Article(id=1320889681617736116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854241040, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854241040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854241040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854241040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889681840034229, articleId=1320889681617736116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Characterization, and Umami Enhancement Properties of Maillard Peptides from Zanthoxylum Seed Protein, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the high-value utilization of Zanthoxylum seeds and develop novel Zanthoxylum-based specialized seasonings, this study utilized Zanthoxylum seed protein as the raw material, subjecting it to sequential enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline protease and flavor protease, followed by the Maillard reaction to synthesize umami peptides. The Maillard peptide preparation process was optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology with browning degree and sensory evaluation as indicators. The effects of Maillard reaction on the flavor characteristics of Zanthoxylum seed protein hydrolysates were investigated using an electronic tongue in combination with the analysis of molecular weight distribution, amino acid content, peptide sequence, and other characteristic indicators. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for preparing Zanthoxylum seed protein Maillard peptides were as follows: Protein-to-sugar ratio of 3:2 (g/g), reaction temperature of 106 ℃, and reaction time of 52 min. Under these conditions, the product exhibited an electronic tongue response value of 10.06 and a sensory evaluation score of 8.38. The umami-enhancing effect was statistically significant (P<0.01), achieving an effective 44% reduction in monosodium glutamate content. Following the Maillard reaction, the proportion of peptides within the 500~1000 Da molecular weight range increased from 6.14% to 14.88%, while the content of umami amino acids increased by 8.95% and the content of bitter amino acids decreased by 5.32%. These results suggest that the Maillard reaction effectively enhances the umami taste of Zanthoxylum seed protein peptides and enriches their flavor complexity. This study provides important theoretical support for the development of novel seasonings that can replace sodium salts.

, authors=Yufei DONG1, Yijun HUANG1, Peng WANG1, Runguang ZHANG1, Jingzhang GENG2, Honglei TIAN1, Wanying HE1, *, Ping ZHAN1, *, authorsList=Yufei DONG, Yijun HUANG, Peng WANG, Runguang ZHANG, Jingzhang GENG, Honglei TIAN, Wanying HE, Ping ZHAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wanying HE, Ping ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889685342278082, articleId=1320889681617736116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的制备、表征及增鲜特性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升花椒籽高值化利用并开发新型花椒基专属调味料,本研究以花椒籽蛋白为原料,利用碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶分步酶解并经美拉德反应制备增鲜肽。以褐变程度和感官评价为指标,通过单因素实验、响应面试验优化美拉德肽制备工艺,结合电子舌、分子量分布、氨基酸含量及肽段序列等特征性指标和评价手段,明确美拉德反应对花椒籽蛋白酶解肽风味特性的影响。结果表明,花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽制备最佳条件为蛋白-糖比例3:2(g/g)、反应温度106 ℃、反应时间52 min,该条件下产物电子舌响应值为10.06,感官评分为8.38,增鲜效果显著(P<0.01),可将谷氨酸钠含量有效降低44%。酶解肽经美拉德反应后分子量为500~1000 Da的肽段占比由6.14%增至14.88%,鲜味氨基酸含量提高了8.95%,而苦味氨基酸含量减少了5.32%,以上结果表明美拉德反应能有效增强花椒籽蛋白肽的鲜味特性并丰富其风味层次。本研究为开发可替代钠盐的新型调味品提供了重要理论支持。

, authors=董雨飞1, 黄翊珺1, 王鹏1, 张润光1, 耿敬章2, 田洪磊1, 何婉莺1, *, 詹萍1, *, authorsList=董雨飞, 黄翊珺, 王鹏, 张润光, 耿敬章, 田洪磊, 何婉莺, 詹萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何婉莺, 詹萍, authorNote=

董雨飞(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白肽风味化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
何婉莺(1994−)(ORCID:0000−0002−7629−6480),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
詹萍(1981−)(ORCID:0000−0003−3649−1860),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
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CyTA-Journal of Food, 2020, 18(1): 485−492., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889685572964803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889685585547716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, companyId=1320889685572964803, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889685593936325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, companyId=1320889685572964803, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院,陕西西安 710119)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889685677822406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889685690405319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, companyId=1320889685677822406, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889685698793928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, companyId=1320889685677822406, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889690014732795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different proteases on the hydrolysis degree of enzymatic hydrolysate of Zanthoxylum seed protein, figureFileSmall=G26l3QO9VSnESSGawMNw0Q==, figureFileBig=vlzV2+f+wAutxYOoQHlpAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690115396092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同蛋白酶对花椒籽蛋白酶解液水解度的影响, figureFileSmall=G26l3QO9VSnESSGawMNw0Q==, figureFileBig=vlzV2+f+wAutxYOoQHlpAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690316722685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Single factor test results of enzymatic hydrolysate of Zanthoxylum seed protein Maillard reaction, figureFileSmall=1skbZXoSN/V0nZGx0v5H1g==, figureFileBig=I4D4WNxJQc/awPxv5sylcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690392220158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=图2, caption=花椒籽蛋白酶解肽美拉德反应单因素实验结果

注:A.不同因素对美拉德反应产物在294 nm和420 nm处吸光度的影响;B.美拉德反应产物感官结果雷达图;下标1~3分别表示蛋白-糖比例、反应时间、反应温度;*表示酶解肽与美拉德肽组间差异显著,P<0.05;**表示差异极显著,P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=1skbZXoSN/V0nZGx0v5H1g==, figureFileBig=I4D4WNxJQc/awPxv5sylcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690463523327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of protein sugar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on sensory evaluation of Maillard peptides from Zanthoxylum seed protein, figureFileSmall=xa2j5mrujbBdlazDpUqlgQ==, figureFileBig=BZHVZp4GhtMeIEyfesf2NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690543215104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=图3, caption=蛋白-糖比例、反应温度和反应时间对花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽感官评分的影响

注:A:蛋白-糖比例和反应温度;B:蛋白-糖比例和反应时间;C:反应温度和反应时间。

, figureFileSmall=xa2j5mrujbBdlazDpUqlgQ==, figureFileBig=BZHVZp4GhtMeIEyfesf2NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690622906881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Radar image of enzymatic peptides and Maillard peptides from Zanthoxylum seed protein electronic tongue response, figureFileSmall=4wzCgwpH/Bt8txDy9GQSbA==, figureFileBig=IGwLOTMeYskEVEnbLcRQ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690715181570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=图4, caption=花椒籽蛋白酶解肽和美拉德肽电子舌结果雷达图

注:*表示酶解肽与美拉德肽之间差异显著,P<0.05;**表示差异极显著,P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=4wzCgwpH/Bt8txDy9GQSbA==, figureFileBig=IGwLOTMeYskEVEnbLcRQ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690786484739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sensory evaluation of Maillard peptides from Zanthoxylum seed protein for enhancing umami taste, figureFileSmall=x/EMqd6p+A5V9aBX8XI1OQ==, figureFileBig=adWOsB9SLYiEx7AtGaapiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690857787908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=图5, caption=花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的感官评价鲜味增强度

注:不同字母表示具有显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=x/EMqd6p+A5V9aBX8XI1OQ==, figureFileBig=adWOsB9SLYiEx7AtGaapiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889690929091077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Molecular weight distribution of enzymatic peptides (A) and Maillard peptides (B) from Zanthoxylum seed protein, figureFileSmall=ld9rkAqhkONFi2wn6GfF5w==, figureFileBig=7VyeaKUr4NP98cxcqwiiGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889691000394246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=图6, caption=花椒籽蛋白酶解肽(A)与美拉德肽(B)分子量分布, figureFileSmall=ld9rkAqhkONFi2wn6GfF5w==, figureFileBig=7VyeaKUr4NP98cxcqwiiGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889691075891719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Optimal enzymatic conditions and addition levels for different proteases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白酶pH温度(℃)添加量(U/g)
碱性蛋白酶8.705518000
风味蛋白酶7.10504500
胰酶7.40501800
中性蛋白酶7.304518000
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691151389192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同蛋白酶的最适酶解条件及添加量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白酶pH温度(℃)添加量(U/g)
碱性蛋白酶8.705518000
风味蛋白酶7.10504500
胰酶7.40501800
中性蛋白酶7.304518000
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691222692361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factor level coding table for response surface experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
蛋白-糖比例6:53:29:5
反应温度(℃)100110120
反应时间(min)506070
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691293995530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计因素水平编码表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
蛋白-糖比例6:53:29:5
反应温度(℃)100110120
反应时间(min)506070
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691390464523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Matching information between sensors and taste values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器对应的味觉味觉信息
先味回味
C00酸性苦味苦味酸性苦味回味
AE1涩味涩味涩味回味
CA0酸味酸味×
CT0咸味咸味×
AAE鲜味鲜味丰富度
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691461767692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

传感器与味觉值的匹配信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器对应的味觉味觉信息
先味回味
C00酸性苦味苦味酸性苦味回味
AE1涩味涩味涩味回味
CA0酸味酸味×
CT0咸味咸味×
AAE鲜味鲜味丰富度
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691562430989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design and results of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A蛋白-糖比例B反应温度(℃)C反应时间(min)鲜味评分(分)
13:2110607.667
29:5110704.023
36:5100605.354
43:2120703.235
53:2110607.971
66:5120605.125
73:2110608.459
83:2100704.152
96:5110508.37
106:5110704.984
113:2110607.536
123:2120504.728
139:5110505.74
143:2100507.133
159:5120603.542
169:5100606.069
173:2110608.267
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691650511374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A蛋白-糖比例B反应温度(℃)C反应时间(min)鲜味评分(分)
13:2110607.667
29:5110704.023
36:5100605.354
43:2120703.235
53:2110607.971
66:5120605.125
73:2110608.459
83:2100704.152
96:5110508.37
106:5110704.984
113:2110607.536
123:2120504.728
139:5110505.74
143:2100507.133
159:5120603.542
169:5100606.069
173:2110608.267
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691730203151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of variance of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型50.3995.6024.150.0002
A蛋白-糖比例2.4912.4910.720.0136
B反应温度4.6214.6219.910.0029
C反应时间11.46111.4649.440.0002
AB1.3211.325.690.0485
AC0.696410.69643.000.1267
BC0.553510.55352.390.1663
A24.1714.1717.980.0038
B216.21116.2169.92<0.0001
C26.1216.1226.390.0013
残差1.6270.2319
失拟项1.0230.33882.230.2268
误差0.607040.1517
总和52.0216
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691818283536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型50.3995.6024.150.0002
A蛋白-糖比例2.4912.4910.720.0136
B反应温度4.6214.6219.910.0029
C反应时间11.46111.4649.440.0002
AB1.3211.325.690.0485
AC0.696410.69643.000.1267
BC0.553510.55352.390.1663
A24.1714.1717.980.0038
B216.21116.2169.92<0.0001
C26.1216.1226.390.0013
残差1.6270.2319
失拟项1.0230.33882.230.2268
误差0.607040.1517
总和52.0216
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691910558225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Amino acid content of enzymatic peptides and Maillard peptides from Zanthoxylum seed protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类酶解肽含量(%)美拉德肽含量(%)
谷氨酸(Glu)2.87±0.07a2.47±0.03b
天冬氨酸(Asp)1.25±0.00a0.94±0.01b
谷氨酰胺(Gln)11.37±0.14b21.54±0.16a
赖氨酸(Lys)3.56±0.04a3.61±0.03a
脯氨酸(Pro)0.65±0.01a0.43±0.00b
苏氨酸(Thr)4.03±0.16a3.27±0.04b
亮氨酸(Leu)7.37±0.17a6.63±0.02b
异亮氨酸(Ile)3.87±0.01a3.37±0.01b
缬氨酸(Val)6.04±0.06a5.43±0.02b
丙氨酸(Ala)2.46±0.03a1.79±0.00b
甘氨酸(Gly)0.87±0.01a0.59±0.00b
丝氨酸(Ser)4.39±0.07a3.40±0.01b
甲硫氨酸(Met)2.61±0.02a2.45±0.01a
天冬酰胺(Asn)2.94±0.08a2.42±0.03b
精氨酸(Arg)24.15±0.09a22.17±0.05b
组氨酸(His)3.00±0.022a2.84±0.02a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)4.79±0.05a4.27±0.02b
酪氨酸(Tyr)11.76±0.29a10.50±0.02b
色氨酸(Trp)1.22±0.08a1.23±0.01a
鸟氨酸盐酸盐(Orn)0.59±0.01a0.59±0.00a
γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)0.08±0.00a0.06±0.00a
高半胱氨酸(Hcy)0.17±0.00a−
疏水性氨基酸(HAA)37.08±0.12a33.08±0.04b
鲜味氨基酸(UAA)18.43±0.01b27.38±0.20a
苦味氨基酸(BAA)57.54±0.06a52.22±0.09b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889691994444306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

花椒籽蛋白酶解肽和美拉德肽游离氨基酸含量占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类酶解肽含量(%)美拉德肽含量(%)
谷氨酸(Glu)2.87±0.07a2.47±0.03b
天冬氨酸(Asp)1.25±0.00a0.94±0.01b
谷氨酰胺(Gln)11.37±0.14b21.54±0.16a
赖氨酸(Lys)3.56±0.04a3.61±0.03a
脯氨酸(Pro)0.65±0.01a0.43±0.00b
苏氨酸(Thr)4.03±0.16a3.27±0.04b
亮氨酸(Leu)7.37±0.17a6.63±0.02b
异亮氨酸(Ile)3.87±0.01a3.37±0.01b
缬氨酸(Val)6.04±0.06a5.43±0.02b
丙氨酸(Ala)2.46±0.03a1.79±0.00b
甘氨酸(Gly)0.87±0.01a0.59±0.00b
丝氨酸(Ser)4.39±0.07a3.40±0.01b
甲硫氨酸(Met)2.61±0.02a2.45±0.01a
天冬酰胺(Asn)2.94±0.08a2.42±0.03b
精氨酸(Arg)24.15±0.09a22.17±0.05b
组氨酸(His)3.00±0.022a2.84±0.02a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)4.79±0.05a4.27±0.02b
酪氨酸(Tyr)11.76±0.29a10.50±0.02b
色氨酸(Trp)1.22±0.08a1.23±0.01a
鸟氨酸盐酸盐(Orn)0.59±0.01a0.59±0.00a
γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)0.08±0.00a0.06±0.00a
高半胱氨酸(Hcy)0.17±0.00a−
疏水性氨基酸(HAA)37.08±0.12a33.08±0.04b
鲜味氨基酸(UAA)18.43±0.01b27.38±0.20a
苦味氨基酸(BAA)57.54±0.06a52.22±0.09b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889692057358867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of LC-MS/MS identification of Maillard peptides from Zanthoxylum seed protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序列分子
质量(Da)
长度m/z带电荷数保留时间(min)峰面积(×105)前体蛋白名称
AVEDVLRQQ1056.5569529.288239.70321.87甘氨酸富集蛋白
EADSNDFRPL1162.52510582.2727245.0471.90Cupin型蛋白
EEDENPYVF1140.4619571.2411267.112721.0Cupin型蛋白
EEEEDENPY1152.4099577.2136221.72685.17Cupin型蛋白
EEFRVL791.41776792.4257165.02355.3011S球蛋白X4
FDTRILAE963.50258482.7601259.834911.5Cupin型蛋白
FNVNPEIIR1100.5989551.308267.51684.7511S球蛋白X3
GFDERLLAE1048.5199525.2698262.08873.0511S球蛋白X4
VEEEFRVL1019.5298510.7704265.02352.7711S球蛋白X4
VEEELEVLR1114.5879558.3048257.50582.4811S球蛋白X3
), ArticleFig(id=1320889692120273428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889681617736116, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的LC-MS/MS鉴定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序列分子
质量(Da)
长度m/z带电荷数保留时间(min)峰面积(×105)前体蛋白名称
AVEDVLRQQ1056.5569529.288239.70321.87甘氨酸富集蛋白
EADSNDFRPL1162.52510582.2727245.0471.90Cupin型蛋白
EEDENPYVF1140.4619571.2411267.112721.0Cupin型蛋白
EEEEDENPY1152.4099577.2136221.72685.17Cupin型蛋白
EEFRVL791.41776792.4257165.02355.3011S球蛋白X4
FDTRILAE963.50258482.7601259.834911.5Cupin型蛋白
FNVNPEIIR1100.5989551.308267.51684.7511S球蛋白X3
GFDERLLAE1048.5199525.2698262.08873.0511S球蛋白X4
VEEEFRVL1019.5298510.7704265.02352.7711S球蛋白X4
VEEELEVLR1114.5879558.3048257.50582.4811S球蛋白X3
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花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的制备、表征及增鲜特性
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董雨飞 1 , 黄翊珺 1 , 王鹏 1 , 张润光 1 , 耿敬章 2 , 田洪磊 1 , 何婉莺 1, * , 詹萍 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(4): 115-124
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (4) : 115 -124
花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的制备、表征及增鲜特性
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董雨飞1 , 黄翊珺1, 王鹏1, 张润光1, 耿敬章2, 田洪磊1, 何婉莺1, * , 詹萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院,陕西西安 710119
  • 2陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723001
通讯作者:
何婉莺(1994−)(ORCID:0000−0002−7629−6480),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
詹萍(1981−)(ORCID:0000−0003−3649−1860),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

董雨飞(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白肽风味化学,E-mail:

Preparation, Characterization, and Umami Enhancement Properties of Maillard Peptides from Zanthoxylum Seed Protein
Yufei DONG1 , Yijun HUANG1, Peng WANG1, Runguang ZHANG1, Jingzhang GENG2, Honglei TIAN1, Wanying HE1, * , Ping ZHAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
  • 2School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030114
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为提升花椒籽高值化利用并开发新型花椒基专属调味料,本研究以花椒籽蛋白为原料,利用碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶分步酶解并经美拉德反应制备增鲜肽。以褐变程度和感官评价为指标,通过单因素实验、响应面试验优化美拉德肽制备工艺,结合电子舌、分子量分布、氨基酸含量及肽段序列等特征性指标和评价手段,明确美拉德反应对花椒籽蛋白酶解肽风味特性的影响。结果表明,花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽制备最佳条件为蛋白-糖比例3:2(g/g)、反应温度106 ℃、反应时间52 min,该条件下产物电子舌响应值为10.06,感官评分为8.38,增鲜效果显著(P<0.01),可将谷氨酸钠含量有效降低44%。酶解肽经美拉德反应后分子量为500~1000 Da的肽段占比由6.14%增至14.88%,鲜味氨基酸含量提高了8.95%,而苦味氨基酸含量减少了5.32%,以上结果表明美拉德反应能有效增强花椒籽蛋白肽的鲜味特性并丰富其风味层次。本研究为开发可替代钠盐的新型调味品提供了重要理论支持。

花椒籽蛋白  /  酶解  /  美拉德反应  /  增鲜肽  /  高效液相色谱-串联质谱法

To enhance the high-value utilization of Zanthoxylum seeds and develop novel Zanthoxylum-based specialized seasonings, this study utilized Zanthoxylum seed protein as the raw material, subjecting it to sequential enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline protease and flavor protease, followed by the Maillard reaction to synthesize umami peptides. The Maillard peptide preparation process was optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology with browning degree and sensory evaluation as indicators. The effects of Maillard reaction on the flavor characteristics of Zanthoxylum seed protein hydrolysates were investigated using an electronic tongue in combination with the analysis of molecular weight distribution, amino acid content, peptide sequence, and other characteristic indicators. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for preparing Zanthoxylum seed protein Maillard peptides were as follows: Protein-to-sugar ratio of 3:2 (g/g), reaction temperature of 106 ℃, and reaction time of 52 min. Under these conditions, the product exhibited an electronic tongue response value of 10.06 and a sensory evaluation score of 8.38. The umami-enhancing effect was statistically significant (P<0.01), achieving an effective 44% reduction in monosodium glutamate content. Following the Maillard reaction, the proportion of peptides within the 500~1000 Da molecular weight range increased from 6.14% to 14.88%, while the content of umami amino acids increased by 8.95% and the content of bitter amino acids decreased by 5.32%. These results suggest that the Maillard reaction effectively enhances the umami taste of Zanthoxylum seed protein peptides and enriches their flavor complexity. This study provides important theoretical support for the development of novel seasonings that can replace sodium salts.

Zanthoxylum seed protein  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  Maillard reaction  /  umami peptides  /  high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
董雨飞, 黄翊珺, 王鹏, 张润光, 耿敬章, 田洪磊, 何婉莺, 詹萍. 花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的制备、表征及增鲜特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030114
Yufei DONG, Yijun HUANG, Peng WANG, Runguang ZHANG, Jingzhang GENG, Honglei TIAN, Wanying HE, Ping ZHAN. Preparation, Characterization, and Umami Enhancement Properties of Maillard Peptides from Zanthoxylum Seed Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030114
花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)是芸香科(Rutaceae)花椒属(Zanthoxylum)植物,因其独特的椒香风味和浓郁的麻味,成为烹饪中不可或缺的香辛料,尤其在中国及东南亚国家广受欢迎[1]。作为花椒主产国,中国花椒年产量超30万吨[2]。花椒籽约占花椒产量的60%,其压榨后的副产品花椒籽粕富含蛋白质、脂肪及矿物质,蛋白质含量高达20%,精氨酸占比超10%,是优质的呈味肽制备资源[3−4]。然而,当前花椒籽粕主要被用作低附加值饲料,导致蛋白资源浪费和利用率低下的问题亟待解决。
当前研究主要集中于花椒籽蛋白功能活性肽的制备领域,市场上产品大多局限于抗氧化肽、降压肽及抗菌肽等传统类别,导致产品线缺乏多样性,同质化现象显著[5]。鲜味肽作为一种创新天然鲜味增强剂,是一类补充或提升食品本味的新型呈味肽类物质[6]。鉴于此,以“味料同源、咸鲜融组”的现代调味基料加工理念为导向,利用酶解技术将花椒籽蛋白转化为兼具鲜味与活性的功能性肽类已成为研究新趋势,既可满足我国高品质多功能调味基料产品的消费需求,亦可为花椒传统预制食品专属调味基料领域提供新的选择。
美拉德肽是蛋白质/多肽经美拉德反应生成的一类具有怡人风味的肽类衍生物,可赋予食品不同的风味特征以提升其风味品质。目前已发现多种由植物基水解蛋白制得的风味肽具有显著的增味潜力。据报道,大豆、豌豆和葵花籽美拉德肽不仅具有咸味、鲜味增强的作用,同时赋予产品不同的呈香特性,其中木糖在美拉德反应过程中可产生肉味并提高鲜味[7−10]。Wei等[11]发现由葵花蛋白水解物和木糖产生的美拉德肽不仅呈现较好的醇厚味、鲜味和肉香。Ogasawara等[12]发现分子量为1~5 kDa的大豆蛋白肽与木糖发生美拉德反应后呈现显著的增鲜效果。Yan等[13]发现低分子量豌豆蛋白深度酶解物与木糖等还原糖反应得到的美拉德产物均具有鲜味增强的作用。
本研究以花椒籽蛋白为原料,利用酶解后与木糖发生美拉德反应制备增鲜肽,采用响应面试验优化花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽最佳制备工艺。通过分析产物的褐变程度、电子舌、分子量分布、氨基酸含量和序列鉴定,明确美拉德反应对花椒籽蛋白酶解肽分子结构及其呈味特性的具体调控策略,为花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽在调味品领域的创新应用提供新思路,为进一步挖掘其增鲜效应的分子机制及风味前体追溯奠定基础。
花椒籽蛋白(蛋白含量≥95%) 陕西为康生物科技股份有限公司;碱性蛋白酶(200000 U/g)、风味蛋白酶(10000 U/g)、胰酶(4000 U/g)、中性蛋白酶(200000 U/g)、D-木糖、谷氨酸钠 南宁庞博生物工程有限公司;食用纯碱 菱花集团有限公司;无水柠檬酸 河南万邦实业有限公司;其他分析所用试剂均为国产分析纯。
RIGOL L-3000高效液相色谱系统 北京普源精电科技有限公司;SA402B型电子舌 日本Insent公司;GPC50型凝胶渗透色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;WH260-H型磁力搅拌器 德国WIGGENS GmBH公司;DF-101S型集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;DGJ-9C型真空冷冻干燥机 上海博登生物科技有限公司;普析T9CS型紫外分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;BSA224S-CW型电子天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;ST3100型pH计 奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司。
称取4.5 g花椒籽蛋白溶于75 mL的碱性水,混匀得到蛋白溶液,放至磁力搅拌器上室温搅拌1 h。将溶液加热至蛋白酶的最适温度,用10%(w/w)纯碱溶液调节pH至最适pH,分别加入一定量碱性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、胰酶和中性蛋白酶酶解4 h,具体条件如表1所示。复合酶酶解液制备方法为:先添加18000 U/g碱性蛋白酶反应2 h后,将溶液pH调至7.10,再加入4500 U/g风味蛋白酶酶解2 h,在90 ℃下加热灭酶10 min得到花椒籽蛋白酶解液,冻干后粉末储存在-20 ℃下备用。
水解度(DH)的测定采用pH-stat法。在酶解过程中每间隔30 min测定pH,并用1 mL注射器加入0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液直至pH达到初始pH,记录加入碱液的体积。加碱的量可直接表征蛋白质水解程度,计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{H}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{M}\alpha {\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}\times 100 $
式中,B为水解过程中消耗的碱液的体积(mL);C为NaOH溶液的摩尔浓度(mol/L);M是底物中蛋白质的质量(g);$\alpha $为氨基的解离度,根据计算所得为0.99;htot为单位质量蛋白质中的肽键总数(mmol/g),花椒籽蛋白的htot为6.44 mmol/g[14]。
花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的制备基于前人的方法并改进[15]。称取2.5 g花椒籽蛋白酶解肽和D-木糖于100 mL耐压瓶中,加入50 mL水使其溶解。调节pH至7.5,将盖旋紧,置于磁力搅拌器的油浴中加热一定时间,反应结束后常温冷却10 min,再冰水冷却10 min,8000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液,即为花椒籽蛋白酶解液美拉德反应产物,冻干后粉末储存在−20 ℃下用于分析及感官评定。
选取蛋白-糖比例、反应温度和反应时间,进行美拉德肽制备工艺单因素实验,分别研究3个因素对美拉德反应产物的褐变程度(A420、A294)和感官评分的影响。每个单因素设置七个水平,其中固定因素水平为蛋白-糖比例3:2、反应温度110 ℃和反应时间60 min。蛋白-糖比例设定为:5:2、2:1、3:2、1:1、2:3、1:2、2:5;反应时间设定为:40、60、80、100、120、140、160 min;反应温度设定为:90、100、110、120、130、140、150 ℃。依据单因素实验结果确定响应面设计的因素水平。
在单因素实验基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面设计,以美拉德反应产物的感官评分为响应值,选择蛋白-糖比例、反应温度和反应时间3个因素进行优化,其因素水平及编码见表2。
以蒸馏水为参比,使用双光束紫外分光光度计测定样品在294 nm和420 nm处的吸光度。
感官方法参照Li等[16]的方法改进。由10名具有丰富感官评价经验人员(20~30岁)组成感官评定小组,实验开始前需进行相关感官培训。采用9分制对样品溶液的味道特征的强度进行评定,包括焦糊味、酸味、甜味、苦味、咸味和鲜味(主要为增鲜)。0分表示无味道,9分表示味道最强。对照溶液为1.0%(w/v)谷氨酸钠和0.5%(w/v)氯化钠(NaCl)组成的混合溶液,鲜味和咸味的分值为5。
为确定鲜味增强效果,采用9分法对6种不同浓度(0、1、3、5、7、9 mg/mL)的谷氨酸钠溶液进行评价,并建立鲜味强度标准曲线,得到公式为y=0.835x+0.3659,R2=0.9932。将不同浓度的美拉德肽加至5 mg/mL谷氨酸钠参比溶液中,评价其增鲜效果并根据如下线性方程计算出鲜味增强率。
$ \mathrm{鲜}\mathrm{味}\mathrm{增}\mathrm{强}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{x}}_{2}-{\mathrm{x}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{x}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中,x1是5 mg/mL谷氨酸钠溶液的鲜味强度;x2是样品的鲜味强度。
本次分析采用分析系统为苦味分析系统C00、AE1、CA0、CT0、AAE共5个传感器及2个标准电极见表3。传感器经活化、校正后测样。样品溶于5 mg/mL的谷氨酸钠溶液,4000 r/min离心3 min,经滤纸过滤后取70 mL上机检测。谷氨酸钠溶液(5 mg/mL)为对照样品。
采用凝胶渗透色谱法测定样品的分子量范围。样品通过0.45 μm的薄膜过滤后注入Waters 2695高效液相色谱系统(Waters,Milford,MA,U.S.A.)中的TSK-GEL G2000 SWXL柱(7.8×300 mm)。流动相为40%(V/V)乙腈加0.1%(V/V)三氟乙酸,流速为0.5 mL/min,检测220 nm处吸光度。
参照Liyanaarachchi等[17]的方法并改进。取适量样本于2 mL离心管中,准确加入600 μL 10%甲酸甲醇溶液-水(1:1,V/V)。涡漩振荡30 s后,在组织研磨器中55 Hz研磨90 s。12000 r/min、4 ℃离心5 min。取上清液100 μL,加入20 ng/mL的Trp-d3内标100 μL,涡漩振荡30 s,过0.22 μm滤膜后加至检测瓶中。采用ACQUITY UPLC ® BEH C18色谱柱(2.1×100 mm,1.7 μm),进样量5 μL,柱温40 ℃,流动相A:50%甲醇水(含0.1%甲酸),B:10%甲醇水(含0.1%甲酸)。
参照陈荣荣等[18]的方法并稍作修改。色谱条件:流动相A液为0.1%甲酸溶液,B液为0.125%甲酸-乙腈溶液。使用10 µL A液溶解冻干粉末,4 ℃下14000×g离心20 min,取上清1 µg进样,液质检测。梯度洗脱:0~7 min,92%~88% A,8%~12% B;7~55 min,88%~70% A,12%~30% B;55~65 min,70%~60% A,30%~40% B;65~66 min,60%~5% A,40%~95% B;66~80 min,5% A,95% B。质谱条件:使用Orbitrap Exploris™ 480质谱仪,采用数据依赖型采集模式,质谱全扫描范围为m/z 350~1500,一级质谱分辨率设为120000,离子最大注入时间为50 ms;二级质谱检测采用“Top Speed”模式,分辨率设为15000,离子最大注入时间为22 ms,肽段碎裂碰撞能量设为33%,生成质谱检测原始数据。
每组实验至少重复3次。测量的数据结果表示为平均值±标准差,并均使用IBM SPSS Statistics 20确定显著性差异。进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),平均值之间的差异采用Duncan的多范围检验来确定。在P<0.05水平上有显著性差异则具有统计学意义。
水解度是蛋白质分解的关键指标,表明裂解的肽键相对于蛋白质底物中键总数的程度[19]。如图1所示,水解4 h后,单酶水解中碱性蛋白酶酶解效果最好,水解度达到11.69%,胰酶次之,中性蛋白酶的酶解效果最差,仅有1.97%。这可能由于碱性蛋白酶是具有广泛作用位点的内切酶,能够水解肽键、酯键、酰胺键,从而切割羧基侧链的疏水性氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸[20]。然而,其水解过程中会生成含疏水性氨基酸的多肽末端,导致苦味等不良风味[21]。风味蛋白酶含有多种外切酶,可在肽链末端破坏肽键,将苦味肽降解为氨基酸,并使精氨酸和赖氨酸等暴露,从而实现苦味降低、鲜味增强[22−23]。图1中所示复合酶为碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶依次分步酶解2 h,水解度可达到13.45%,显著高于中性蛋白酶等单酶酶解(P<0.05)。因此,选择复合酶酶解花椒籽蛋白制备酶解肽。
紫外可见光谱反映美拉德反应的进程,其中A420值表明美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRP)的褐变程度,而A294值则表明美拉德反应中间产物的形成[24]。如图2A1所示,A294和A420随糖添加比例增大而逐渐增加,表明美拉德反应效率增加且伴随焦糖化反应使类黑精素逐渐累积,褐变程度加深,同时图2B1显示鲜味强度随糖添加量增加而呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当蛋白-糖比例为3:2时,鲜味评分最高(P<0.01)。当蛋白-糖比例小于2:3后,焦糊味明显增加(P<0.01),酸味亦小幅增加。因此选择蛋白-糖比例为3:2时花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽整体风味最佳。
图2A2和图2B2反映了反应时间对MRP的反应程度和感官评分的影响。反应时间为60 min时鲜味和咸味的感官评分均显著高于其他反应时间(P<0.01),且产物在294 nm处的吸光度达到最大,说明此时中间产物生成最多,最有利于美拉德反应的发生。从40 min开始,反应时间越长,A420值越大,表明在反应过程中终产物类黑素的积累逐渐增加,并生成含氮杂环化合物和有害物质,不仅影响最终产物色泽,还伴有苦味和焦糊味等杂味生成[25]。由此可见,60 min为花椒籽蛋白肽美拉德反应的最适反应时间。
反应温度影响美拉德反应进行的不同途径,进而生成不同风味的产物[26]。由图2A3和图2B3可见,反应温度超过130 ℃后,产物在294 nm和420 nm处的吸光值均明显增加,焦糊味显著增加(P<0.01),这是由于反应温度过高破坏了美拉德反应产物的稳定性导致最终产物类黑素快速累积[27]。反应温度较低时如90 ℃和100 ℃,反应速率较慢,产物较少,呈味物质较少。当反应温度为110 ℃时,产物在294 nm处的吸光值最高,且鲜味评分最高(P<0.01)。综上,选择110 ℃作为最适反应温度。
根据Box-Behnken响应面设计,结合单因素实验数据结果,以蛋白-糖比例(A)、反应温度(B)、反应时间(C)为自变量,鲜味评分为响应值,所得三因素三水平试验结果如表4所示。利用Desingn-Expert软件对上述结果进行多元二次回归拟合,得到鲜味感官评分的二次多项回归方程为:Y=7.98−0.5574A−0.7598B−1.1971C−0.5745AB+0.4173AC+0.372BC−0.9951A2−1.9624B2−1.2056C2,其中R2值为0.9688。为验证方程的可靠性,对相关实验数据进行方差分析,结果如表5所示,B、C、A2、B2、C2对响应值的影响极显著(P<0.01),A显著(P<0.05),交互项AB显著(P<0.05)。模型极显著(P<0.01),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),表明回归方程极显著,说明根据该回归方程拟合得到的最优条件可靠。根据F值可得三因素对鲜味评分的主次影响依次为C>B>A。根据数据结果绘制各因素响应面交互作用如图3所示,交互项响应面坡度陡峭且等高线较密集接近椭圆形,其中坡度陡峭程度AB>BC>AC,则蛋白-糖比和反应温度的交互作用对鲜味感官评分具有较大影响。回归方程模型预测最佳工艺条件为蛋白-糖比36:25,反应温度106.43 ℃,反应时间52.21 h,预测此时鲜味评分为8.40分。为验证模型预测准确性,根据实际情况将预测条件调整为:蛋白-糖比例3:2(g/g),反应温度106 ℃,反应时间52 min,在此条件下测得产物平均鲜味感官评分为8.38分,与模型预测值无显著差异,表明该方程具有实际意义。
电子舌可通过传感器模仿人类的味觉来客观定量地评价样品的滋味差异[28]。使用电子舌设备测定样品的酸味、苦味、涩味、苦味回味、涩味回味、鲜味、丰富性和咸味,结果如图4所示。与空白对照组(5 mg/mL的谷氨酸钠溶液)相比,酶解肽和美拉德肽的鲜味和咸味均极显著提高(P<0.01),且经美拉德反应后花椒籽蛋白肽的鲜味、咸味及丰富性的响应值均极显著提高(P<0.01),表明美拉德肽可表现出更强的鲜味和更高的丰富性,这与感官结果一致。美拉德反应前后酸味、涩味及涩味回味值均低于无味点值(响应值为0的点),说明不呈现酸味和涩味。综上,美拉德反应产物,即含鲜味氨基酸的肽类和糖基化多肽可在与谷氨酸钠协同作用下增强鲜味,使风味层次更加丰富而不会带来负面味觉影响,整体风味更趋平衡和鲜美,因此作为鲜味调味剂具有良好的市场前景。
图5为根据公式(2)计算得出的鲜味增强率。结果表明,花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽具有明显增鲜作用,当肽添加量为3.5 mg/mL时,鲜味增强率达到61.69%,鲜味感官评分接近9 mg/mL谷氨酸钠溶液(P>0.05),表明浓度为3.5 mg/mL的花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽増鲜效果显著,可将谷氨酸钠含量有效降低44%。鲜味增强源于美拉德反应过程中产生的呈味肽,Zhang等[29]从花生分离蛋白美拉德肽中鉴定出鲜味肽和鲜味增强肽,因此利用花椒籽蛋白MRP的增鲜作用实现减盐减钠不减味的新型増鲜调味品创制具有重要意义。
采用GPC法评估花椒籽蛋白肽美拉德反应前后产物的分子量分布情况如图6所示。与酶解肽相比,经美拉德反应后分子量>5000 Da的肽段占比显著降低(P<0.05),而分子量为<500 Da、500~1000 Da、1000~2000 Da、2000~3000 Da和3000~5000 Da五个组分占比均显著增加(P<0.05)。在美拉德反应进程中,一方面高温条件致使大分子量肽链发生断裂、降解和重组,生成新低分子量肽段和游离氨基酸,使得高分子量肽段含量降低;另一方面部分肽链发生结构重排和交联作用,或肽链中氨基酸残基与木糖发生糖肽交联反应,致使中间段分子量产物含量增加[30]。分子量为500~1000 Da的产物经美拉德反应后含量占比由6.14%增至14.88%(P<0.05),Zhang等[31]分离鉴定出呈鲜味的肽段一般为<1000 Da的小分子量肽段,这可能与花椒籽蛋白肽经美拉德反应后鲜味增强有关。
美拉德反应后氨基酸组成可以反映游离氨基酸参与反应的程度,并通过氨基酸比例的改变揭示经美拉德反应后产物味觉特性的变化[32]。表6为美拉德反应前后游离氨基酸组成及含量占比。美拉德肽中共检测出21种氨基酸,比反应前减少1种,这是由于高半胱氨酸中的硫原子使其参与反应而不再以氨基酸的形式存在[33]。反应后各游离氨基酸含量占比大部分呈降低趋势,表明花椒籽蛋白酶解肽在美拉德反应进程中,游离氨基酸与木糖发生羰氨反应,致使游离氨基酸被消耗[34−35]。值得注意的是,谷氨酰胺含量显著增加10.28%(P<0.05),谷氨酰胺分解后可产生吡嗪类物质并呈现鲜味,结合感官评定结果表明经美拉德反应后花椒籽蛋白肽的整体风味特性有效提升,尤其是鲜味和风味的丰富性[36]。有研究表明疏水性氨基酸(Pro、Tyr、Val、Met、Ile、Leu和Phe)在加热时会产生苦味[16]。美拉德反应后,总疏水性氨基酸含量占比由37.08%下降至33.08%,表明更多的疏水性氨基酸参与了美拉德反应,这也是苦味减少、风味改善的原因之一[37−38]。同时,美拉德反应后鲜味氨基酸(Glu、Asp、Gln和Asn)占比增加8.95%(P<0.05),苦味氨基酸(Arg、His、Phe、Tyr、Met、Leu和Ile)占比减少5.32%(P<0.05),进一步表明美拉德肽可呈现出更加鲜美的风味。这一变化主要归因于美拉德反应过程中肽与还原糖或糖降解产物进行热降解反应和交联反应,改变游离氨基酸的组成,增强鲜味并降低苦味,从而提升产物整体风味质量[13,39]。
利用HPLC-MS/MS对花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽进行序列鉴定分析,结果如表7所示,经鉴定多肽含有6~16个氨基酸,分子量分布于791.4177~1752.81 Da。根据感官评价与电子舌分析结果证实花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽确实对味觉特征尤其是鲜味和咸味存在关键增强作用。而已有研究表明豌豆蛋白、大米蛋白美拉德肽能有效增强咸味、鲜味或肉味,且糖基化反应的关键修饰位点位于Asn残基[15,40]。所得肽段序列中均含有亲水性氨基酸尤其是谷氨酸(E)、天冬氨酸(D)、丝氨酸(S)和天冬酰胺(N)中的一种或几种,且大多具有连续酸性氨基酸结构(DD、DE、ED、EE),据报道上述氨基酸残基是鲜味蛋白受体结合的活性位点且有助于肽呈鲜[41−42]。为进一步探究花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽的关键前体蛋白,借助Peaks 8软件数据库进行了肽序列来源分析,经拟合比对AQ-9、EL-10、EF-9、EY-9、EL-6、FE-8、FR-9、GE-9、VL-8、VR-9由Cupin型蛋白、甘氨酸富集蛋白和11S球蛋白X3、X4中释放,这与先前的研究一致,Bao等[43]也发现葵花籽水解蛋白鲜味肽来源于11S球蛋白。
本研究以花椒籽蛋白为原料,通过优化酶解与美拉德反应条件制备花椒籽蛋白美拉德反应增鲜肽。结果显示:以水解度为指标,筛选出碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶进行分步酶解;以褐变度和感官评分为指标,通过单因素实验和响应面试验得到花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽最佳制备工艺条件为蛋白-糖比例3:2(g/g),反应温度106 ℃,反应时间52 min。花椒籽蛋白美拉德肽以3.5 mg/mL的浓度加入谷氨酸钠溶液中,鲜味增强率可达到61.69%。电子舌结果与感官评价结果一致,鲜味均显著提高。经美拉德反应后,分子量分布于500~1000 Da的肽段含量占比由6.14%增至14.88%,其中鲜味氨基酸占比增加8.95%,苦味氨基酸占比减少5.32%,进一步表明美拉德反应使花椒籽蛋白肽增鲜能力增强且整体风味更加协调。序列鉴定分析结果表明鲜味肽的关键前体蛋白源于Cupin型蛋白、甘氨酸富集蛋白和11S球蛋白,其氨基酸残基分布模式存在多个利于呈鲜的鲜味受体结合的活性位点。然而由于美拉德反应的复杂性及鲜味物质存在的多样性,美拉德肽与鲜味受体蛋白间的具体作用机制仍需进一步探索,未来需结合计算模拟与组学技术,建立从分子结构到感官特性的系统性评价方法,以期为呈味机理的解析提供新视角。本研究为花椒籽蛋白精深加工及花椒基专属咸鲜融组调味基料的创制提供了理论基础与实践依据。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030114
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
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    1陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院,陕西西安 710119
    2陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723001

通讯作者:

何婉莺(1994−)(ORCID:0000−0002−7629−6480),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
詹萍(1981−)(ORCID:0000−0003−3649−1860),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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