Article(id=1320889794738114868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100291, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729785600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854268010, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854268010, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854268010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854268010, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260, endPage=270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889794947830069, articleId=1320889794738114868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Extraction Process, Analysis of Rheological Properties and Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Crude Polysaccharide from Common Lopatherum Herb, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the optimal extraction process and rheological properties of crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb and evaluate their immunological activity. In this experiment, common lopatherum herb was used as raw materials. The optimal extraction process conditions for the crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb were optimized by combining single-factor experiments with the response surface methodology, and the monosaccharide composition was detected by ion chromatography. Moreover, the rheological properties of the crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb were determined using a Malvern Kinexus Pro+rheometer. The effect of the crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb on the proliferation activity of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was detected by the CCK-8 method, and their immunomodulatory activity was evaluated based on the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: extraction time of 92 min, extraction temperature of 67 ℃, alkali concentration of 0.04 mol/L, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:28 g/mL. Under these conditions, the yield of crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb was the highest, reaching 3.21%±0.17%. The total sugar content of crude polysaccharide from common lopatherum herb was determined to be 54.7%±0.7% by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The monosaccharide composition mainly consisted of fucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid, with a molar percentage of 0.81:7.53:21.45:20.70:30.61:3.50:3.05:9.52:2.84. The steady shear test results indicated that the crude polysaccharide solution of common lopatherum herb was a pseudoplastic fluid with shear thinning characteristics. The dynamic shear test results showed that the presence of high frequency could enhance the gel property of the crude polysaccharide solution of common lopatherum herb. The crude polysaccharides extracted from common lopatherum herb had no significant effect on the proliferation activity of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. However, within the concentration range of 50~400 μg/mL, the crude polysaccharide solution from common lopatherum herb could moderately promote the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO by RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb in the fields of food and medicine.

, authors=Jiejie SHI, He LI, Huayuan LU, Yunying MAN, Qinglan LONG, Xiaodan PAN, Yong CHEN*, authorsList=Jiejie SHI, He LI, Huayuan LU, Yunying MAN, Qinglan LONG, Xiaodan PAN, Yong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889798030643530, articleId=1320889794738114868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=竹叶卷芯粗多糖提取工艺优化与流变特性分析及其免疫调节活性评价, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究竹叶卷芯粗多糖的最佳提取工艺与流变特性并对其免疫活性进行评价。试验以竹叶卷芯为原料,通过单因素实验结合响应面试验优化竹叶卷芯粗多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,并利用离子色谱法检测其单糖分子组成;采用马尔文Kinexus Pro+流变仪测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖的流变特性;并采用CCK-8法检测竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞增殖活性的影响,根据TNF-α、IL-6 和NO 的表达水平对其免疫调节活性进行评价。结果确定最佳提取条件为提取时间92 min、提取温度67 ℃、碱浓度0.04 mol/L、料液比1:28 g/mL,此条件下竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率最高,为3.21%±0.17%;经苯酚-硫酸法测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖中的总糖含量为54.7%±0.7%,单糖组成主要为岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸,其摩尔百分比为0.81:7.53:21.45:20.70:30.61:3.50:3.05:9.52:2.84;稳态剪切试验结果说明,竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液属于具有剪切稀化特性的假塑性流体,动态剪切测试结果表明,高频率的出现能够增强竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的凝胶性。竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞增殖活性无明显影响,在50~400 μg/mL的竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液范围内对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6和NO具有一定促进作用。研究结果可为竹叶卷芯粗多糖在食物与药物等领域开发应用提供理论依据。

, authors=石婕婕, 李赫, 陆华源, 满运英, 龙青蓝, 潘晓丹, 陈永*, authorsList=石婕婕, 李赫, 陆华源, 满运英, 龙青蓝, 潘晓丹, 陈永, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈永, authorNote=

石婕婕(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:天然产物开发与综合利用,E-mail:

李赫(2000−),男,本科,研究方向:天然产物开发与综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈永(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物的综合利用及功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
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注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4、图9~图10同。

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注:A:单糖混合标准品;B:竹叶卷芯粗多糖。

, figureFileSmall=MePc19sN8pBfXJ6phd43kg==, figureFileBig=M1YWvSJAMLdk/YceLeqHEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889801658716551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Dynamic shear situation of crude polysaccharide solution in common lopatherum herb, figureFileSmall=OY/CNMw26+B2MlRUa2nlnw==, figureFileBig=FR+IXZ8xBTL0GMxDmpyKuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889801734214024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=CN, label=图7, caption=竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的动态剪切情况, figureFileSmall=OY/CNMw26+B2MlRUa2nlnw==, figureFileBig=FR+IXZ8xBTL0GMxDmpyKuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889801809711497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Steady-state shear behavior of crude polysaccharide solution from common lopatherum herb, figureFileSmall=ND1LrR45enc0sxigrnjESQ==, figureFileBig=bUIC7pe1WsfeJnlnKR+5og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889801876820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=CN, label=图8, caption=竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的稳态剪切情况, figureFileSmall=ND1LrR45enc0sxigrnjESQ==, figureFileBig=bUIC7pe1WsfeJnlnKR+5og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889801948123531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of varying concentrations of common lopatherum herb polysaccharides on the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, figureFileSmall=xcXBQE1QotXWDPZgUnaWWg==, figureFileBig=PGfHwuCTrIplpV4WsjL/2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889802027815308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同竹叶卷芯粗多糖浓度对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞存活率的影响, figureFileSmall=xcXBQE1QotXWDPZgUnaWWg==, figureFileBig=PGfHwuCTrIplpV4WsjL/2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889802086535565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Efffect of different concentrations of common lopatherum herb polysaccharides on cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=tKTR7aRKmkOVKM8Rn6Mwsg==, figureFileBig=oO3j4HitIlh4i2sAaAeYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889802157838734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同竹叶卷芯粗多糖浓度对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子的影响

注:A:TNF-α;B:IL-6:C:NO。

, figureFileSmall=tKTR7aRKmkOVKM8Rn6Mwsg==, figureFileBig=oO3j4HitIlh4i2sAaAeYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889802224947599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design factors and levels of the responses surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A 提取时间(min)7590105
B提取温度(℃)657075
C NaOH碱浓度(mol/L)0.020.030.04
D料液比(g/mL)1:201:251:30
), ArticleFig(id=1320889802287862160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A 提取时间(min)7590105
B提取温度(℃)657075
C NaOH碱浓度(mol/L)0.020.030.04
D料液比(g/mL)1:201:251:30
), ArticleFig(id=1320889802375942545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of response surface optimization design

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实验号A提取时间B提取温度C碱浓度D料液比粗多糖得率(%)
100003.15±0.07
210013.21±0.12
311003.16±0.08
4001−13.06±0.15
50−10−12.91±0.11
600−113.00±0.15
700003.11±0.03
8−10−102.77±0.09
9−1−1002.84±0.18
100−1−102.76±0.17
1101013.19±0.05
12−10013.12±0.08
1301103.17±0.04
1400003.09±0.06
1500003.13±0.15
16010−12.98±0.09
17100−13.02±0.07
18−11003.08±0.18
19−10103.09±0.08
200−1013.20±0.11
2110−102.90±0.14
2200113.21±0.16
23−100−12.84±0.19
2401−102.91±0.04
2500−1−12.67±0.15
260−1103.12±0.13
271−1003.14±0.17
2800003.17±0.04
2910103.20±0.13
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响应面优化设计试验结果

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实验号A提取时间B提取温度C碱浓度D料液比粗多糖得率(%)
100003.15±0.07
210013.21±0.12
311003.16±0.08
4001−13.06±0.15
50−10−12.91±0.11
600−113.00±0.15
700003.11±0.03
8−10−102.77±0.09
9−1−1002.84±0.18
100−1−102.76±0.17
1101013.19±0.05
12−10013.12±0.08
1301103.17±0.04
1400003.09±0.06
1500003.13±0.15
16010−12.98±0.09
17100−13.02±0.07
18−11003.08±0.18
19−10103.09±0.08
200−1013.20±0.11
2110−102.90±0.14
2200113.21±0.16
23−100−12.84±0.19
2401−102.91±0.04
2500−1−12.67±0.15
260−1103.12±0.13
271−1003.14±0.17
2800003.17±0.04
2910103.20±0.13
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ANOVA data significance test for the secondary regression models

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方差来源平方和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型0.6373140.045541.54< 0.0001**
A-提取时间0.056010.056051.13< 0.0001**
B-提取温度0.029010.029026.470.0001**
C-碱浓度0.282110.2821257.46< 0.0001**
D-料液比0.175210.1752159.89< 0.0001**
AB0.005610.00565.130.0399*
AC0.000110.00010.09130.7670NS
AD0.002010.00201.850.1955NS
BC0.002510.00252.280.1532NS
BD0.001610.00161.460.2469NS
CD0.008110.00817.390.0166*
A²0.014610.014613.360.0026**
B²0.008510.00857.780.0145*
C²0.068110.068162.19< 0.0001**
D²0.007410.00746.740.0211*
残差0.0153140.0011−−−
失拟值0.0113100.00111.130.4913NS
误差0.004040.0010−−−
总离度0.652728−−变异系数CV=1.09%
R2=0.9765R2Adj=0.9530R2Pre=0.8903
), ArticleFig(id=1320889802606629268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889794738114868, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二次回归模型的方差分析数据显著性检验

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方差来源平方和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型0.6373140.045541.54< 0.0001**
A-提取时间0.056010.056051.13< 0.0001**
B-提取温度0.029010.029026.470.0001**
C-碱浓度0.282110.2821257.46< 0.0001**
D-料液比0.175210.1752159.89< 0.0001**
AB0.005610.00565.130.0399*
AC0.000110.00010.09130.7670NS
AD0.002010.00201.850.1955NS
BC0.002510.00252.280.1532NS
BD0.001610.00161.460.2469NS
CD0.008110.00817.390.0166*
A²0.014610.014613.360.0026**
B²0.008510.00857.780.0145*
C²0.068110.068162.19< 0.0001**
D²0.007410.00746.740.0211*
残差0.0153140.0011−−−
失拟值0.0113100.00111.130.4913NS
误差0.004040.0010−−−
总离度0.652728−−变异系数CV=1.09%
R2=0.9765R2Adj=0.9530R2Pre=0.8903
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竹叶卷芯粗多糖提取工艺优化与流变特性分析及其免疫调节活性评价
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石婕婕 , 李赫 , 陆华源 , 满运英 , 龙青蓝 , 潘晓丹 , 陈永 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(4): 260-270
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (4) : 260 -270
竹叶卷芯粗多糖提取工艺优化与流变特性分析及其免疫调节活性评价
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石婕婕 , 李赫 , 陆华源, 满运英, 龙青蓝, 潘晓丹, 陈永*
作者信息
  • 广西民族师范学院农业与生物学院,广西崇左 532200
通讯作者:
陈永(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物的综合利用及功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

石婕婕(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:天然产物开发与综合利用,E-mail:

李赫(2000−),男,本科,研究方向:天然产物开发与综合利用,E-mail:

Optimization of Extraction Process, Analysis of Rheological Properties and Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Crude Polysaccharide from Common Lopatherum Herb
Jiejie SHI , He LI , Huayuan LU, Yunying MAN, Qinglan LONG, Xiaodan PAN, Yong CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Agriculture and Biology, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100291
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为探究竹叶卷芯粗多糖的最佳提取工艺与流变特性并对其免疫活性进行评价。试验以竹叶卷芯为原料,通过单因素实验结合响应面试验优化竹叶卷芯粗多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,并利用离子色谱法检测其单糖分子组成;采用马尔文Kinexus Pro+流变仪测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖的流变特性;并采用CCK-8法检测竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞增殖活性的影响,根据TNF-α、IL-6 和NO 的表达水平对其免疫调节活性进行评价。结果确定最佳提取条件为提取时间92 min、提取温度67 ℃、碱浓度0.04 mol/L、料液比1:28 g/mL,此条件下竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率最高,为3.21%±0.17%;经苯酚-硫酸法测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖中的总糖含量为54.7%±0.7%,单糖组成主要为岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸,其摩尔百分比为0.81:7.53:21.45:20.70:30.61:3.50:3.05:9.52:2.84;稳态剪切试验结果说明,竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液属于具有剪切稀化特性的假塑性流体,动态剪切测试结果表明,高频率的出现能够增强竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的凝胶性。竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞增殖活性无明显影响,在50~400 μg/mL的竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液范围内对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6和NO具有一定促进作用。研究结果可为竹叶卷芯粗多糖在食物与药物等领域开发应用提供理论依据。

竹叶卷芯  /  多糖  /  响应面优化  /  流变特性  /  免疫活性

To explore the optimal extraction process and rheological properties of crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb and evaluate their immunological activity. In this experiment, common lopatherum herb was used as raw materials. The optimal extraction process conditions for the crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb were optimized by combining single-factor experiments with the response surface methodology, and the monosaccharide composition was detected by ion chromatography. Moreover, the rheological properties of the crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb were determined using a Malvern Kinexus Pro+rheometer. The effect of the crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb on the proliferation activity of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was detected by the CCK-8 method, and their immunomodulatory activity was evaluated based on the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: extraction time of 92 min, extraction temperature of 67 ℃, alkali concentration of 0.04 mol/L, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:28 g/mL. Under these conditions, the yield of crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb was the highest, reaching 3.21%±0.17%. The total sugar content of crude polysaccharide from common lopatherum herb was determined to be 54.7%±0.7% by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The monosaccharide composition mainly consisted of fucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid, with a molar percentage of 0.81:7.53:21.45:20.70:30.61:3.50:3.05:9.52:2.84. The steady shear test results indicated that the crude polysaccharide solution of common lopatherum herb was a pseudoplastic fluid with shear thinning characteristics. The dynamic shear test results showed that the presence of high frequency could enhance the gel property of the crude polysaccharide solution of common lopatherum herb. The crude polysaccharides extracted from common lopatherum herb had no significant effect on the proliferation activity of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. However, within the concentration range of 50~400 μg/mL, the crude polysaccharide solution from common lopatherum herb could moderately promote the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO by RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of crude polysaccharides from common lopatherum herb in the fields of food and medicine.

common lopatherum herb  /  polysaccharides  /  response surface optimization  /  rheological properties  /  immunomodulatory activity
石婕婕, 李赫, 陆华源, 满运英, 龙青蓝, 潘晓丹, 陈永. 竹叶卷芯粗多糖提取工艺优化与流变特性分析及其免疫调节活性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 260 -270 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100291
Jiejie SHI, He LI, Huayuan LU, Yunying MAN, Qinglan LONG, Xiaodan PAN, Yong CHEN. Optimization of Extraction Process, Analysis of Rheological Properties and Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Crude Polysaccharide from Common Lopatherum Herb[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 260 -270 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100291
早园竹(Phyllostachys violascens),又被称为雷竹、雷公竹,属禾本科刚竹属竹种[1],其中,早园竹的竹叶卷芯(Common Lopatherum Herb)是一种尚未能展开呈卷筒形的幼叶,其味甘性凉,有清心泻火、解毒除烦之功效,入药历史悠久,最早记载于清朝何克谏的《生草药性备要》中[2]。竹叶中含有黄酮类化合物、多糖、多酚等活性物质,大多表现出较强的生物活性[3]。目前对竹叶的有效活性成分和开发应用的研究较多,但关于竹叶卷芯的研究极其匮乏,竹叶卷芯资源尚未得到充分开发。随着对植物多糖在医药及食品领域的进一步研究,从竹叶卷芯中有效提取粗多糖并探究其生物活性,不仅可以提升竹叶卷芯的经济价值,还能够为其活性成分在医药与食品领域中实现更广泛的应用拓展。
目前关于竹叶多糖的免疫调节活性已有相关的研究。张亚兰[4]的研究发现,经纯化的箬竹叶多糖不仅可以通过刺激p38磷酸化而促进MAPKs信号传递,还可以显著增强NF-κB信号通路的活性,进而提高RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫活性;唐莉莉等[5]发现竹叶多糖可使正常小鼠及荷瘤小鼠的脾指数和胸腺指数升高,对小鼠巨噬细胞的非特异性免疫具有一定促进作用;而目前关于竹叶卷芯多糖的生物活性研究尚未见相关报道。常用多糖提取的方法包括碱提取法、酶法、微波辅助提取法和超临界流体萃取法等[6]。超临界流体萃取法适用性强、效率高和成本低,但对所用设备仪器要求高[7];微波辅助提取法具有高效率高产率的特点,但微波功率过高可能破坏竹叶多糖的结构;酶法成本高且条件苛刻,不适宜竹叶多糖的大规模提取[8];碱提取法破坏键合能力强,操作简单且提取率高[9]。
本文以早园竹的竹叶卷芯为研究对象,采用碱法提取竹叶卷芯粗多糖,结合单因素实验初步确定提取条件以及采用Box-Behnken响应面试验进一步优化提取工艺;同时为反映竹叶卷芯粗多糖的结构变化,采用马尔文Kinexus Pro+流变仪测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖的流变特性,且为探究竹叶卷芯粗多糖免疫调节方面的作用,采用CCK-8法测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞增殖活性的影响,并检测TNF-α、IL-6 及NO 等细胞免疫调节因子的分泌量以评价竹叶卷芯粗多糖免疫调节活性,研究结果可为竹叶卷芯粗多糖在医学和保健品的进一步开发和利用提供理论基础。
竹叶卷芯 购自广西南宁马山县;糖类基准物质、甲醇 色谱纯(LC),鼎盛生物有限公司;乙醇、苯酚、乙醚等有机试剂 均为国产分析纯,北京华康国泰生物科技有限公司;氢氧化钠、浓硫酸、盐酸等 国产分析纯,三益化工药品;单糖标准品:岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、核糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、古罗糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)试剂盒 美国Sigma公司;TNF-α、IL-6 ELISA试剂盒 武汉华联科生物技术有限公司;NO检测试剂盒 欣博盛生物科技有限公司;RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;DMEM 美国Hyclone公司。
DHG-9143BS恒温真空干燥箱 上海越众仪器有限公司;Uv-1602差速离心机、HK-1822数显恒温水浴锅 湖南湘仪有限公司;AST-9100抽滤泵 北京云迪生物有限公司;ICS5000离子色谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;Thermo ICS 5000+离子色谱系统 美国赛默飞公司;马尔文Kinexus Pro+流变仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;Alpha1-2冷冻干燥机 德国Christ公司;UV-1600紫外分光光度计 日本三井物产株式会社;F50全波长酶标仪 德国Tecan公司;SW-CJ-1F超净工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;HF100 三气培养箱 上海力申科学仪器有限公司。
参考戴天伦等[10]的实验方法,取新鲜早园竹的竹叶卷芯经90 ℃干燥后粉碎过80目筛得竹叶卷芯粉末。将粉末与石油醚混合,并在70 ℃恒温条件下回流6~8次以进行脱脂、脱色;通风至石油醚完全挥发,置于浓度为8%的NaOH溶液,在90 ℃下浸提2.0 h,冷却至室温后加3.8%稀盐酸将pH调至7.0;经3500 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液,并添加等体积Sevage试剂(氯仿与正丁醇的体积比为4:1),充分搅拌振荡后3500 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液,重复脱蛋白操作6次。脱蛋白后将收集的上清液进行旋蒸浓缩约至原体积1/5,加入3倍体积的无水乙醇,并于低温下静置12 h醇沉;3500 r/min离心操作取其沉淀,加入少量纯水重新溶解,并于4 ℃低温用纯水透析,至透析液电导率接近纯水;透析液经冷冻干燥得到竹叶卷芯粗多糖。
在固定提取温度70 ℃、NaOH碱浓度0.03 mol/L、料液比1:25 g/mL条件下,分别设定提取时间为30、60、90、120、150 min,探究不同提取时间对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响。
在固定料液比1:25 g/mL、提取时间90 min、提取温度70 ℃条件下,分别设定碱浓度为0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 mol/L,探究不同碱浓度对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响。
在固定提取时间90 min、NaOH碱浓度0.03 mol/L、料液比1:25 g/mL条件下,分别设定提取温度为55、60、65、70、75 ℃,探究不同提取温度对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响。
在固定NaOH碱浓度0.03 mol/L、提取时间90 min、提取温度70 ℃条件下,分别设定料液比为1:10、1:15、1:20、1:25、1:30 g/mL,探究不同料液比对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响。
以单因素实验为基础,通过Box-Behnken法对竹叶卷芯粗多糖提取工艺作进一步优化。探究提取时间(A)、提取温度(B)、NaOH碱浓度(C)、料液比(D)四个变量因素对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响,因素和水平的设计如表1所示。
参照罗雨菲等[11]的方法配制质量浓度梯度为0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14 mg/mL的葡萄糖溶液各1.0 mL,依次添加6%苯酚1.0 mL、H2SO4 5.0 mL,避光环境静置30 min至反应完成,于波长490 nm处测定吸光度,以葡萄糖标准溶液浓度作为横坐标,吸光度OD490 nm作为纵坐标,经绘制得到葡萄糖浓度和吸光度的线性回归方程:y=0.00724x+0.1362,其决定系数R2=0.9914。配制5.0 mg/mL竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液1.0 mL,按以上步骤测定吸光值,平行实验三次取平均值,代入上述葡萄糖标准曲线求得竹叶卷芯粗多糖的总糖含量为54.7%±0.7%。竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率计算公式如下:
$ \rm{ } 竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率(\text{%})=\frac{竹叶卷芯粗多糖质量}{原料总质量}\times100 $
参考Liu等[12]的方法稍加改动,精确称取岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、核糖、半乳糖醛酸、古罗糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸13种单糖标准品,分别将8 mL无菌水加入至15 mL的EP刻度离心管中,随后将单糖进行溶解处理并定容至10 mL,以制成浓度为10 mg/mL的标准溶液母液。
参照Chen等[13]的方法并进行适当修改,将5 mg的竹叶卷芯粗多糖样品精准称量后置于洁净的色谱瓶中。随后,向瓶中加入1 mL 的2 mol/L三氟乙酸(TFA)溶液,置于121 ℃水浴中加热2 h,随后通入氮气将溶液吹干管内,接着用纯度为99.99%的甲醇对样品进行多次(2~3次)清洗,并再次用氮气吹干,用无菌水溶解样品,转移至色谱瓶中,以备后续检测。
采用 Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA20 离子色谱柱(尺寸:150 mm×3.0 mm,粒径:10 μm)。其中,流动相A为超纯水,流动相B为100 mmol/L NaOH溶液,流动相C为100 mmol/L NaOH与200 mmol/L NaOAc的混合溶液;色谱柱温度设定为30 ℃,进样量为5 μL;洗脱梯度为0~26 min时97.5% A、2.5% B,26~40 min时77.5% A、2.5% B、20% C,40~60 min时97.5% A、2.5% B。
参考Zou等[14]的方法稍作改进,采用马尔文Kinexus Pro+流变仪,在直径为 40 mm 的不锈钢平板上,于温度25 ℃下,设定线性黏弹区的应变为 1%,间隙为1 mm,测定竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液于频率范围0.01~100 Hz的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")随频率变化的情况测定。
参照Quainoo等[15]的方法稍加修改,利用马尔文Kinexus Pro+流变仪测定在温度为25 ℃,1%浓度下的竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液在剪切速率为0.01~1000 s−1中,其表观黏度随剪切速率的变化情况。
参考Watanabe等[16]的操作方法并进行略微改进,将小鼠巨噬细胞从液氮中取出,并经过37 ℃复苏后,在无菌超净操作台上将细胞悬液转入新的含5 mL培养基的离心管内,1000 r/min离心5 min,去除上层清液,将经沉淀处理后的细胞再放入至含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM完全培养基中重悬细胞,并将其接种到细胞培养皿内,在37 ℃、95% O2、5% CO2的恒定环境下进行培养,后续以对数生长期的巨噬细胞进行试验。
根据李文静等[17]的方法并进行略微改良,按照每孔80 μL,将小鼠巨噬细胞浓度调整为1×106个/mL接种至96孔细胞培养板中,并在37 ℃、5% CO2、95% O2 的恒定培养箱中持续培养 24 h,随后移除上清液。添加80 μL浓度为50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL的竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液,同时设定DEME培养基作为空白对照组以及10 μg/mL脂多糖作为阳性对照组,每组均设置3个复孔,并重复实验三次,于上述相同恒定环境下继续培养 24 h后,移除上清液,并向每个样品孔添加30 μL的CCK-8试剂继续在培养箱中培养1 h,采用酶标仪检测波长为490 nm时的各孔光密度值,并对各组实验数据进行处理,小鼠巨噬细胞相对存活率(%)的公式表示为:
$\rm \mathrm{小鼠巨噬细胞相对存活率(\text{%})=(A/B)\times 100 } $
其中:各试验组的光密度值为A;空白对照组光密度值为B。
参考Qin等[18]的操作方法,进行略微改动,将处于对数生长期的小鼠巨噬细胞以1×104个/孔的密度接种于96孔细胞培养板中,并在37 ℃、5% CO2的条件下培养24 h后,对上清液进行移除处理,按50 μL/孔加入不同浓度(50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL)的竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液,并在相同的条件下继续培养,24 h后收集上清液,按照细胞因子测定试剂盒的操作方法检测上清液中TNF-α、IL-6、NO的含量。
所有实验重复三次,数据的分析和图形绘制采用Origin-2021和Design-Expert 13软件,此外,Excel 2019和SPSS软件用于进一步处理数据,并进行显著性差异分析(定量资料以平均数±标准差(SD)表示,组间比较采用t检验;定性资料以数量及百分比表示,组间比较采用X2检验;P<0.01 为差异极显著,P<0.05 为差异显著),触变性测试的结果则通过流变仪数据处理系统中的Power Law模型进行拟合分析。
多糖的提取与时间密切相关,充足的提取时间对于多糖的充分溶解和释放至关重要[19],从图1中可以看出,在提取时间为30~90 min时,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率由2.57%±0.14%上升至3.13%±0.11%,随着提取时间从90 min延长至150 min,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率并未出现明显变化,而当提取时间为120 min时,粗多糖得率为3.14%±0.12%,与90 min和150 min时的粗多糖得率相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),原因是多糖在长时间的高温作用下会容易造成结构的破坏,从而抑制多糖得率的升高[20]。故选择提取时间75、90、105 min以进行响应面试验。
一般认为,碱既可促进多糖从细胞复合物中的释放,同时也可能导致其分子结构的降解[21]。结合图2中可以看出,在0.01~0.03 mol/L的碱浓度范围内,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率呈显著上升(P<0.05),由2.54%±0.11%升高至3.12%±0.05%;而当碱浓度从0.03 mol/L增加至0.05 mol/L时,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率无明显变化,当碱浓度为0.04 mol/L时,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率为3.15%±0.08%,较碱浓度为0.03 mol/L和0.05 mol/L的竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率无显著性差异(P>0.05),这是因为一定范围的碱液浓度有利于解除分子间的理化作用,进而提高多糖提取率,但碱浓度过高会引起多糖结构的破坏,导致部分多糖降解[22],从而使得粗多糖得率增加缓慢。故选择碱浓度0.02、0.03、0.04 mol/L进行响应面试验。
提取温度主要是通过控制反应体系所处环境的温度大小来影响在相同条件下多糖的溶出率[23]。由图3可以看出,在提取温度为55~75 ℃的整体范围内,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率随温度的增加而呈上升的趋势,这是由于较高的温度有利于多糖的溶出[11]。当提取温度为55~70 ℃时,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率从2.51%±0.12%升高至3.13%±0.07%,而当提取温度超过70 ℃后,粗多糖得率上升不明显,75 ℃时的粗多糖得率为3.15%±0.09%,与70 ℃时的粗多糖得率相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),原因是温度过高时会导致料液中的多糖分子结构受损,进而引发多糖分解,从而限制多糖溶出率的提高[24],故选择提取温度65、70、75 ℃进行响应面试验。
料液比能够影响细胞膜内外渗透压,适当的料液比不仅能提高多糖得率,还能节约成本[25]。从图4中的曲线可以看出,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率在料液比为1:10~1:25 g/mL的范围内增长迅速,从2.29%±0.12%上升至3.16%±0.24%,这是因为适度增加液料比会提升植物组织内外的多糖浓度差,从而加快多糖的扩散和溶出速率[26],而当料液比超过1:25 g/mL上升至1:30 g/mL时,竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率增长缓慢,原因是溶剂量增大会降低多糖质量浓度,导致其他杂质溶出率增大[27],从而抑制多糖分子的溶出率,故选择料液比 1:20、1:25、1:30 g/mL进行响应面试验。
在单因素实验的基础上,以竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率为响应值,考察A提取时间、B提取温度、C碱浓度、D料液比对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响,使用Design-Expert13软件的Box-Behnken响应面设计方法,进行三水平四因素的试验设计,共29组,以探究最优试验条件,详细试验数据及结果如表2所示。
利用表2响应面试验数据进行回归拟合,得竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率 Y 对料液比、提取时间、提取温度、碱浓度的回归方程模型为:Y=3.13+0.0683A+0.0492B+0.1533C+0.1208D−0.0375AB−0.0050AC−0.0225AD−0.0250BC−0.0200BD−0.0475CD−0.0475A2−0.0363B2−0.1025C2−0.0338D2。从表3中的回归方差(ANOVE)结果可以看出,模型P<0.0001,为极显著(P<0.01),而失拟项不显著P=0.4913>0.05。模型的决定系数(R2)为0.9765,表明其对数据的拟合效果较为理想,显示出其具有较强的拟合能力。同时,模型的调整R2为0.9530,与R2相近,这进一步证实了模型的准确性和可靠性。可用于优化竹叶卷芯多糖提取工艺分析和预测。由各项F值可知,影响竹叶卷芯多糖响应值四个因素显著性顺序为:C(碱浓度)>D(料液比)>A(提取时间)>B(提取温度);由该模型的 P 值可得,影响竹叶卷芯多糖得率的各个因素中,一次项A、B、C、D表现为差异极显著(P<0.01),二次项B2、D2表现为差异显著(P<0.05),C2、A2表现为差异极显著(P<0.01),交互项AB、CD表现为差异显著(P<0.05)。
根据响应面的陡峭度和等高线的形状及密集程度来判断各因素交互作用对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响,响应曲面越陡峭,颜色越深,表明影响越显著;在三维曲面图中,坡面陡峭程度越大,表明两因素的交互作用越强;在等高线图中,越靠近中心点提取率越高,等高线越密集且越接近椭圆形时交互作用越强[28]。由图5(A)所示,提取时间和提取温度交互作用的三维响应曲面坡面较陡峭,两个因素之间的等高线呈椭圆形且较密集,表明提取时间与提取温度的交互作用对竹叶卷芯粗多糖影响显著(P<0.05);提取时间相比于提取温度的响应曲面坡面更陡峭,说明提取时间对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响程度更大。由图5(B)所示,碱浓度和料液比交互作用的响应面颜色较深,等高线呈椭圆形且较密集,表明碱浓度和料液比的交互作用对竹叶卷芯粗多糖影响显著(P<0.05);碱浓度的响应曲面比料液比的响应曲面坡面更为陡峭,说明碱浓度对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响程度要大于料液比。根据响应曲面的陡峭程度以及两因素间等高线的形状和密集程度表明,四个因素对竹叶卷芯粗多糖得率的影响依次为C(碱浓度)>D (料液比)>A (提取时间)>B (提取温度),这与表3方差分析结果一致。
利用Design-Expert 13软件对各因素分析,最终得到竹叶卷芯粗多糖的最佳条件为:提取时间为91.856 min、提取温度为67.377 ℃,碱浓度为0.038 mol/L、料液比1:28.063 g/mL、该条件下预测竹叶卷芯粗多糖的得率为3.21%±0.06%。为试验的可操作性考虑,将最佳提取工艺参数修正为提取时间92 min、提取温度67 ℃、碱浓度0.04 mol/L、料液比1:28 g/mL,在该条件下重复试验3次,得竹叶卷芯粗多糖实际得率为3.21%±0.17%,与理论值无明显差异,说明该试验模型可靠,对实际竹叶卷芯粗多糖的提取具有一定指导性。
图6为竹叶卷芯粗多糖的单糖组成离子色谱分析结果,竹叶卷芯粗多糖单糖组成主要包括岩藻糖(Fuc)、鼠李糖(Rha)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、半乳糖(Gal)、葡萄糖(Glc)、木糖(Xyl)、甘露糖(Man)、半乳糖醛酸(Gal-UA)、葡萄糖醛酸(Glc-UA),其摩尔百分比为0.81:7.53:21.45:20.70:30.61:3.50:3.05:9.52:2.84。以往的文献表明单糖组成及其比例是多糖构效关系的基础,其中与免疫调节活性高度相关的单糖主要有甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖以及各类糖醛酸,由此推测竹叶卷芯粗多糖在一定程度上可能具备较好的免疫调节活性[29−31]。
通过动态振荡扫描探究竹叶卷芯粗多糖的动态流变特性。如图7所示,G'表示弹性(固体)特征,而 G''表示黏性(液体)特征[32]。 在频率为 0.001~100 Hz的整体范围内,G'和 G''随频率的提升而不断增大,说明竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液具备频率依附性[33]。当频率在0~5.034 Hz低频率范围内,G''大于G',此时竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液表现为液体黏性特性[33];当频率为 5.034 Hz时,储能模量(G')与损耗模量(G'')相交,且二者数值相等,此时,该交点所对应的频率被定义为交叉频率,反映出竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液具备粘弹性行为,常被定义为弹性行为或凝胶状态的开始[32];而当频率大于5.034 Hz后,G'高于G'',此时竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液主要表现为固体弹性特性,即呈现弱凝胶特征[32],通过频率扫描结果表明,高频率的出现能够增强竹叶卷芯粗多糖的凝胶性[34]。
从图8可以看出,在温度为25 ℃下,浓度为1%的竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的静态流变曲线。图中显示,竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液在剪切速率为0.01~0.043 s−1内,其表观黏度呈现急剧下降的趋势,其原因可能是竹叶卷芯粗多糖中存在较低的分子量以及半乳糖醛酸含量,从而削弱了分子内以及分子间的相互作用,同时由于较短的分子链长度,使得竹叶卷芯粗多糖分子在剪切力的作用下更易重新排列,形成有序结构,进而使竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的表观黏度呈现大幅度降低[35];而在0.043~1000 s−1内,随着剪切速率持续增加,其表观黏度逐渐趋于平稳状态,原因是高分子链间的结合和缠绕结构逐渐解开,物理交联的网络结构也会随之逐步分散,直至达到一种平衡状态[36];这表现出竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液存在剪切稀化的假塑性流体特征[37]。
多糖通过识别并结合免疫细胞表面的特定受体从而促进相关细胞因子的表达[38]。本研究测定了不同浓度竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞存活率的影响。结合图9可以看出,与空白对照组对比,在50~800 μg/mL竹叶卷芯粗多糖整体浓度范围内,RAW 264. 7 小鼠巨噬细胞相对存活率随竹叶卷芯粗多糖质量浓度增加而有所下降,当多糖质量浓度为50 μg/mL时,小鼠巨噬细胞的存活率达到最高,为98.7%±0.6%;而当竹叶卷芯粗多糖质量浓度为800 μg/mL时,细胞相对存活率最低,但存活率仍达95%以上。由此可以说明,竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7 小鼠巨噬细胞并无明显毒性作用,且对小鼠巨噬细胞增殖均无明显影响,可利用该小鼠巨噬细胞模型研究竹叶卷芯粗多糖免疫活性机理。
TNF-α作为机体免疫防护的重要介质,既能够促进巨噬细胞的修复和活化,也能够参与机体免疫反应病理损伤过程[39]。IL-6是由巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞等免疫细胞分泌的细胞因子[40]。NO作为一种重要的信号传导介质,能促进巨噬细胞的溶解和吞噬,参与免疫应答相关的生理过程[41]。
图10(A)显示在50~400 μg/mL 的范围内,竹叶卷芯粗多糖在一定程度上提高了TNF-α的分泌量。当多糖浓度为50 μg/mL时,RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞TNF-α分泌量显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05);且竹叶卷芯粗多糖浓度为 400 μg/mL时的TNF-α分泌量与 800 μg/mL时的TNF-α分泌量相较,并无显著性差异(P>0.05);由图10(B)所示50~400 μg/mL 质量浓度范围的竹叶卷芯粗多糖作用于巨噬细胞后,IL-6的分泌量也随多糖浓度的增加而提高。50 μg/mL的竹叶卷芯粗多糖浓度下,RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞IL-6分泌量显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),且400 μg/mL下IL-6的分泌水平与 800 μg/mL时的分泌水平相比,两者差异并无显著性差异(P>0.05);图10(C)所示在50~400 μg/mL的竹叶卷芯粗多糖浓度范围内,NO释放量随多糖浓度的增高而提升;竹叶卷芯粗多糖浓度为400 μg/mL下的NO释放量较浓度为800 μg/mL时的NO释放量并无显著差异(P>0.05)。可以看出,竹叶卷芯粗多糖对TNF-α、IL-6和NO分泌量的促进水平是有限度的,均显著低于LPS阳性对照组(P<0.05),表明竹叶卷芯粗多糖能提高机体的免疫水平,但又至于引发机体炎症。多糖发挥免疫调节功能的作用机制主要为通过刺激单核-巨噬细胞系统的吞噬能力、促进淋巴细胞增殖与转化、诱导抗体生成、激活细胞因子分泌以及激活补体系统等途径有效实现免疫调节效果[42],其中,大多数多糖通过与细胞表面受体结合,激活下端信号通路,进而促进细胞因子的表达以实现免疫调节作用。目前研究发现的多糖受体包括TLR4、清道夫受体(Scavenger recep-tor,SR)、甘露糖受体(Mannose receptor,MR)、CR3/CD14和Dectin-1等[43],根据竹叶卷芯粗多糖的单糖组成分析显示,其含有甘露糖(mannose,MA),可与甘露糖受体特异性结合,以实现精准靶向,有效调节免疫系统并增强免疫调节效果[44−45]。对于低浓度时的多糖溶液能够促进细胞因子的分泌及其受体的表达,但当浓度逐渐升高后,这种促进作用也会逐渐受到削弱,且高浓度时则会受到不同程度的抑制作用,这种现象被称为双向调节作用[46]。
本文通过单因素实验和响应面试验优化竹叶卷芯粗多糖的碱法提取工艺,确定最佳条件为提取时间92 min、提取温度67 ℃、碱浓度0.04 mol/L、料液比1:28 g/mL,该条件下得率为3.21%±0.17%,经苯酚硫酸法测出竹叶卷芯粗多糖的总糖含量54.7%±0.7%,单糖组成主要为岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸,其摩尔百分比为0.81:7.53:21.45:20.70:30.61:3.50:3.05:9.52:2.84;动态剪切测试分析结果表明,竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液表现为剪切稀化的假塑性流体;动态剪切测试分析结果显示,高频率的出现能够增强竹叶卷芯粗多糖溶液的凝胶性。体外免疫活性调节表明,竹叶卷芯粗多糖对RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞无明显毒性,且在50~400 μg/mL浓度下能促进细胞因子的分泌,表明其具有较强的免疫调节活性。本文研究成果为今后竹叶卷芯粗多糖在食品工业及医药领域的开发及应用提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100291
  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
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    广西民族师范学院农业与生物学院,广西崇左 532200

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陈永(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物的综合利用及功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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