Article(id=1320889645735465109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020266, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854232485, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854232485, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854232485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854232485, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=89, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889645966151830, articleId=1320889645735465109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on the Activation of β-Glucosidase Activity and Their Interaction, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effect of phenolic acids on the activity of β-glucosidase, this study systematically evaluated the activation mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) at varying concentrations (0~0.5 g/L) through circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular docking, with a focus on enzyme conformational dynamics and molecular interactions. The results showed that PHBA significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Secondary structural analysis revealed that the content of α-helix significantly decreased by 52.14% (P<0.05), while β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil structures increased by 90.20%, 27.24%, and 50.56%, respectively, at 0.5 g/L PHBA compared to the control group. These structural shifts suggestted that the enzyme's active site might reside within α-helix regions. Fluorescence quenching assays confirmed spontaneous binding between PHBA and β-glucosidase, with one or one class of binding sites identified. Molecular interaction analyses revealed that hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions predominantly stabilized the PHBA-enzyme complex. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the structural stability of the PHBA-β-glucosidase complex over 100 ns trajectories (RMSD<0.4 nm), confirming PHBA as a potent β-glucosidase activator. This study elucidates the molecular basis of PHBA-driven enzyme activation and provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing β-glucosidase activity in phenolic acid-rich fermented fruit and vegetable products.

, authors=Shunfeng LI1, Yunli CHEN2, Xueyi LAN2, Luyao FENG2, Anjian WANG1, Xiaoyuan WANG2, 3, Lihua ZHANG2, 3, *, authorsList=Shunfeng LI, Yunli CHEN, Xueyi LAN, Luyao FENG, Anjian WANG, Xiaoyuan WANG, Lihua ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihua ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889649845883051, articleId=1320889645735465109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=对羟基苯甲酸对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活效应及其互作关系, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究酚酸对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响,通过圆二色谱、分子对接等方法,分析了不同质量浓度(0~0.5 g/L)对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,PHBA)对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活机制,重点研究了酶动力学和分子相互作用。结果表明,PHBA显著提高了β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,且呈浓度依赖性模式。二级结构分析发现,在0.5 g/L的PHBA作用下,与对照组相比,α-螺旋含量显著降低了52.14%(P<0.05),而β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲结构分别增加了90.20%、27.24%和50.56%,表明β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性位点可能位于α-螺旋内。荧光猝灭结果表明,PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶可能有1个或者1类结合位点,二者结合是自发的。分子相互作用力显示,氢键、范德华力以及疏水相互作用是稳定PHBA-β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物的主要作用力。分子动力学模拟进一步验证了PHBA-β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物在100 ns轨迹中的结构稳定性(RMSD<0.4 nm),证实了PHBA作为β-葡萄糖苷酶激活剂的潜力,为富含酚酸的果蔬发酵产品中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性提升及功能性成分开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=李顺峰1, 陈云莉2, 兰雪怡2, 冯路瑶2, 王安建1, 王小媛2, 3, 张丽华2, 3, *, authorsList=李顺峰, 陈云莉, 兰雪怡, 冯路瑶, 王安建, 王小媛, 张丽华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张丽华, authorNote=

李顺峰(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品保鲜与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张丽华(1982−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与安全控制,E-mail:。
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注:大写字母和小写字母分别表示不同样品之间粒径和电位的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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注:小写字母表示不同样品之间同一二级结构类型的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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注:(a)PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的最佳对接可视化及局部放大结果;(b)PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的最佳分子对接2D放大图。

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Effects of different temperature on binding constant Ka, binding site n and thermodynamic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T(K)Ka(L/mol)nΔH(kJ/mol)∆G(kJ/mol)∆S[J/(mol·K)]
2980.19×1041.030.49−18.75128.54
3040.54×1041.26−21.72
3101.31×1041.38−24.43
), ArticleFig(id=1320889659211763961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889645735465109, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同温度对结合常数Ka、结合位点n以及热力学参数的影响

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T(K)Ka(L/mol)nΔH(kJ/mol)∆G(kJ/mol)∆S[J/(mol·K)]
2980.19×1041.030.49−18.75128.54
3040.54×1041.26−21.72
3101.31×1041.38−24.43
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对羟基苯甲酸对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活效应及其互作关系
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李顺峰 1 , 陈云莉 2 , 兰雪怡 2 , 冯路瑶 2 , 王安建 1 , 王小媛 2, 3 , 张丽华 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(4): 89-96
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (4) : 89 -96
对羟基苯甲酸对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活效应及其互作关系
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李顺峰1 , 陈云莉2, 兰雪怡2, 冯路瑶2, 王安建1, 王小媛2, 3, 张丽华2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心,河南郑州 450002
  • 2郑州轻工业大学食品与生物工程学院,河南郑州 450001
  • 3冷链食品加工与安全控制教育部重点实验室,郑州轻工业大学,河南郑州 450001
通讯作者:
张丽华(1982−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与安全控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李顺峰(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品保鲜与加工,E-mail:

Effect of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on the Activation of β-Glucosidase Activity and Their Interaction
Shunfeng LI1 , Yunli CHEN2, Xueyi LAN2, Luyao FENG2, Anjian WANG1, Xiaoyuan WANG2, 3, Lihua ZHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Research Center of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020266
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为探究酚酸对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响,通过圆二色谱、分子对接等方法,分析了不同质量浓度(0~0.5 g/L)对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,PHBA)对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活机制,重点研究了酶动力学和分子相互作用。结果表明,PHBA显著提高了β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,且呈浓度依赖性模式。二级结构分析发现,在0.5 g/L的PHBA作用下,与对照组相比,α-螺旋含量显著降低了52.14%(P<0.05),而β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲结构分别增加了90.20%、27.24%和50.56%,表明β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性位点可能位于α-螺旋内。荧光猝灭结果表明,PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶可能有1个或者1类结合位点,二者结合是自发的。分子相互作用力显示,氢键、范德华力以及疏水相互作用是稳定PHBA-β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物的主要作用力。分子动力学模拟进一步验证了PHBA-β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物在100 ns轨迹中的结构稳定性(RMSD<0.4 nm),证实了PHBA作为β-葡萄糖苷酶激活剂的潜力,为富含酚酸的果蔬发酵产品中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性提升及功能性成分开发提供了理论依据。

对羟基苯甲酸  /  β-葡萄糖苷酶  /  圆二色谱  /  荧光猝灭  /  分子对接

To investigate the effect of phenolic acids on the activity of β-glucosidase, this study systematically evaluated the activation mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) at varying concentrations (0~0.5 g/L) through circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular docking, with a focus on enzyme conformational dynamics and molecular interactions. The results showed that PHBA significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Secondary structural analysis revealed that the content of α-helix significantly decreased by 52.14% (P<0.05), while β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil structures increased by 90.20%, 27.24%, and 50.56%, respectively, at 0.5 g/L PHBA compared to the control group. These structural shifts suggestted that the enzyme's active site might reside within α-helix regions. Fluorescence quenching assays confirmed spontaneous binding between PHBA and β-glucosidase, with one or one class of binding sites identified. Molecular interaction analyses revealed that hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions predominantly stabilized the PHBA-enzyme complex. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the structural stability of the PHBA-β-glucosidase complex over 100 ns trajectories (RMSD<0.4 nm), confirming PHBA as a potent β-glucosidase activator. This study elucidates the molecular basis of PHBA-driven enzyme activation and provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing β-glucosidase activity in phenolic acid-rich fermented fruit and vegetable products.

p-hydroxybenzoic acid  /  β-glucosidase  /  circular dichroism  /  fluorescence quenching  /  molecular docking
李顺峰, 陈云莉, 兰雪怡, 冯路瑶, 王安建, 王小媛, 张丽华. 对羟基苯甲酸对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活效应及其互作关系. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020266
Shunfeng LI, Yunli CHEN, Xueyi LAN, Luyao FENG, Anjian WANG, Xiaoyuan WANG, Lihua ZHANG. Effect of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on the Activation of β-Glucosidase Activity and Their Interaction[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020266
β-葡萄糖苷酶是一种在植物、酵母和细菌体内广泛存在的纤维素水解酶[1−2]。研究表明,产β-葡萄糖苷酶的乳酸菌可将糖苷结合态多酚转为游离态多酚,增强多酚的生物利用度,进而增强食品的营养价值和功能特性[3−4]。Peng等[5]采用康普茶和低聚果糖发酵豆浆,发现异黄酮含量与β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈正相关,且β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与发酵豆浆的风味也有一定相关性。这表明激活β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性可提高酚类物质的水解率,对富含酚酸的果蔬发酵产品抗氧化性的提高及香气成分的改善具有积极作用。因此,寻找天然高效的酚酸类化合物作为β-葡萄糖苷酶促进剂具有重要意义。
酚酸类物质(如对羟基苯甲酸,PHBA)作为果蔬中的天然成分,可能通过分子互作影响相关酶的构象与活性。田野等[6]研究发现,阿魏酸、对香豆酸、水杨酸可提高木聚糖酶活力,但单宁酸会抑制其活性。此外,相关研究表明苹果[7]、柑橘[8]和胡萝卜[9]等果蔬中普遍存在PHBA,且具有良好的抗菌、抗氧化、抗癌和抗炎等多种功能[10−12]。例如,黄小兰等[8]研究发现经PHBA处理后的柑橘果实中多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶等酶活性均升高,对采后柑橘炭疽病病原菌有较强的抗菌作用。沈荷玉等[13]研究表明,没食子酸对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶具有良好的抑制效果。尽管酚酸类物质与果蔬中多种酶活性关系已有相关报道,但PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间的作用关系尚缺乏深入研究。
基于此,本文通过圆二色谱及分子对接等技术,深入分析了PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间的相互作用,揭示其作用机制,以期为果蔬中的PHBA和β-葡萄糖苷酶的生物利用及优化果蔬资源转化效率提供理论依据。
对羟基苯甲酸(纯度≥98%)、对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(p-NPG,纯度≥98%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;β-葡萄糖苷酶(300 U/g,纯度≥98%) 江苏锐阳生物科技有限公司;柠檬酸、磷酸氢二钠 分析纯 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;其他分析纯试剂购于天津达茂有限公司。
BPH-9272精密恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Tecan Spark 20M多功能微孔板读数仪 瑞士Tecan公司;JascoJ-815圆二色谱仪 美国Jasco公司;NANO-ZS90马尔文激光粒度仪 英国Malvern有限公司;F-7000荧光分光光度计 北京日立科学仪器有限公司。
将β-葡萄糖苷酶(50 mg/mL)溶解于pH6.0的0.1 mol/L柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲液中。然后,将β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液(8 mL)注入离心管中,分别添加PHBA,得到PHBA质量浓度为0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/L的混合体系,以未添加PHBA的β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液作为对照组,待PHBA完全溶于酶液后进行测定。
酶活力测定参考丁小娟[14]的p-NPG方法。将1.2.1制备的添加不同质量浓度PHBA的β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液取出1.4 mL,与20 mmol/L的p-NPG溶液分别于37 ℃下进行10 min预热;接着向酶液中加入0.4 mL的p-NPG溶液,继续保温10 min;最后,将4 mL Na2CO3(1 mol/L)溶液注入混合液中,并在室温条件下搅拌均匀,然后静置3 min,于400 nm处测定吸光度值。酶活性定义为每毫升粗酶液在37 ℃、pH6.0条件下,每分钟分解p-NPG产生1 μmol p-NP的活力。计算在不同质量浓度PHBA条件下,β-葡萄糖苷酶的相对酶活,以100%表示反应的最高酶活。
参考江桂兰等[15]的方法,将底物p-NPG的浓度设定为20 mmol/L,然后添加不同质量浓度PHBA(0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/L)与不同质量浓度的β-葡萄糖苷酶(5、10、20、40、50 U/mL)反应。通过绘图分析PHBA对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活效应。其中,横纵坐标分别代表β-葡萄糖苷酶浓度(U/mL)和反应初速度V(∆OD400 nm/min)。
在β-葡萄糖苷酶浓度为50 U/mL条件下,向反应体系中添加不同质量浓度PHBA(0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/L)和不同浓度的底物p-NPG(5、10、15、20 mmol/L)进行充分反应。通过Lineweaver-Burk方程,计算PHBA激活β-葡萄糖苷酶的动力学参数:
$ \frac{1}{\mathrm{V}}=\frac{{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\max }}\frac{1}{\left[\mathrm{S}\right]}+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\max }} $
式中,V:底物p-NPG在不同质量浓度下的初始反应速率(∆OD400 nm/min);Km:米氏常数;Vmax:最大反应速率(∆OD400 nm/min);[S]:底物p-NPG的浓度(mmol/L)。
取1.2.1制备的样品液,使用马尔文激光粒度仪测定其粒径及Zeta电位。
利用CD光谱测定β-葡萄糖苷酶的α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲的含量,从而获得添加不同质量浓度PHBA前后β-葡萄糖苷酶的二级结构。在室温(20±1 ℃)环境下对样品进行圆二色谱测定,其中缓冲溶液作为空白。在1 mm长的光程范围内,使用石英比色皿对样品进行扫描,在185~290 nm远紫外波段以200 nm/min的速度进行CD光谱的扫描,其中光谱间距为1 nm。CD数据用平均残差椭圆率[θ]表示,单位为度(cm2/dmol)。利用软件CDNN分析添加不同质量浓度PHBA前后β-葡萄糖苷酶的二级结构[16]。
使用荧光分光光度计进行荧光光谱的测定(室温:20±1 ℃),PHBA最终浓度分别是0.66、1.31、1.97、3.29 mmol/L,参考Sun等[17]报道的方法设置参数,其中激发波长为280 nm,发射波长范围为290~500 nm,狭缝均为5 nm,扫描速度为1200 nm/s。用于溶解β-葡萄糖苷酶的缓冲液作为空白。利用Stern-Volmer方程判断PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的猝灭机理[18]:
$ \frac{{\mathrm{F}}_{0}}{\mathrm{F}}=1+{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{q}}{\tau }_{0}\left[\mathrm{Q}\right]=1+{\mathrm{K}}_{\text{SV}}\left[\mathrm{Q}\right] $
式中,F0和F:β-葡萄糖苷酶的荧光强度和β-葡萄糖苷酶加入不同质量浓度的PHBA后的荧光强度;Kq:速率常数[L/(mol·s)];[Q]:PHBA浓度(mmol/L);Ksv:猝灭常数(L/mol);τ0:不存在PHBA时β-葡萄糖苷酶的平均荧光寿命(通常τ0=10−8 s)。
采用双对数方程计算PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间的Ka和n值[19]:
$ \mathrm{\lg } \frac{{\mathrm{F}}_{0}-\mathrm{F}}{\mathrm{F}}=\mathrm{\lg } {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{a}}+\mathrm{n\lg } \left[\mathrm{Q}\right] $
式中,Ka:结合常数(L/mol);n:结合位点数。
PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶结合过程中,存在相互作用力,可通过焓变(ΔH)、熵变(ΔS)、自由能(ΔG)的变化表示,具体根据以下公式计算[20]:
$ \Delta \mathrm{G}=-\text{RT}\ln {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{a}} $
$ \Delta \mathrm{G}=\Delta \mathrm{H}-\mathrm{T}\Delta \mathrm{S} $
式中,ΔG:结合自由能变化(kJ/mol);Ka:在相应温度T下的结合常数(L/mol);ΔH:结合焓变(kJ/mol);T:反应的绝对温度(K);ΔS:结合熵变[J/(mol·K)];R:气体常数[8.314 J/(mol·K)]。
β-葡萄糖苷酶(PDB ID:1uok-modified)的晶体结构从RCSB数据库下载,对羟基苯甲酸(CID:135)的结构从PubChem数据库下载。使用AutoDock Tools对β-葡萄糖苷酶和对羟基苯甲酸模型进行加氢处理,利用AutoDock vina确定分子的最优对接位置,并通过PyMOL工具对所得模型进行视觉呈现与分析,Discovery Studio 2019 Client软件获取对接模型2D图。
采用GROMACS(2020.6_GPU)进行分子动力学模拟,力场选择Amber99SB-ILDN分子力场,使用TIP3P水模型在立方体水箱中对结构进行溶剂化,并添加反离子以中和净电荷。溶质分子与箱边界保持1.0 nm的距离。使用共轭梯度法与最陡下降法进行能量最小化,然后分两个阶段进行平衡。最初,2 ns NVT运行稳定温度,然后进行2 ns NPT模拟以平衡压力,保持恒定的原子数、温度和压力。动力学仿真在NPT规范集合中运行,温度与压力分别设置为310 K和1 bar。使用Xmgrace对蛋白质的均方根偏差(RMSD)、均方根波动(RMSF)、回转半径(Rg)和表面溶剂可及面积(SASA)及氢键(Hydrogen bond)进行分析。
使用SPSS 25.0软件进行方差分析(ANOVA),每组实验均重复三次,数据以平均值±标准误差表示;利用Origin 2021软件绘图。
激活剂与酶的结合通常是以非共价键实现的,由于这些键较弱,因此激活剂与酶的结合通常是可逆的,这使得激活剂能够在需要时迅速与酶结合或解离,调节酶的活性[21]。为分析PHBA对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化活性的影响,对不同质量浓度PHBA下β-葡萄糖苷酶的反应速率与β-葡萄糖苷酶浓度关系进行了图形绘制。由图1可知,所有曲线拟合后均经过坐标(0,0),且曲线的斜率随着PHBA浓度的升高而逐渐增大,表明PHBA通过非共价键相互作用增强β-葡萄糖苷酶活性达到激活效果,属于可逆激活。
为进一步探究PHBA浓度对β-葡萄糖苷酶动力学的影响,分析了Lineweaver-Burk双倒数图。如图2所示,所有曲线的斜率和纵坐标截距均不相同。随着PHBA浓度的增大,酶活性位点的构象发生变化,导致底物与酶的亲和力降低,从而需要更高的底物浓度才能达到半饱和状态,呈现出Km值增大现象。同时,PHBA可能与底物竞争结合酶的活性位点,这种竞争性结合可能导致底物与酶的结合效率降低,进而增加Km。PHBA作为激活剂,可能通过改变酶的构象或直接参与催化过程,提高酶的催化效率,从而增加最大反应速率Vmax。此外,PHBA可能结合酶的多个激活位点,每个位点的结合都可能独立地增强酶活性,导致Vmax随PHBA浓度增加而增大[22]。
由图3可知,随着PHBA浓度的增加,溶液体系的粒径逐渐上升。当PHBA浓度为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/L时,体系的粒径大小显著高于对照组,其中添加0.5 g/L PHBA后,体系的粒径最大(461.57 nm)。粒径增大可能是PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶发生相互作用,产生了新的复合物所致[23],或者是由于PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间的疏水作用、静电作用和范德华力等相互作用使蛋白质分子聚集,进而导致粒径增加[24]。而和对照组相比,添加PHBA后,体系的电位无明显差异。粒径增大而电位不变,可能表明尽管颗粒的大小发生了变化,但颗粒表面的电荷特性和电荷分布仍然保持稳定。这种变化可能是具有较大粒径的PHBA-β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物具有与β-葡萄糖苷酶相似的表面电荷[25]。
圆二色谱检测揭示了PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶相互作用对酶二级结构组成的影响。图4表明,当PHBA的质量浓度在β-葡萄糖苷酶体系内发生改变,圆二色谱的光谱信号也随之变化,其特征是正负峰的吸收强度逐渐降低。图5通过CDNN技术揭示了β-葡萄糖苷酶与PHBA作用前后的二级结构含量变化。与未添加PHBA的对照组相比,当添加不同质量浓度的PHBA时,α-螺旋含量呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。同时,β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的含量增大,且随着浓度的增加,含量变化更加显著,表明PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶发生了相互作用。相较于对照组(PHBA:0 g/L),当加入0.5 g/L的PHBA时,β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的含量分别提升了90.20%、27.24%、50.56%,α-螺旋含量降低了52.14%,这表明α-螺旋区域可能是β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性位点。PHBA的引入导致β-葡萄糖苷酶构象的改变,这可能会促进酶活性中心与底物的结合,提升酶的催化效率[25]。
酶蛋白分子的主要荧光发色团是酪氨酸(Try)和色氨酸(Trp),通过监测这些氨基酸的内源荧光变化,可探究PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的结合作用[26]。在350 nm波长处,β-葡萄糖苷酶显示出最强的荧光发射峰。在固定β-葡萄糖苷酶浓度的情况下,PHBA浓度在0~0.5 g/L范围内时,PHBA浓度的增大,对β-葡萄糖苷酶的最大荧光峰形和位置没有显著影响,荧光强度却随PHBA浓度的提升呈现有规律的下降,且PHBA浓度越高,其荧光强度降低程度越大(图6)。这表明PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间存在相互作用,且PHBA对β-葡萄糖苷酶的荧光产生了特异性的猝灭效应。pH6.0条件下,当PHBA浓度为0.5 g/L时,其在298、304、310 K下对β-葡萄糖苷酶的荧光猝灭率分别为:87.05%、84.93%、82.75%,这表明PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶荧光发色团结合,从而有效地猝灭了酶的内源荧光,进而影响氨基酸残基的局部环境[13]。
从图7可以看出,Stern-Volmer方程在三种不同温度下都表现出较好的线性关系。其中,当温度为310 K时,Stern-Volmer方程为Y=1.6224X+0.4,R2=0.9914,其线性关系最好,且R2接近于1,表明β-葡萄糖苷酶与PHBA的相互作用中,仅存在1种猝灭过程发生。随着温度升高,Ksv值呈下降趋势;同时,速率常数Kq显著高于2.0×l010 L/(mol·s),即生物大分子与猝灭剂之间的扩散碰撞速率[27],这表明该猝灭作用可能源于PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶形成的稳定复合物,从而引发静态猝灭。
根据lg[Q]与lg[(F0-F)/F]的关系,计算三个温度下的Ka和n值,结果如图8和表1所示。在298、304、310 K条件下,结合常数Ka分别为0.19×104、0.54×104、1.31×104 L/mol。数据显示,化合物与蛋白质的结合位点受温度影响较小,表明PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶二者间具有显著的结合作用[18]。在研究的温度区间内,随温度的上升,Ka值呈增加趋势,表明复合物的稳定性随着温度升高而增强。在所测试温度下,结合位点数n值都约为1,表明PHBA在β-葡萄糖苷酶上仅占据1个或者1类结合位点[27]。
小分子与蛋白质分子之间的作用力类型主要包括范德华力、氢键、疏水相互作用等。由表1知,结合自由能∆G<0时,表明PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的结合是一个自发过程;焓变∆H>0,熵变∆S>0,这表明结合反应是吸热的,并且主要的相互影响力是疏水作用力。然而,鉴于β-葡萄糖苷酶结构的复杂性以及PHBA分子内部的多酚羟基,能够较容易地与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间形成氢键,且羟基数目与氢键作用力的大小密切相关[28]。
分子对接为评价PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的结合机制提供了重要支持,可呈现二者间相互作用的可视化效果[18]。利用AutoDock vina对PHBA和β-葡萄糖苷酶的分子对接结构进行表征,通过选取二者最佳结合区域,得到结合自由能为-24.43 kJ/mol(T=310 K),结合能越低意味着二者结合越稳定[29−30]。
图9(a)呈现了PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶分子对接的局部放大图,从图中可以观察到存在三个氢键与β-葡萄糖苷酶的两个氨基酸残基(HIS533、ILE460)相连。为了更加清晰明确二者结合之间存在的相互作用力,利用Discovery Studio 2019 Client 软件获取了AutoDock vina分子对接结果的2D图,图9(b)展示了PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶结合之间的相互作用力,图中显示了9个关键氨基酸残基(A:HIS-533、ILE-460、ILE-532、TYR-463、TYR-462、LYS-349、LYS-457、LYS-466和ASP-458)关键氨基酸残基参与了与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间的相互作用,这些氨基酸可能是PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶结合的潜在作用位点。其中,HIS-533苯环支链端的氢原子和氧原子均与PHBA苯环上的羟基形成了氢键,ILE-460和TYR-463也通过氢键与PHBA结合。与3D局部放大图不同,2D图形成了TYR-463氢键,这可能是由于不同软件采用的算法不同造成的差异。同时,TYR-463还通过芳香族pi-pi堆叠与PHBA形成疏水相互作用,可能因为多酚的芳香族碳与疏水残基侧链中的脂肪酸或芳香族碳之间的空间距离允许疏水相互作用的发生[31]。此外,PHBA还与β-葡萄糖苷酶的ILE-532、TYR-462、LYS-349、LYS-457、LYS-466和ASP-458形成范德华力。因此,PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶结合形成复合物时,主要作用力是氢键、疏水相互作用与范德华力,与热力学分析结果相符。这些作用力对维持复合物结构的稳定性起到一定作用。
为进一步验证PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶构成的复合物间的结合稳定性,对小分子PHBA和β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物进行了分子动力学模拟。如图10(a)所示,激活剂PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶体系的RMSD值在MD模拟的前期(0~60 ns)波动较大,在60 ns后基本达到稳定状态。模拟过程中,RMSD保持相对稳定,表明小分子PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶的结合是稳定的[32]。RMSF体现了局部氨基酸残基的结构波动,RMSF值越大,残基越灵活。图10(b)显示了RMSF值主要在0.2范围内波动,表明二者结合稳定。回转半径(Rg)可评价蛋白质结构变化,Rg值波动越小,表明蛋白质结构越稳定,反之蛋白质结构越松散。在100 ns MD模拟过程中,激活剂PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物体系的Rg值波动较小,在0~60 ns时,PHBA对β-葡萄糖苷酶的Rg值在2.39~2.49 nm波动(图10(c)),表明PHBA能显著改变β-葡萄糖苷酶的结构,导致其蛋白质结构整体致密度降低,空间结构变松散,从而造成稳定性减弱;而在60 ns后,PHBA对β-葡萄糖苷酶的Rg值下降,稳定在2.44 nm。表面溶剂可及面积(SASA)可用于评估氨基酸残基对溶剂的暴露程度,预测PHBA和β-葡萄糖苷酶结合过程中构象变化的程度,并反映蛋白质的溶剂可及性。如图10(d)所示,激活剂PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶体系的SASA在模拟初期呈现一定范围内的波动,而在60 ns后有轻微下降趋势,表明非极性基团之间的疏水相互作用逐渐增加,进而导致复合物结构趋于更加稳定和紧凑的状态。由图10(e)可知,PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶之间可形成的氢键数在0~2间,表明氢键对二者的结合有一定作用。
本文通过圆二色谱和分子对接等技术,研究了PHBA对β-葡萄糖苷酶的激活效应。研究发现,PHBA能够有效提升β-葡萄糖苷酶的催化活性,且酶活性随着PHBA浓度的增加而升高。PHBA与β-葡萄糖苷酶存在内源荧光淬灭,并属于静态猝灭,结合产生PHBA-β-葡萄糖苷酶复合物。热力学分析表明β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性位点可能位于α-螺旋内,二者的结合是自发的,有一个或者一类结合位点。分子对接结果推断出PHBA的激活机制主要是通过氢键与β-葡萄糖苷酶催化活性位点的氨基酸残基和距活性位点一定距离的其他一些氨基酸残基结合,从而构成稳定的复合物。在MD模拟中发现,激活剂的加入能够提升β-葡萄糖苷酶的稳定性,提高其致密度,使其更易被激活。本研究为富含酚酸的果蔬功能性成分产品的开发提供了理论依据和思路。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020266
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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    1河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心,河南郑州 450002
    2郑州轻工业大学食品与生物工程学院,河南郑州 450001
    3冷链食品加工与安全控制教育部重点实验室,郑州轻工业大学,河南郑州 450001

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张丽华(1982−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与安全控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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