绘制成样品各分类学水平下的群落结构图。使用QIIME2 2020.6软件评估样品α和β多样性指数。
所有实验均平行三次测定,数据以平均值±标准误差表示。所使用的绘图软件为Origin2021,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,P<0.05被认为差异有统计学意义。
图1展示了Blank、WS-R、WS-R/MBPs及WS-MBPs-R组随发酵时间的pH变化情况。四组样品的初始pH较为接近,Blank组发酵液在发酵4 h时由7.72±0.10下降至7.01±0.07,并达到平衡。而WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R组在发酵4 h时快速下降至5.6±0.11,5.25±0.07和5.05±0.01,表明三种抗性淀粉可被糖尿病患者肠道菌群利用,产生大量的有机酸和短链脂肪酸,进而导致pH下降[24]。随着发酵时间延长,pH下降速度放缓,直至12 h后保持稳定,这可能是由于肠道内抗性淀粉减少,积累的有机酸、短链脂肪酸又作为能量被消耗导致[24]。WS-MBPs-R组发酵液在各时间点的pH较Blank、WS-R和WS-R/MBPSs组显著降低(P<0.05),这可能是因为MBPs的复合使得WS-MBPs-R具有独特结构,增加了糖尿病患者肠道菌群对该抗性淀粉的可及性[12]。
体外发酵过程中的产气量通常被认为是反映微生物对不同底物利用情况的重要指标[25]。如图2所示,WS-R、WS-R/MBPs及WS-MBPs-R组的产气量在发酵4 h时快速上升,后基本保持稳定,表明这三种抗性淀粉都能被糖尿病患者肠道微生物群有效利用。其中,WS-MBPs-R组的产气量最高,在发酵结束时达8.6 mL,与pH测定结果一致。与WS-R组相比,WS-R/MBPs组的产气量更低,表明游离多酚的存在抑制了气体的产生。
由图3可知,Blank组的还原糖含量在发酵过程中缓慢下降,而三种抗性淀粉发酵液中的还原糖含量呈先上升后下降趋势。体外发酵4 h时,WS-R、WS-R/MBPs及WS-MBPs-R组的还原糖含量分别为1.42±0.02、1.67±0.04和1.33±0.03 mg/mL,这是因为抗性淀粉糖苷键在糖尿病患者肠道微生物群作用下被破坏断裂,产生大量具有还原端的短链还原糖[26]。随着发酵时间的进一步增加,肠道微生物快速繁殖,大量消耗和利用这些还原糖,导致其还原糖含量减少[27]。这种先上升后下降的变化模式在铁皮石斛多糖、苹果渣低聚木糖等多糖发酵液中也被观察到[28−29]。值得注意的是,在发酵12 h后,WS-MBPs-R组的还原糖含量显著高于WS-R和WS-R/MBPs组(P<0.05),表明仍有大量可利用的还原糖,这说明肠道糖尿病患者肠道菌群可能对WS-MBPs-R有更高的利用率。
SCFAs是抗性淀粉肠道发酵的代谢产物,主要包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸。越来越多的证据表明,SCFAs可能通过促进胰岛素分泌、提高胰岛素敏感性、激活肠道糖异生、增加能量消耗、减少脂肪积聚和炎症等机制在T2DM的发生发展中发挥重要作用[30]。表1展示了体外发酵过程中不同时间点产生的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总酸含量。总体而言,三种抗性淀粉发酵均促进了SCFAs的产生,总酸浓度在发酵过程中不断增加,尤其是WS-MBPs-R组,其总酸浓度在发酵24 h后达到246.51±3.01 mmol/L,比Blank组(62.29±1.56 mmol/L)高2.96倍。Liu等[14]也报道了类似的结果,与普通抗性淀粉及混合物相比,大米淀粉-阿魏酸复合物基抗性淀粉作为微生物碳源表现出更优异的产SCFAs性能。Blank、WS-R、WS-R/MBPs及WS-MBPs-R组发酵液中乙酸浓度持续上升,发酵24 h后,分别达到46.09±0.90、167.95±2.30、164.58±0.55和192.55±1.12 mmol/L。据报道,乙酸有利于改善肠道屏障功能,降低粘膜通透性,抑制体脂和肝脏脂质积聚[31]。WS-R、WS-R/MBPs及WS-MBPs-R的发酵促进了丙酸的生成,在发酵结束时较Blank组分别增加了60.43%、65.22%及108.70%。丙酸具有增加胰岛素释放、维持β细胞功能、改善脂肪组织炎症等作用[32]。丁酸作为研究最广泛的SCFA,可以通过促进能量消耗和刺激线粒体功能来提高胰岛素敏感性[33]。它还可以激活肠道糖异生以改善葡萄糖稳态。此外,促进糖原代谢、增强肠屏障完整性和减轻炎症等也是丁酸改善T2DM的机制[30]。三种抗性淀粉的发酵均促进了丁酸的产生,且WS-MBPs-R组发酵液中丁酸浓度在整个发酵过程中始终高于其他两组。在发酵24 h时,三种抗性淀粉发酵液中丁酸含量排序为:WS-MBPs-R组(39.56±0.55 mmol/L)>WS-R组(27.15±0.42 mmol/L)>WS-R/MBPs组(25.47±0.31 mmol/L)。上述结果表明,利用WS-MBPs-R作为底物进行发酵能产生更多的SCFAs,具有更好的益生性。
为探究三种抗性淀粉对糖尿病人群肠道微生物群组成和丰度的影响,在发酵24 h后进行了16S rRNA测序。反映菌群丰富度(Chao1和ACE)和群落多样性(Shannon和Simpson)的α指数如图4A~图4D所示。WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R组中上述指标均显著降低,推测可能是由于一些有效利用抗性淀粉及其代谢产物的特定分类群的相对丰度增加所致,在其他研究中也出现了类似现象[34−35]。β多样性分析侧重于不同样本之间的差异性。如图4E所示,在基于OTU水平的主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis,PCA)中,提取的两个主要成分占总方差的95.60%(PC1:81.29%和PC2:14.31%)。四组样品间彼此分离,表明WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R发酵均显著影响了肠道微生物的组成,且由于淀粉结构差异的存在,三种抗性淀粉对菌群的调控效果有所区别。主坐标分析(Principal Coordinates Analysis,PCoA)分析(图4F)也显示了类似的结果。
在门水平上,所有样本均由拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,31%~43%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,25%~34%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,10%~18%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota,9%~20%)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota,0%~9%)及脱硫菌门(Desulfobacterota,0%~1%)等组成(图5A)。据报道,拟杆菌门在健康个体中的丰度更高,而厚壁菌门在T2DM患者中的比例更大[36−37]。经WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R发酵后,拟杆菌门的相对丰度从31.42%分别增加到42.55%、42.43%和42.68%,而厚壁菌门的相对丰度从33.73%降低到27.23%、25.59%和25.50%。厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门之比(F/B)是T2DM的重要标志物,与葡萄糖耐量呈负相关[38]。各样品组F/B值顺序为:WS-MBPs-R<WS-R/MBPs<WS-R<Blank,表明WS-MBPs-R更有助于改善糖尿病患者的肠道菌群结构。
在属水平上,Prevotella_9、Escherichia_Shigella、Bacteroides、Collinsella、Megamonas、Bifidobacterium、Alistipes、Megasphaera、[Ruminococcus]_torques_group及Fusobacterium是丰度前10的属(图5B)。WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R发酵显著促进了Prevotella_9的生长,相较Blank组分别增加了7.00、7.22和6.25倍。Prevotella可以通过法尼醇X受体信号传导维持葡萄糖稳态,并增强胆汁酸代谢[39]。另一项临床研究表明,Prevotella促进了葡萄糖代谢,减轻了Bacteroides引发的葡萄糖不耐受[40]。Escherichia_Shigella是T2DM患者中常见有害菌,WS-R和WS-MBPs-R发酵降低了该菌的相对丰度。三种抗性淀粉组中Megamonas的丰度均有所上升,据报道其可以发酵碳水化合物产生乙酸、丙酸和乳酸等有机酸,并可通过减轻炎症损伤缓解糖尿病[41]。Bifidobacterium与T2DM的负相关性已被广泛报道,尽管其并未单独用于治疗T2DM,但多项动物研究证实,该属下的几个种(B. bifidum、B. longum、B. infantis、B. animalis、B. pseudocatenulatum、B. breve)都具有改善葡萄糖耐量的能力[7]。Bifidobacterium的相对丰度经WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R发酵后分别达到10.89%、4.53%及6.32%。Alistipes的相对丰度经三种抗性淀粉发酵后有所下降。Wang等[42]研究发现食用西兰花可溶性膳食纤维减轻了高脂饮食诱导小鼠的葡萄糖耐受不良及氧化应激,改善了菌群结构,其中Alistipes数量减少,我们的研究结果与之一致。 Fusobacterium与T2DM的发生发展显著相关[43],经三种抗性淀粉发酵后呈下降趋势。总体而言,上述结果表明,WS-MBPs-R有望作为益生元调节肠道微生物组成。
为进一步探究糖尿病人肠道菌群对WS-MBPs-R的酵解模式,分析了发酵过程中WS-MBPs-R微观结构、短程有序结构及结晶结构的变化情况。
在发酵过程中,肠道微生物产生的酸和酶等会侵蚀抗性淀粉颗粒,造成颗粒微观结构的破坏。图6为WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R发酵前后的SEM图。三种抗性淀粉的微观结构在发酵后都发生了明显的变化,整体表现为疏松多孔的块状物或聚集体。发酵前WS-R结构较为完整,发酵后分裂为多个不规则的小块;WS-R/MBPs在发酵后表面出现明显的侵蚀痕迹,呈多孔结构;而WS-MBPs-R经菌群发酵后由致密块状物解体形成松散的聚集体。综上所述,三种抗性淀粉的微观结构在发酵过程中均被破坏,表明三者皆可被肠道微生物所利用,且WS-MBPs-R的发酵效率最高。
如图7A显示,3700~3000 cm−1处的宽频带为-OH的伸缩振动峰,1200~800 cm−1范围内的吸收带与-C-OH、-C-C和-C-H相关[18]。发酵前后WS-MBPs-R吸收峰的位置和形状相似,没有出现新的吸收峰,表明微生物发酵没有改变抗性淀粉的官能团。但吸收峰强度发生了变化,特别是与淀粉结构相关的1200~800 cm−1范围内的吸收峰。在去卷积红外光谱中,1045 cm−1和1022 cm−1处的吸收峰分别代表了结晶区和无定形区,R1045/1022值反映了淀粉的短程有序结构[16]。由表2可知,WS-MBPs-R的R1045/1022值随发酵的进行不断增加,表明其短程结构有序度增加,这是因为微生物在发酵过程中优先消耗了淀粉的无定形区域[44]。其他研究也得到了类似结论,Zeng等[45]报道称经Bifidobacterium longum和Lactobacillus delbrueckii sub sp. Bulgaricus发酵后,莲子抗性淀粉的R1045/1022值增加,表明在发酵过程中,淀粉样品的有序结构随着无定形区的减少而逐渐增加。玉米淀粉的R1045/1022值也在Aspergillus oryzae var. oryzae作用下持续增加,在发酵96 h时达到峰值,表明发酵前期随着无定形区域的减少,短程有序结构增加[46]。
图7B为WS-MBPs-R在不同发酵时间点的XRD图谱。前期研究结果表明,MBPs可插入淀粉螺旋空腔内,从而使WS-MBPs复合物展现出典型V型结晶结构[18]。而消化后的WS-MBPs-R在17°和19.8°处出现衍射峰,表明其具有A/B+V型结晶结构。这可能是因为复合物在淀粉酶作用下被破坏,游离的淀粉重结晶后形成A型或B型晶体。WS-MBPs-R的结晶度随着发酵时间的延长而增加(表2),这表明肠道微生物优先进攻非晶区域,同时,淀粉在发酵过程中发生重排,形成部分重结晶[12]。类似地,在较长时间发酵后,莲子抗性淀粉和玉米淀粉的结晶度也有所提高[45,47]。
本研究评估了WS-MBPs-R对糖尿病患者的肠道益生性,并通过发酵过程多尺度结构的变化探究了肠道菌群对WS-MBPs-R的酵解模式。发酵24 h后,WS-MBPs-R组发酵液的pH相较于Blank、WS-R和WS-R/MBPs组最低,产气量和还原糖含量最高。三种抗性淀粉发酵均促进了乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总SCFAs的产生,其中以WS-MBPs-R的效果最好。β多样性分析显示,WS-R、WS-R/MBPs和WS-MBPs-R发酵均显著影响了肠道微生物的组成,且由于淀粉结构差异的存在,三种抗性淀粉对菌群的调控效果有所区别。WS-MBPs-R发酵促进了Prevotella、Bifidobacterium等有益菌的增殖,并抑制了Escherichia_Shigella、Fusobacterium等有害菌的生长。多尺度结构表征显示,发酵后WS-MBPs-R由致密块状物解体形成松散的聚集体,其短程有序结构和总结晶度随发酵时间的延长不断增大,表明肠道微生物优先进攻抗性淀粉的无定形区。WS-MBPs-R具有改善糖尿病人群肠道菌群及其代谢产物的潜能,为降糖功能食品的设计开发提供理论支撑。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040035
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
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    江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014

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李莹(1981−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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