Article(id=1320889701003809359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010194, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854245663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854245663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854245663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854245663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=215, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889701205135952, articleId=1320889701003809359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evolution of Microbial Diversity in Grass Carp Meat during 4 ℃ Refrigeration, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the microbial compositional shifts and spoilage-related microorganism succession in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) meat during refrigeration, amplicon sequencing technology was employed to analyze microbial profiles at fresh (D0, D3), transitional (D6, D9), and spoiled (D15) stages. Results indicated a significant correlation between microbial community succession in grass carp meat and refrigeration duration, with microbial diversity initially increasing and then decreasing over storage time. Notably, the transitional phase (D6) emerged as the pivotal factor driving substantial divergence in microbial composition. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria (69%) and Proteobacteria (20%) dominated during the initial 3 day refrigeration. A marked structural shift occurred by day 6, with Proteobacteria (51.77%) and Firmicutes (11.76%) becoming predominant. By day 9, Proteobacteria exhibited a substantial increase, ultimately exceeding 98% relative abundance at the spoiled stage (D15), establishing itself as the primary phylum driving spoilage. Genus-level analysis revealed dynamic compositional changes: The dominant genera transitioned from Kocuria (fresh stage, D0~D3) to Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, and Psychrobacter (transitional stage, D6~D9), with Pseudomonas ultimately prevailing in the spoiled phase (D15). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) indicated high structural similarity among fresh-stage samples (D0, D3), whereas later stages (D6~D15) exhibited significant divergence (P<0.05), displaying dispersed clustering in ordination space. Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test analysis identified 10 genera with statistically significant (P<0.05) abundance variations during refrigeration: Enhydrobacter, Macrococcus, Brevibacterium, Kocuria, Corynebacterium, Dermacoccus, Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Brochothrix. The ecological network analysis elucidated the microbial community succession from environmental bacteria to psychrophilic bacteria and ultimately to spoilage bacteria, while identifying stage-specific indicator microorganisms (Enhydrobacter (D0), Macrococcus (D3), and Psychrobacter (D9)). Furthermore, it demonstrated the topological evolution of microbial networks through successive phases of symbiosis (D0, D3), competition (D6), and spoilage dominance (D15). These findings on microbial diversity and structural evolution provide critical insights for monitoring quality assurance and developing targeted preservation strategies in refrigerated grass carp products.

, authors=Huimin MA1, 2, Jianyuan YANG3, Chengwei YU2, Mingming HU1, Bizhen ZHONG1, Bin PENG1, *, Jinlin LI1, 2, authorsList=Huimin MA, Jianyuan YANG, Chengwei YU, Mingming HU, Bizhen ZHONG, Bin PENG, Jinlin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889704774488678, articleId=1320889701003809359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=草鱼肉在4 ℃冷藏中微生物多样性演变的研究, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究草鱼肉冷藏过程中菌群组成及特定腐败微生物的演变规律,运用扩增子测序技术检测新鲜期(D0、D3)、过渡期(D6、D9)、腐败期(D15)的草鱼肉微生物组成。结果表明,草鱼肉微生物群落的演替与冷藏时长呈现显著相关性,微生物多样性随冷藏时间先升高后降低,过渡期(D6)是驱动微生物组成产生较大差异的核心因素。在门水平上,冷藏初始3 d内的优势菌门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria,占比约69%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占比约20%);冷藏6 d时菌群结构发生明显转变,变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占比51.77%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,占比11.76%)相对丰度上升;冷藏至9 d,变形菌门增幅显著,在腐败期其相对丰度超过98%,成为冷藏腐败阶段的主导菌门。在属的水平上,细菌组成差异较大,优势菌属从新鲜期(D0、D3)的考克氏菌属(Kocuria),经过渡期(D6、D9)的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)以及嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),最终转变为腐败期(D15)的假单胞菌属。主成分分析显示,新鲜期(D0、D3)样本的微生物群落结构呈现出较高的相似性,而后期样本(D6~D15)的微生物群落结构发生显著变化(P<0.05)。Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验分析表明,冷藏期间差异显著(P<0.05)的菌属主要为栖水菌属(Enhydrobacter)、巨大球菌属(Macrococcus)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、考克氏菌属、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、皮生球菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、无色杆菌属、环丝菌属(Brochothrix)。生态网络分析揭示从环境菌到耐冷菌再到腐败菌的群落更替,明确各阶段标志性微生物(栖水菌属(D0)、巨大球属(D3)、嗜冷杆菌属(D9)),明确从共生(D0、D3)、竞争(D6)到腐败(D15)的微生物网络拓扑演变过程。冷藏过程中草鱼微生物群落多样性及结构变化,可为后期冷藏质量安全监测及防腐保鲜研究提供依据。

, authors=马慧敏1, 2, 杨建远3, 余诚玮2, 胡明明1, 钟比真1, 彭斌1, *, 李金林1, 2, authorsList=马慧敏, 杨建远, 余诚玮, 胡明明, 钟比真, 彭斌, 李金林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭斌, authorNote=

马慧敏(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0007−0621−4906),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工与保鲜,E-mail:

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彭斌(1992−)(ORCID:0000−0002−4436−6296),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品精深加工和高值化综合利用,E-mail:。
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注:*表示不同组间的同一物种平均相对丰度的显著差异,P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。

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Statistical results of sequence data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本编号有效序列数碱基数平均长度(bp)OTU数量
D0_18.52$ \times {10}^{4} $3.53$ \times {10}^{6} $413.98370
D0_27.04$ \times {10}^{3} $2.92$ \times {10}^{6} $414.05330
D0_36.98$ \times {10}^{4} $2.86$ \times {10}^{6} $415.60237
D3_16.47$ \times {10}^{4} $2.68$ \times {10}^{6} $414.14200
D3_26.87$ \times {10}^{4} $2.85$ \times {10}^{6} $414.51232
D3_37.38$ \times {10}^{4} $3.06$ \times {10}^{6} $414.61440
D6_16.94$ \times {10}^{4} $2.95$ \times {10}^{6} $424.67201
D6_27.07$ \times {10}^{4} $3.97$ \times {10}^{6} $420.10252
D6_36.39$ \times {10}^{4} $2.69$ \times {10}^{6} $420.92151
D9_16.37$ \times {10}^{4} $2.72$ \times {10}^{6} $427.35194
D9_27.27$ \times {10}^{4} $3.09$ \times {10}^{6} $429.10281
D9_36.57$ \times {10}^{4} $2.81$ \times {10}^{6} $427.24104
D15_17.46$ \times {10}^{4} $3.20$ \times {10}^{6} $429.1043
D15_26.60$ \times {10}^{4} $2.83$ \times {10}^{6} $429.0442
D15_36.46$ \times {10}^{4} $2.77$ \times {10}^{6} $429.1046
), ArticleFig(id=1320889713288925877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889701003809359, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测序数据统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本编号有效序列数碱基数平均长度(bp)OTU数量
D0_18.52$ \times {10}^{4} $3.53$ \times {10}^{6} $413.98370
D0_27.04$ \times {10}^{3} $2.92$ \times {10}^{6} $414.05330
D0_36.98$ \times {10}^{4} $2.86$ \times {10}^{6} $415.60237
D3_16.47$ \times {10}^{4} $2.68$ \times {10}^{6} $414.14200
D3_26.87$ \times {10}^{4} $2.85$ \times {10}^{6} $414.51232
D3_37.38$ \times {10}^{4} $3.06$ \times {10}^{6} $414.61440
D6_16.94$ \times {10}^{4} $2.95$ \times {10}^{6} $424.67201
D6_27.07$ \times {10}^{4} $3.97$ \times {10}^{6} $420.10252
D6_36.39$ \times {10}^{4} $2.69$ \times {10}^{6} $420.92151
D9_16.37$ \times {10}^{4} $2.72$ \times {10}^{6} $427.35194
D9_27.27$ \times {10}^{4} $3.09$ \times {10}^{6} $429.10281
D9_36.57$ \times {10}^{4} $2.81$ \times {10}^{6} $427.24104
D15_17.46$ \times {10}^{4} $3.20$ \times {10}^{6} $429.1043
D15_26.60$ \times {10}^{4} $2.83$ \times {10}^{6} $429.0442
D15_36.46$ \times {10}^{4} $2.77$ \times {10}^{6} $429.1046
), ArticleFig(id=1320889713372811958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889701003809359, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Alpha diversity index analysis of grass carp meat during refrigeration

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样品Shannon
指数
Simpson
指数
Ace指数Chao1指数Coverage
指数
D02.13±0.01a0.27±0.01b332.43±41.76a332.24±43.89a0.9993b
D32.05±0.16a0.28±0.02b303.54±80.42a305.86±79.68a0.9995ab
D62.17±0.11a0.19±0.02b215.62±30.48a212.04±29.53a0.9996ab
D91.75±0.43 a0.35±0.15b229.73±61.57a222.33±60.23a0.9992b
D150.58±0.04b0.75±0.02a50.21±0.48b49.17±2.17b0.9999a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889713452503735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889701003809359, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冷藏过程中草鱼肉的Alpha多样性指数分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Shannon
指数
Simpson
指数
Ace指数Chao1指数Coverage
指数
D02.13±0.01a0.27±0.01b332.43±41.76a332.24±43.89a0.9993b
D32.05±0.16a0.28±0.02b303.54±80.42a305.86±79.68a0.9995ab
D62.17±0.11a0.19±0.02b215.62±30.48a212.04±29.53a0.9996ab
D91.75±0.43 a0.35±0.15b229.73±61.57a222.33±60.23a0.9992b
D150.58±0.04b0.75±0.02a50.21±0.48b49.17±2.17b0.9999a
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草鱼肉在4 ℃冷藏中微生物多样性演变的研究
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马慧敏 1, 2 , 杨建远 3 , 余诚玮 2 , 胡明明 1 , 钟比真 1 , 彭斌 1, * , 李金林 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(4): 215-225
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (4) : 215 -225
草鱼肉在4 ℃冷藏中微生物多样性演变的研究
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马慧敏1, 2 , 杨建远3, 余诚玮2, 胡明明1, 钟比真1, 彭斌1, * , 李金林1, 2
作者信息
  • 1江西师范大学生命科学学院国家淡水鱼加工技术研发专业中心,江西南昌 330022
  • 2江西师范大学健康学院,江西南昌 330022
  • 3九江学院药学与生命科学学院,江西九江 332000
通讯作者:
彭斌(1992−)(ORCID:0000−0002−4436−6296),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品精深加工和高值化综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

马慧敏(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0007−0621−4906),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工与保鲜,E-mail:

Evolution of Microbial Diversity in Grass Carp Meat during 4 ℃ Refrigeration
Huimin MA1, 2 , Jianyuan YANG3, Chengwei YU2, Mingming HU1, Bizhen ZHONG1, Bin PENG1, * , Jinlin LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1National Research and Development Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
  • 2School of Health, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
  • 3College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010194
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为探究草鱼肉冷藏过程中菌群组成及特定腐败微生物的演变规律,运用扩增子测序技术检测新鲜期(D0、D3)、过渡期(D6、D9)、腐败期(D15)的草鱼肉微生物组成。结果表明,草鱼肉微生物群落的演替与冷藏时长呈现显著相关性,微生物多样性随冷藏时间先升高后降低,过渡期(D6)是驱动微生物组成产生较大差异的核心因素。在门水平上,冷藏初始3 d内的优势菌门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria,占比约69%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占比约20%);冷藏6 d时菌群结构发生明显转变,变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占比51.77%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,占比11.76%)相对丰度上升;冷藏至9 d,变形菌门增幅显著,在腐败期其相对丰度超过98%,成为冷藏腐败阶段的主导菌门。在属的水平上,细菌组成差异较大,优势菌属从新鲜期(D0、D3)的考克氏菌属(Kocuria),经过渡期(D6、D9)的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)以及嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),最终转变为腐败期(D15)的假单胞菌属。主成分分析显示,新鲜期(D0、D3)样本的微生物群落结构呈现出较高的相似性,而后期样本(D6~D15)的微生物群落结构发生显著变化(P<0.05)。Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验分析表明,冷藏期间差异显著(P<0.05)的菌属主要为栖水菌属(Enhydrobacter)、巨大球菌属(Macrococcus)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、考克氏菌属、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、皮生球菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、无色杆菌属、环丝菌属(Brochothrix)。生态网络分析揭示从环境菌到耐冷菌再到腐败菌的群落更替,明确各阶段标志性微生物(栖水菌属(D0)、巨大球属(D3)、嗜冷杆菌属(D9)),明确从共生(D0、D3)、竞争(D6)到腐败(D15)的微生物网络拓扑演变过程。冷藏过程中草鱼微生物群落多样性及结构变化,可为后期冷藏质量安全监测及防腐保鲜研究提供依据。

草鱼  /  冷藏  /  保鲜  /  微生物多样性  /  技术

To elucidate the microbial compositional shifts and spoilage-related microorganism succession in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) meat during refrigeration, amplicon sequencing technology was employed to analyze microbial profiles at fresh (D0, D3), transitional (D6, D9), and spoiled (D15) stages. Results indicated a significant correlation between microbial community succession in grass carp meat and refrigeration duration, with microbial diversity initially increasing and then decreasing over storage time. Notably, the transitional phase (D6) emerged as the pivotal factor driving substantial divergence in microbial composition. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria (69%) and Proteobacteria (20%) dominated during the initial 3 day refrigeration. A marked structural shift occurred by day 6, with Proteobacteria (51.77%) and Firmicutes (11.76%) becoming predominant. By day 9, Proteobacteria exhibited a substantial increase, ultimately exceeding 98% relative abundance at the spoiled stage (D15), establishing itself as the primary phylum driving spoilage. Genus-level analysis revealed dynamic compositional changes: The dominant genera transitioned from Kocuria (fresh stage, D0~D3) to Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, and Psychrobacter (transitional stage, D6~D9), with Pseudomonas ultimately prevailing in the spoiled phase (D15). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) indicated high structural similarity among fresh-stage samples (D0, D3), whereas later stages (D6~D15) exhibited significant divergence (P<0.05), displaying dispersed clustering in ordination space. Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test analysis identified 10 genera with statistically significant (P<0.05) abundance variations during refrigeration: Enhydrobacter, Macrococcus, Brevibacterium, Kocuria, Corynebacterium, Dermacoccus, Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Brochothrix. The ecological network analysis elucidated the microbial community succession from environmental bacteria to psychrophilic bacteria and ultimately to spoilage bacteria, while identifying stage-specific indicator microorganisms (Enhydrobacter (D0), Macrococcus (D3), and Psychrobacter (D9)). Furthermore, it demonstrated the topological evolution of microbial networks through successive phases of symbiosis (D0, D3), competition (D6), and spoilage dominance (D15). These findings on microbial diversity and structural evolution provide critical insights for monitoring quality assurance and developing targeted preservation strategies in refrigerated grass carp products.

grass carp  /  cold storage  /  preservation  /  microbial diversity  /  technology
马慧敏, 杨建远, 余诚玮, 胡明明, 钟比真, 彭斌, 李金林. 草鱼肉在4 ℃冷藏中微生物多样性演变的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 215 -225 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010194
Huimin MA, Jianyuan YANG, Chengwei YU, Mingming HU, Bizhen ZHONG, Bin PENG, Jinlin LI. Evolution of Microbial Diversity in Grass Carp Meat during 4 ℃ Refrigeration[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 215 -225 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010194
草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella),隶属鲤形目鲤科雅罗鱼亚科草鱼属,是我国四大家鱼之一,又名白鲩、草鲩[1]。其广泛分布于长江、珠江水系及周边水域,因主食水草得名[2]。草鱼凭借肉质鲜美,富含蛋白质、维生素及长链不饱和脂肪酸(5.2 g/100 g脂肪)的优势,深受青睐[2−3]。其养殖产量常年居高,2024年以594.13万吨再居全国淡水鱼类养殖总产量榜首,已然成为我国最重要的经济淡水鱼之一,未来仍将是淡水渔业的核心品种[4]。然而,鲜鱼由于水分活度高、蛋白质丰富及中性pH,极易腐败变质[5]。冷藏虽然有效抑制酶活性和微生物生长从而延长草鱼肉保质期,但鱼体营养基质丰富,在冷藏条件下仍会因微生物繁殖导致蛋白质降解、脂质氧化等问题,限制了草鱼的市场流通[5−8]。
在冷藏草鱼的腐败变质过程中,微生物扮演着关键角色,其中造成腐败的菌群主要为少数特定的优势腐败菌。这些优势菌的致腐能力,是引发冷藏草鱼营养成分流失以及有害代谢物生成的主要原因[9−10]。鱼类微生物腐败涉及复杂的代谢反应体系,腐败菌通过分泌多种脱氨酶与脱羧酶,对核苷酸、葡萄糖、氨基酸及蛋白质等物质加以利用,进而影响鱼肉内可溶性肽、游离氨以及腐胺的含量[11−13]。常用的腐败菌分析方法有分离纯化、生化鉴定和荧光定量PCR等。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的不断进步,扩增子测序技术应运而生,其利用特异性引物选择性扩增样本中的目标DNA片段,随后对这些片段进行测序,为深入探究水产品核心微生物的动态变化开辟了新途径[14]。相较于传统的分析方法,扩增子测序技术具有无需分离纯化、检测速度快、结果精确等优势,还能检测出难以培养的优势微生物,是当前分析微生物多样性最为有效的方法之一[14−15]。目前,人们对仅冷藏处理的草鱼肉微生物多样性的研究深度相对不足,或仅局限于能够分离培养的部分微生物种类[7,12,16],而未能对大量其他微生物展开深入探究,这使得难以全面把握冷藏草鱼肉微生物群落的真实面貌。因此,了解冷藏草鱼微生物群落的演替变化规律,深入分析与腐败阶段对应的菌落结构、组成和差异,对提升产品质量尤为关键。
本研究选取经不同冷藏处理的草鱼样本作为研究对象,运用扩增子测序技术,对草鱼样本在4 ℃冷藏条件下,从贮藏初始状态至腐败状态期间的菌相组成及其演替变化规律进行了系统分析,旨在为草鱼冷藏期间的质量管控与品质预测提供一定的理论支撑。
新鲜草鱼(1.25~1.50 kg/尾) 购于南昌市南昌县长胜大市场,流水静养24 h;DNA抽提试剂盒 北京Biomed生物技术有限公司;AxPIePDNA凝胶回收试剂盘 美国AXYGEN公司。
FA1104N型−80 ℃超低温冰箱 上海丙林电子科技有限公司;NewClassic MF MS105DU型电子天平 瑞士梅特勒公司;FastPfu Polymerase 北京全式金生物技术有限公司;ABI GeneAmp® 9700型PCR仪 美国ABI公司;JY600C电泳仪 北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司。
选取静养24 h的草鱼进行宰杀操作,精确切取其鱼脊背部位的肌肉组织,使用自来水冲洗所取鱼肉表面的杂质与血迹,直至洁净。待表面水分自然沥干后,将鱼肉切割成规格约为5.0 cm×2.0 cm×3.0 cm(重量30±5.0 g)的鱼块,并将其置于密封的聚乙烯袋内(1块/袋),而后将样品存放于4 ℃的条件下。根据科研团队前期研究,草鱼在4 ℃冷藏6~15 d时脂质含量发生显著变化(P<0.05)[17],9 d后脂质组成和挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)变化明显[2,18],且第15 d时TVB-N值(30.66 mg/100 g)超过淡水鱼生鲜的限定值(20 mg/100 g)[18−19],脂质变质[17],可视为完全腐败。此外,多项研究证明,草鱼4 ℃冷藏至9 d时的菌落总数接近鱼类最高食用限量(7 lg CFU/g)[7,13,20],因此研究选择在冷藏的第0、3、6、9、15 d进行取样。所取样品分别命名D0、D3、D6、D9和D15,以用于后续的分析研究。整个样品制备流程均在环境温度低于10 ℃的条件下有序开展,完成制备的样品最终保存于−80 ℃的低温环境中。
利用DNA抽提试剂盒提取微生物群落总DNA,操作过程严格遵循试剂盒说明书,以确保微生物群落总基因组DNA的抽提质量,测定其浓度与纯度。运用携Barcode序列的上游引物338F(5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3’)以及下游引物806R(5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区实施PCR扩增[7]。其PCR反应体系具体配置为:5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4 μL,2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 μL,上游引物(5 μmol/L)0.8 μL,下游引物(5 μmol/L)0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,加蒸馏水至总体积20 μL。扩增程序设定如下:95 ℃预变性3 min,随后进行27个循环(每个循环包括95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s),循环结束后72 ℃稳定延伸10 min,于4 ℃保存[14]。每个样本均设置3个重复实验。
PCR扩增产物采用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测分析,并运用DNA凝胶回收纯化试剂盒进行纯化、酶切和回收操作,回收所得产物通过蓝色荧光定量系统加以检测与定量分析[21]。纯化后的产物,运用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit进行文库构建,并于Illumina Nextseq2000测序平台开展样品的测序工作。此项测序任务委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。
测序所得数据于上海美吉公司的生物信息云平台进行专业分析。借助FLASH软件,依据overlap关系将草鱼样本测序所获的PE reads加以拼接整合,获得完整的序列信息[14]。运用FASTP软件对序列展开质量控制与过滤操作,利用Vsearch软件对97%的相似度层级进行操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units,OTU)聚类分析,并剔除嵌合体序列,进而获取OTU的代表性序列,用于后续OUT多样性指数评估分析[22]。对于16S细菌的序列信息,运用Silva数据库进行比对匹配操作,以明确其在分类学上的地位与归属[21]。
所有样品平行3次测试,结果以平均数±标准偏差表示。数据差异性分析采用SPSS 17.0软件的Duncan多重比较法,P<0.05表示差异显著。
对处于不同冷藏期的草鱼肉样本开展基因组测序,获取其原始DNA序列后,运用FASTP与FLASH软件实施质量把控及优化处理,详细信息呈列于表1。由表1可知,经优化后全部样本的有效测序数量达4157513,碱基数总计611248403,平均长度为419.49 bp,且序列长度主要分布于400~440 bp区间范围内。操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTU),在系统发生学及群体遗传学等研究领域,是为便于分析而对某一分类单元(涵盖品系、种、属、分组等)人为设定的统一标识,在微生物多样性分析范畴内,通常依据97%的相似性阈值进行OTU划分,并将每个OTU认定为一个微生物物种[23]。经统计,15个样本合并去重复后共获得1055个OTU,涵盖22个门、43个纲、129个目、256个科以及545个属。其中,D0时期的OTU数量约为312种,在冷藏15 d后大约锐减至44种,这表明冷藏处理可显著降低微生物种类(P<0.05)。特别是在冷藏9~15 d内,OTU值呈现快速下降的趋势,这可能由于冷藏后期草鱼肉腐败程度加剧,优势腐败菌占据主导地位并产生代谢物和毒素,导致大部分微生物物种死亡,致使OTU数量大幅减少[15]。
基于RDP classifier贝叶斯算法对达到97%相似性水平的OTU代表序列进行分类,采用最小样本序列数生成的OTU平均值表进行数据分析,所绘制的丰富-等级图(Rank-Abundance曲线)如图1所示,直观呈现物种丰度与群落均匀度。曲线在横轴上的长度反映物种丰富度,曲线越宽,表示物种组成越丰富;曲线的形状反映物种均匀度,曲线越平缓,则物种分布越均匀[24]。由图1可知,草鱼D0、D3的曲线宽度处于最大值,而在D15曲线宽度缩减至最小,说明草鱼在冷藏初期中的微生物丰富度很高,之后随冷藏时间增加逐渐下降。相较于冷藏初期,D6、D9和D15所对应的曲线形态更为陡峭,说明冷藏中后期草鱼中的微生物物种分布不均匀。尤其是在D15,曲线快速陡然下降,此时物种丰富度降至最低,且分布最不均,说明该阶段样本的多样性较低,优势菌群占据的比例明显升高。上述结果表明,草鱼肉冷藏期间微生物丰富度和均匀度都降低,末期优势菌群占比高,这些优势菌群极有可能在草鱼的腐败变质进程中发挥主要作用,对于草鱼品质的劣变产生关键影响[25]。
为直观呈现样本中OTU的共有及特有特征数目与变化态势,进而揭示样本于不同环境下的独有物种,根据不同冷藏天数所对应的OTU绘制了Venn图和Pan/Core图。如图2A所示,D0组、D3组、D6组、D9组、D15组样本中总OTU数分别为593、535、353、351、63种,独有OTU数分别为250、174、66、143、5种。五组样品含30种共有的OTU,四组冷藏样品中共有OTU数为8种。其中D0~D3、D3~D6、D6~D9、D9~D15共有的OTU数分别为303、221、150、56种,说明草鱼经冷藏处理后,共有物种和独立物种数目均减少,且随着冷藏期的延长变化更为显著(P<0.05)。这与图2B、图2C中总OTU、共有OTU的变化情况一致,即在不同冷藏天数处理下的OTU总数与样本量成正相关,共有OTU数与样本量成负相关,并且OTU数基本保持D0组>D3组>D6组>D9组>D15组。其中,冷藏初期D0与D3的曲线重合度高,说明冷藏初期对物种丰富度影响相对较小;而D6、D9的曲线明显区别于曲线,说明冷藏中期草鱼肉的物种明显减少;曲线在冷藏中、后期(D6~D15)的变化幅度明显小于冷藏初期,说明草鱼肉在冷藏过程中的微生物群落结构变化很大,但主要优势菌属变化较小[15]。上述结果表明,冷藏处理使鱼肉物种丰富度降低,微生物群落结构变化大而主要优势菌属变化小。
结合OTU的特点和实验室之前的研究,将冷藏5个时间段划分为3阶段,即新鲜期(D0、D3)、过渡期(D6、D9)和腐败期(D15),各期变化显著(P<0.05)。新鲜期(D0、D3)的OTU数的变化趋势和理化性质基本一致,过渡期(D6、D9)中的OTU数和氧化程度开始明显变化,腐败期(D15)的OTU数最少并且氧化程度高,可视为完全腐败[2,17−19]。
Alpha多样性的衡量指标对群落多样性的侧重点各不相同,采用Shannon、Simpson、Ace、Chao1及Coverage指数评估样品微生物群落的多样性和丰富度。Shannon、Simpson指数主要表征微生物群落的多样性,Ace和Chao1指数则聚焦于衡量群落的丰富度,Coverage指数亦是评价群落多样性的常用指数之一[26]。如表2所示,所有样本测序所获的Coverage指数均大于0.999,表明样品覆盖率高,测序中获得了关键物种信息,可用于后续分析。Shannon指数和Simpson指数表明,草鱼肉在过渡期(D6)的微生物群落多样性高于其他冷藏时期,并在腐败期(D15)显著降低。这种现象可能是由于过渡期草鱼肉营养丰富、氧气减少,优势物种大量繁殖,因此增加了群落的多样性[9]。然而,随着冷藏时间进一步延长,优势物种会争夺营养成分,其代谢过程中产生的代谢物与毒素,引起部分物种死亡并导致冷藏后期微生物多样性降低[27−28]。Ace和Chao1指数在新鲜期(D0)中达到峰值,在冷藏后期(D15)降至最低,说明冷藏会降低鱼肉中菌群的多样性和丰富度。冷藏3 d内微生物处于适应期,环境中氧含量和营养物质充足,因此菌群丰度最高;随着冷藏时间的延长,氧含量降低、蛋白质和脂肪等营养物质被消耗,丰度逐渐下降[9]。在过渡期时Shannon和Ace、Chao1指数略有回升,这现象可能是处于先锋物种需氧菌与后续物种厌氧菌的竞争期,此外中间的过渡菌群可能短暂增殖,贡献更高的物种丰富度(Ace/Chao1)和多样性(Shannon)[9]。上述结果表明,冷藏期间样品中的微生物多样性和丰度随着冷藏时间的延长逐渐下降,期间有短暂的回升,原因与营养、氧气及优势物种繁殖、竞争等有关。
通过稀释曲线对草鱼样品菌群的测序深度与物种丰富度进行分析,可有效评估样品测序数据量的合理性以及物种的丰富性[17]。由图3可知,伴随测序量的持续递增,当测序数量处于0~1000区间时,Shannon指数呈现出快速上升趋势;待测序量达到1000之后,曲线趋于平坦,测序趋于饱和。结果表明,测序数据量渐进合理,更多的数据量只产生少量的新物种,源自不同样品的测序数据量能够有效反映各样本内物种分类信息的整体状况,且该数据量足以支撑对不同冷藏阶段草鱼肉微生物多样性的深入分析需求。
Adonis(Analysis of Similarities)分析是一种基于距离矩阵的非参数多变量方差分析方法,通过置换检验比较组间差异,具备不依赖数据分布的优点,常被应用于生态学和微生物组的群落结构差异分析[22]。Adonis分析结果表明(图4),不同冷藏时间的鱼肉微生物群落存在显著差异(R=0.719,P=0.001),组间差异远大于组内差异,但差异主要来源于过渡期与其他时间点的对比[22]。具体表现为,D0、D3在y轴上数值较小且位置接近,说明组内差异较小且组间差异不显著;D15的箱体数值最小,说明组内相似性最高;而D6、D9的箱体开始明显地分离且数值最高,说明主要的组间差异可能来源于过渡期(D6、D9)与新鲜期(D0、D3)和腐败期(D15)的对比。上述分析表明,短期冷藏尚未引起微生物群落的显著改变,冷藏6 d导致腐败菌显著增殖,组间差异性上升,成为驱动整体差异的关键因素。
图5为冷藏草鱼样本基于门水平,选取相对丰度>1%的细菌门的进行分析。由图5可知,新鲜期D0和D3中的微生物组成呈现出较高的相似性,这与上述结果一致。其中,放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)作为主要菌门,相对丰度处于68%~70%区间范围;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)次之,相对丰度约为20%;此外,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,分别占比6.28%、7.14%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,分别占比2.53%、2.54%)和蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria,分别占比1.28%、0.67%)也占有一定比例,而其他菌门相对丰度均小于1%。高乾坤等[9]研究发现,新鲜带鱼样品的总体细菌组成主要涵盖变形菌门、厚壁菌门、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)以及拟杆菌门,同时还包含少量的梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)和放线菌门,与本研究结果相似。进入过渡期(D6、D9),变形菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度有所上升,冷藏6 d时分别增长至51.77%、11.76%,冷藏9 d时增长至75.12%、12.38%。尤其是变形菌门增长态势明显,至腐败期(D15)成为绝对优势菌门,相对丰度超过98%,相较于新鲜期优势显著(P<0.05)。赵萍等[15]研究表明,大鲵肉在冷藏后期的绝对优势菌门为变形菌门,其相对丰度在84.7%以上,显著高于冷藏初期,与本研究结果相似。在此过程中,放线菌门随着贮藏时间的持续延长,呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。
菌落的组成结果表明,过渡期(D6)对草鱼样品中的微生物组成产生了较大影响,多样性增加。变形菌门和厚壁菌门的数量均随冷藏时间延长而增加,说明厚壁菌门在草鱼腐败变质过程中的作用逐渐增强,其影响程度仅次于变形菌门。值得注意的是,放线菌门虽然在新鲜期和过渡期(D0、D3、D6)为样本中的优势菌门之一,但是在腐败样本中的占比却大幅下降,说明其在冷藏过程中不如变形菌门有竞争力。
为细化研究不同冷藏阶段微生物群落的差异特征,进一步在属水平上分析冷藏草鱼肉的细菌群落组成与动态变化规律。由图6可知,草鱼肉中丰度较高的微生物菌属为考克氏菌属(Kocuria)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、皮生球菌属(Dermacoccus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)。考克氏菌属在新鲜鱼肉中相对丰度高达47.21%,而后随冷藏时长的增加相对丰度呈下降趋势,至腐败期(D15)时不足1%。假单胞菌属在冷藏期间显著上升(P<0.05),其相对丰度从冷藏初期的0.24%上升到87.16%,于腐败期(D15)成为绝对优势物种。与Zhuang等[12]研究鱼肉中蛋白质的降解发现相符,即假单胞菌分泌的胞外酶对肌原纤维蛋白有很强的蛋白酶活性,能在贮藏末期发展为鱼糜制品的优势菌群。假单胞菌在鱼类腐败中的优势源于卓越的环境适应能力和复杂的调节机制,能同时参与脂肪分解、蛋白质水解和卵磷脂酶活动[29],迅速分解鱼体中残留的糖原与葡萄糖,产生乙酸、乳酸等有机酸以降低环境pH[30],从而有效抑制部分竞争菌的生长。研究表明,荧光假单胞菌能够在低营养环境下生长,尤其适合鱼类腐败后期营养匮乏的状况,因此在冷藏及低氧环境中能够存活并快速繁殖[29]。此外,假单胞菌可形成生物膜增强抗性,并结合群体感应协调腐败代谢,占据鱼体表面的生态位,进一步抑制其他细菌的生长,从而对冷链运输构成重大挑战[30−31]。嗜冷杆菌属存在于冷藏中后期(D6、D9、D15)的样品中,但其只在冷藏9 d时为优势物种,相对丰度上升57.80%后迅速下降,说明过渡期的条件有利于嗜冷杆菌生长。Liang等[13]发现,嗜冷杆菌在草鱼肉4 ℃冷藏第10 d丰度达到66.69%,但不参与造成FAAs中的腐烂物质,这表明冷杆菌对鱼片变质的贡献是有限的。无色杆菌属在4组样品中有不同程度的分布,其相对丰度在新鲜期为12.83%,到过渡期攀升至最大值21.14%(D6),随后便快速下降至不足1%。皮生球菌属的相对丰度随着贮藏时间的延长呈现下降的趋势,冷藏0~9 d,相对丰度从14.6%降至2.13%。不动杆菌属则较新鲜期大幅增加,在过渡期达到峰值后下降。在冷藏中期,不动杆菌凭借其强大的蛋白酶活力迅速分解草鱼中的蛋白质,是成为优势腐败菌群的重要原因之一[32]。此外,研究发现不动杆菌具备多种代谢途径与抗逆基因,不仅能利用不同碳源、能源,还兼具抗药性、抗辐射性、抗酸碱能力,在极端环境下也成为优势菌群[33]。部分不动杆菌耐药性突出,在生存环境能借水平基因转移获耐药基因,使用抗生素后仍可存活并占优势,具有极强的适应力[33−34]。不过,不动杆菌虽也在草鱼冷藏腐败中占主导地位,但其对水解蛋白质和降解ATP相关化合物方面的能力较弱,这可能是不动杆菌含量先增加后减少的原因[12,35]。其余菌属相对丰度均处于较低水平。
结果表明,新鲜期(D3)草鱼中微生物群落组成及其相对丰度与新鲜草鱼肉(D0)更为接近,物种多样性较高。冷藏6~9 d时,考克氏菌属和皮生球菌属相对丰度有不同程度的下降,而假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属和嗜冷杆菌属的相对丰度有所增加,说明过渡期(D6)是导致不同冷藏期草鱼所含细菌的组成和多样性产生较大差异的核心影响因素,且假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属在草鱼腐败过程中起到了不容忽视的作用。该结果与王菊元等[36]的研究结果类似,其发现冷藏第3 d对黄颡鱼样品中的微生物组成产生了较大影响,不动杆菌属和假单胞菌属的含量呈上升趋势。
图7运用不同距离算法进行层级聚类,清晰直观地呈现了整个冷藏期间12组草鱼样品于属水平上物种组成相似性和差异性特征。其中,树枝的长度反映样本间的距离,不同分组用不同颜色区分和呈现。由图7可知,新鲜草鱼肉(D0)和冷藏初期(D3)在同一个分支,说明其菌落组成具有显著相似性。随后,二者先后与过渡期(D6、D9)聚为一支,说明其与初期样品的群落组成差异性较小。而腐败期(D15)则单独构成一个分支,说明其与初期和中期样品群落组成存在着较为突出的差异。上述结果表明,草鱼肉群落的组间差异性随着冷藏期的延长增大,菌落演替与冷藏时间具有良好的相关性。
为进一步了解低盐腌制草鱼肉在不同冷藏期间微生物群落多样性的组间差异情况,选取平均丰度居前50位的菌属绘制群落热图,其中绿色表示群落丰度较高,橙色表示丰度较低,结果如图8所示。新鲜草鱼肉(D0)和冷藏初期(D3)的菌属结构相似,微生物组成较为均匀,多样性较高。过渡期(D6、D9)的菌属结构相似,其中过渡期(D6)微生物组成多样化程度最高,此时样品中原本相对丰度较高的考克氏菌属和皮生球菌属的开始下降,而假单胞菌属和无色杆菌属的丰富度上升。至冷藏9 d时,微生物组成多样性开始下降,考克氏菌属和皮生球菌属的进一步降低,嗜冷杆菌属大幅增加,成为新的优势物种。腐败期(D15)的菌属结构相对独立,不动杆菌属和假单胞菌属成为鱼片样品的主要腐败菌,此时菌属多样性低,物种集中度较高。上述结果与直方图、层级聚类分析结果一致,进一步证实冷藏处理会破坏样品中原有菌群结构,同时促进原本相对丰度较低的菌属生长,最终使不动杆菌属和假单胞菌成为主要腐败微生物。
主坐标分析(Principal coordinate analysis,PCoA)反映不同冷藏阶段微生物的动态变化规律。由图9A可知,PC1的贡献率为56.1%,PC2的贡献率为22.07%,二者叠加解释度高达78.17%。当冷藏时间在3 d以内时,草鱼样本中的微生物呈现聚集性分布,且集中于第三象限,说明其组内菌群结构比较相似。当冷藏时间延长至6 d时,样本开始向第一象限分布,说明样品所含菌群的组成和丰度开始出现较大差异,差异的原因主要是菌属的相对丰度改变。冷藏9 d时,样本出现明显的区间分布,相较于其他三组呈分散状态,分布于第1象限;冷藏15 d时,则集中在第四象限。进一步利用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验4组冷藏处理后样本微生物群落的显著性变化,如图9B所示。结果表明,不同冷藏时长对草鱼肉中丰富度前10的菌属均有显著影响(P<0.05),差异显著依次为栖水菌属(Enhydrobacter)、巨大球菌属(Macrococcus)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、考克氏菌属、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、皮生球菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、无色杆菌属、环丝菌属(Brochothrix)。结果表明,4组样品随着冷藏时间的推进,在主坐标空间中呈现出离散分布的态势,草鱼肉中的微生物群落结构发生了阶段性的显著演变,具有明显的时间依赖性特征。
通过构建不同冷藏时间草鱼肉的共现性网络(样品-物种),可找出与特定冷藏时间显著相关的物种,揭示微生物群落演替的阶段性特征。由图10A可知,新鲜期(D0、D3)以考克氏菌属、不动杆菌属和皮生球菌属为核心菌群形成紧密网络,其中栖水菌属是D0时期的标志性菌属,巨大球属是D3时期的标志性菌属,可反映初始污染状态。过渡期(D6)出现以假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、皮生球菌属、考克氏菌属、无色杆菌属为主的菌群网络,与初始菌群连接度明显降低。至冷藏9 d时,环丝菌属、嗜冷杆菌属丰度明显上升,后者是其标志性菌属。到腐败期(D15)则完全演替为以假单胞菌属为主的独立网络模块。结果表明,该网络分析不仅直观展示了从环境菌到嗜冷菌再到腐败菌的群落更替过程,更通过关键菌种与样品的特异性连接关系,明确了栖水菌属(D0)、巨大球菌属(D3)可作为加工卫生指标、嗜冷杆菌属(D9)为冷藏适应标志物、假单胞菌属(D15)为腐败预警信号的微生物。
进一步通过相关性网络(物种-物种)分析物种间的共生或竞争关系,识别关键调控菌。其中红色连线表示正相关,绿色连线表示负相关,连线的粗细代表相关性系数的大小。由图10B可知,新鲜期(D0、D3)的菌属基本以红线相连,呈共生关系。而在过渡期(D6)的核心菌属(皮生球菌属和考克氏菌属、无色杆菌属)与腐败期(D15)的假单胞菌属均呈负相关,表现出对腐败菌的抑制作用。这可能是由于皮生球菌属能产生细菌素[37],或通过高亲和力铁载体(如葡萄球菌铁载体,staphyloferrin)抢夺环境中的铁,抑制需铁细菌(如假单胞菌属)的生长[38]。此外,Gram等[39]发现,假单胞菌在腐败后期依赖特定营养物质,与考克氏菌属和无色杆菌属可能存在竞争关系而被抑制[40−41]。冷藏9 d时,环丝菌属、嗜冷杆菌属和不动杆菌属突破微生物屏障与假单胞菌属形成腐败联盟。上述结果表明,该分析不仅量化了从共生、竞争到腐败的微生物网络拓扑演变过程,更识别出菌属联合作用的保鲜潜力,可为靶向抑制腐败菌网络提供干预策略。
通过对草鱼肉冷藏过程中的新鲜期(D0、D3)和过渡期(D6、D9)、腐败期(D15)进行微生物多样性分析,初步明确了草鱼肉冷藏期间菌相组成及变化规律。结果表明,微生物菌群的演替与冷藏时间具有较强相关性,过渡期(D6)是导致微生物组成和多样性产生较大差异的核心因素。随着冷藏时间延长,样品中的微生物多样性和丰富度总体呈下降趋势,期间略有回升。门水平分析发现,细菌优势菌门从新鲜期(D0、D3)的放线菌门逐渐转变为腐败期(D15)的变形菌门。属水平上,主要菌属有考克氏菌属、假单胞菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、无色杆菌属、皮生球菌属、不动杆菌属,其中不动杆菌属和假单胞菌是草鱼腐败的优势菌属。物种差异分析表明,三个时期的菌群结构呈现出离散分布的态势,丰富度前10的菌属均有显著影响。生态网络表明,冷藏过程中菌群的演变规律,即从环境菌到嗜冷菌再到腐败菌,不同阶段的标志性细菌,如初期栖水菌、后期假单胞菌,能反映新鲜度,而某些菌如皮生球菌、考克氏能抑制腐败菌。因此,本研究涵盖了更全面的冷藏时期,对微生物菌相变化规律的捕捉更为深入,为后续草鱼的安全质量监测、靶向抑菌管控以及防腐举措的制定提供有力的参考依据。然而,由于不同菌属间如何协同或拮抗影响草鱼腐败进程尚不清晰,微生物之间复杂的相互作用机制尚需进一步深入研究。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010194
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
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    1江西师范大学生命科学学院国家淡水鱼加工技术研发专业中心,江西南昌 330022
    2江西师范大学健康学院,江西南昌 330022
    3九江学院药学与生命科学学院,江西九江 332000

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彭斌(1992−)(ORCID:0000−0002−4436−6296),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品精深加工和高值化综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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