Article(id=1320889815126626786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744646400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854272872, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854272872, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854272872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854272872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=514, endPage=524, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889817135698403, articleId=1320889815126626786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in the Effects of High-pressure Processing on Milk Quality: From Microbial Safety to Nutritional Enhancement, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an advanced non-thermal food-processing technology, high-pressure processing (HPP) is characterized by low processing temperatures and minimal nutritional loss, demonstrating unique advantages in maintaining food quality. Recently, its potential applications in dairy processing have attracted considerable attention. In the dairy processing sector, HPP has shown potential to replace pasteurization, offering significant value in ensuring dairy safety, extending shelf life, and enhancing product quality. This study systematically elucidated the differential inactivation effects of HPP on microorganisms in milk, including vegetative bacterial cells and spores. We investigates the pressure-dependent mechanisms by which HPP modulates conformational changes in casein micelles and whey proteins, as well as its effects on lipids and carbohydrates. This technology can also be applied to enhance the solubility of minerals and reduce the allergenicity of bovine milk, while preserving its bioactive components. Building on the current research, future studies should focus on developing kinetic models for the inactivation of pressure-resistant bacteria and clarifying the mechanisms underlying the effects of HPP on milk-derived bioactive components. This would facilitate the large-scale application of this technology in the dairy industry.

, authors=Qiuyu MENG1, Fengzhi LÜ1, Dong YANG1, Yongtao WANG1, Liang ZHAO1, Ning GUAN2, 3, Xiaojun ZHANG2, 3, Gang FENG2, 3, Lei RAO1, *, Xiaojun LIAO1, authorsList=Qiuyu MENG, Fengzhi LÜ, Dong YANG, Yongtao WANG, Liang ZHAO, Ning GUAN, Xiaojun ZHANG, Gang FENG, Lei RAO, Xiaojun LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei RAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889818544984552, articleId=1320889815126626786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超高压技术对牛乳品质影响的研究进展:从微生物安全到营养功能提升, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超高压技术作为食品非热加工领域的前沿技术,具有处理过程温度低、对营养破坏小的特点,在保持食品品质方面展现出独特优势,近年来在乳品加工领域的应用潜力备受关注。在乳品加工领域,超高压展现出替代巴氏杀菌的潜力,对保障乳品安全、延长货架期及提升产品品质具有显著价值。本文系统阐述了超高压对牛乳中微生物的差异化灭活效应,包括细菌营养体与芽孢;探讨了超高压通过压力依赖性方式调控酪蛋白胶束和乳清蛋白的构象变化方式及对脂肪、碳水化合物等的影响。此外,该技术在保留生物活性成分的同时还能增强矿物质溶解性、降低牛乳致敏性。基于现有研究基础,未来研究应重点构建耐压菌杀灭动力学模型,深入解析超高压对乳源活性成分的作用机制,以推动该技术在乳品工业中的规模化应用。

, authors=孟秋宇1, 吕风至1, 杨东1, 王永涛1, 赵靓1, 关宁2, 3, 张晓君2, 3, 冯罡2, 3, 饶雷1, *, 廖小军1, authorsList=孟秋宇, 吕风至, 杨东, 王永涛, 赵靓, 关宁, 张晓君, 冯罡, 饶雷, 廖小军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=饶雷, authorNote=

孟秋宇(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物安全控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
饶雷(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:非热加工与微生物安全,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=32BpIiJPCfrUb0OqqOryUg==, magXml=Z866cCPpeqCTS2ZbfrWOAA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YndV5NdQjD+mJiBnY/qyHQ==, pdfFileSize=1980755, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=shNc7LMeY54SPv6Wu6d9KA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=JErITR4T1rag6fq4ZUsEAg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889823058055667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=mengqiuyu6364@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889823410377205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, authorId=1320889823058055667, language=EN, stringName=Qiuyu MENG, firstName=Qiuyu, middleName=null, lastName=MENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320889823540400630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, authorId=1320889823058055667, language=CN, stringName=孟秋宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,农业农村部果蔬加工重点实验室,食品非热加工北京市重点实验室,北京 100083, bio={"content":"

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Effect of processing and food matrix on calcium and phosphorous bioavailability from milk-based fruit beverages in Caco-2 cells[J]. Food Research International, 2011, 44(9): 3030−3038., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889842775478948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=100, rfOrder=101, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Q, WANG Y, ZHU Z, et al. Efficient reduction of β-lactoglobulin allergenicity in milk using Clostridium tyrobutyricum Z816[J]. 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Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2018, 47: 301−308., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889843001971367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=104, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN G, WU C, CHEN X, et al. Studying the effects of high pressure–temperature treatment on the structure and immunoreactivity of β-lactoglobulin using experimental and computational methods[J]. 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Inactivation of microbial vegetative cells, bacterial spores, fungal and yeast spores by HPP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物类群菌株处理方式条件范围对数减少量范围参考文献
压力(MPa)时间(min)温度
(℃)
革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌ATCC 11229500~6003~525≈3.9~≈7.5[23]
产气肠杆菌ATCC 13048500~6003~525≈4.4~≈7.6
荧光假单胞菌IB 2312500~6003~525≈6.5~≈7.3
大肠杆菌ATCC 25922150~250240~720≈20≥5.5[24]
五种大肠杆菌混合a400~6001~5180.85~6.8[12]
六种沙门氏菌混合b400~6001~5181.09~6.27
森夫滕堡沙门氏菌NCTC 9959150~250480~960≈203.8~≥5.4[24]
革兰氏阳性菌无害李斯特菌ATCC 51742350~6003~4028.63.60~3.70~>6.00[25]
无害李斯特菌ATCC 30090150~250240~1440≈20≈1.9~≥5.8[24]
五种单核细胞增生李斯特菌混合c400~6001~5181.42~5.91[12]
芽孢蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢ATCC 11778200~60040703.6~4.8[26]
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢ATCC 91396004038~701.8~5.3
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢ATCC 913960020704.9[27]
产气荚膜梭菌芽孢NZRM 89860020752.2
真菌和酵母菌孢子酿酒酵母孢子CECT 19904000.5363.0
雪白丝衣霉子囊孢子JCM 1280660010~40751.4~3.4
费氏新萨托菌子囊孢子ATCC 102060010~40753.3~5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1320889828829418042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

超高压对微生物营养体、细菌芽孢、真菌和酵母菌孢子的杀灭效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物类群菌株处理方式条件范围对数减少量范围参考文献
压力(MPa)时间(min)温度
(℃)
革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌ATCC 11229500~6003~525≈3.9~≈7.5[23]
产气肠杆菌ATCC 13048500~6003~525≈4.4~≈7.6
荧光假单胞菌IB 2312500~6003~525≈6.5~≈7.3
大肠杆菌ATCC 25922150~250240~720≈20≥5.5[24]
五种大肠杆菌混合a400~6001~5180.85~6.8[12]
六种沙门氏菌混合b400~6001~5181.09~6.27
森夫滕堡沙门氏菌NCTC 9959150~250480~960≈203.8~≥5.4[24]
革兰氏阳性菌无害李斯特菌ATCC 51742350~6003~4028.63.60~3.70~>6.00[25]
无害李斯特菌ATCC 30090150~250240~1440≈20≈1.9~≥5.8[24]
五种单核细胞增生李斯特菌混合c400~6001~5181.42~5.91[12]
芽孢蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢ATCC 11778200~60040703.6~4.8[26]
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢ATCC 91396004038~701.8~5.3
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢ATCC 913960020704.9[27]
产气荚膜梭菌芽孢NZRM 89860020752.2
真菌和酵母菌孢子酿酒酵母孢子CECT 19904000.5363.0
雪白丝衣霉子囊孢子JCM 1280660010~40751.4~3.4
费氏新萨托菌子囊孢子ATCC 102060010~40753.3~5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1320889828925887035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Stage-specific responses of major milk proteins under HPP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分/现象低压(<200 MPa)中压(200~400 MPa)高压(>400 MPa)
酪蛋白胶束部分崩解,尺寸稳定解离与重聚集并存致密凝胶网络形成
β-LG二聚体解离为单体三级结构压缩,疏水核心暴露二硫键/疏水作用聚集
α-LA结构稳定开始变性少量聚集
(需极端压力)
乳铁蛋白pH依赖性
酶活性乳过氧化物酶
激活(+20%)
碱性磷酸酶失活
(>250 MPa)
耐压酶保持活性
), ArticleFig(id=1320889829009773116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889815126626786, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

牛乳中主要蛋白质在超高压作用下的分阶段响应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分/现象低压(<200 MPa)中压(200~400 MPa)高压(>400 MPa)
酪蛋白胶束部分崩解,尺寸稳定解离与重聚集并存致密凝胶网络形成
β-LG二聚体解离为单体三级结构压缩,疏水核心暴露二硫键/疏水作用聚集
α-LA结构稳定开始变性少量聚集
(需极端压力)
乳铁蛋白pH依赖性
酶活性乳过氧化物酶
激活(+20%)
碱性磷酸酶失活
(>250 MPa)
耐压酶保持活性
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超高压技术对牛乳品质影响的研究进展:从微生物安全到营养功能提升
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孟秋宇 1 , 吕风至 1 , 杨东 1 , 王永涛 1 , 赵靓 1 , 关宁 2, 3 , 张晓君 2, 3 , 冯罡 2, 3 , 饶雷 1, * , 廖小军 1
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(4): 514-524
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (4) : 514 -524
超高压技术对牛乳品质影响的研究进展:从微生物安全到营养功能提升
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孟秋宇1 , 吕风至1, 杨东1, 王永涛1, 赵靓1, 关宁2, 3, 张晓君2, 3, 冯罡2, 3, 饶雷1, * , 廖小军1
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,农业农村部果蔬加工重点实验室,食品非热加工北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 2内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,呼和浩特 010110
  • 3国家乳业技术创新中心,呼和浩特 010110
通讯作者:
饶雷(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:非热加工与微生物安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孟秋宇(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物安全控制,E-mail:

Advances in the Effects of High-pressure Processing on Milk Quality: From Microbial Safety to Nutritional Enhancement
Qiuyu MENG1 , Fengzhi LÜ1, Dong YANG1, Yongtao WANG1, Liang ZHAO1, Ning GUAN2, 3, Xiaojun ZHANG2, 3, Gang FENG2, 3, Lei RAO1, * , Xiaojun LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China
  • 3National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040167
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超高压技术作为食品非热加工领域的前沿技术,具有处理过程温度低、对营养破坏小的特点,在保持食品品质方面展现出独特优势,近年来在乳品加工领域的应用潜力备受关注。在乳品加工领域,超高压展现出替代巴氏杀菌的潜力,对保障乳品安全、延长货架期及提升产品品质具有显著价值。本文系统阐述了超高压对牛乳中微生物的差异化灭活效应,包括细菌营养体与芽孢;探讨了超高压通过压力依赖性方式调控酪蛋白胶束和乳清蛋白的构象变化方式及对脂肪、碳水化合物等的影响。此外,该技术在保留生物活性成分的同时还能增强矿物质溶解性、降低牛乳致敏性。基于现有研究基础,未来研究应重点构建耐压菌杀灭动力学模型,深入解析超高压对乳源活性成分的作用机制,以推动该技术在乳品工业中的规模化应用。

超高压  /  牛乳  /  杀菌  /  酪蛋白  /  乳清蛋白  /  脂肪  /  过敏

As an advanced non-thermal food-processing technology, high-pressure processing (HPP) is characterized by low processing temperatures and minimal nutritional loss, demonstrating unique advantages in maintaining food quality. Recently, its potential applications in dairy processing have attracted considerable attention. In the dairy processing sector, HPP has shown potential to replace pasteurization, offering significant value in ensuring dairy safety, extending shelf life, and enhancing product quality. This study systematically elucidated the differential inactivation effects of HPP on microorganisms in milk, including vegetative bacterial cells and spores. We investigates the pressure-dependent mechanisms by which HPP modulates conformational changes in casein micelles and whey proteins, as well as its effects on lipids and carbohydrates. This technology can also be applied to enhance the solubility of minerals and reduce the allergenicity of bovine milk, while preserving its bioactive components. Building on the current research, future studies should focus on developing kinetic models for the inactivation of pressure-resistant bacteria and clarifying the mechanisms underlying the effects of HPP on milk-derived bioactive components. This would facilitate the large-scale application of this technology in the dairy industry.

high pressure processing  /  milk  /  sterilization  /  casein  /  whey protein  /  lipids  /  allergy
孟秋宇, 吕风至, 杨东, 王永涛, 赵靓, 关宁, 张晓君, 冯罡, 饶雷, 廖小军. 超高压技术对牛乳品质影响的研究进展:从微生物安全到营养功能提升. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 514 -524 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040167
Qiuyu MENG, Fengzhi LÜ, Dong YANG, Yongtao WANG, Liang ZHAO, Ning GUAN, Xiaojun ZHANG, Gang FENG, Lei RAO, Xiaojun LIAO. Advances in the Effects of High-pressure Processing on Milk Quality: From Microbial Safety to Nutritional Enhancement[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 514 -524 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040167
牛乳是由健康奶牛的乳腺产生的一种营养丰富的饮品,在中国市场呈现强劲发展势头[1]。根据联合国粮食及农业组织提供的数据,2013至2023年中国牛乳产业呈现稳健增长态势,产量从0.3亿吨提升至0.42亿吨,增幅达40%。且中国乳业结构高度集中,牛乳占比88.42%,显著高于全球平均的81.41%[2]。牛乳产业的快速增长,充分印证了其作为优质营养源的核心价值。
牛乳中的蛋白质(3.0%~3.5%)主要由酪蛋白与乳清蛋白组成。前者占总蛋白80%,在调节血压和促进营养吸收方面起着关键作用[3];后者占20%,其中β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-LG)(~50%)与α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-LA)(~20%)分别执行抗氧化功能与乳糖合成辅助作用,配合乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin G,IgG)等微量成分,共同构建起牛乳的生物活性谱系[4−6]。此外,牛乳中还含短链脂肪酸(1%~4%)、乳糖(4.6%~5.1%)和维生素等生物活性物质[7−9]。传统热杀菌技术虽可实现病原微生物5个对数的灭活水平,但会不可逆地降解牛乳中的功能性组分(如IgG、乳铁蛋白和热敏性维生素)[10−11]。更值得注意的是,热杀菌中美拉德反应诱导的蛋白-糖复合物生成会导致蒸煮味、褐变等感官劣变[12−13]。这种杀菌效率与营养、感官品质的负相关关系,构成了乳品加工中典型的质量-安全平衡难题。
超高压技术(high pressure processing,HPP;100~1000 MPa)作为一种非热加工技术,自Hite于1899年首次将其应用于牛乳杀菌以来,已被多项研究证实能有效灭活致病菌[14−15]。由于HPP只作用于物质的非共价键,因此其对牛乳中脂类、维生素等小分子营养物质影响较小[16]。同时,HPP具备非热加工的特性,不会引发美拉德反应或乳糖异构化反应[16],还可以有效避免脂肪氧化酸败产生的异味[17],从而保留了牛乳的原始风味。Stratakos等[12]研究表明,HPP牛乳保持与生鲜牛乳相近的感官特性。本文旨在归纳总结HPP对牛乳中微生物的灭活效果及营养成分结构变化的分子机制,阐明其对营养功能特性的调控规律,为构建“高安全-高营养”的乳品加工新范式提供理论支撑。
HPP对牛乳中致病微生物的有效杀灭是其应用于牛乳加工的首要前提。HPP通过破坏微生物细胞壁和细胞膜结构、诱导蛋白质变性及关键酶失活实现杀菌[18],其效果因微生物种类而异(表1)。总体上,原核生物耐压性强于真核生物,球菌高于杆菌,而细菌芽孢作为最难杀灭的微生物形态,其抵抗力远高于营养体[19]。值得注意的是,乳及乳制品中约50%的质量问题源于能抵抗巴氏杀菌的芽孢菌污染[20−21]。相比之下,霉菌和酵母菌对压力最为敏感,通常200-400 MPa即可有效灭活[22]。
在原料乳中,常见的微生物包括假单胞菌、乳球菌、不动杆菌、肠杆菌科及食源性病原菌(如单核细胞增生李斯特菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)[28]。其中,革兰氏阴性菌(如假单胞菌、不动杆菌和肠杆菌科)因仅含单层肽聚糖结构,通常比革兰氏阳性菌(如乳球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌)对压力更为敏感[29]。这种结构差异导致的压力敏感性差异在不同研究中得到证实。如Porto-Fett等[30]将产志贺毒素大肠杆菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌混合接种(7个对数)于植物肉中,并在350 MPa下处理9 min。结果表明,产志贺毒素大肠杆菌减少0.7~1个对数,而单核细胞增生李斯特菌水平相对保持不变(减少量<0.3个对数)。值得注意的是,同一种微生物的不同菌株压力耐受性也不同。以单核细胞增生李斯特菌为例,L6菌株在400 MPa/10 min/20 ℃条件下仅减少0.6个对数,而NCTC 10357菌株减少近6个对数,这种特异性为HPP灭菌标准化带来挑战[31]。
微生物对压力的敏感性不仅取决于菌株,还与其生长状态和环境适应能力密切相关。对数期的细胞通常比稳定期细胞更易被灭活[32],如当处理条件为400 MPa/23~24 ℃/10 min时,单核细胞增生李斯特菌对数期细胞的灭活量(7个对数)显著高于稳定期细胞(1.3个对数)[33]。进入休眠期的单核细胞增生李斯特菌可表现出更强的耐压性[34],这种特性与其复杂的应激响应机制相关。Duru等[35]发现该菌的HPP响应呈现多阶段特征。在生存阶段(0~10 min)激活SigB调控的一般应激反应;在修复阶段(30~60 min)显著上调肽聚糖合成基因(murG、murC和pbp2A)同时抑制细胞分裂基因;在生长前阶段(6~48 h)则转向能量代谢和生长相关网络[35−36]。其中pbp2A基因的缺失会显著增加菌株对高压的敏感性[35],这进一步证实了细胞壁修复在细菌耐压性研究中的关键作用。
食品基质的组成也会显著影响HPP的实际杀菌效果。研究表明,牛乳中的乳清蛋白和乳糖等可提供保护作用。例如,在250~300 MPa处理条件下,荧光假单胞菌在牛乳中的灭活对数减少量(4.51个对数)显著低于缓冲液体系(完全灭活)[37]。类似地,这种基质保护效应也体现在大肠杆菌的灭活过程中。在400 MPa/5 min条件下,去离子水体系中大肠杆菌的灭活量可达4.38个对数,而当体系中添加1%乳清蛋白时,灭活量下降至1.85个对数[38]。然而,当pH降低至2时,同等压力条件下的灭活效果可提升至6.92个对数[38]。以上研究结果表明,针对不同食品基质需要采取差异化的HPP杀菌策略,例如联合500 IU/mL乳酸链球菌素(nisin)克服牛乳的保护作用,在500 MPa条件下实现无害李斯特菌和绿色李斯特菌8个对数的灭活[37]。
HPP能有效灭活微生物,但处理过程中微生物可能进入亚致死或活的不可培养(viable but non-cultivable,VBNC)状态,这类状态下的微生物处于低代谢活性的休眠态,超高压处理后平板计数中不能生长形成菌落,会导致对杀菌效果的过高评估,且后续贮藏过程中这类微生物可能会通过修复受损结构和代谢途径等恢复生长活性,对食品安全产生较大威胁[39]。如超高压处理后的单核细胞增生李斯特菌能在冷藏条件下复苏,这与Duru等[35]发现的甘露糖磷酸转移酶系统(mannose phosphotransferase system,Man-PTS)和钴胺素生物合成基因上调现象相吻合。因此,可以针对细胞壁/膜靶点[40],结合阶段特异性干预[35−36]的联合策略解决VBNC的问题。例如,在细菌进入再生长期时施加第二次处理[34,36],或利用Man-PTS系统上调的特性联合IIa类细菌素预处理[35]。
联合策略能部分解决VBNC的问题,但耐压营养体的普遍存在使HPP杀菌效果面临更复杂的生物学障碍[41]。大肠杆菌可通过突变sucC和sucD等基因稳定获得极端耐压性,耐压上限从600 MPa提升至2 GPa[42−43]。同时,Gayán等[44]指出高压(>100 MPa)虽可破坏细菌蛋白质稳态,引发核糖体不可逆损伤(100~500 MPa)和细胞质蛋白聚集(300~600 MPa),但部分菌株(如大肠杆菌O157:H7)能通过上调DnaK、GroEL等热休克蛋白及RpoS依赖的应激反应,在15 min内适应300 MPa高压。此外,微生物经高压处理后可产生交叉耐受性,Osek等[45]证实单核细胞增生李斯特菌在HPP后诱导表达的冷休克蛋白CspL,不仅增强其高压抗性,还提升了对热、酸和氧化应激的耐受能力。
牛乳中的芽孢菌根据其生长特性可分为中温和嗜热性芽孢菌、耐冷芽孢菌以及厌氧丁酸菌三大类,其中耐冷芽孢菌对乳品工业的影响尤为显著。这类微生物能够在6 ℃的低温环境下生长繁殖,在巴氏杀菌奶的冷藏运输过程中,若芽孢萌发便会导致产品在保质期后期出现异味和凝固等质量问题[46]。针对这一问题,HPP技术展现出独特优势。虽然单独HPP无法直接杀灭芽孢,但研究证实其能在特定压力、温度和时间条件下诱导芽孢萌发[47]。通过结合循环压力、压力辅助热灭菌或结合细菌素等处理方式,可显著提升灭活效果[47−49]。例如,600 MPa/70 ℃条件下处理40 min对蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢的灭活效果可达约5.8个对数,远优于单独热处理的0.4个对数[26]。
Nguyen等[50]通过研究枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢在中等温度(40 ℃)和压力(90~550 MPa)下的响应,发现高压具有双重效应:一方面,350 MPa压力能快速诱导芽孢进入萌发阶段,表现为芽孢核部分水化并对热敏感;另一方面,高压会抑制皮层酶解,导致萌发进程受阻,即高压处理后进行常压孵育能促进皮层降解,进而使芽孢完全失去抗性被杀灭。这一发现为压力循环灭菌技术提供了理论依据。Demazeau等[51]应用循环压力灭菌技术(350 MPa,38 ℃,4×5 min循环)成功实现了人乳的高效灭菌,使金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢均达到6个对数的灭活效果。
在协同增效方面,压力辅助热灭菌(pressure-assisted thermal sterilization,PATS)与抗菌化合物的联合应用有一定进展。单独PATS处理(600 MPa,105 ℃,6 min)可使生孢梭菌芽孢减少5.7个对数,而联合低分子量壳聚糖后灭活效果提升至7.9个对数[52]。类似地,Heydenreich等[53]采用550 MPa/60 ℃高压循环处理(两次2.5 min处理间隔6 h、37 ℃孵育)结合nisin和L-缬氨酸,实现了枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢8个对数的灭活。这些研究不仅证实了高压处理技术的有效性,更为食品工业提供了切实可行的灭菌解决方案,同时为理解芽孢萌发与灭活的分子机制奠定了重要基础。未来研究需要进一步探索如何克服深休眠芽孢难萌发的问题,推动该技术在食品领域的更广泛应用[49,54]。
牛乳中富含蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和矿物质等营养成分,其品质易受加工方式影响。HPP通过静水压力改变分子结构,可能显著影响牛乳中各类成分的稳定性[10]。
蛋白质的一级结构由共价键形成,而二级、三级和四级结构由氢键、静电相互作用和疏水作用维持。由于HPP对共价键无影响,所以超高压作用下蛋白质的一级结构保持不变[33]。而HPP会使蛋白质分子内的疏水作用、静电相互作用和氢键被打断或重组,发生可逆或不可逆的结构变化,引起蛋白质二级、三级和四级结构的变化[55],且多存在阶段性响应差异(表2)。
在牛乳中,β-和αs1-酪蛋白占多数,αS2-和κ-酪蛋白所占比例较小。这些酪蛋白通过疏水键、氢键和胶体磷酸钙(colloidal calcium phosphate,CCP)交联形成酪蛋白胶束[56]。酪蛋白胶束粒径对压力的响应呈现明显的阶段性特征,在150~200 MPa压力范围内,胶束发生部分崩解,但平均直径保持稳定。Gaucheron等[57]指出,中低压处理虽扰动内部结构,却未影响整体尺寸。当压力升至250 MPa时,胶束外层结构松弛导致直径增大25%。压力继续升高至300~500 MPa区间,胶束尺寸开始显著下降。Nassar等[58]的定量研究显示,500 MPa处理使牛酪蛋白胶束平均粒径从305.43 nm降至47.15 nm(降幅84.6%),而山羊酪蛋白在相同条件下仅下降19.9%,表明种属敏感性差异显著。
为深入理解酪蛋白胶束粒径变化的分子机制,Zheng等[59]系统研究了0~683 MPa压力范围内酪蛋白聚集状态和相互作用方式的变化规律。200 MPa以下,高压破坏酪蛋白胶束内的疏水键,水渗透到胶束结构中造成CCP溶解,使得胶束间作用力变弱[60];200~400 MPa,胶束进一步解离的同时伴随重聚集,分子内二硫键断裂,α-螺旋含量下降,结构无序化加剧;400 MPa以上,分子间二硫键形成,巯基含量降低,疏水相互作用增强,聚集程度进一步加剧,形成更大的酪蛋白胶束,甚至形成更致密且均匀的三维网络,这种凝胶结构为疏水性营养素的包埋提供了理想载体[61−62]。图1总结归纳了酪蛋白胶束在HPP下的结构变化过程。
不同乳清蛋白组分(如β-LG、α-LA和乳铁蛋白)对压力的响应存在显著差异,这主要取决于其分子结构特征(如二硫键网络、疏水核心稳定性及游离巯基的存在)[63−66]。
β-LG作为牛乳乳清蛋白的主要组成部分,通常以二聚体形式存在,其对压力处理表现出高度敏感性,其结构变化呈现典型的层级响应特征。在较低压力作用下(200 MPa左右),二聚体四级结构首先解离为单体,蛋白质分子开始展开,使液体介质渗入其疏水核心,形成无特定四级结构的熔融小球状态[33,55]。随着压力升高至400~600 MPa,三级结构发生显著改变,主要表现为疏水核心受到强烈压缩(分子回转半径Rg在600 MPa时达到最小值),同时β2-β3、β3-β4等柔性环区域的构象灵活性增强[64]。这些三级结构变化直接引发了二级结构的重组,具体表现为α-螺旋和β-折叠含量下降,而无规卷曲和β-转角比例相应增加,这反映了高压对分子内氢键网络的破坏作用[64]。
当压力超过400 MPa时,蛋白质部分展开导致两个关键变化发生。一方面,内部疏水氨基酸残基暴露使表面疏水性显著提高;另一方面,原本被掩埋的游离巯基(如Cys121)暴露,为后续分子间相互作用创造了条件[67−69]。这些结构改变共同调控了β-LG的聚集行为。在200 MPa下,暴露的活性巯基通过形成二硫键交联促使蛋白质聚集,此时平均粒径减小;而当压力升至400 MPa以上时,疏水相互作用增强导致粒径显著增大[68]。在混合体系中,β-LG浓度越高,其对聚集和凝胶形成的主导作用越明显,且更倾向于与同类蛋白聚集,不同混合比例下,压力对β-LG聚集的影响模式相似,但聚集程度和最终凝胶特性因混合比例而异[68]。
与β-LG相比,α-LA具有四个分子内二硫键且无游离巯基基团,使其形成稳定的熔球态[70],这种独特的结构赋予其更强的抗压性[65,71]。研究表明,单独HPP不会导致α-LA分子大小的变化,但会诱导聚集[72]。当压力超过400 MPa时,α-LA才开始变性。由于缺乏游离巯基,在400~800 MPa的高压下,也没有观察到α-LA单体通过二硫键转变为聚集体的现象[63]。即使在1000 MPa的极高压力下,只有一小部分α-LA形成聚集体[73],而β-LG在100 MPa以上就开始变性[9]。在还原剂(如Cys或二硫苏糖醇)存在时,巯基介导的寡聚化会加速α-LA的变性[72]。
乳铁蛋白作为牛乳中关键的铁结合糖蛋白,具有抗菌、抗炎及免疫调节等多种生物活性。研究表明,HPP对乳铁蛋白的影响高度依赖于处理条件。在pH、压力强度和处理时间的协同作用下,乳铁蛋白经历精细的结构转变。pH4.0条件下,HPP保留了乳铁蛋白的二级结构,同时改变其三级结构,形成熔融小球状态;而pH6.0条件下,二级结构发生显著重组,α-螺旋含量增加,β-折叠减少,同时无序结构比例增加[66]。
不同种类的酶在不同HPP条件下,可能出现被激活或被钝化两种完全不同的效果。HPP在一定压力下诱导酶活性位点和底物蛋白结合位点构象的部分展开,使两者更容易发生相互作用而加快反应速率,从而表现出酶被激活的现象[74];但当酶活性三维结构中压力敏感部分达到压力阈值时会发生不可逆的变化,造成酶的完全失活[55]。牛乳中的酶对HPP也表现出不同的敏感性,乳过氧化物酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、脂肪酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶能耐受400 MPa的压力处理[75]。在高于250 MPa的压力下,碱性磷酸酶会完全失活[8]。同一种酶也可能在不同压力下表现出不同的响应。乳过氧化物酶活性在100~250 MPa压力范围内增加约20%,而在300 MPa时降低约30%[8]。
HPP能够有效提高多种凝乳酶的催化性能。因此,HPP在凝乳酶和奶酪生产过程中具有显著优势。如重组骆驼凝乳酶(212 MPa/5 min/10 ℃)活性提升10%,牛凝乳酶(222 MPa/5 min/23 ℃)活性提高10%,猪胃蛋白酶(50 MPa/5 min/20 ℃)活性增强6%[76]。这种活性增强不仅加速凝乳过程,还能形成更均匀致密的凝胶结构,使蛋白质聚集程度提高,凝胶孔隙总数减少而平均面积增大,最终凝胶产量最高可增加4.3%。研究还发现,600 MPa/3 min/5 ℃高压处理配合凝乳酶添加,能使牛乳蛋白浓缩物凝胶的弹性模量从2242 Pa(单独高压)提升至4800 Pa(高压+45 IMCU/kg骆驼凝乳酶)[77]。这类经高压-酶复合处理的凝胶在冷藏储存期间表现出更高的硬度和更优的结构稳定性。虽然单独高压处理凝胶能在储存过程中保持100%的持水能力,但高压-酶复合凝胶的持水性(91%~94%)在整个储存期更稳定。
乳脂肪以直径0.1~9 μm的乳脂肪球(milk fat globule,MFG)形式存在,其三酰甘油核心由乳脂肪球膜(milk fat globule membrane,MFGM)包裹保护[78]。研究表明,HPP不会显著改变脂肪球粒径,也未引起脂肪降解产物增加,证实MFGM结构完整性得以维持,这与热处理常导致MFGM破损形成鲜明对比[79]。但HPP可以促进MFGM与β-LG、α-LA和κ-酪蛋白的结合,其中β-LG的结合量最大,且β-LG结合量随压力和保压时间递增[79−80]。牛乳脂肪的固液态转变温度在压力作用下会升高,因此HPP可以诱导脂肪结晶、缩短达到理想固体脂肪含量的时间[81]。200 MPa处理显著提升固体脂肪含量,但超过350 MPa时因分子流动性受限反而抑制结晶[82]。
Kiełczewska等[83]观察到乳脂肪聚集速率的影响呈现双相性:100~250 MPa处理加速脂肪聚集,而400~600 MPa则使聚集率降低70%。此外,高于400 MPa的HPP可以抑制牛乳脂肪小球的上浮速度,一定程度减少脂肪上浮的不良现象[9]。Rodriguez-Alcalá等[84]的全面分析揭示HPP(250~900 MPa/5 min)牛乳中的中性脂质、极性脂质以及脂肪酸组成均无显著影响,进一步证实了乳脂肪分子在HPP过程中的高稳定性,表明相比热处理,HPP能更好地保持牛乳的脂肪营养价值。
HPP对牛乳中碳水化合物的影响相对较小,这与其对蛋白质和脂肪的显著影响形成鲜明对比[9,12,85]。乳糖作为牛乳中主要的碳水化合物在经过100~400 MPa、25 ℃下处理10~60 min后,既没有发生美拉德反应,也没有观察到乳糖异构化现象,表明HPP对乳糖结构具有保护作用[12]。乳糖对球状蛋白质(尤其是二级结构)具有保护作用,其机制涉及将水分子转移到蛋白质内部的非极性残基,当添加10%乳糖到酪蛋白悬浮液中并进行400 MPa/40 min处理时,可防止形成大型酪蛋白胶束,这是因为乳糖阻止了钙与酪蛋白聚集关联,并抑制了处理过程中胶束片段间的疏水相互作用[85]。在淀粉糊化方面,乳糖和可溶性牛乳矿物质具有延迟作用,普通和糯米淀粉(10%,w/w)添加到重组脱脂牛乳中后,需要更高压力(>700 MPa)才能引发糊化,且这种延迟效应随脱脂牛乳浓度增加而增强[85]。总体而言,HPP能更好地保持牛乳中碳水化合物的原始特性,对开发保持营养成分的新型乳制品具有重要意义[85−86]。
牛乳作为重要的矿物质营养源,含有钙、钾、镁、磷、锌等50余种矿物元素,加工过程中矿物质的保留率、存在形态及稳定性将直接影响其营养生物利用度[87]。牛乳经600 MPa处理10 min,其钙、磷和镁的保留率分别高达99.3%、99.4%和99.1%,证实了HPP技术对维持牛乳矿物质稳定性的效果[1]。Huppertz等研究发现,HPP会促使酪蛋白胶束中的CCP溶解,可溶性钙和磷含量随压力上升而显著增加[9]。Nassar等[58]通过牛酪蛋白胶束浓缩物(bovine milk casein micelle concentrate,BMCC)实验证实,500 MPa处理使钙溶解度从20.19%提升至90.33%,磷溶解度从25.25%增至92.01%,同时可溶性钙磷比从1.27变为1.56。Cadesky等[61]研究显示,当压力增至350 MPa时,牛酪蛋白胶束浓缩物中可溶性钙磷比从1.10升至1.60。Nassar等[58]还在BMCC中发现,300 MPa处理使镁溶解度从37.70%增至91.37%,钾溶解度从91.53%升至96.90%,进一步揭示了HPP对多种矿物质的溶解促进作用。
HPP牛乳在贮藏期的矿物质稳定性得到了进一步的研究。经600 MPa/10 min处理的牛乳在6±1 ℃贮藏60 d后,矿物质含量呈现显著变化。钾和锌含量分别下降5.3%和18.4%,而钙、磷和镁含量则分别增加1.6%、1.1%和13.1%[88]。当处理参数为450~650 MPa/3 min,且贮藏条件调整为4 ℃、45 d时,牛乳中钾、钙、镁和锌含量均保持稳定[86]。这种差异表明HPP可能通过调控脂质氧化过程及矿物质-蛋白质相互作用,进而影响储存期间矿物质的动态平衡[89]。未来研究应进一步明确这些因素的作用机制,为HPP技术在乳品工业中的优化应用提供科学依据。
HPP引起的蛋白质结构改变会进一步影响牛乳的功能特性,主要体现在两个方面:一方面是对营养与生物活性的精准调控,在保留乳源天然活性成分的同时,可增强抗氧化肽生成及矿物质生物利用度;另一方面,高压诱导的蛋白质构象变化,选择性破坏β-LG等主要过敏原的表位结构,从而实现系统性低致敏化[10,90–91]。
适当条件的HPP(如pH4.0下400 MPa/30 min或300 MPa/60 min)能显著改善乳铁蛋白的功能特性,包括溶解性、起泡性和乳化性。这是由于蛋白质部分展开后增强了水合作用,同时适度暴露的疏水基团改善了界面性质。但需注意,过高压力或过长处理时间会导致蛋白质过度聚集,反而降低其功能性[66]。
此外,400 MPa处理可保留94.04%的IgG活性,显著优于低温长时间巴氏杀菌(low temperature long time,LTLT)(90.0%)和高温短时间巴氏杀菌(high temperature short time,HTST)(67.33%)[69]。同样条件下,乳铁蛋白的保留率也达到84%以上[10]。相较于超高温瞬时灭菌(ultra high temperature,UHT)处理,HPP(600 MPa)能更有效地保留乳清蛋白活性,其IgG和乳铁蛋白的损失率分别为79.4%和31.36%,远低于UHT处理的97.16%和70.85%[10]。这一保护效果在人乳研究中得到进一步验证,HPP人乳中乳铁蛋白含量比传统巴氏杀菌高16%,IgG水平也更高,同时脂联素和生长因子等其他生物活性成分的保存效果更佳[92]。
400 MPa的压力处理被证实能最佳保留牛乳的总抗氧化能力,其效果优于传统巴氏杀菌,而600 MPa处理虽略有降低但仍保持较高水平[10]。这种保护作用源于双重机制:一方面,HPP促进了抗氧化肽的释放;另一方面,它有效保存了热敏感抗氧化物质如维生素和氨基酸[92–93]。研究进一步发现,HPP会改变蛋白质构象,使抗氧化活性基团更易暴露。例如,600 MPa处理15min的α-酪蛋白表现出36%的1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶酰肼自由基清除活性,而200 MPa处理则在2,2'-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)自由基清除活性方面表现更优,说明HPP参数优化要保持微生物安全性和营养功能平衡[90]。
HPP(600 MPa/3 min)对牛乳中的蛋白质结构有选择性影响。例如β-LG被认为是压力敏感的蛋白质,而α-LA则对压力具有抗性[94]。且在150 MPa以上的压力可以破坏蛋白质的四级和三级结构,但对二级结构影响相对较小[69]。这种结构变化为生物活性肽的释放提供了重要基础[69]。
血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽是一个重要研究方向[95]。研究表明,200 MPa和600 MPa的处理均表现出显著效果,尤其是200 MPa处理在单次5 min条件下效果最佳,HPP可以显著增强ACE抑制活性[90,95],通过改变蛋白质的构象,增强了酶解效率,从而释放出更多的生物活性肽[96]。UPLC-MS/MS分析显示,HPP的α-酪蛋白能释放更多抗氧化肽和ACE抑制肽[90]。
此外,与常压处理相比,100 MPa处理显著提高了β-LG的水解效率,产生更多具有生物活性的短肽。其中HPP结合碱性蛋白酶处理组表现最为突出,其水解产物不仅展现出更强的自由基清除能力和金属螯合活性,细胞实验还证实了显著的抗炎效果,能有效抑制巨噬细胞炎症因子表达并降低一氧化氮产生。质谱分析鉴定的8种关键肽段均富含疏水和芳香族氨基酸,这可能是其生物活性的重要结构基础[97]。
与热处理相比,400 MPa处理能够显著提高牛乳和豆乳基果汁饮料中钙、磷的生物可及性,分别提高了7.2%和11.5%。这主要是由于高压破坏了酪蛋白胶束结构,使得结合态矿物质转化为更易吸收的可溶性形式[92,98]。然而,尽管经HPP牛乳中钙会转变为更易吸收的可溶性形式,但其在Caco-2细胞的吸收效率并未表现出显著优势,可能是因为钙在肠道上皮细胞的吸收运输过程还受到其他因素的调控。进一步地,Caco-2细胞模型研究发现,HPP样品中磷元素的跨膜运输效率和细胞吸收效率也明显优于热处理。相比之下,热处理虽然能够使钙维持在较高的溶解度,但却显著降低了磷的生物可及性和细胞吸收效率,这可能是由于加热引起酪蛋白脱磷,导致钙磷沉淀,从而抑制了磷的吸收利用[99]。
世界卫生组织和国际免疫学会联合会办公室将β-LG、α-LA和α-酪蛋白列为主要的牛乳过敏原,其中β-LG被广泛认为是主要的牛乳过敏原,大约80%的牛乳蛋白过敏患者对β-LG有过敏反应[91,100]。
HPP对乳蛋白致敏性的调控主要通过三种相互关联的机制实现:蛋白质构象改变、消化特性改变以及免疫应答调节[91,101]。首先,HPP可以通过破坏或改变蛋白质的构象而缓解其致敏性[102]。其次,在适当压力条件下,蛋白质部分展开可能暴露原本被掩盖的T细胞表位,而过高压力则会导致蛋白质聚合从而导致中和抗体识别的表位被空间掩蔽[101]。最后,HPP会显著影响蛋白质的消化特性,其中经变性处理的β-LG在小鼠小肠中的降解速度明显快于天然形式,而未变性β-LG由于降解缓慢,其分子及酶解片段更易被肠道吸收[91]。这种消化特性的差异直接影响了免疫系统的反应模式:快速降解的蛋白质片段可能促进免疫耐受,而缓慢降解的蛋白质则更容易干扰Th1/Th2免疫平衡,增加过敏反应风险[91]。免疫学研究进一步证实,随着压力从对照提升至500 MPa,T辅助细胞Th1/Th2平衡会向Th1方向偏移,表现为IFN-γ表达增加和IL-10表达减少,这种免疫调节作用与蛋白质消化特性的改变共同作用,有助于缓解Th2主导的过敏反应(图2)[102]。
在不同的压力和温度条件下,β-LG的免疫反应性呈现出复杂的非线性变化。具体而言,在20~40 ℃温度范围内,100~200 MPa的高压处理导致免疫球蛋白E(Immunoglobulin E,IgE)结合能力显著降低;当压力进一步升至200~400 MPa时,IgE结合能力出现轻微增强;随后在400~600 MPa压力范围内,IgE结合能力持续下降[103]。这可能是由于在中等压力条件下,蛋白质分子可能发生部分构象转变,导致潜在的致敏表位暴露,从而暂时性地增加了IgE结合能力。随着压力进一步增加,致使原本隐藏的抗原表位发生构型变化或被遮蔽,最终导致IgE结合能力的显著下降。但是在60 ℃的高温条件下,IgE结合能力随压力增加呈现持续性下降趋势[103]。说明HPP与其他加工技术的联合应用在降低牛乳致敏性方面展现出良好的协同效应[101]。此外,还有研究表明,HPP(400 MPa/20 min/37 ℃)结合胃蛋白酶消化可产生低致敏性的β-LG水解物[104]。
超高压处理技术通过高效灭活牛乳中的微生物(如细菌营养体),同时显著保留或改善其关键营养成分(如蛋白质的天然构象、脂肪稳定性及生物活性肽功能),为乳品品质提升提供了非热加工新路径。若要充分发挥其潜力,仍需解决以下关键问题:超高压对牛乳的杀菌理论体系仍不完善,尤其是对牛乳中耐压致病菌及芽孢杀灭效果及规律、诱导微生物形成亚致死或VBNC状态的研究缺乏,指示菌不明确,导致目前获得的超高压杀菌参数加工后的牛乳仍存在潜在的微生物安全风险;超高压杀菌后牛乳贮藏期微生物和品质变化研究较少,导致难以建立准确、完善的超高压货架期预测技术体系;超高压对牛乳中功能性营养成分影响的研究不够系统全面,多聚焦于单一成分(如乳清蛋白),而忽视超高压对牛乳中多组分协同作用的影响,缺乏体外模拟与体内功能验证的深度研究,难以真实反映超高压处理后营养成分的生物利用率。未来应进一步系统构建超高压对乳品中耐压菌及芽孢的杀灭动力学模型,明确杀菌指示菌,解析超高压对乳源活性成分的影响机制,最终建立从实验室到工业生产的标准化超高压乳品加工技术体系。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040167
  • 接收时间:2025-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-15
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,农业农村部果蔬加工重点实验室,食品非热加工北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
    2内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,呼和浩特 010110
    3国家乳业技术创新中心,呼和浩特 010110

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饶雷(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:非热加工与微生物安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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