Article(id=1320889752849596645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854258024, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854258024, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854258024, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854258024, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=448, endPage=459, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889753055117542, articleId=1320889752849596645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Mechanism of Prebiotics Regulating Intestinal Microecological and Metabolism in the Elderly, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing prevalence of global aging, China is confronted with a significant challenge posed by an aging population. The intestinal microecological health of the elderly has emerged as a critical research focus. This paper comprehensively examines the beneficial impacts of prebiotics on intestinal barrier function and immune modulation. These effects are attained through the stimulation of beneficial bacteria growth, the suppression of pathogenic bacteria proliferation, and the augmentation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis. Additionally, the paper summarizes the potential of prebiotics in managing prevalent metabolic disorders in the elderly, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Moreover, a comparative assessment is carried out on the action features of various prebiotics, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides. At present, the application mechanisms of prebiotics in the elderly population are not fully comprehended, and their overall effectiveness requires further investigation. Future studies place emphasis on investigating the synergistic actions of prebiotics combined with other dietary or pharmacological interventions and accelerate the development of innovative, highly efficient prebiotic products specifically designed for the elderly, thus enhancing the accuracy and applicability of nutritional intervention approaches.

, authors=Wenjun LIU1, 2, Pan WANG2, Yubin WANG2, Dan WANG2, Wenting ZHAO2, Yuanyuan ZHAO2, Xiaoyan ZHAO1, 2, Chunhong ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Wenjun LIU, Pan WANG, Yubin WANG, Dan WANG, Wenting ZHAO, Yuanyuan ZHAO, Xiaoyan ZHAO, Chunhong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunhong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889754091110635, articleId=1320889752849596645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=益生元调节老年肠道微生态及代谢的机制研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球老龄化程度的不断加深,中国正面临日益严峻的人口老龄化挑战。在此背景下,老年人肠道微生态稳态逐渐成为食品营养与健康领域的研究热点。本文系统梳理了益生元通过调节肠道菌群结、改善菌群代谢物生成(短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸等)、修复肠道屏障等途径调控肠道稳态的作用机制,并总结了其在肥胖、高血糖、高血脂等老年常见代谢性疾病干预中的潜在价值。同时,对不同类型益生元(如菊粉与低聚果糖)的作用效果及分子机制进行了比较分析。然而,目前益生元在老年人群体中的应用机制尚不完全明确,整体效应仍需深入验证。未来应重点关注益生元与其他膳食成分或药物联合干预的协同效应,积极开发针对老年人群生理特点的新型、高效益生元产品,以提升营养干预策略的精准性与实用性。

, authors=柳雯郡1, 2, 王盼2, 王宇滨2, 王丹2, 赵文婷2, 赵圆圆2, 赵晓燕1, 2, 张春红1, *, authorsList=柳雯郡, 王盼, 王宇滨, 王丹, 赵文婷, 赵圆圆, 赵晓燕, 张春红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张春红, authorNote=

柳雯郡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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张春红(1968−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物蛋白质改性及应用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=NjazfH5zXRICVCV1kT/cGg==, magXml=eaCZmxxKuZt3YAN/qCtWrA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hnK11EZQzv9QBaMirLkGSg==, pdfFileSize=2059539, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=kQ5zG8UlUmtZeNWOv2dR1A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UTAopj4IfBXoCTBB5kLxsQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889755064189171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lwj08162025@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889756733522166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, authorId=1320889755064189171, language=EN, stringName=Wenjun LIU, firstName=Wenjun, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Chin
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Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2010, 16(7): 854−888., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889754615398636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889754627981549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, companyId=1320889754615398636, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Chin), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889754640564462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, companyId=1320889754615398636, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889754913194223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889754950942960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, companyId=1320889754913194223, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889754971914481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, companyId=1320889754913194223, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京市农林科学院农产品加工与营养研究所,果蔬保鲜与加工农产品北京市重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后加工重点实验室,北京 100097)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889759359156518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota at different ages, figureFileSmall=DdfdLCHzGrLzHIBbz78MIA==, figureFileBig=kQ5zG8UlUmtZeNWOv2dR1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889759430459687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同年龄阶段肠道菌群组成的变化

注:↑表丰度增加;↓表丰度降低。

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注:↑表增加,↓表降低,本图由Figdraw绘制。

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Relationship between geriatric diseases and intestinal microbiota

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病参与者肠道菌群变化参考文献
肥胖中老年超重/肥胖女性厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)↑、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)↓,肠道菌群的多样性↓[19]
老年肥胖人群厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)↑、杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)↓[21]
肥胖患者厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(Firmicutes/Bacteriodes,F/B)↑[20]
老年人拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)比例↑、梭状芽孢杆菌IV(Clostridium cluster IV)↑[23]
肥胖患者菌群多样性↓[22]
肥胖患者肠道细菌多样性↓、拟杆菌属↑[24]
高血糖老年T2DM患者拟杆菌↑、肠杆菌↑、乳杆菌↓双歧杆菌↓、普雷沃菌↓、HOMA-IR↓,IL-6↓、IL-22↓、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)↓和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)↓[25]
老年T2DM患者沙门菌、大肠埃希菌等病原菌数量↑[27]
老年T2DM患者肠道有益菌数目↓,条件致病菌数目↑,丁酸产生菌↓[26]
老年T2DM患者丁酸产生菌↓,参与氧化应激反应的微生物基因表达水平↑,LPS↑[28]
老年T2DM女性患者梭菌↓[30]
T2DM患者厚壁菌门↓、拟杆菌门↑、拟杆菌门↑[31]
T2DM患者肠道罗伊氏菌(Roseburia intestinalis)和柔嫩梭菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)↓[29]
高血脂高血脂患者双歧杆菌↓、乳酸杆菌↓,大肠杆菌↑、粪肠球菌↑[34]
T2DM合并脂代谢紊乱患者丁酸生成菌↓[28]
血脂异常的中老年人群肠道菌群多样性↓、Chao指数显著↓[39]
同时患高血糖与血脂异常的老年人劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)和Dorea↑[39]
高脂血症患者大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌等↓,拟杆菌,肠球菌等↑[35−37]
高脂血症患者肠杆菌↑[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889761385005355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年疾病与肠道菌群的变化关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病参与者肠道菌群变化参考文献
肥胖中老年超重/肥胖女性厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)↑、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)↓,肠道菌群的多样性↓[19]
老年肥胖人群厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)↑、杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)↓[21]
肥胖患者厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(Firmicutes/Bacteriodes,F/B)↑[20]
老年人拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)比例↑、梭状芽孢杆菌IV(Clostridium cluster IV)↑[23]
肥胖患者菌群多样性↓[22]
肥胖患者肠道细菌多样性↓、拟杆菌属↑[24]
高血糖老年T2DM患者拟杆菌↑、肠杆菌↑、乳杆菌↓双歧杆菌↓、普雷沃菌↓、HOMA-IR↓,IL-6↓、IL-22↓、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)↓和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)↓[25]
老年T2DM患者沙门菌、大肠埃希菌等病原菌数量↑[27]
老年T2DM患者肠道有益菌数目↓,条件致病菌数目↑,丁酸产生菌↓[26]
老年T2DM患者丁酸产生菌↓,参与氧化应激反应的微生物基因表达水平↑,LPS↑[28]
老年T2DM女性患者梭菌↓[30]
T2DM患者厚壁菌门↓、拟杆菌门↑、拟杆菌门↑[31]
T2DM患者肠道罗伊氏菌(Roseburia intestinalis)和柔嫩梭菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)↓[29]
高血脂高血脂患者双歧杆菌↓、乳酸杆菌↓,大肠杆菌↑、粪肠球菌↑[34]
T2DM合并脂代谢紊乱患者丁酸生成菌↓[28]
血脂异常的中老年人群肠道菌群多样性↓、Chao指数显著↓[39]
同时患高血糖与血脂异常的老年人劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)和Dorea↑[39]
高脂血症患者大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌等↓,拟杆菌,肠球菌等↑[35−37]
高脂血症患者肠杆菌↑[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889761494057260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification, sources and applications of prebiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
益生元种类益生元分子量(kDa)益生元的来源应用参考文献
糖类低聚果糖180.156大蒜、芦笋、菊苣、洋葱、甜叶菊、西红柿、香蕉、蜂蜜具有益生元活性,诱导免疫反应的调节[44]
低聚半乳糖180.156动物乳汁、乳糖、乳清、豆科植物种子促进双歧杆菌和乳酸菌的生长,抑制脂多糖介导的炎症,促进大脑发育[45]
低聚异麦芽糖342.3大麦、小麦、木薯、马铃薯、麦芽糖、蔗糖抗糖尿和乳酸菌生长病、预防龋齿、刺激结肠内双歧杆菌[46]
低聚木糖150.13竹子、玉米芯、麦壳、麦麸、蔬菜具有益生元特性,作为抗氧化剂、凝胶剂、可治疗糖尿病[47]
[48]
低聚壳聚糖<3500虾、蟹、贝类等甲壳类动物具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌和降低胆固醇的作用[49]
[50]
低聚棉子糖504菜籽、扁豆、豌豆、鹰嘴豆促进双歧杆菌的增殖,减少有毒发酵产物及有害细菌酶的产生,改善血清脂质的作用[51]
菊粉285.303菊苣、生姜、大蒜、洋葱和芦笋具有益生元作用,可通过调节肠道菌群重塑肠道稳态[52]
藻类多糖−马尾藻、石莼、脐带紫菜、红色大型藻类、绿色大型藻类具有抗氧化、抗血糖和益生元潜力[53]
β-葡聚糖470.42谷物、细菌、酵母、蘑菇、海藻和海鲜具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗癌、抗衰老、降血糖和降胆固醇等生物效应[54]
果胶−向日葵、苹果、橙子、山楂、秋葵调节宿主肠道微生物组,具有益生元作用[55]
多酚化合物白藜芦醇228.25毛叶藜芦、桑葚、虎杖、葡萄、花生抗病毒、抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、降血脂和抗癌等多种生物活性[56−59]
姜黄素368.37姜黄具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡等效应[60]
茶多酚458.372茶叶具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒、缓解炎症、增强上皮细胞屏障等功能[61]
儿茶素290.28茶、葡萄、可可、红酒抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗凋亡等方面具有显著作用[62]
花青素287.25水果、蔬菜和茶叶以及包括葡萄和苹果具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗过敏、防龋齿、抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性[63]
槲皮素302.24苹果、葡萄、洋葱坚果具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节等多种生物活性,并在多种疾病中显示出治疗和预防作用[64−66]
蛋白质水解物α-乳清蛋白
水解物
−哺乳动物的乳汁促进肠道中有益菌如双歧杆菌的生长,并抑制有害菌的生长,从而调节肠道微生物群[67]
大豆蛋白水解物−大豆促进嗜热链球菌和保加利亚杆菌的生长[68]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889761573749037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889752849596645, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

益生元的分类、来源及应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
益生元种类益生元分子量(kDa)益生元的来源应用参考文献
糖类低聚果糖180.156大蒜、芦笋、菊苣、洋葱、甜叶菊、西红柿、香蕉、蜂蜜具有益生元活性,诱导免疫反应的调节[44]
低聚半乳糖180.156动物乳汁、乳糖、乳清、豆科植物种子促进双歧杆菌和乳酸菌的生长,抑制脂多糖介导的炎症,促进大脑发育[45]
低聚异麦芽糖342.3大麦、小麦、木薯、马铃薯、麦芽糖、蔗糖抗糖尿和乳酸菌生长病、预防龋齿、刺激结肠内双歧杆菌[46]
低聚木糖150.13竹子、玉米芯、麦壳、麦麸、蔬菜具有益生元特性,作为抗氧化剂、凝胶剂、可治疗糖尿病[47]
[48]
低聚壳聚糖<3500虾、蟹、贝类等甲壳类动物具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌和降低胆固醇的作用[49]
[50]
低聚棉子糖504菜籽、扁豆、豌豆、鹰嘴豆促进双歧杆菌的增殖,减少有毒发酵产物及有害细菌酶的产生,改善血清脂质的作用[51]
菊粉285.303菊苣、生姜、大蒜、洋葱和芦笋具有益生元作用,可通过调节肠道菌群重塑肠道稳态[52]
藻类多糖−马尾藻、石莼、脐带紫菜、红色大型藻类、绿色大型藻类具有抗氧化、抗血糖和益生元潜力[53]
β-葡聚糖470.42谷物、细菌、酵母、蘑菇、海藻和海鲜具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗癌、抗衰老、降血糖和降胆固醇等生物效应[54]
果胶−向日葵、苹果、橙子、山楂、秋葵调节宿主肠道微生物组,具有益生元作用[55]
多酚化合物白藜芦醇228.25毛叶藜芦、桑葚、虎杖、葡萄、花生抗病毒、抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、降血脂和抗癌等多种生物活性[56−59]
姜黄素368.37姜黄具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡等效应[60]
茶多酚458.372茶叶具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒、缓解炎症、增强上皮细胞屏障等功能[61]
儿茶素290.28茶、葡萄、可可、红酒抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗凋亡等方面具有显著作用[62]
花青素287.25水果、蔬菜和茶叶以及包括葡萄和苹果具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗过敏、防龋齿、抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性[63]
槲皮素302.24苹果、葡萄、洋葱坚果具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节等多种生物活性,并在多种疾病中显示出治疗和预防作用[64−66]
蛋白质水解物α-乳清蛋白
水解物
−哺乳动物的乳汁促进肠道中有益菌如双歧杆菌的生长,并抑制有害菌的生长,从而调节肠道微生物群[67]
大豆蛋白水解物−大豆促进嗜热链球菌和保加利亚杆菌的生长[68]
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益生元调节老年肠道微生态及代谢的机制研究进展
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柳雯郡 1, 2 , 王盼 2 , 王宇滨 2 , 王丹 2 , 赵文婷 2 , 赵圆圆 2 , 赵晓燕 1, 2 , 张春红 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(2): 448-459
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (2) : 448 -459
益生元调节老年肠道微生态及代谢的机制研究进展
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柳雯郡1, 2 , 王盼2, 王宇滨2, 王丹2, 赵文婷2, 赵圆圆2, 赵晓燕1, 2, 张春红1, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 2北京市农林科学院农产品加工与营养研究所,果蔬保鲜与加工农产品北京市重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后加工重点实验室,北京 100097
通讯作者:
张春红(1968−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物蛋白质改性及应用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

柳雯郡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Prebiotics Regulating Intestinal Microecological and Metabolism in the Elderly
Wenjun LIU1, 2 , Pan WANG2, Yubin WANG2, Dan WANG2, Wenting ZHAO2, Yuanyuan ZHAO2, Xiaoyan ZHAO1, 2, Chunhong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Chin
  • 2Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010138
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随着全球老龄化程度的不断加深,中国正面临日益严峻的人口老龄化挑战。在此背景下,老年人肠道微生态稳态逐渐成为食品营养与健康领域的研究热点。本文系统梳理了益生元通过调节肠道菌群结、改善菌群代谢物生成(短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸等)、修复肠道屏障等途径调控肠道稳态的作用机制,并总结了其在肥胖、高血糖、高血脂等老年常见代谢性疾病干预中的潜在价值。同时,对不同类型益生元(如菊粉与低聚果糖)的作用效果及分子机制进行了比较分析。然而,目前益生元在老年人群体中的应用机制尚不完全明确,整体效应仍需深入验证。未来应重点关注益生元与其他膳食成分或药物联合干预的协同效应,积极开发针对老年人群生理特点的新型、高效益生元产品,以提升营养干预策略的精准性与实用性。

益生元  /  老年肠道微生态  /  代谢性疾病  /  菌群结构  /  菌群代谢物

With the increasing prevalence of global aging, China is confronted with a significant challenge posed by an aging population. The intestinal microecological health of the elderly has emerged as a critical research focus. This paper comprehensively examines the beneficial impacts of prebiotics on intestinal barrier function and immune modulation. These effects are attained through the stimulation of beneficial bacteria growth, the suppression of pathogenic bacteria proliferation, and the augmentation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis. Additionally, the paper summarizes the potential of prebiotics in managing prevalent metabolic disorders in the elderly, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Moreover, a comparative assessment is carried out on the action features of various prebiotics, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides. At present, the application mechanisms of prebiotics in the elderly population are not fully comprehended, and their overall effectiveness requires further investigation. Future studies place emphasis on investigating the synergistic actions of prebiotics combined with other dietary or pharmacological interventions and accelerate the development of innovative, highly efficient prebiotic products specifically designed for the elderly, thus enhancing the accuracy and applicability of nutritional intervention approaches.

prebiotics  /  intestinal microecology in the elderly  /  metabolic diseases  /  microbiota structure  /  microbiota metabolites
柳雯郡, 王盼, 王宇滨, 王丹, 赵文婷, 赵圆圆, 赵晓燕, 张春红. 益生元调节老年肠道微生态及代谢的机制研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 448 -459 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010138
Wenjun LIU, Pan WANG, Yubin WANG, Dan WANG, Wenting ZHAO, Yuanyuan ZHAO, Xiaoyan ZHAO, Chunhong ZHANG. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Prebiotics Regulating Intestinal Microecological and Metabolism in the Elderly[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 448 -459 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010138
全球老龄化形势严峻,中国作为世界上人口最多的国家,目前,我国已进入中度老龄化社会,人口老龄化是中国式现代化必须正视的现实问题[1]。中国老年人口数量及占比持续增长,预计2030年中国60岁及以上人口占比接近30%,65岁及以上人口占比接近20%[2]。到2050年,中国60岁及以上的老年人口估计将接近总人口的35%[3]。因此,在老龄化加速发展的关键时期,改善和提高老年人的营养健康状况,事关国家发展全局,事关亿万百姓福祉。
随着年龄的增长,老年人的身体机能逐渐减弱,肠道菌群的稳定性与多样性也会下降,会导致有益菌的数量减少,而有害菌的数量则相对增多,进而提高了便秘、消化不适以及炎症反应等健康隐患的风险[4]。因此,探索如何通过有效的手段调节老年肠道微生态代谢,以维持或恢复其平衡状态,成为当前的研究热点。益生元是一种被宿主微生物选择性利用并赋予健康益处的底物[5],益生元不仅能够直接促进益生菌的生长,还能通过调节肠道微生物的代谢活动,影响宿主的能量代谢、免疫应答、炎症反应等多个方面,改善人体健康,然而益生元通过调节肠道微生态缓解老年健康的作用效果及调控机制尚不清晰[3]。本文旨在综述近年来益生元调节老年肠道微生态改善代谢的研究进展,深入分析益生元对老年肠道微生物组成、代谢产物、免疫功能及代谢性疾病等方面的影响,探讨其潜在的作用机制和应用前景,为老年健康维护、疾病预防及治疗提供理论支持和实践指导。
肠道微生物群在人类的整个生命周期中不是静态的,具有时空特异性。随着年龄的增长,微生物群落与宿主共同进化,并受到内部因素如遗传等,以及外部因素,如生活方式、地理等影响。在不同生命阶段,肠道微生物群的结构成分和丰度都会发生显著变化[6]。例如,在阴道分娩的母乳喂养婴儿的微生物组主要是以乳酸杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、肠球菌属和双歧杆菌属为主[7]。随着年龄增长,微生物群的多样性会有所降低,同时,糖分解细菌的数量减少,而蛋白水解细菌的数量则呈现上升趋势[8],某些变形菌门的增加,双歧杆菌数量减少,厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例(Firmicutes/Bacteriodes,F/B)降低[9−10](图1)。
总之,肠道微生态对于人体健康至关重要,了解其平衡状态并采取相应的维护措施调节肠道菌群,对于预防疾病、保持健康具有重要意义。
肠道微生物群在从成年到老年的过渡过程中会发生显著变化。研究表明,65岁以上的老年人群与成年人相比,其体内微生物群的多样性降低,且不同个体间的微生物群构成差异更为明显[11]。
老年人体内双歧杆菌、厚壁菌门、普拉氏粪杆菌、梭菌簇XIV以及Blautia coccoides-Eubacterium直肠杆菌的数量减少,而拟杆菌门和肠杆菌科的数量则增加[10−11]。Langille等[12]的研究进一步发现,有益菌属Akkermansia在中年小鼠中丰度降低,在老年小鼠中几乎消失,但其消失的原因尚不明确。Leite等[13]通过对251名不同年龄受试者的十二指肠抽吸物分析发现,老年人微生物多样性减少,表现为拟杆菌门的相对丰度下降,而变形菌门、肠杆菌科和乳杆菌科的丰度升高。
这些菌群变化对老年人的健康产生了多方面影响。首先,随着肠道菌群的变化,老年人会出现肠道功能下降,表现为黏蛋白和淀粉降解减少,SCFAs产生量减少,必需氨基酸和维生素合成减少[14]。其次,这种变化使得机会致病菌得以生长和繁殖,进而促进炎症反应。此外,老年人往往会积累更多与衰老疾病相关的代谢物,如胆碱、三甲胺、N8-乙酰亚精胺[15],这些代谢物的增多可能引起或加剧各种老年人相关疾病,例如肥胖、糖尿病、高血脂等。
这些研究结果表明,肠道微生物群的变化与衰老过程密切相关,可能成为预防和治疗老年相关疾病的新靶点(表1)。
研究表明,肠道菌群构成与体重特征存在显著关联。从菌群构成来看,体型偏瘦与肥胖人群的肠道菌群存在明显差异[16]。较于正常体重人群,肥胖者肠道内厚壁菌门的比例偏高,而拟杆菌门的比例偏低。且随着肥胖程度加剧,厚壁菌与拟杆菌的比例(F/B)会上升,同时肠道菌群的多样性呈现下降趋势[17−18]。
多项研究进一步证实了这一发现。Alessandro等[19]对372名患有超重/肥胖和代谢综合征的个体(55~75岁)的子样本进行了肠道菌群分析,结果显示肥胖患者中拟杆菌门通常较少,普雷沃氏菌属及厚壁菌门较多,且这种丰度变化会随着体重减轻而改变。Gong等[20]对4282份粪便样本进行综合分析,其结果显示,单纯性肥胖患者的厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例(F/B)显著偏高。特别值得注意的是,老年肥胖人群的肠道菌群特征表现为厚壁菌门的相对丰度增加,而拟杆菌门相对减少[21]。
华盛顿大学的Jeffrey Gordon团队早期的研究已经证实,肥胖与肠道微生物的改变存在关联,并且肥胖会导致菌群多样性降低[22]。这种细菌多样性的降低通常表现为拟杆菌属数量的增加,而多样性的减少容易诱发肥胖。此外,Claesson等[23]对老年人的肠道微生物构成、变异程度及稳定性展开了全面分析,研究结果显示,拟杆菌门在老年群体肠道中占比较大,同时梭状芽孢杆菌IV的丰度也有所提升,在大多数情况下,肠道微生物在一段时间内保持相对稳定,仅有少数稀有菌群表现出高度的变异性。
肥胖不仅与肠道菌群改变相关,还可能作为一种潜在的促炎因素,伴随糖尿病等慢性疾病的发生[24]。然而,关于肥胖人群与健康人群在肠道菌群特征上的差异,目前的研究结论仍存在不一致之处,需要进一步深入研究。
随着老龄化问题的日益严重,老年T2DM患者的比例逐年增加,这一现象导致老年人群的肠道菌群多样性趋于减少,且个体间的差异更加明显[23]。研究表明,老年T2DM患者的肠道菌群特征与健康老年人存在显著差异。
在菌群结构方面,与60~78岁且T2DM平均病程为6.2±1.8年的老年患者相比,健康老年人的肠道菌群中,拟杆菌与肠杆菌的比例显著较低(P<0.05),而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌及普雷沃菌的比例则显著较高(P<0.05)[25]。袁付平[26]的研究进一步证实,老年T2DM患者的肠道内有益菌数量明显减少,条件致病菌数量显著增加。刘萍等[27]的研究发现,T2DM患者肠道中变形菌门的某些病原菌,如沙门菌和大肠埃希菌的数量有所增加,且这些病原菌的数量与血糖水平存在关联。
从代谢和功能角度来看,T2DM患者的肠道菌群代谢物也发生显著变化。Sabatino等[28]的测序研究显示,T2DM患者中丁酸产生菌的丰度表现出中度失衡,微生物氧化应激相关基因表达增强,引发机体炎症反应,伴随血清脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)水平提升,致使肠道通透性增大。Qin等[29]采用高通量测序技术,深入探究了中国T2DM患者的肠道菌群,发现存在显著失衡,特别是丁酸盐生成菌如肠道罗伊氏菌和柔嫩梭菌的数量大幅减少。类似的,Karlsson等[30]则对比了70岁欧洲T2DM女性与健康女性的肠道菌群,结果显示T2DM患者肠道中的梭菌丰度低于健康女性。
肠道菌群的变化与T2DM的病理生理过程密切相关。Roager等[31]的研究发现,T2DM相关的肠道菌群主要变化包括厚壁菌门丰度的显著下降以及拟杆菌门和变形菌门丰度的增加。Gao等[32]的研究揭示,丁酸能刺激胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)分泌、减轻脂肪细胞炎症并提高胰岛素敏感性,这对T2DM的缓解至关重要。此外,健康老年人的胰岛素抵抗程度(以HOMA-IR指数衡量)及炎症相关因子,包括白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-22、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的表达均较T2DM患者有所降低[25]。
这些研究结果表明,肠道菌群的数量与血清C-P、Ins水平之间存在一定的关联性,且肠道菌群的改变可能在T2DM的发生发展中起着重要作用。
据统计,我国成年人中高脂血症的发病率高达25%,不良饮食习惯是导致高血脂症发生的重要因素[33]。高脂血症在中老年中比较常见,研究表明高血脂患者的肠道菌群与血脂正常者存在显著差异。
高脂血症患者的肠道菌群变化主要表现为优势菌群数量减少和非优势菌群数量增加[34]。大量临床研究证实,高脂血症患者肠道中的大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌等有益菌数量显著降低,而拟杆菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌等非优势菌群数量有所增加[35−38]。崔佳等[39]的研究进一步发现,血脂异常及高血糖个体的肠道菌群多样性呈现下降趋势,具体表现为Chao指数显著降低。
肠道菌群通过发酵膳食纤维产生短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs),在能量代谢及脂质调节中发挥重要作用。研究表明[40],SCFAs作为配体能通过激活G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)来调节宿主代谢。当SCFAs激活游离脂肪酸受体2(GPR43/FFAR2)时,可增强胰岛素敏感性,并抑制多种炎症信号通路。值得注意的是,T2DM伴脂代谢紊乱患者的肠道菌群主要特征是丁酸产生菌的丰度下降[28]。
同时患有高血糖和血脂异常的老年人群,其肠道菌群变化模式更为复杂。研究显示,这类人群中劳特氏菌属Blautia、Ruminococcus torques和Dorea的含量显著高于单纯高血糖组[39−41]。其中,Blautia和Dorea是短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的产生菌,有助于减轻炎症反应,而Ruminococcus torques则与促炎状态相关。与仅患有高血糖的中老年人相比,同时患有高血糖和血脂异常的中老年人群肠道中的促炎菌和抗炎菌的相对丰度均有所增加。
这些研究结果表明,肠道菌群的变化与高脂血症的发生发展密切相关,通过调节肠道菌群可能成为防治高脂血症的新途径。
综上所述,老年肥胖、高血糖、高血脂等代谢性疾病在肠道菌群结构方面均表现出明显的特征。这些特征不仅反映了肠道菌群与宿主代谢之间的密切关系,也为通过调节肠道菌群结构干预和治疗代谢性疾病提供了新思路和新方法。
2017年国际益生菌和益生元科学协会(ISAPP)关于益生元定义和范围的共识声明将益生元定义为“被宿主微生物选择性利用并赋予健康益处的底物”[42]。益生元是一种不被宿主(如人类)直接消化吸收,但能够通过选择性刺激肠道内有益菌(如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等)的生长和活性,从而对宿主健康产生有益影响的物质[43]。它主要作为益生菌的“食物”或其他能够影响益生菌生长的成分存在。益生元的种类非常丰富,包括糖类、多酚化合物、蛋白质水解物等多种类型(表2)。益生元作为一种重要的膳食补充剂,在维护人体健康方面发挥着重要作用,通过合理摄入益生元,可以改善肠道菌群结构,促进有益菌的生长和活性,进而提升人体健康水平。
益生元作为一类可被有益菌群选择利用的营养基质,可通过发酵过程促进有益菌的增殖,进而调节肠道微生态并改善宿主健康。其作用机制主要体现在以下三个关键方面(图2):
首先,益生元可通过调控肠道菌群稳态来发挥作用。益生元可被部分益生菌直接利用,提高益生菌的丰度和活性,抑制有害菌的增长[69]。以菊粉为例,它能够显著促进双歧杆菌和乳酸菌的相对丰度,并提升气活性,且可抵消其他已知共生细菌(拟杆菌或大肠杆菌)的促炎活性[69]。此外,甘露糖可有效阻断沙门氏菌与肠上皮细胞的结合,极大抑制病原体的定植能力和致病性[70]。
其次,益生元通过代谢产物发挥生理作用。肠道是两种主要厌氧发酵形式的场所,即糖分解和蛋白水解[71]。肠道微生物群对益生元进行消化后,产生短链脂肪酸(SCFA),如乳酸、丁酸、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和CO、CH4和H2等气体,这些产物进一步对人体产生多方面的生理影响[70]。例如,短链脂肪酸具有降低肠道pH的作用,当肠道pH每降低一个单位(例如从6.5降至5.5),就会引发肠道菌群的组成和数量发生显著变化[72]。pH的改变进一步影响酸敏感物种(如类杆菌)的种群,并促进厚壁菌门产生丁酸盐[69],同时有效抑制有害微生物的生长,从而维持肠道菌群结构的稳态。
最后,益生元通过改善肠道屏障功能来发挥作用[69]。例如低聚果糖(Fructooligosaccharides,FOS)通过修复肠道物理屏障,显著上调紧密连接蛋白(occludin和claudin-5)的表达,增强肠道屏障的完整性,降低肠道通透性,减少病原体和毒素的渗透[73]。菊粉通过修复肠道化学屏障,促进杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白Muc2,增加黏液层厚度,保护肠道免受病原体和有害物质的侵害[74]。燕麦β-葡聚糖能够显著提高肠道屏障功能,刺激肠道免疫细胞(如树突状细胞和T细胞),激活免疫反应,并增强抗菌肽的分泌,这些抗菌肽在维持肠道微生物平衡和防止病原菌入侵方面起着重要作用[75]。
越来越多的证据表明,肠道菌群对维持肠道稳态和宿主健康至关重要。益生元通过选择性地促进肠道内有益菌群的代谢和增殖,抑制有害菌群的生长代谢,维护肠道稳态,实现改善宿主健康的功能。因此,通过益生元靶向调控肠道微生态,对预防和治疗疾病具有广阔的应用前景(图2a)。
传统益生元如菊粉、低聚半乳糖(Galactooligosaccharides,GOS)和低聚果糖(FOS)在调节肠道菌群方面表现出显著效果。菊粉作为一种典型的益生元,易被微生物发酵,刺激结肠细菌生产短链脂肪酸,促进有益菌双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌在肠道定植,减少有害菌群在肠道的繁殖,从而减轻机体炎症反应[76]。研究发现补充菊粉后,肠道中的双歧杆菌、拟杆菌门丰度显著上升,这些优势菌属拥有大量参与碳水化合物降解的CAZymes,与肠道健康和代谢密切相关[77]。Vulevic等[78]的研究揭示了老年人在补充GOS后,其肠道微生物群落发生了显著变化:双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌-肠球菌属以及球状芽孢杆菌-直肠杆菌组的丰度上升,而溶组织念珠菌组、大肠杆菌以及脱硫菌属的丰度下降,表明GOS在抑制潜在有害菌生长、维护肠道微生态平衡方面的潜在效益。杭锋等[79]的研究表明,FOS能够与细菌凝集素竞争性地结合到肠上皮细胞的位点上,从而有效阻碍病原菌与宿主细胞的识别和结合过程,抑制肠杆菌和肠球菌的过度增殖。
抗性淀粉作为一种新型益生元,也展现出显著的肠道健康效益。Tachon等[80]的研究发现,抗性淀粉可以显著增殖拟杆菌门并改变厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例和丁酸浓度,从而改善中老年人的肠道菌群结构。动物实验表明[80],通过饮食中添加高直链玉米抗性淀粉,可以促使老年小鼠肠道内拟杆菌、双歧杆菌及阿克曼氏菌等菌群的比例上升,这些菌群的比例与小鼠摄食反应、肠道重量和胰高血糖素原的表达水平呈正相关。
近年来,非传统益生元如多酚类物质也受到广泛关注。Costabile等[81]的研究发现,老年人补充鼠李糖乳杆菌和玉米纤维的复合物后,肠道内的副拟杆菌属、瘤胃球菌科的丰度显著增加,而振孢螺旋体、脱硫菌等有害菌的数量显著下降。María等[82]的研究发现,槲皮素处理显著富集了厚壁菌门中属于乳酸菌科的乳酸杆菌,同时降低了瘤胃球菌科中OTU的丰度,促进了血清中非12α-羟基化BAs的产生,特别是熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)和石胆酸(LCA)。白藜芦醇(RSV)补充剂不仅可改善高脂肪饮食(HFD)诱导的肠道微生物群失调,增强抗肥胖细菌菌株(如Akkermansia、Bacteroides和Blautia)的丰度,还可改善微生物失衡并显著富集肠道微生物群衍生代谢物(4-HPA),通过激活SIRT1调节脂肪组织褐变和产热来减轻HFD喂养小鼠的肥胖相关症状和炎症[83]。
综上,益生元作为一类对宿主健康有益的底物,在调节肠道菌群平衡、促进有益菌生长、抑制有害菌繁殖以及改善宿主代谢、减轻机体炎症反应等方面展现出显著的作用。这些研究结果为益生元在疾病预防和治疗中的应用提供了科学依据。
肠道菌群代谢产物作为一类重要的信号分子,不仅能够调节内源性信号途径,还能为宿主细胞提供必要的营养物质,是实现宿主与肠道菌群之间有效交流的关键介质。在众多菌群代谢物中,短链脂肪酸和胆汁酸占据着主要地位,且二者均受益生元的调节。它们共同维持肠道微生态平衡,对肠道健康乃至机体的整体健康都具有不可忽视的重要意义(图2b)。
短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)作为肠道菌群发酵益生元的主要代谢产物之一,在调节免疫反应和维持抗促炎平衡方面发挥着重要作用[84−86]。SCFAs可以调节免疫细胞的分化和细胞因子的产生[87],并通过多种机制影响肠道微生态和宿主健康。
首先,益生元通过促进产SCFAs的益生菌增殖来优化肠道微环境。益生元可增强乳杆菌、双歧杆菌及丁酸梭菌等益生菌的丰度,提高其产生乳酸和SCFAs的能力,进而降低结肠pH,抑制兼性厌氧菌及病原菌如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等的增长,减少有害发酵产物的产生[40]。例如,当人体摄入果聚糖后,肠道内丁酸盐的浓度会有所增加。值得注意的是,虽然直接发酵果聚糖的双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌并不会产生丁酸盐,而是产生乳酸盐和乙酸盐,但这些乳酸盐和乙酸盐能够作为其他微生物(如细菌、蔷薇属和粪杆菌)的能源物质,促进它们的生长,并进一步促使这些微生物产生丁酸盐[88]。这种微生物之间交互共生的机制充分表明,益生元通过微生物发酵产生SCFAs,而SCFAs又会反过来对肠道微生物的结构组成进行调整。
在针对老年人群中的应用研究中,实验结果发现益生元对改善代谢健康具有潜在的积极作用。虽然相关研究数量有限,但已有研究表明,将成年和老年小鼠分别饲喂1%纤维素(低纤维)或5%菊粉(高纤维)饮食4周后,喂食菊粉的小鼠肠道微生物组发生了明显变化,丁酸盐、乙酸盐和总 SCFA 的产生量显著增加[89]。此外,低纤维饮食的老年动物体内炎症浸润程度有所增加,而高纤维饮食则能够显著减少炎症浸润现象。郭子晨等[90]的研究也发现,高剂量益生元复合制剂能显著提升小鼠肠道内乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量,有助于优化肠道微生态环境并促进机体健康。
在代谢性疾病的治疗和预防方面,益生元同样展现出了显著的改善效果。研究表明,抗性淀粉能显著提升结肠炎动物模型的SCFAs浓度并降低肠道pH值,优化肠道微生物组,抑制病原体增殖[91]。Shinde等[92]研究发现,凝结芽孢杆菌单独作用于结肠炎小鼠并未增加盲肠外SCFAs的产生,但添加益生元绿香蕉抗性淀粉后,结肠中SCFAs水平显著上升,说明益生元会促进结肠中SCFAs含量的增加,促进宿主健康。此外,在一项针对8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠的实验中,将其饲喂含有麦芽糖糊精或菊粉的高脂肪/高蔗糖饮食12周后发现,菊粉不仅改变了小鼠的肠道代谢物,还减少了内脏脂肪组织的含量,从而有效改善了小鼠的葡萄糖耐量[93]。在针对糖尿病患者的研究中,对患者进行为期6周的每日16 g菊粉型果聚糖补充干预后,菊粉治疗显著提升了患者肠道内双歧杆菌的数量,并促进了粪便中短链脂肪酸、乙酸及丙酸浓度的上升,最终改善了糖尿病患者的血糖情况[94]。在高脂血症雄性仓鼠的实验组中,通过喂食含有菊粉和抗性糊精的益生元组合,观察到其血液中的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)比值显著降低,表明该益生元组合能够有效缓解仓鼠的高血脂症状[95]。
综上所述,益生元通过促进 SCFAs 的产生,在调节肠道微生态平衡、改善代谢健康等方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这些研究成果为益生元在老年人群以及代谢性疾病患者中的广泛应用提供了坚实的科学依据。
胆汁酸是一种关键的内源性生物活性物质,源自胆固醇的代谢过程。具体而言,初级胆汁酸主要在肝脏内完成合成,而次级胆汁酸的产生则主要依赖于肠道微生物的转化作用[96]。益生元通过调节肠道微生物群的组成,能够改变胆汁酸的组成和代谢途径,进而影响宿主代谢健康。
益生元可通过提升短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的水平来对胆汁酸代谢进行调节。SCFAs能够刺激胆汁酸的合成和排泄。例如,低聚果糖(FOS)等益生元能够促进特定菌群的生长,如双歧杆菌和乳杆菌,这些菌群可以增加SCFAs的产生,并通过抑制某些代谢途径来调节胆汁酸的合成和重吸收[97]。研究表明,益生元如菊粉和低聚果糖能够通过改变肠道菌群结构,降低肝脏中胆固醇的水平,从而减少胆固醇转化为胆汁酸的可能性并改善肝脏脂肪变性。
益生元通过激活特定的受体(如FXR和TGR5)来调节胆汁酸的合成和代谢。番茄果胶干预影响粪便胆汁酸代谢,功能性共轭胆汁酸发生显着变化,抑制回肠FXR/FGF15信号传导,刺激肝脏胆汁酸(BA)产生,加速BA排泄,促进BA转运,抑制BA重吸收,促进胆固醇外流,缓解HFD诱导的高脂血症[98]。白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RSV)是一种具备益生元特性的天然植物化合物[99]。Chen等[100]首次证实,RSV通过调整肠肝FXR/FGF15轴的作用,可以改变肠道菌群对肝脏胆汁酸合成的调控方式,有助于降低患动脉粥样硬化的风险。荷叶多糖(Lotus Leaf Polysaccharide,LDP)能够促进肠道内拟杆菌和约氏乳杆菌的增殖,强化胆盐的水解过程以及次级胆汁酸(如石胆酸、脱氧胆酸)的生物合成。这一过程中激活的TGR5信号通路,加速了机体的热量产生和能量消耗,有效减轻了高脂饮食导致的小鼠肥胖状况[101]。
尽管益生元在调节胆汁酸代谢方面展现出显著效果,关于其是否通过调节胆汁酸改善老年人代谢的研究证据仍然较少,有待进一步研究。这些研究结果表明,益生元通过多种机制调节胆汁酸代谢,可能在改善代谢健康方面具有重要应用价值。
肠道作为人体最大的免疫器官,其黏膜屏障的完整性和免疫系统的功能对预防多种疾病(包括肠道内外疾病)至关重要[96]。研究表明,益生元能够强化肠上皮的紧密连接蛋白和黏液层粘蛋白的表达,保持肠道黏膜屏障的完整性,有效防止病原体侵入。同时,益生元还能调节宿主的免疫功能,激发免疫细胞的活性与分化,并促进炎症因子的生成[102](图2c)。
肠道黏膜构成了肠道的首道保护屏障,能够有效防止病原体和毒素因子进入肠腔,成为管腔内容物与宿主组织之间的关键防护层。这一屏障主要由粘液层内的粘蛋白、杯状细胞所分泌的物质,以及肠上皮细胞间紧密相连的蛋白复合体共同构成[103−105]。肠道黏膜屏障的完整性对于其发挥免疫防御作用至关重要。一旦该屏障遭到破坏,肠道的通透性会增加,导致黏膜下层容易接触到多种来自肠腔的抗原物质,包括食物成分及细菌脂多糖(LPS)等,进而诱发肠道炎症反应。
益生元通过多种机制增强肠道屏障功能。首先,菊粉类益生元已被证实能够改善肠道微生物平衡,减少高级氨基化产物(AGEs)的积累。AGEs是蛋白质、脂肪或核酸在糖存在下经过非酶促反应形成的化合物,其积累与多种慢性疾病的发生和发展有关,如糖尿病、心血管疾病和阿尔茨海默病等。菊粉类益生元通过促进肠道内有益菌的代谢活动,进一步分解和利用肠道中的营养物质,减少AGEs的前体物质(如还原糖和氨基酸)在肠道内的滞留时间,从而降低AGEs的生成和积累[74]。其次,低聚果糖通过增加肠道黏膜免疫细胞的活性,提高肠道屏障功能,提升肠黏膜中的紧密连接蛋白(如ZO-1、Occludin)的表达,从而增强肠黏膜屏障的完整性,减少有害物质的渗透[73]。此外,抗性淀粉通过其发酵产物,特别是丁酸盐,正向调节肠道上皮细胞中的紧密连接蛋白的表达,改善肠道通透性,防止病原体和毒素进入血液,从而避免全身炎症[106]。
在一项针对18名患有胃肠道疾病的老年人(>65岁)和19名健康的年轻人(>18岁)的研究中,使用来自酵母的β-葡聚糖(0.5 mg/mL)和小麦阿拉伯木聚糖(0.1 mg/mL)进行Ussing腔内结肠活检治疗。结果显示,β-葡聚糖能显著降低患有胃肠道疾病的老年人C48/80诱导的高通透性,但在健康成年人中无此效果;而阿拉伯木聚糖则能降低健康成人肥大细胞诱导的细胞旁和跨细胞高通透性,仅在一定程度上减弱了患有胃肠道疾病的老年人的通透性[107]。
综上,益生元通过多种机制增强肠道屏障功能,包括改善肠道微生物平衡、增加紧密连接蛋白表达以及调节肠道通透性。这些作用机制共同维护肠道黏膜屏障的完整性,防止病原体和毒素的侵入,从而保护宿主健康。
TLR4(Toll样受体4)被确认为革兰阴性菌外膜LPS的信号识别受体,与LPS结合后会触发NF-κB(核因子κB)信号通路的激活,进而促使效应细胞分泌TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α)等炎症细胞因子,引发宿主的炎症反应[108]。研究表明,益生元和多糖类物质能够通过多种机制调节炎症反应,维护肠道健康。
低聚糖类益生元在调节炎症反应方面表现出显著效果。低聚糖中的GOS、XOS和FOS已被证实能降低促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF的水平,同时提升抗炎因子IL-10的水平,并增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,有助于维护胃肠道的健康状态[109]。在一项针对40名65~80岁老年人的14周交叉、双盲、安慰剂对照、随机试验中,每天摄入5.5 g GOS可显著增加其粪便中的拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸浓度,同时提高IL-10和IL-8水平,增强NK细胞活性,并降低IL-1β浓度[110]。
多糖类物质通过调节免疫细胞功能减轻炎症反应。Tang等[111]的研究显示,黄芪多糖(AERP)与党参多糖(CERP)联用能激活Th17细胞、Th22细胞或先天淋巴样细胞中的芳香烃受体(AhR),并通过增加IL-22水平来减轻炎症反应。枸杞多糖能刺激肠黏膜下的集合淋巴结(Peyer's Patch,PP)分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,SIgA),SIgA通过免疫排斥机制保护肠上皮细胞免受外源性病原微生物的侵害[112−113]。
合生素在改善老年人免疫功能方面也展现出潜力。Amati等[114]在一项持续一个月的研究中,选择10名69~96岁的老年人每天两次服用YOMO ABC PLU(一种包含鼠李糖乳杆菌和FOS的商业合生素),结果显示,测试前老年人的白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的值均低于正常值,表明其先天性和适应性免疫反应有所恶化,而服用合生素后,IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8值显著增加,其他细胞因子的值虽有提升但幅度较小。
益生元和多糖类物质通过调节炎症因子水平、增强免疫细胞功能以及改善肠道菌群平衡等多种机制,在减轻炎症反应和维护肠道健康方面发挥重要作用。
益生元作为膳食补充剂,对改善老年肠道微生态健康具有显著影响。它通过促进有益菌增殖、抑制有害菌生长等机制,优化肠道菌群结构,增加双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等有益菌数量,减少肠杆菌、肠球菌等有害菌丰度。同时,益生元促进短链脂肪酸生成,为肠道细胞提供能量,调节免疫反应,维护肠道屏障完整性。在代谢性疾病预防方面,益生元通过调节肠道微生态代谢,有效预防老年肥胖、高血糖和高血脂等疾病。
益生元在老年健康领域应用前景广阔,需进一步探索其作用机制及与其他健康干预措施的协同作用。未来,深化益生元研究、扩大临床应用、开发新型益生元产品,将更好地服务于老年健康事业,展现其在调节老年肠道微生态代谢机制中的重要作用和显著健康效益。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010138
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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    1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
    2北京市农林科学院农产品加工与营养研究所,果蔬保鲜与加工农产品北京市重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后加工重点实验室,北京 100097

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张春红(1968−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物蛋白质改性及应用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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