Article(id=1320889780615889331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030282, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854264644, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854264644, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854264644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854264644, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889780850770356, articleId=1320889780615889331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Status and Prospects for Life Cycle Assessment in Fruit and Vegetable Product Manufacturing, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous growth of the global population, the establishment of a food system that can ensure adequate nutrition, while maintaining environmental sustainability, has emerged as a pressing challenge for society. Fruit and vegetable products, which are highly valued for their rich nutritional content, remain controversial in terms of their environmental friendliness. There is an urgent need to utilize scientific environmental management tools to systematically assess life cycle environmental impacts, thereby driving the green transformation of the fruit and vegetable industry. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive and systematic environmental evaluation methodology that quantifies environmental issues across all stages of a product's life cycle, ranging from raw material extraction to waste disposal. It plays pivotal roles in promoting sustainable development across multiple industries. This study focuses on the application of LCA to fruit- and vegetable-based food manufacturing. First, a detailed breakdown of the key implementation aspects of the four core stages of LCA is provided from a technical framework perspective. Second, from the viewpoint of the fruit- and vegetable-based food supply chain, this study explores how LCA can optimize raw material production and processing and the circulation and consumption environment. Finally, in response to existing challenges, such as difficulties in obtaining inventory data, poor standardization of evaluation methods, and the scarcity of industry-specific models, this paper proposes corresponding solutions. The ultimate goal is to offer quantifiable tools for scientifically assessing the environmental benefits of fruit and vegetable products, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of food systems.

, authors=Qiong XU1, 2, Xinglian ZHANG2, *, Zhenzhen XU1, 2, *, authorsList=Qiong XU, Xinglian ZHANG, Zhenzhen XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinglian ZHANG, Zhenzhen XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889781823848889, articleId=1320889780615889331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=生命周期评价在果蔬食品制造中应用的研究现状与展望, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着人口的不断增长,构建一个既能保障充足营养供给,又符合环境可持续性的食物系统,已成为人类社会亟待解决的重要课题。果蔬食品因富含多种营养成分而备受青睐,但其环境友好属性仍备受争议,亟需借助科学的环境管理工具,系统评估其全生命周期的环境影响,从而推动果蔬食品行业的绿色转型。生命周期评价(Life cycle assess,LCA)作为一种全面、系统的环境评价方法,能够对产品从原料获取到废弃物处理各阶段的环境问题进行量化分析,已在多个行业的可持续发展中发挥重要作用。本文聚焦LCA在果蔬食品制造中的应用,首先从技术框架出发,详细梳理了LCA四个核心阶段的实施要点;其次,基于果蔬食品供应链视角,探讨如何通过LCA优化原料生产、加工制造及流通消费环境;最后,针对当前研究中存在的清单数据获取难、评价方法标准化难、行业专有模型少的问题,提出相应解决路径,旨在为科学评估果蔬食品的环境效益提供量化工具,助力食物系统的可持续发展。

, authors=许琼1, 2, 张星联2, *, 徐贞贞1, 2, *, authorsList=许琼, 张星联, 徐贞贞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张星联, 徐贞贞, authorNote=

许琼(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

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张星联(1982−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全,E-mail:。
徐贞贞(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量与加工,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2022, 43(11): 273−283.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889800568193628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=101, rfOrder=120, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG S, ZHANG Y, CHEN X P, et al. Review of greenhouse gas emissions from food systems and emission reduction strategies[J]. Food Science, 2022, 43(11): 273−283., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889800656274013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=102, rfOrder=121, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KATZ-ROSENE R, ORTENZI F, MCAULIFFE G A, et al. Levelling foods for priority micronutrient value can provide more meaningful environmental footprint comparisons[J]. Communications Earth & Environment, 2023, 4(1): 287., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889800727577182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=122, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Z, YE R, YANG M, et al. Risk-benefit assessment in food systems: Towards personalized nutrition and sustainable diets[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2025, 161: 105039., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889782050341306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889782058729915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, companyId=1320889782050341306, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889782071312828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, companyId=1320889782050341306, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889783535124925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889783543513534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, companyId=1320889783535124925, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889783551902143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, companyId=1320889783535124925, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,农业农村部农产品质量安全重点实验室,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889785347064283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Keyword clustering of food life cycle assessment based on web of science, figureFileSmall=BF8bYWEI4QFfivH7OuAR9g==, figureFileBig=ef4jsyN0eR8rKNhl+ZI3fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889785409978844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于web of science的食品生命周期评价关键词聚类, figureFileSmall=BF8bYWEI4QFfivH7OuAR9g==, figureFileBig=ef4jsyN0eR8rKNhl+ZI3fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889785670025693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flowchart of literature search, figureFileSmall=AQP1VOeEOZtpkZLYzg6umQ==, figureFileBig=Bg5rZVLjqaXfrxPYoXWMfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889785741328862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=CN, label=图2, caption=文献检索流程图, figureFileSmall=AQP1VOeEOZtpkZLYzg6umQ==, figureFileBig=Bg5rZVLjqaXfrxPYoXWMfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889785955238367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of LCA research methods for fruit and vegetable processed products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份地区研究目标系统边界功能单元数据来源分配方法LCIA方法中/终点
分析
影响类别参考文献
2024伊朗目标a范围a160 g 石榴汁实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent、USLCI经济分配ReCiPe中/终点18[21]
2024德国目标a/目标b范围a1 kg 番茄汁实验数据、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse、WFLDB无IMPACT中/终点13[16]
2024土耳其目标a范围a1 kg杏泥浓
缩汁
实际生产、Agribalyse、统计数据无ReCiPe中点18[33]
2024巴西目标a范围a15 g多酚(针叶樱桃粉)实验数据、生产数据、Ecoinvent、文献无ReCiPe中点/终点10[34]
2024土耳其目标a范围a1 kg甜红辣
椒酱
实际生产、Agribalyse、 Ecoinvent、文献质量分配CML-IA中点10[35]
2023伊朗目标a范围a1 kg 苹果罐头实际生产、Ecoinvent无CML-IA、ReCiPe中点10[36]
2023西班牙/意大利目标a/目标b范围a1 kg 桃子罐头实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点8[37]
2022中国目标a范围a1 t 浓缩苹果汁实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent、Industry data无CML-IA中点11[14]
2022意大利目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse、WFLDB无ILCD无16[38]
2022智利目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中/终点18[39]
2022美国目标a范围a350 mL硬苹
果酒
文献、Ecoinvent、World LCA Food无ReCiPe中点18[15]
2022西班牙目标a范围a50 g薯片实际生产、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse质量分配AWARE、EF method中点5[40]
2022瑞士目标a范围a1 t黄瓜实际生产、Ecoinvent无IPCC中点1[17]
2022日本目标a范围a1 kg桃子实验数据、数学模型、IDEA数据库无LIME2终点1[41]
2022日本目标a范围a1 kg桃子实验数据、数学模型、IDEA数据库、文献无LIME2终点1[42]
2021阿根廷目标a范围a1 t 柠檬/精油/浓缩果汁/脱水果皮实际生产、文献、手册、Ecoinvent质量/经济分配AWARE、ReCiPe、IMPACT、USEtox、WF guide in Latin America中点5[25]
2021美国目标a范围a1 kg土豆/番茄制品实际生产、模型模拟、文献、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中点18[43]
2021意大利目标a/目标b范围a1 kg 番茄罐头设备参数计算、Ecoinvent质量分配IMPACT中/终点15[44]
2021意大利目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、PEF、Ecoinvent无PEF-CR中/终点13[45]
2021土耳其目标a范围a1 kg 罐装腌制疏菜实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent无CML中点16[46]
2021美国目标a范围a1 kg冷冻炸薯条
1 kg意大利面酱
实际生产、模型、ecoinvent、行业统计报告、文献质量分配/中点3[47]
2021法国目标a范围a1 kg草莓模拟、文献、ecoinvent经济分配Environmental Footprint中点16[48]
2020墨西哥目标a范围a1 kg 包装菠萝/菠萝罐头/菠
萝干
实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中点3[24]
2020伊朗目标a范围a1 L 苹果汁实际生产、Ecoinvent、Industry data无CML中点11[49]
2019美国目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、文献、统计数据质量分配/中点4[50]
2018意大利目标a范围a500 g 番茄泥实际生产、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中点18[51]
2018马耳他目标a范围a250 mL 果汁实际生产、Ecoinvent、文献、统计数据质量分配/中点1[52]
2017意大利目标a范围a400 g去皮番茄罐头实际生产、Ecoinvent质量分配ILCD中点1[53]
2016中国目标a范围a1 kg枸杞干实际生产、文献经济分配《京都议定书》中点1[54]
2015意大利目标a范围a1 L 桃泥罐头文献、Ecoinvent、LCA food无IMPACT中/终点15[55]
2025希腊目标b范围b1 kg/欧元浆果(蓝莓、覆盆子、草莓)实际生产、Ecoinvent、文献无ReCiPe中点/终点19[56]
2024意大利目标b范围b1 kg 去皮番茄、番茄泥实际生产、Ecoinvent、统计数据质量分配ReCiPe中点18[57]
2024西班牙目标b范围b1 kg咖啡樱
桃粉
实验数据无ILCD终点1[58]
2024西班牙目标a范围a1 kg 新鲜蔬菜(马铃薯、茄子和西兰花)/鲜切/预煮蔬菜实际生产、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse质量分配ReCiPe中点/终点18[59]
2023西班牙目标b范围b5 kg马铃薯实际生产、Ecoinvent无CML-IA中点11[60]
2023意大利/澳大利亚目标b范围b1 kg 番茄丁/桃丁罐头设备参数计算、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点6[18]
2022巴西目标b范围b1 kg 果胶设备参数计算、文献、Ecoinvent、ELCD经济分配ReCiPe中点8[20]
2022日本目标b范围b1 kg草莓实际生产、文献、IDEA 数据库质量分配LIME2中点3[61]
2022意大利目标b范围b1 kg杏酱文献、Agribalyse、统计数据无ReCiPe中点18[62]
2020西班牙目标b范围b1 kg 新鲜苹果/茄子/胡萝卜模型模拟、文献、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点15[19]
2020意大利目标b范围b1 kg 橙汁实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点18[63]
2020加拿大目标b范围a1 t脱酸有机蔓越莓汁实际生产、Ecoinvent质量分配IMPACT终点4[64]
2019中国目标b范围b330 mL 果汁实际生产、文献无IPCC中点1[65]
2017德国目标b范围b250 mL 番茄
汁/西瓜汁
实验数据、Ecoinvent、文献无IMPACT中/终点13[66]
2017英国目标b范围a450 g 草莓干实际生产、模型模拟、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中/终点18[67]
2017意大利目标b范围b1 kg 杏干实际生产、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中/终点18[68]
2015意大利目标b范围b3 kg 苹果粉实际生产、Ecoinvent无IMPACT中/终点15[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889786039124448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

果蔬加工制品LCA研究方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份地区研究目标系统边界功能单元数据来源分配方法LCIA方法中/终点
分析
影响类别参考文献
2024伊朗目标a范围a160 g 石榴汁实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent、USLCI经济分配ReCiPe中/终点18[21]
2024德国目标a/目标b范围a1 kg 番茄汁实验数据、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse、WFLDB无IMPACT中/终点13[16]
2024土耳其目标a范围a1 kg杏泥浓
缩汁
实际生产、Agribalyse、统计数据无ReCiPe中点18[33]
2024巴西目标a范围a15 g多酚(针叶樱桃粉)实验数据、生产数据、Ecoinvent、文献无ReCiPe中点/终点10[34]
2024土耳其目标a范围a1 kg甜红辣
椒酱
实际生产、Agribalyse、 Ecoinvent、文献质量分配CML-IA中点10[35]
2023伊朗目标a范围a1 kg 苹果罐头实际生产、Ecoinvent无CML-IA、ReCiPe中点10[36]
2023西班牙/意大利目标a/目标b范围a1 kg 桃子罐头实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点8[37]
2022中国目标a范围a1 t 浓缩苹果汁实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent、Industry data无CML-IA中点11[14]
2022意大利目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse、WFLDB无ILCD无16[38]
2022智利目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中/终点18[39]
2022美国目标a范围a350 mL硬苹
果酒
文献、Ecoinvent、World LCA Food无ReCiPe中点18[15]
2022西班牙目标a范围a50 g薯片实际生产、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse质量分配AWARE、EF method中点5[40]
2022瑞士目标a范围a1 t黄瓜实际生产、Ecoinvent无IPCC中点1[17]
2022日本目标a范围a1 kg桃子实验数据、数学模型、IDEA数据库无LIME2终点1[41]
2022日本目标a范围a1 kg桃子实验数据、数学模型、IDEA数据库、文献无LIME2终点1[42]
2021阿根廷目标a范围a1 t 柠檬/精油/浓缩果汁/脱水果皮实际生产、文献、手册、Ecoinvent质量/经济分配AWARE、ReCiPe、IMPACT、USEtox、WF guide in Latin America中点5[25]
2021美国目标a范围a1 kg土豆/番茄制品实际生产、模型模拟、文献、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中点18[43]
2021意大利目标a/目标b范围a1 kg 番茄罐头设备参数计算、Ecoinvent质量分配IMPACT中/终点15[44]
2021意大利目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、PEF、Ecoinvent无PEF-CR中/终点13[45]
2021土耳其目标a范围a1 kg 罐装腌制疏菜实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent无CML中点16[46]
2021美国目标a范围a1 kg冷冻炸薯条
1 kg意大利面酱
实际生产、模型、ecoinvent、行业统计报告、文献质量分配/中点3[47]
2021法国目标a范围a1 kg草莓模拟、文献、ecoinvent经济分配Environmental Footprint中点16[48]
2020墨西哥目标a范围a1 kg 包装菠萝/菠萝罐头/菠
萝干
实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中点3[24]
2020伊朗目标a范围a1 L 苹果汁实际生产、Ecoinvent、Industry data无CML中点11[49]
2019美国目标a范围a750 mL葡萄酒实际生产、文献、统计数据质量分配/中点4[50]
2018意大利目标a范围a500 g 番茄泥实际生产、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中点18[51]
2018马耳他目标a范围a250 mL 果汁实际生产、Ecoinvent、文献、统计数据质量分配/中点1[52]
2017意大利目标a范围a400 g去皮番茄罐头实际生产、Ecoinvent质量分配ILCD中点1[53]
2016中国目标a范围a1 kg枸杞干实际生产、文献经济分配《京都议定书》中点1[54]
2015意大利目标a范围a1 L 桃泥罐头文献、Ecoinvent、LCA food无IMPACT中/终点15[55]
2025希腊目标b范围b1 kg/欧元浆果(蓝莓、覆盆子、草莓)实际生产、Ecoinvent、文献无ReCiPe中点/终点19[56]
2024意大利目标b范围b1 kg 去皮番茄、番茄泥实际生产、Ecoinvent、统计数据质量分配ReCiPe中点18[57]
2024西班牙目标b范围b1 kg咖啡樱
桃粉
实验数据无ILCD终点1[58]
2024西班牙目标a范围a1 kg 新鲜蔬菜(马铃薯、茄子和西兰花)/鲜切/预煮蔬菜实际生产、Ecoinvent、Agribalyse质量分配ReCiPe中点/终点18[59]
2023西班牙目标b范围b5 kg马铃薯实际生产、Ecoinvent无CML-IA中点11[60]
2023意大利/澳大利亚目标b范围b1 kg 番茄丁/桃丁罐头设备参数计算、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点6[18]
2022巴西目标b范围b1 kg 果胶设备参数计算、文献、Ecoinvent、ELCD经济分配ReCiPe中点8[20]
2022日本目标b范围b1 kg草莓实际生产、文献、IDEA 数据库质量分配LIME2中点3[61]
2022意大利目标b范围b1 kg杏酱文献、Agribalyse、统计数据无ReCiPe中点18[62]
2020西班牙目标b范围b1 kg 新鲜苹果/茄子/胡萝卜模型模拟、文献、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点15[19]
2020意大利目标b范围b1 kg 橙汁实际生产、文献、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中点18[63]
2020加拿大目标b范围a1 t脱酸有机蔓越莓汁实际生产、Ecoinvent质量分配IMPACT终点4[64]
2019中国目标b范围b330 mL 果汁实际生产、文献无IPCC中点1[65]
2017德国目标b范围b250 mL 番茄
汁/西瓜汁
实验数据、Ecoinvent、文献无IMPACT中/终点13[66]
2017英国目标b范围a450 g 草莓干实际生产、模型模拟、Ecoinvent质量分配ReCiPe中/终点18[67]
2017意大利目标b范围b1 kg 杏干实际生产、Ecoinvent无ReCiPe中/终点18[68]
2015意大利目标b范围b3 kg 苹果粉实际生产、Ecoinvent无IMPACT中/终点15[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889786127204833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Life cycle interpretation of processed fruit and vegetable products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别产品环境热点识别敏感性分析不确定性分析参考
文献
果蔬
汁/浆
石榴汁苹果浓缩汁、石榴种植、电、糖、天然气、包装纸盒1.热点参数:天然气、电、石榴种植、苹果
浓缩汁和糖
2.分配方法:经济分配和质量分配
无[21]
苹果汁1.苹果种植阶段:土壤生态毒性、非生物消耗、淡水生态毒性、非生物消耗(化石资源)、水体酸化、富营养化类别贡献超80%
2.果汁加工阶段:只在全球变暖潜值影响类别比苹果种植阶段高,占比89.32%。其中贡献最大的是生物颗粒、煤炭和水
1.模拟陕西省有机生产标准,减少N、P2O5、K2O、农药使用量
2.模拟用正向渗透膜技术取代传统热浓缩技术
3.综合1和2
无[14]
苹果汁1.苹果汁生产:天然气、柴油>农药>化肥>PET瓶>糖
2.苹果种植阶段:化肥、农药和柴油
3.苹果汁加工阶段:天然气>PET瓶>糖>电>柠檬酸>PVC、液体CO2
无无[49]
桃汁1.加工阶段>种植阶段>零售阶段>消费阶段
2.种植阶段:化肥、农药
3.加工阶段:包装、化石能源、电
1.生物副产物直接转化为输入的电力和热能
2.生物副产物用于其他工厂转化利用,取代化石能源的投入
无[55]
番茄汁
西瓜汁
1.PET瓶的生产是主要环境热点1.热点参数:德国电力结构、运输距离、包装选择(HDPE、PET)、天然气提供热能、减少50%浪费无[66]
橙汁1.一级包装和杀菌是所有工艺的主要环境热点无无[63]
番茄泥1.种植阶段>加工阶段>包装阶段
2.番茄泥加工:热烫、浓缩和巴杀是多数中点类别的主要贡献
能源:使用光伏板替代部分电源,使用沼气替代液化石油气有[51]
果蔬
罐头
番茄泥
番茄碎
去皮番茄
种植阶段:农药、化肥和化石燃料
包装阶段:玻璃瓶和镀锡钢罐影响较大,纸质包装影响较小
1.包装:减少钢/玻璃罐厚度、改变容器尺寸或形状、使用不同材质的盖子
2.能源:模拟使用意大利电力混合场景
无[44]
番茄碎1.热加工:锡包装、种植阶段是主要热点
2.欧姆加热:种植阶段在所有影响类别中贡献超80%
3.热加工>欧姆加热
无有[16]
苹果罐头1.加工阶段:在非生物消耗、全球变暖潜值、臭氧层减少、光化学氧化、酸化和富营养化影响类别中贡献大
2.种植阶段:在人类毒性、淡水生态毒性、海洋生态毒性和土壤生态毒性影响类别中贡献大
3.天然气消耗在全球变暖潜值中占比69.07%
无无[36]
桃罐头1.传统加工方式:包装>种植>糖水加热>锅炉
2.PEF去皮:包装>糖水加热>种植>锅炉
3.PEF在所有类别中影响低于传统热加工方式
废水和固废处理方式有[37]
番茄罐头
桃子罐头
1.电能是欧姆加热技术主要环境热点1.不同地区电力组合:意大利、澳大利亚、法国、德国、美国、中国、挪威和印度
2.光伏板:分摊50%和提供全部电能
3.联合使用欧姆加热和传统加热
无[18]
果蔬干冻干草莓1传统冷冻干燥>渗透脱水结合冷冻干燥
2.冷冻干燥过程:加工阶段>种植阶段高
3.渗透脱水+冷冻干燥技术:减少了加工阶段影响,使得种植、运输步骤相对较高
热点参数:化肥、运输距离、冷凝器和真空泵功率无[67]
苹果粉1运输阶段>加工阶段。
2.滚筒干燥工艺>多级干燥工艺
3.苹果粉加工阶段:干燥、4 ℃储存是主要影响
热点参数:储存和冷却操作性能、燃料、干燥效率无[69]
杏干1.冷冻工艺:除农业土地利用、城市土地利用、自然土地转化和水资源消耗外,比辐射干燥和欧姆加热工艺有更高的排放
2.辐射辅助干燥工艺:在海洋富营养化、淡水生态毒、海洋生态毒性、电离辐射类别有更高影响,影响最大的是干燥阶段
3.欧姆热加工工艺:在全球变暖潜值、光化学臭氧合成、土壤生态毒性、农业土地利用、城市土地利用、自然土地转化、水资源消耗、化石资源消耗类别有更高影响,包材在多数类别中产生了较高的影响
1.电力来源:光伏板电力替代意大利电网电力
2.包装材料:低密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯\淀粉耦合
包装、低密度聚乙烯\尼龙\铝层构成的多层袋以及聚丙烯\尼龙\铝层构成的多层袋。
3.包装质量:使用不同质量的双层瓦楞纸板、单层瓦楞纸板、三层瓦楞纸板
4.综合措施:使用光伏板替换40%电网、杏干使用低密度聚乙烯和450 g/m2的单瓦楞纸板、欧姆加热杏使用1.5 kg低密度聚乙烯/尼龙/铝层支撑的无菌袋
无[68]
冻干茄子
冻干苹果
冻干胡萝卜
1.除湿、干燥和加热装置起主要贡献
2.除湿:在光化学臭氧形成类别、全球变暖潜值、颗粒物形成、海洋富营养化、陆地酸化中分别占36%、46%、50%、50%和50%
3.加热:在各影响类别中贡献了30%~39%
4.冷却:在光化学臭氧形成、气候变化、金属消耗和臭氧消耗中占33%、14%、14%和12%
1.电力组合:西班牙、丹麦、挪威
2.替代方案:使用光伏板后、更换制冷剂
无[19]
果酒有机葡萄酒1.不同阶段贡献:装瓶阶段>农业阶段>酿造阶段
2.装瓶阶段:550 g玻璃瓶的生产贡献35%~64%
3.农业阶段:农机用柴油、农用化学品
4.酿造阶段:发酵和澄清中制冷所需的电力消耗
无无[38]
有机葡萄酒1.分销阶段>种植阶段>灌装阶段
2.分销阶段:国际运输是主要环境热点
3.种植阶段:肥料是主要环境热点
4.装瓶阶段:玻璃瓶是主要环境热点
1.热点参数:运输方式(空运取代陆运)、初级包装(罐头、纸质、PET取代玻璃瓶)、肥料(钾肥取代堆肥、粪肥使用减少)、能源(光伏取代电网供电)
2.综合上述参数:空运到巴西、PET瓶、15%钾肥替代、减少15%粪肥、25%光伏能源覆盖率
无[39]
葡萄酒1.种植阶段是多数影响类别的主要环境热点
2.玻璃瓶、酿酒过程的电力消耗、农机用柴油、农用化学品、燃料使用是多数影响类别的主要环境热点
葡萄园产量无[45]
硬苹果酒1.农业阶段在多数影响类别中为主要环境热点
2.生产阶段对平流层臭氧消耗影响大,主要是因为消毒剂
和清洁剂
3.包装阶段在水资源消耗、矿物资源短缺、海洋生态毒性影响大
无有[15]
其他柠檬
浓缩柠檬汁
柠檬精油
脱水柠檬皮
1.水资源消耗:灌溉用水和工厂用水分别占90%和10%左右
2.水资源质量:化肥和农药的使用
分配方法:经济分配和质量分配无[25]
新鲜土豆
土豆片
冷冻薯条
干土豆片
新鲜番茄
番茄泥
1.土豆片:加工阶段、种植阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
2.冷冻薯条:加工阶段>种植阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
3.干土豆片:加工阶段>种植阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
4.番茄泥:种植阶段>加工阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
1.冷冻薯条热点参数:产量、加工用菜油、消费用菜油、运输、氮肥、废弃物、灌溉、加工用热能、加工用电能
2.番茄泥热点参数:产量、运输、氮肥、废弃物、灌溉、加工用热能、加工用电能
3.新鲜土豆、番茄及其制品热点参数:废弃物、包装、灌溉
4.新鲜土豆、番茄及其制品中替代生物废物管理方案:S-Ⅰ(堆肥)、S-Ⅱ(热电联产)、S-Ⅲ (6%堆肥、75%丢弃)
无[43]
新鲜菠萝
菠萝罐头
菠萝干
1.种植阶段>加工阶段
2.种植阶段:肥料、灌溉和化肥分别是碳足迹、水足迹和能源足迹的主要贡献者
3.加工阶段:包装和电力影响为主
运输距离无[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889786194313698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889780615889331, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

果蔬加工制品的生命周期解释

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别产品环境热点识别敏感性分析不确定性分析参考
文献
果蔬
汁/浆
石榴汁苹果浓缩汁、石榴种植、电、糖、天然气、包装纸盒1.热点参数:天然气、电、石榴种植、苹果
浓缩汁和糖
2.分配方法:经济分配和质量分配
无[21]
苹果汁1.苹果种植阶段:土壤生态毒性、非生物消耗、淡水生态毒性、非生物消耗(化石资源)、水体酸化、富营养化类别贡献超80%
2.果汁加工阶段:只在全球变暖潜值影响类别比苹果种植阶段高,占比89.32%。其中贡献最大的是生物颗粒、煤炭和水
1.模拟陕西省有机生产标准,减少N、P2O5、K2O、农药使用量
2.模拟用正向渗透膜技术取代传统热浓缩技术
3.综合1和2
无[14]
苹果汁1.苹果汁生产:天然气、柴油>农药>化肥>PET瓶>糖
2.苹果种植阶段:化肥、农药和柴油
3.苹果汁加工阶段:天然气>PET瓶>糖>电>柠檬酸>PVC、液体CO2
无无[49]
桃汁1.加工阶段>种植阶段>零售阶段>消费阶段
2.种植阶段:化肥、农药
3.加工阶段:包装、化石能源、电
1.生物副产物直接转化为输入的电力和热能
2.生物副产物用于其他工厂转化利用,取代化石能源的投入
无[55]
番茄汁
西瓜汁
1.PET瓶的生产是主要环境热点1.热点参数:德国电力结构、运输距离、包装选择(HDPE、PET)、天然气提供热能、减少50%浪费无[66]
橙汁1.一级包装和杀菌是所有工艺的主要环境热点无无[63]
番茄泥1.种植阶段>加工阶段>包装阶段
2.番茄泥加工:热烫、浓缩和巴杀是多数中点类别的主要贡献
能源:使用光伏板替代部分电源,使用沼气替代液化石油气有[51]
果蔬
罐头
番茄泥
番茄碎
去皮番茄
种植阶段:农药、化肥和化石燃料
包装阶段:玻璃瓶和镀锡钢罐影响较大,纸质包装影响较小
1.包装:减少钢/玻璃罐厚度、改变容器尺寸或形状、使用不同材质的盖子
2.能源:模拟使用意大利电力混合场景
无[44]
番茄碎1.热加工:锡包装、种植阶段是主要热点
2.欧姆加热:种植阶段在所有影响类别中贡献超80%
3.热加工>欧姆加热
无有[16]
苹果罐头1.加工阶段:在非生物消耗、全球变暖潜值、臭氧层减少、光化学氧化、酸化和富营养化影响类别中贡献大
2.种植阶段:在人类毒性、淡水生态毒性、海洋生态毒性和土壤生态毒性影响类别中贡献大
3.天然气消耗在全球变暖潜值中占比69.07%
无无[36]
桃罐头1.传统加工方式:包装>种植>糖水加热>锅炉
2.PEF去皮:包装>糖水加热>种植>锅炉
3.PEF在所有类别中影响低于传统热加工方式
废水和固废处理方式有[37]
番茄罐头
桃子罐头
1.电能是欧姆加热技术主要环境热点1.不同地区电力组合:意大利、澳大利亚、法国、德国、美国、中国、挪威和印度
2.光伏板:分摊50%和提供全部电能
3.联合使用欧姆加热和传统加热
无[18]
果蔬干冻干草莓1传统冷冻干燥>渗透脱水结合冷冻干燥
2.冷冻干燥过程:加工阶段>种植阶段高
3.渗透脱水+冷冻干燥技术:减少了加工阶段影响,使得种植、运输步骤相对较高
热点参数:化肥、运输距离、冷凝器和真空泵功率无[67]
苹果粉1运输阶段>加工阶段。
2.滚筒干燥工艺>多级干燥工艺
3.苹果粉加工阶段:干燥、4 ℃储存是主要影响
热点参数:储存和冷却操作性能、燃料、干燥效率无[69]
杏干1.冷冻工艺:除农业土地利用、城市土地利用、自然土地转化和水资源消耗外,比辐射干燥和欧姆加热工艺有更高的排放
2.辐射辅助干燥工艺:在海洋富营养化、淡水生态毒、海洋生态毒性、电离辐射类别有更高影响,影响最大的是干燥阶段
3.欧姆热加工工艺:在全球变暖潜值、光化学臭氧合成、土壤生态毒性、农业土地利用、城市土地利用、自然土地转化、水资源消耗、化石资源消耗类别有更高影响,包材在多数类别中产生了较高的影响
1.电力来源:光伏板电力替代意大利电网电力
2.包装材料:低密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯\淀粉耦合
包装、低密度聚乙烯\尼龙\铝层构成的多层袋以及聚丙烯\尼龙\铝层构成的多层袋。
3.包装质量:使用不同质量的双层瓦楞纸板、单层瓦楞纸板、三层瓦楞纸板
4.综合措施:使用光伏板替换40%电网、杏干使用低密度聚乙烯和450 g/m2的单瓦楞纸板、欧姆加热杏使用1.5 kg低密度聚乙烯/尼龙/铝层支撑的无菌袋
无[68]
冻干茄子
冻干苹果
冻干胡萝卜
1.除湿、干燥和加热装置起主要贡献
2.除湿:在光化学臭氧形成类别、全球变暖潜值、颗粒物形成、海洋富营养化、陆地酸化中分别占36%、46%、50%、50%和50%
3.加热:在各影响类别中贡献了30%~39%
4.冷却:在光化学臭氧形成、气候变化、金属消耗和臭氧消耗中占33%、14%、14%和12%
1.电力组合:西班牙、丹麦、挪威
2.替代方案:使用光伏板后、更换制冷剂
无[19]
果酒有机葡萄酒1.不同阶段贡献:装瓶阶段>农业阶段>酿造阶段
2.装瓶阶段:550 g玻璃瓶的生产贡献35%~64%
3.农业阶段:农机用柴油、农用化学品
4.酿造阶段:发酵和澄清中制冷所需的电力消耗
无无[38]
有机葡萄酒1.分销阶段>种植阶段>灌装阶段
2.分销阶段:国际运输是主要环境热点
3.种植阶段:肥料是主要环境热点
4.装瓶阶段:玻璃瓶是主要环境热点
1.热点参数:运输方式(空运取代陆运)、初级包装(罐头、纸质、PET取代玻璃瓶)、肥料(钾肥取代堆肥、粪肥使用减少)、能源(光伏取代电网供电)
2.综合上述参数:空运到巴西、PET瓶、15%钾肥替代、减少15%粪肥、25%光伏能源覆盖率
无[39]
葡萄酒1.种植阶段是多数影响类别的主要环境热点
2.玻璃瓶、酿酒过程的电力消耗、农机用柴油、农用化学品、燃料使用是多数影响类别的主要环境热点
葡萄园产量无[45]
硬苹果酒1.农业阶段在多数影响类别中为主要环境热点
2.生产阶段对平流层臭氧消耗影响大,主要是因为消毒剂
和清洁剂
3.包装阶段在水资源消耗、矿物资源短缺、海洋生态毒性影响大
无有[15]
其他柠檬
浓缩柠檬汁
柠檬精油
脱水柠檬皮
1.水资源消耗:灌溉用水和工厂用水分别占90%和10%左右
2.水资源质量:化肥和农药的使用
分配方法:经济分配和质量分配无[25]
新鲜土豆
土豆片
冷冻薯条
干土豆片
新鲜番茄
番茄泥
1.土豆片:加工阶段、种植阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
2.冷冻薯条:加工阶段>种植阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
3.干土豆片:加工阶段>种植阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
4.番茄泥:种植阶段>加工阶段>消费阶段>零售阶段>废弃物处理阶段
1.冷冻薯条热点参数:产量、加工用菜油、消费用菜油、运输、氮肥、废弃物、灌溉、加工用热能、加工用电能
2.番茄泥热点参数:产量、运输、氮肥、废弃物、灌溉、加工用热能、加工用电能
3.新鲜土豆、番茄及其制品热点参数:废弃物、包装、灌溉
4.新鲜土豆、番茄及其制品中替代生物废物管理方案:S-Ⅰ(堆肥)、S-Ⅱ(热电联产)、S-Ⅲ (6%堆肥、75%丢弃)
无[43]
新鲜菠萝
菠萝罐头
菠萝干
1.种植阶段>加工阶段
2.种植阶段:肥料、灌溉和化肥分别是碳足迹、水足迹和能源足迹的主要贡献者
3.加工阶段:包装和电力影响为主
运输距离无[24]
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生命周期评价在果蔬食品制造中应用的研究现状与展望
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许琼 1, 2 , 张星联 2, * , 徐贞贞 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(4): 1-14
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (4) : 1 -14
生命周期评价在果蔬食品制造中应用的研究现状与展望
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许琼1, 2 , 张星联2, * , 徐贞贞1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,农业农村部农产品质量安全重点实验室,北京 100081
通讯作者:
张星联(1982−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全,E-mail:。
徐贞贞(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

许琼(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Research Status and Prospects for Life Cycle Assessment in Fruit and Vegetable Product Manufacturing
Qiong XU1, 2 , Xinglian ZHANG2, * , Zhenzhen XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030282
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随着人口的不断增长,构建一个既能保障充足营养供给,又符合环境可持续性的食物系统,已成为人类社会亟待解决的重要课题。果蔬食品因富含多种营养成分而备受青睐,但其环境友好属性仍备受争议,亟需借助科学的环境管理工具,系统评估其全生命周期的环境影响,从而推动果蔬食品行业的绿色转型。生命周期评价(Life cycle assess,LCA)作为一种全面、系统的环境评价方法,能够对产品从原料获取到废弃物处理各阶段的环境问题进行量化分析,已在多个行业的可持续发展中发挥重要作用。本文聚焦LCA在果蔬食品制造中的应用,首先从技术框架出发,详细梳理了LCA四个核心阶段的实施要点;其次,基于果蔬食品供应链视角,探讨如何通过LCA优化原料生产、加工制造及流通消费环境;最后,针对当前研究中存在的清单数据获取难、评价方法标准化难、行业专有模型少的问题,提出相应解决路径,旨在为科学评估果蔬食品的环境效益提供量化工具,助力食物系统的可持续发展。

生命周期评价  /  果蔬食品制造  /  食品供应链  /  可持续发展  /  清洁生产

With the continuous growth of the global population, the establishment of a food system that can ensure adequate nutrition, while maintaining environmental sustainability, has emerged as a pressing challenge for society. Fruit and vegetable products, which are highly valued for their rich nutritional content, remain controversial in terms of their environmental friendliness. There is an urgent need to utilize scientific environmental management tools to systematically assess life cycle environmental impacts, thereby driving the green transformation of the fruit and vegetable industry. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive and systematic environmental evaluation methodology that quantifies environmental issues across all stages of a product's life cycle, ranging from raw material extraction to waste disposal. It plays pivotal roles in promoting sustainable development across multiple industries. This study focuses on the application of LCA to fruit- and vegetable-based food manufacturing. First, a detailed breakdown of the key implementation aspects of the four core stages of LCA is provided from a technical framework perspective. Second, from the viewpoint of the fruit- and vegetable-based food supply chain, this study explores how LCA can optimize raw material production and processing and the circulation and consumption environment. Finally, in response to existing challenges, such as difficulties in obtaining inventory data, poor standardization of evaluation methods, and the scarcity of industry-specific models, this paper proposes corresponding solutions. The ultimate goal is to offer quantifiable tools for scientifically assessing the environmental benefits of fruit and vegetable products, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of food systems.

life cycle assessment  /  fruit and vegetable food manufacturing  /  food supple chain  /  sustainable development  /  cleaner production
许琼, 张星联, 徐贞贞. 生命周期评价在果蔬食品制造中应用的研究现状与展望. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030282
Qiong XU, Xinglian ZHANG, Zhenzhen XU. Research Status and Prospects for Life Cycle Assessment in Fruit and Vegetable Product Manufacturing[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030282
从1972年以来,中国便积极响应国际生态治理理念,系统推进生态文明建设[1]。党的二十大报告中明确提出,要加快发展方式绿色转型[2];随后国务院进一步提出,要加快产业结构绿色低碳转型、推动消费模式绿色转型和加强绿色转型国际合作,到2030年,绿色生产方式和生活方式基本形成[3]。食品供应链与生产生活息息相关,其绿色转型迫在眉睫[4−5]。食品制造作为食品供应链中承上启下的关键环节,在延长食品保质期、保障食品有效供应方面发挥重要作用,尤其是对季节性强、营养丰富但易腐败的果蔬食品而言[6]。因此,食品制造的绿色转型意义重大——不仅有助于推动上游原料供应商的绿色生产,还能引导下游消费者形成绿色消费观念,从而形成全链条绿色转型的协同效应[7]。
随着健康生活理念的普及,以果蔬为核心的地中海饮食、DASH饮食、MIND饮食等饮食模式逐渐成为公众关注的焦点。这类饮食之所以受到推崇,主要源于其以果蔬为基础的膳食结构优势——果蔬中丰富的植物活性成分,在降低糖尿病、心血管疾病等慢性病发病风险方面发挥着重要作用,与全谷物、优质蛋白等食材形成的协同效应更提升了健康价值[8]。然而,一方面,新鲜果蔬受限于季节性采收、易腐败变质等特性,难以保障全年稳定供应,需通过食品加工技术将其转化为安全、营养且便于获取的产品,以满足消费者的持续消费需求[9];另一方面,果蔬及其制品常被素食主义者视为环境友好型食品,但值得注意的是,由于果蔬及其制品品类繁多,且从生产到消费全链条中的浪费尤为突出,其环境影响仍备受争议。在此背景下,若要系统评估其可持续性,需考虑以下三个关键维度:a.量化不同种类果蔬及其各类制品的环境影响,为明确其环境影响特征提供数据支撑;b.核算全链条食物损失浪费带来的额外资源消耗,精准判断其净环境效益;c.比较加工工艺时,将工艺的环境影响纳入现有的“感官品质、保质期延长效果、营养保留”决策体系中。
这些问题的厘清对构建可持续饮食体系、引导消费者形成绿色消费观念至关重要。然而,如何准确判断食品制造的绿色转型方向并有效评估其转型成效,需要一套科学合理的评价体系[10]。
1998年,国际标准化组织颁布ISO 14040系列标准,明确规定了生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)的基本框架。此后,LCA凭借其系统性、全面性的优势,在各行各业得到广泛使用,并逐步成为产业生态学、欧盟产品环境足迹(Product Environmental Footprint,PEF)、欧盟碳关税(Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism,CBAM)的主要理论基础和核心手段[11]。2008年,中国将该标准转化为GB/T 24040-2008《环境管理 生命周期评价 原则与框架》,推动了LCA在国内的应用,但是LCA本土化应用仍在探索[12]。基于web of science数据库,以“life cycle assessment”为关键词检索,共检索到57451篇文献。数据显示,美国和中国发表文献数量位居前列,分别为10563篇和10141篇。LCA的应用领域广泛,除工程类、环境科学、科学技术领域外,其主要应用于能源、材料、化学、建筑、农业、生物技术等多个行业,而在食品科学技术领域的系统性评估仍显不足。LCA可以对食品从农产品生产、食品制造、仓储、运输、零售、消费以及废弃物处理的供应链全过程(即所谓的从摇篮到坟墓)进行跟踪、定量分析与定性评价,与食品供应链和食品制造高度契合[5,13]。在食品科学技术领域,检索到804篇文献,通过筛选,纳入359篇与食品系统相关性较高的文献。采用CiteSpace软件对关键词出现频率进行可视化分析(图1),结果显示,当前研究热点主要集中在食物系统、碳足迹、食物损失、废弃物处理,以及生物活性成分方面。
本文分别以“life cycle assessment”、“生命周期评价”和“生命周期评估”为关键词,在web of science和中国知网中进行检索,共检索到食品供应链相关文献487篇。其中,中国知网检索到的文献主要集中于农产品生产(占比77.9%),而web of science检索到的文献中41.8%与食品制造相关。在食品制造相关的125篇文献中,针对果蔬食品制造的研究有30篇。为进一步完善研究样本,在web of science中补充检索“peach”、“tomato”、“potato”、“wine”等具体食品名称,并追溯相关文献,补充了19篇文献,最终筛选出49篇核心文献进行系统分析,具体检索流程详见图2。本文系统梳理了果蔬食品制造LCA的技术框架,为开展相关研究提供方法指引;从食品供应链角度,深入剖析了LCA在优化果蔬食品生产模式、促进绿色消费行为中的重要作用。同时,针对当前研究中普遍存在的清单数据采集困难、评价标准尚未统一、行业特性与评价体系融合不足等问题展开讨论,并提出针对性解决方案,旨在推动果蔬制造业绿色转型,为食品制造行业实现可持续发展提供兼具综合性与跨学科性的思路参考。
果蔬食品制造LCA研究中采用了ISO 14040标准中规定的方法学框架:a.目标和范围的确定(Goal and Scope Definition);b.生命周期清单分析(Life Cycle Inventory Analysis,LCI);c.生命周期影响评价(Life Cycle Impact Assessment,LCIA);d.生命周期解释(Life Cycle Interpretation)。但在具体应用上存在差异,因此下文对果蔬食品制造LCA的研究方法进行了归纳总结。
在果蔬食品制造的LCA研究中,研究目标主要分为两类。目标a:从食品供应链角度对产品进行全面分析,探索现有果蔬制品生产方案的环境影响和热点,为形成果蔬制品绿色标签及优化当前供应链提供依据。Cheng等[14]以中国最大的有机苹果生产地陕西白水县某工厂为研究对象,分析浓缩苹果汁生产的环境影响,为中国浓缩苹果汁进入全球市场提供依据。Smith等[15]则针对美国东北部硬苹果酒生产过程(涵盖苹果生产、硬苹果酒加工、包装和销售)的环境影响展开研究,为硬苹果酒进入精酿饮料市场提供参考。此外,为从供应链角度探究减少番茄汁生产过程环境影响的可行性方案,Silva等[16]对比了“将加工番茄汁的移动集成设备运输到番茄生产地”和“将番茄原料运输至工厂统一加工”两种模式的环境影响。而Shrivastava等[17]则围绕新鲜黄瓜供应链中包装的环境效益展开分析,研究了塑料包装减少食物浪费量带来的效益能否超过包装本身的负面影响这一问题。目标b:从食品制造角度对食品加工工艺进行分析,比较不同工艺的节能减排效果并从环境角度优化工艺。Paini等[18]对比了意大利番茄丁罐头与澳大利亚桃丁罐头生产中,达到相同灭菌效果的两种工艺(欧姆灭菌和巴氏灭菌)的环境影响,为灭菌工艺选择提供依据;Merone等[19]通过数学模拟将实验室数据扩展至工厂规模,分析了在工厂场景下超声辅助常压冷冻干燥工艺(应用于苹果、茄子和胡萝卜)的环境影响,为新工艺从实验室向工厂转化提供分析方案。
系统边界是进行LCA时收集数据的范围。与研究目标相对应,系统边界也具有两种类型。范围a:涵盖从果蔬原料生产到制品全流程,包含农产品生产、原料运输、加工、产品包装阶段,部分研究还涉及废弃物处理及消费阶段。Smith等[15]和Cheng等[14]在评估产品进入市场的环境影响时,重点考量了农业种植、生产加工和包装阶段。Shrivastava等[17]在探究“塑料包装减少食物浪费的效益能否抵消其负面影响”时,同样将农业阶段纳入研究范围。此外,Silva等[16]在分析缩短番茄汁供应链的环境效益时采用范围a边界,而在对比移动集成设备中脉冲电场杀菌与传统杀菌工艺的环境效益时,则切换至范围b。范围b:聚焦果蔬原料加工至制品的生产环节,包括工厂加工和包装阶段。Jessyka等[20]在评估橙汁、精油和果胶综合生产的环境影响时,着重分析加工和包装阶段,而在优化果胶提取工艺时仅考虑其中能源、盐酸和水消耗的环境影响。当研究仅需比较某一特定加工环节时,由于该环节的前后端条件一致,可限定研究范围,仅关注该工艺本身的环境影响。如Paini等[18]在比较欧姆灭菌和巴氏灭菌工艺时,仅统计灭菌环节的资源和能源投入;Merone等[19]在比较超声辅助对常压冷冻干燥的影响时,也仅收集干燥环节的数据。
此外,根据研究目的还需对研究产品的功能单元进行界定。在食品LCA中,通常使用单位质量产品、单位体积产品或1份产品作为功能单元,以便进一步分析。选择单位质量/体积作为功能单元时,更便于不同产品进行量化比较;而以1份产品作为功能单元时,则更易于向消费者展示环境足迹信息,推动绿色消费[19]。果蔬加工制品LCA的研究目标及系统边界的详细信息已汇总于表1。
获取数据是进行生命周期评估的重要一步,生命周期清单数据可分为两类。a.前景数据:是与研究内容直接相关的物质/能源消耗,主要来自实际生产和实验记录或数学模型的模拟计算。针对生产线产品而言,使用生产数据能更好反映产品的实际环境影响。Behrooznia等[21]针对石榴汁工厂榨汁阶段的前景数据(包括所有输入和输出)是从伊朗拉扎维呼罗珊省马什哈德市的大型公司中获取的。在进行生产工艺的探索时,使用实验数据和数学模型即可满足实验室阶段比较分析的要求。Silva等[16]在比较前期构建的使用PEF杀菌的移动集成设备和常规生产的巴氏杀菌设备对番茄汁杀菌的环境影响时,使用了实验数据作为前景数据。b.背景数据:包括与研究内容相关的物质/能源的生产,主要来自LCA数据库,如Ecoinvent、Industry Data、Agribalyse、World LCA Food Database等,其中Ecoinvent数据库涵盖各行各业较为全面的数据,是主要的背景数据来源,而Agribalyse数据库主要为农业生产相关的数据。不同地区或国家针对当地实际生产情况形成相应的数据库,如欧盟的ELCD、中国的CLCD。此外,对于数据库中未包含的数据,通常从相关文献、行业统计数据等获取。果蔬加工制品生命周期清单数据来源的具体信息汇总于表1。在获取背景数据时,需要考虑数据来源和实际情况的匹配程度,从而选择是否要对数据进行合理修改。针对无法获取的数据,应根据数据对结果的影响程度判断是否将其排除在考虑范围内并在报告中说明假设和限制条件[22]。
针对多产品的生产体系,需要对其物质/能源消耗进行分配。生命周期清单数据的分配方式包括两种:a.质量分配;b.经济分配。质量分配是LCA框架中提出的方法,因其使用方便,成为大多数研究的主要方法。然而有研究者提出,在经济社会中,经济价值高的产品应当承担更多的环境负担,从而认为根据不同产品的经济价值进行分配更为合理[23]。Behrooznia等[21]分析了经济分配和质量分配对石榴汁LCA归一化结果的影响,提出废物的经济价值低于主要产品,因此在产生大量废物的生产系统中使用质量分配将低估主要产品的环境足迹,并建议在选择环境评价的分配方法时,应注意在主要产品经济价值差异较大的系统中选择分配方法。同样地,Jessyka等[20]认为精油属于质量轻而经济价值高的产品,因此在对生产三种产品(橙汁、果胶、精油)的系统进行LCA分析时,使用了经济分配的方式。
LCIA方法分为中点影响和终点影响。中点影响类别详细划分了环境影响类型,主要包括全球变暖潜值、臭氧层消耗、电离辐射、酸化潜值、富营养化、生态毒性、人类毒性、资源消耗等。其中与当前突出环境问题相关的碳足迹、水足迹、能源消耗相关指标的研究最多。Castillo-González等[24]分析了菠萝加工产品(包装的新鲜菠萝、菠萝罐头和菠萝干)的碳足迹、水足迹和能源足迹。Ferrero等[25]从水量和水质两方面对浓缩柠檬汁、柠檬精油和脱水柠檬皮生产线进行水足迹分析,考虑了水资源消耗、淡水毒性、淡水富营养化和淡水酸化的环境影响类别。终点影响是将中点影响类别的结果进行归一化处理,最终指向对特定保护对象(人类健康、生态系统质量和资源可用性)造成的损害[26]。相较于中点影响类别,终点影响类别能更直观表达产品给人类社会造成的直接影响[27]。在科学研究中,为尽可能详细分析环境影响,多采用中点影响类别;而在面向决策和沟通的应用场景中,终点类别能为政策制定、企业生产和消费者选择提供更直观、更具有方向性的信息。影响评价类别的详细情况见表1。
果蔬制品的LCIA通常在通用软件中完成,包括荷兰的SimaPro、德国的GaBi和openLCA、中国的efootprint、日本的MiLCA等,其中SimaPro使用较广,而openLCA是开源软件。常用的LCIA方法有ReCiPe、IMPACT、CML、USEtox、AWARE、Eco-indicator 99、ILCD、LIME2等,其中ReCiPe评估方法提供了全球化和区域化的评价模型,并涵盖了18个中点影响类别及3个终点影响类别,因此应用最为广泛[26]。然而,不同方法的影响类别及计算方法具有区域性和时间性,导致其分析结果相互之间难以比较[28]。一方面,已有研究调查使用不同影响评估方法对同一食品生产过程进行评价的结果差异[29]。另一方面,有研究者致力于构建更加准确的区域化评价模型或全球化的评价模型[30−32]。
生命周期解释是LCA的最后阶段,通过总结和讨论LCI和LCIA的结果,将研究成果转化为改进建议或决策支持信息,以促进果蔬食品制造的绿色生产。在果蔬食品制造的生命周期研究中,该阶段通常涉及以下三部分内容:a.识别环境热点;b.敏感性分析;c.不确定性分析。生命周期解释的详细内容汇总于表2。
环境热点识别通过分析果蔬食品制造过程不同阶段或投入的不同物质对环境影响的贡献,确定造成环境影响的关键点,从而进行优化。从供应链角度,可以分析农产品种植阶段、运输阶段、食品加工阶段等对产品环境影响的贡献;进一步,对不同阶段中投入的资源、能源进行分析,找到贡献最大的部分,即为未来工艺改进的重点。通常情况下,在种植阶段中,农用化学品(农药和化肥)和柴油是环境热点;在运输阶段中,短距离运输和铁路运输对环境影响较小;在加工阶段中,能源(天然气、生物质颗粒燃料、电)和包装的生产和使用是环境热点,尤其是玻璃、金属和塑料包装。
敏感性分析突显了上述环境热点改进措施对降低总体环境影响的潜在效果,进而说明改进方案的可行性。通常情况下,在果蔬食品制造LCA研究中,减少农用化学品、优化电力结构、应用光伏板发电、采用更优包装方案、以及生物副产物资源化利用等改进方案具有较好的环境效益。
不确定性分析是对数据质量的评价,当不确定性较高时,说明数据并不可靠[70]。而在果蔬食品制造中,不确定性主要源于其涉及的大量工业投入品和农产品。尽管通过数据库、文献和统计数据获取的生产数据已经根据实际情况进行修改,其与实际生产情况仍有差异,因此大多数研究未对该数据的不确定性进行量化分析或讨论。
LCA的理念要求对产品“从摇篮到坟墓”全过程的环境影响进行定量分析。食品供应链是一个涵盖了农业生产、初加工、深加工、物流、零售、消费以及废弃物处理的全过程体系,与LCA的理念高度契合。当前针对果蔬制品的LCA研究贯穿了“农业生产-加工制造-消费”全链条,主要涉及初加工产品的食物损失减少及环境影响优化、深加工产品的不同加工工艺LCA比较研究,以及环境影响差异比较与绿色消费决策支持。这些研究为推动食品行业的绿色、可持续发展提供了重要的理论支撑和实践指导。
据统计,全球食物损失量约为1300 Mt,其中中国食物损失量约占四分之一[71]。特别是果蔬食品的损失量占比高达62%,其中零售阶段损失近86%[72]。Qin等[73]用LCA的方法估算了美国9种新鲜果蔬全食物周期(生产、包装、运输、冷藏和废物管理)的温室气体排放量,其中由食物损失导致的温室气体排放量占19%~61%,表明食物损失对产品碳排放具有较大贡献。其主要原因是农产品生产阶段的环境影响在食品供应链中占比较大,而食物损失意味着农产品生产阶段中耗费的大量资源和能源被浪费,同时不当的废物处理也会对环境造成额外的压力[74]。因此,如何降低新鲜果蔬食品的损失以及如何评价减少食物损失对环境的影响情况成为备受关注的问题[75]。
新鲜果蔬采后容易因机械损伤、微生物感染等造成食物损失,采用合适的食品包装可有效降低食物损失,进而降低环境影响[76]。仅从食品包装角度分析,增加包装会对环境造成影响,然而Shrivastava等[17]发现如果使用保鲜膜能使零售中的黄瓜损失减少1.1%,就能抵消保鲜膜造成的环境影响,在从西班牙进口到瑞士的黄瓜供应链中,使用保鲜膜可使黄瓜损失降低4.8%。由此可见,评估减少食物损失与环境影响之间的关系,生产出既能降低食物损失,又能降低环境影响的理想包装对食品工业的可持续发展非常重要[41−42,61]。此外,气调包装[48,77]、可食用涂层[56]、渗透脱水[56]、冷链运输[78]等新型保鲜技术在减少食物损失和降低环境影响方面的作用备受关注。
果蔬食品加工不仅赋予较好的感官性能,还提高果蔬食品的利用率和可获得性。常见果蔬加工制品包括果蔬罐头、果蔬干、果蔬汁、果蔬酱、果蔬粉、果酒等,其工艺包括原料的预处理、保藏方法、产品包装等。其中原料的预处理包括选别、清洗、去皮、切分、破碎、修整、烫漂、硬化等;保藏方法包括热杀菌、冷杀菌、干燥、腌制、糖渍、冻藏、降低pH等。
在果蔬原料的预处理中去皮是常见的步骤,传统的去皮方式包括碱液去皮、蒸汽去皮等,造成大量废水并消耗大量能源。Drosou等[37]比较了传统的碱液/蒸汽去皮和新型的脉冲电场去皮在桃罐头生产中的环境影响,发现脉冲电场造成的环境影响在所有影响类别中都比碱液/蒸汽去皮更小,尤其在水资源消耗中减少了84.88%。
杀菌是延长果蔬制品保质期的重要方法,因其消耗能量较多而备受LCA研究者关注。Cacace等[63]比较了采用包装前巴氏杀菌、包装后巴氏杀菌以及超高压杀菌三种方式所生产的1 kg橙汁的环境影响,在仅考虑包装和杀菌过程的情况下发现,对于大部分影响类别(13/18)而言,灌装后巴氏杀菌环境影响最高,而超高压杀菌仅在电离辐射类别中有较高的影响。Silva等[16]比较了脉冲电场技术和热杀菌技术对环境的影响,发现1 kg巴氏杀菌果汁比1 kg脉冲电场杀菌果汁的环境影响高17.6%。Farahani等[79]比较了不同灭菌方式的番茄罐头,发现欧姆加热灭菌比高温灭菌节能65%。不同杀菌工艺的灭菌效果存在差异,为研究不同杀菌方式在达到同样微生物灭活效果时的环境影响,Aganovic等[66]分析了在中试规模下采用热杀菌、超高压杀菌、脉冲电场杀菌技术生产的番茄汁和西瓜汁的环境影响,发现两种果汁中超高压杀菌的环境影响都大于脉冲电场和热杀菌。同样,Paini等[18]分析了在番茄罐头和桃罐头中使用欧姆加热技术和热杀菌技术的环境影响,发现在两种产品中欧姆加热技术均有更高的环境影响。
干燥也是常用的果蔬制品的保藏方法之一,其能源消耗占食品工业总能耗的20%~25%[80]。Marco等[69]比较了滚筒干燥工艺和多级干燥工艺(超滤、结晶、喷雾干燥)的苹果粉,发现滚筒干燥的环境影响最大,尤其在温室气体排放上为多级干燥的300%。Merone等[19]发现使用20.5 kW的超声波处理能有效减少果蔬冻干时间,同时显著降低环境影响。Marco等[68]分析了冻干杏、远红外辐射低压过热蒸汽干燥杏和欧姆加热杏的环境影响,发现在多数影响类别中远红外辐射低压过热蒸汽干燥杏的环境影响较低。除干燥工艺比较外,干燥预处理可以大大提高干燥效率,也是减少相关环境影响的有效方法。Prosapio等[67]在冻干草莓的研究中发现,在冻干前通过渗透脱水去除草莓中部分水分,可以缩短干燥时间,并且在所有环境影响类别中产生更小的影响。
根据中国消费者协会的市场调查,约有80%的消费者表示愿意购买绿色产品[81]。魏爱云等[82]研究表明,绿色消费理念成为公众消费的一种普遍共识,食品、用品、出行等消费领域的绿色产品和绿色服务成为新的消费增长点。因此,使用LCA对产品进行环境影响评价从而形成绿色标签有助于满足消费者绿色消费需求[83]。
对同一果蔬原料的不同制品,以及不同原料制作的同类制品进行比较分析,能为消费者的选择提供依据。Castillo-González等[24]分析比较了菠萝罐头和菠萝干的环境影响,发现菠萝干的环境影响比菠萝罐头大。一方面是因为生产同样重量的产品时,需要消耗更多的菠萝才能制成菠萝干,而菠萝种植环节又对环境影响较大;另一方面是因为菠萝干生产过程中的干燥工序需要消耗更多的能源。Behrooznia等[21]和Khanali等[49]分别使用ReCiPe和CML方法对伊朗石榴汁和苹果汁进行LCA,结果表明石榴汁在海洋生态毒性和土壤生态毒性类别比苹果汁影响大,而苹果汁在气候变化、臭氧层消耗以及淡水生态毒性类别比石榴汁影响大。Khanali等[49]和Cheng等[14]分别对伊朗苹果汁和中国浓缩苹果汁进行LCA,比较发现同样重量下,浓缩苹果汁在10个影响类别中的环境影响均大于苹果汁。由于苹果汁是用浓缩苹果汁进行生产的,因此这一差异可能是因为苹果汁中的浓缩苹果汁含量少导致的。Parajuli等[84]和De Marco等[51]分别对美国和意大利番茄泥进行LCA,相比之下美国生产的番茄泥在8个影响类别中均具有更高的环境影响。Ghnimi等[44]、Hessampour等[36]和Drosou等[37]分别对番茄罐头、苹果罐头、桃罐头进行了分析,其中温室气体排放量分别为4.38、3.50、0.95 kg CO2 eq/kg。Parajuli等[43]比较了油炸薯片、脱水土豆片和冷冻炸薯条对环境的影响,发现冷冻炸薯条在13个影响类别中比油炸薯片和脱水土豆片具有更高的环境影响,而油炸薯片在土地利用、臭氧层消耗、土壤酸化、颗粒物形成、海洋富营养化类别上比脱水土豆片和冷冻炸薯条具有较高的影响,其中贡献最大的是盐和抗氧化剂。由于不同研究者进行LCA分析时使用的方法以及不同产品的生产工艺差异较大,导致难以区分导致差异的真正原因,因此在推动消费者选择时,仍需建立统一的标准为消费者提供便于理解的环境影响信息。
近年来,数字化技术的快速发展为食品制造向智能化和透明化提供了有力支持,也为食品制造LCA的发展提供了必要的数据基础[85–86]。同时,环境、能源、以及农业等领域中对LCA方法的不断完善和发展,进一步为食品制造中更好地建立标准化食品LCA模型创造了方法学条件[87]。随着LCA数据库和方法的不断完善以及食品制造行业的发展,食品制造LCA研究逐渐增多,其中果蔬食品品类繁多且工艺差异大,研究难度大。当前果蔬制品领域的LCA研究中存在的主要问题包括:清单数据获取难;评价方法标准化难;行业专有模型缺少。
食品制造的环境影响不仅受到加工工艺的影响,还受到大量上游产品生产的影响,因此在绿色转型过程中,如何获取上游数据是推动行业发展的关键[88]。一方面,现有数据库中存在大量空白。尽管各国相继构建了国家/区域数据库,如瑞士开发的Ecoinvent数据库、欧盟的ELCD、中国的CLCD等,但LCA研究所需数据收集检测成本高、涉及范围广并且可能涉及敏感数据,导致数据库中仍有大量数据空白,需要通过筛选大量的文献资料进行补充,从而给LCA研究带来困难。另一方面,已有数据的准确性、可靠性、时效性差。上游产品的生产方式不同、数据收集和处理过程中存在个体差异、数据更新不及时等问题导致许多数据库数据缺乏透明度,进而导致LCA结果可靠性差。
随着机器学习的不断发展,可以利用数据库中已有的数据进行模拟计算,用模拟结果填补缺失数据[89–90],减少对实际数据收集的依赖,提高数据获取的效率和准确性。与此同时,仍需持续收集实际生产数据以保证数据的真实性,防止模拟数据偏移。新型技术的发展能极大促进数据收集的效率和准确性,使用传感技术和智能化设备能实时监测生产数据(物料、能源消耗等)、产品质量数据(糖度、质构、腐败度等)以及环境参数(废水、废气排放等)[91];物联网[85]和云平台的使用可以将数据实时传输、汇总到控制中心,以便进行分析;区块链技术的不可篡改和透明可追溯特性,进一步保证了供应链上实时监测数据的可靠性,为制造商采购以及消费者选择提供保障[92]。数字化技术在不断更新迭代,但实际应用仍需要企业参与、政府支持以及消费者认可。
LCIA方法可以将清单数据归类至对应的环境影响类型,随后利用当量模型将不同物质转化为某一物质的当量从而表示其在该影响类别的环境损害程度。因此LCIA方法和当量模型的选择对结果具有影响。然而,当前研究中存在着两个共性问题:一是没有标准化的LCIA方法。常见的LCIA方法有很多,包括ReCiPe、IMPACT、CML等。每种方法有各自的影响类别和当量模型,导致不同研究者得出的评价结果中包含不同的影响类别,而同一影响类别用不同的当量代表其对环境的损害程度,如Vinci等[38]用ILCD评价矿物资源消耗类别的环境影响时,使用kg Sb eq作为单位,而Ghnimi等[44]用IMPACT评价时使用了MJ Surplus为单位,Behrooznia等[21]用ReCiPe评价使用了kg Cu eq为单位,使得中点影响评价的结果差异难以识别。此外,Cavalett等[93]使用不同LCIA方法(CML、IMPACT、EDIP 99、TRACI 2、ReCiPe、Ecological Scarcity)比较了巴西乙醇和汽油的环境影响,发现尽管在中点水平上使用不同LCIA方法的等效环境影响类别的结果相对一致,但当考虑归一化指标时,使用不同的LCIA方法会导致不同的结论。因此,不同文献的分析结果之间没有可比性,不利于消费者选择和市场竞争[94]。二是没有标准化的影响类别选择程序。环境问题是一个系统工程,多维度的综合评价才能表征其对环境的损害程度。许多研究中考虑到当前突出的水资源、能源、全球变暖问题,仅从上述角度对研究对象的环境问题进行阐述,如Castillo-González等[24]和Ferrero等[25]。Cimini等[95]对食品和饮料环境影响的主要方法进行分析,提出在分析除气候变化以外的其他影响类别之前,应使用一种仅基于产品碳足迹的初步的、经济的和循序渐进的量化方法,以提高食品和饮料行业中小企业的可持续性。
虽然ISO提供了LCA的基本框架,但在具体的影响评价方法上,仍然缺乏统一的标准。目前,欧盟提出的产品环境足迹(PEF)指南为产品生命周期评估提供了统一方法,确保不同产品和公司间的评估结果具有可比性,从而能够为制定政策、提高市场竞争力提供科学依据。然而PEF覆盖范围有限,加之不同地区的资源禀赋、生产方式、环境问题等存在显著差异,未来可参考欧盟PEF框架,针对不同地区的资源禀赋、生产方式、环境问题等显著差异,开发区域特定的标准化评价方法。同时,需要通过全球合作、区域化调整和政策支持,建立“全球框架+区域适配”的策略,以补充数据缺口,并确保LCA结果的准确性和可比性,为全球可持续发展提供科学依据。
在果蔬制品LCIA中除了上述共性问题外,也存在其行业特有问题。一是缺乏食品行业独有的LCA分析模型,使用通用的LCA模型和数据库为各行各业提供了基础模型,然而不同领域的研究目的、生产过程、资源消耗、废弃物管理方式等存在差异,需要建立特有的分析模型来提供足够精细的行业数据[96]。二是缺乏与食品属性结合的标准化模型。未来的食品系统要迈向个性化营养和可持续饮食,仅从环境影响方面来优化食品生产方案的方式不能满足人类对食品的需求[97–98],因为食品的重要功能是提供营养。而果蔬食品摄入过少是当前大部分人口营养不良的重要原因之一,因此对于果蔬制品的评价应当涵盖其对营养等的综合考虑[99]。
食品供应链的行业模型建立中,可以在初加工阶段构建食物损耗-环境影响耦合模型,侧重考虑减损的环境效益;在深加工阶段建立涵盖环境影响、加工效果等多维度的工艺评价体系,以在达到加工效果的同时实现清洁生产;在消费端开发基于产品环境足迹的决策支持工具。此外,目前已有一部分研究致力于将环境影响与食品的营养成分结合,将功能单位从常用的质量、体积或1份产品转变为食品的营养品质评分,并提出nLCA(nutritional life cycle assessment)的概念以综合评价食品的营养特性和环境效应[100−103]。Katz-rosene等[102]分析了35种食品的土地使用量在以重量、能量和优先微量营养素值为功能单位时的变化情况,其中棕榈油排名分别为22、35、5,说明功能单位对产品分级具有较大影响。但是对加工食品的营养特性和环境影响进行综合考量的研究较少,仅有De Medeiros等[34]在评价不同干燥方式的针叶樱桃汁粉和针叶樱桃果粉时使用15 g多酚作为功能单元。随着分析技术的发展,如色质谱技术、光谱技术等对食品营养组分的表征更加快速而准确,因此未来可以考虑将新型检测技术分析到的营养组分应用于LCA中,从而形成对果蔬食品制造更科学的行业评价体系。
LCA作为连接果蔬食品制造与可持续发展的关键工具,已在环境影响量化、工艺优化和消费引导中展现出重要价值。然而,当前研究仍面临清单数据碎片化、评价标准不统一及行业模型普适性不足等挑战。在数据与技术层面,现有数据库存在空白且透明度低的问题,需借助数字化技术构建透明可追溯的数据体系,提升LCA结果的可靠性。在标准化模型构建方面,当前LCIA方法的影响类别和当量模型的差异导致结果比较困难,可借鉴欧盟PEF框架,建立“全球通用+区域适配”的标准化体系,解决跨研究结果可比性难题。在行业专属模型开发方面,针对初加工产品,构建“食物损耗-环境影响”耦合模型,量化保鲜技术对减损增效的贡献;针对深加工产品,建立多工艺环境效益评估矩阵,为企业工艺选择提供科学依据;针对消费端产品,开发基于LCA结果的绿色标签系统,引导消费者选择环境友好型产品。同时,开发融合环境影响与营养效益的综合评估模型。如将多酚含量、维生素保留率等营养指标纳入功能单元设计,推动构建“环境-营养”双维度评估体系。跨学科协同与政策引导是突破当前瓶颈的关键,鼓励学科交叉研究,推动新兴方法实践,出台激励政策以支持企业开展LCA认证与绿色技术改造,有助于提高中国果蔬制品的市场竞争力。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030282
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,农业农村部农产品质量安全重点实验室,北京 100081

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张星联(1982−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全,E-mail:。
徐贞贞(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量与加工,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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