Article(id=1320889634058518830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854229701, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854229701, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854229701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854229701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=328, endPage=336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889634251456815, articleId=1320889634058518830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Polyphenol Fingerprint Construction and Origin Difference Analysis of Lycium barbarum Leaves in Ningxia, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To establish the polyphenol fingerprints of Lycium barbarum leaves from different origins in Ningxia, and to clarify the differences in nutritional quality of Lycium barbarum leaves across distinct geographical origins. Methods: Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to establish the polyphenol fingerprints of 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves from 3 origins (Zhongning, Yinchuan and Guyuan) in Ningxia. The similarity was evaluated and the common peaks were confirmed, and combined with hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares and other chemometric methods for comprehensive analysis. The common peaks were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the contents of 7 polyphenols were determined. Results: The polyphenol fingerprints of 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves of different origins were established, with similarities of 0.488~0.839. 7 common peaks were identified, namely rutin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, neochlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinose-(1→2)-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside. Hierarchical cluster analysis clustered the 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves into 4 categories: Class I consisted of samples from Zhongning-1 Goji cultivation base (ZN1), class II from Zhongning-2 Goji cultivation base (ZN2), class III from Guyuan Goji cultivation base (GY), and class IV from Yinchuan-1&2 Goji cultivation base (YC1 and YC2). Principal component analysis screened 3 principal components with a cumulative contribution of 88.841%. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis indicated that rutin, chlorogenic acid and naringenin were the main landmark substances distinguishing Lycium barbarum leaves among the 3 origins. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols indicated that samples from Zhongning were characterized by the enrichment of rutin and kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside, samples from Guyuan by the high content of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and quercetin-3-O-rutinose-(1→2)-O-rhamnoside, while samples from Yinchuan showed a significant advantage of naringenin. Conclusion: This study establishes a research foundational for the nutritional quality assessment of Lycium barbarum leaves in Ningxia.

, authors=Hua HUI1, Yuxing WU1, Jing REN1, Xuemei MENG1, Junwei YU2, Wen MA3, Yanli FAN1, *, authorsList=Hua HUI, Yuxing WU, Jing REN, Xuemei MENG, Junwei YU, Wen MA, Yanli FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanli FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889636935811386, articleId=1320889634058518830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=宁夏枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱的构建及产地差异分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:建立宁夏不同产地枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱,明确枸杞叶营养质量与产地差异。方法:利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术建立宁夏3个产地(中宁、银川、固原)95批枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱,进行相似度评价并确认共有峰,结合聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘法等化学计量学方法综合分析;对共有峰进行定性和定量分析,测定7个多酚类成分含量。结果:建立了95批不同产地枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱,相似度为0.488~0.839,共标定出7个共有峰,分别为芦丁、绿原酸、对香豆酸、柚皮素、新绿原酸、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷;95批枸杞叶样品可聚类分析为4类,Ⅰ类为中宁枸杞基地1(ZN1)样品,Ⅱ类为中宁枸杞基地2(ZN2)样品,Ⅲ类为固原枸杞基地(GY)样品,Ⅳ类为银川枸杞基地1、2(YC1、YC2)样品;经主成分分析筛选出3个主成分,累计贡献率为88.841%;正交偏最小二乘法判别分析表明芦丁、绿原酸和柚皮素是区分3个产地枸杞叶的主要标志性物质;多酚物质定性与定量分析表明,中宁产地枸杞叶以芦丁和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷的富集为特征,固原产地枸杞叶以绿原酸、新绿原酸及槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷的高含量为特征,银川产地枸杞叶则表现为柚皮素含量的显著优势。结论:为宁夏枸杞叶的营养质量评价提供研究基础。

, authors=惠桦1, 武彧兴1, 任静1, 孟雪梅1, 余君伟2, 马雯3, 范艳丽1, *, authorsList=惠桦, 武彧兴, 任静, 孟雪梅, 余君伟, 马雯, 范艳丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范艳丽, authorNote=

惠桦(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与质量控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
范艳丽(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与特色农产品加工,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(18): 239−249.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889650827346366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y R, HUANG G D, LI J Y, et al. Evaluation of flavonoid composition differences in Dendrobium officinale of different growth years based on HPLC-ESI-MSn and fingerprint analysis[J]. 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figureFileBig=j5g9xP83/wlnQ20VxViwyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889641536962930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=图1, caption=宁夏不同产地95批枸杞叶多酚UPLC指纹图谱生成的对照图谱, figureFileSmall=42Lqud14LoLu6AJ3CmE1Xg==, figureFileBig=j5g9xP83/wlnQ20VxViwyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889641788621171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=UPLC fingerprints of 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves polyphenols with shared peaks clustering analysis dendrogram, figureFileSmall=ROmKyl3dbG3I/0vj1UXdUw==, figureFileBig=jOcLaX3hwOOA68WWeiZcBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889641868312948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=图2, caption=95批枸杞叶多酚UPLC指纹图谱共有峰聚类分析树状图, figureFileSmall=ROmKyl3dbG3I/0vj1UXdUw==, 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注:不同小写字母表示基地间多酚成分含量差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。

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Geographical information of the samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号产地基地海拔(m)纬度经度
S1~S10中卫市中宁县舟塔乡康滩村ZN11124.7N37°31′13″E105°40′34″
S11~S35中卫市中宁县新堡镇吴桥村ZN21152.8N37°27′57″E105°44′46″
S36~S65固原市原州区三营镇甘沟村GY1518.3N36°18′10″E106°6′19″
S66~S85银川市西夏区G110(京青线)南侧YC11097.2N38°39′33″E106°4′59″
S86~S95银川市贺兰县洪广镇广荣村社区YC21061.7N38°44′7″E106°4′59″
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642421961084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品地理信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号产地基地海拔(m)纬度经度
S1~S10中卫市中宁县舟塔乡康滩村ZN11124.7N37°31′13″E105°40′34″
S11~S35中卫市中宁县新堡镇吴桥村ZN21152.8N37°27′57″E105°44′46″
S36~S65固原市原州区三营镇甘沟村GY1518.3N36°18′10″E106°6′19″
S66~S85银川市西夏区G110(京青线)南侧YC11097.2N38°39′33″E106°4′59″
S86~S95银川市贺兰县洪广镇广荣村社区YC21061.7N38°44′7″E106°4′59″
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642497458557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mobile phase gradient elution procedure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
(min)
流动相A
(%)
流动相B
(%)
时间
(min)
流动相A
(%)
流动相B
(%)
1.095.05.021.756.443.6
1.992.08.022.052.947.1
7.786.113.922.552.947.1
11.786.113.922.749.350.7
12.385.814.223.349.350.7
15.079.021.023.740.060.0
19.069.630.426.30.0100.0
20.369.630.430.00.0100.0
21.056.443.630.595.05.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642560373118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

流动相梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
(min)
流动相A
(%)
流动相B
(%)
时间
(min)
流动相A
(%)
流动相B
(%)
1.095.05.021.756.443.6
1.992.08.022.052.947.1
7.786.113.922.552.947.1
11.786.113.922.749.350.7
12.385.814.223.349.350.7
15.079.021.023.740.060.0
19.069.630.426.30.0100.0
20.369.630.430.00.0100.0
21.056.443.630.595.05.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642627481983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Similarity results of UPLC fingerprint spectra of polyphenols in 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码相似度编码相似度编码相似度编码相似度
S10.608S250.707S490.755S730.775
S20.625S260.734S500.765S740.747
S30.623S270.691S510.678S750.784
S40.646S280.735S520.767S760.774
S50.615S290.696S530.747S770.787
S60.616S300.713S540.721S780.777
S70.592S310.686S550.606S790.726
S80.651S320.701S560.743S800.753
S90.682S330.679S570.693S810.731
S100.659S340.713S580.584S820.756
S110.641S350.701S590.675S830.781
S120.728S360.788S600.579S840.782
S130.663S370.796S610.771S850.724
S140.642S380.678S620.773S860.783
S150.629S390.783S630.786S870.793
S160.636S400.717S640.806S880.668
S170.488S410.695S650.808S890.776
S180.667S420.793S660.793S900.759
S190.645S430.791S670.794S910.777
S200.668S440.745S680.728S920.741
S210.604S450.736S690.727S930.776
S220.668S460.698S700.745S940.735
S230.715S470.729S710.747S950.839
S240.701S480.736S720.716
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642707173760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

95批样品枸杞叶多酚UPLC指纹图谱相似度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码相似度编码相似度编码相似度编码相似度
S10.608S250.707S490.755S730.775
S20.625S260.734S500.765S740.747
S30.623S270.691S510.678S750.784
S40.646S280.735S520.767S760.774
S50.615S290.696S530.747S770.787
S60.616S300.713S540.721S780.777
S70.592S310.686S550.606S790.726
S80.651S320.701S560.743S800.753
S90.682S330.679S570.693S810.731
S100.659S340.713S580.584S820.756
S110.641S350.701S590.675S830.781
S120.728S360.788S600.579S840.782
S130.663S370.796S610.771S850.724
S140.642S380.678S620.773S860.783
S150.629S390.783S630.786S870.793
S160.636S400.717S640.806S880.668
S170.488S410.695S650.808S890.776
S180.667S420.793S660.793S900.759
S190.645S430.791S670.794S910.777
S200.668S440.745S680.728S920.741
S210.604S450.736S690.727S930.776
S220.668S460.698S700.745S940.735
S230.715S470.729S710.747S950.839
S240.701S480.736S720.716
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642795254145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Rotated component factor loading matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号成分
123
10.2050.380−0.825
20.3100.784−0.320
3−0.5550.1880.686
40.0080.9140.259
50.4080.2890.782
60.8460.491−0.049
70.9610.180−0.079
80.9620.008−0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642870751618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

旋转后的成分因子载荷矩阵表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号成分
123
10.2050.380−0.825
20.3100.784−0.320
3−0.5550.1880.686
40.0080.9140.259
50.4080.2890.782
60.8460.491−0.049
70.9610.180−0.079
80.9620.008−0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1320889642967220611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Total peak MS identification of mass-to-charge ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号化合物分子式保留时间
(min)
[M-H]−
(m/z)
1柚皮素C15H12O50.887271.2582
2未确定未确定1.458190.0193
3对香豆酸C9H8O33.032163.1512
4绿原酸C16H18O911.473353.0870
5新绿原酸C16H18O914.051353.0869
6槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷C33H40O2020.764755.6630
7芦丁C27H30O1623.914609.5182
8山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖
鼠李糖苷
C27H30O1524.653593.1494
), ArticleFig(id=1320889643063689604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

共有峰MS鉴定质荷比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号化合物分子式保留时间
(min)
[M-H]−
(m/z)
1柚皮素C15H12O50.887271.2582
2未确定未确定1.458190.0193
3对香豆酸C9H8O33.032163.1512
4绿原酸C16H18O911.473353.0870
5新绿原酸C16H18O914.051353.0869
6槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷C33H40O2020.764755.6630
7芦丁C27H30O1623.914609.5182
8山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖
鼠李糖苷
C27H30O1524.653593.1494
), ArticleFig(id=1320889643143381381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mass fraction of polyphenolic components of Lycium barbarum leaves at different cultivation bases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基地含量(mg/g)
柚皮素对香豆酸绿原酸新绿原酸槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷芦丁山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷
ZN10.262±0.009b0.343±0.009d2.295±0.045b0.106±0.003a0.140±0.002b2.947±0.168a0.163±0.007a
ZN20.241±0.012b0.601±0.009a2.320±0.072b0.106±0.004a0.082±0.002d1.512±0.093d0.036±0.003d
GY0.403±0.037a0.382±0.022c3.073±0.096a0.107±0.019a0.172±0.005a2.707±0.072b0.112±0.019b
YC10.420±0.069a0.430±0.008b1.206±0.052c0.069±0.006b0.094±0.003c1.991±0.074c0.073±0.006c
YC20.380±0.026a0.263±0.009e1.088±0.067d0.068±0.005b0.081±0.002d1.494±0.035d0.025±0.005d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889644808520070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889634058518830, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同基地枸杞叶多酚成分质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基地含量(mg/g)
柚皮素对香豆酸绿原酸新绿原酸槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷芦丁山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷
ZN10.262±0.009b0.343±0.009d2.295±0.045b0.106±0.003a0.140±0.002b2.947±0.168a0.163±0.007a
ZN20.241±0.012b0.601±0.009a2.320±0.072b0.106±0.004a0.082±0.002d1.512±0.093d0.036±0.003d
GY0.403±0.037a0.382±0.022c3.073±0.096a0.107±0.019a0.172±0.005a2.707±0.072b0.112±0.019b
YC10.420±0.069a0.430±0.008b1.206±0.052c0.069±0.006b0.094±0.003c1.991±0.074c0.073±0.006c
YC20.380±0.026a0.263±0.009e1.088±0.067d0.068±0.005b0.081±0.002d1.494±0.035d0.025±0.005d
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宁夏枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱的构建及产地差异分析
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惠桦 1 , 武彧兴 1 , 任静 1 , 孟雪梅 1 , 余君伟 2 , 马雯 3 , 范艳丽 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(2): 328-336
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (2) : 328 -336
宁夏枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱的构建及产地差异分析
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惠桦1 , 武彧兴1, 任静1, 孟雪梅1, 余君伟2, 马雯3, 范艳丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
  • 2宁夏中宁枸杞产业创新研究院有限公司,宁夏银川 755100
  • 3宁夏大学葡萄酒与园艺学院,宁夏银川 750021
通讯作者:
范艳丽(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与特色农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

惠桦(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与质量控制,E-mail:

Polyphenol Fingerprint Construction and Origin Difference Analysis of Lycium barbarum Leaves in Ningxia
Hua HUI1 , Yuxing WU1, Jing REN1, Xuemei MENG1, Junwei YU2, Wen MA3, Yanli FAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2Ningxia Zhongning Wolfberry Industry Innovation Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 755100, China
  • 3College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010162
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目的:建立宁夏不同产地枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱,明确枸杞叶营养质量与产地差异。方法:利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术建立宁夏3个产地(中宁、银川、固原)95批枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱,进行相似度评价并确认共有峰,结合聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘法等化学计量学方法综合分析;对共有峰进行定性和定量分析,测定7个多酚类成分含量。结果:建立了95批不同产地枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱,相似度为0.488~0.839,共标定出7个共有峰,分别为芦丁、绿原酸、对香豆酸、柚皮素、新绿原酸、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷;95批枸杞叶样品可聚类分析为4类,Ⅰ类为中宁枸杞基地1(ZN1)样品,Ⅱ类为中宁枸杞基地2(ZN2)样品,Ⅲ类为固原枸杞基地(GY)样品,Ⅳ类为银川枸杞基地1、2(YC1、YC2)样品;经主成分分析筛选出3个主成分,累计贡献率为88.841%;正交偏最小二乘法判别分析表明芦丁、绿原酸和柚皮素是区分3个产地枸杞叶的主要标志性物质;多酚物质定性与定量分析表明,中宁产地枸杞叶以芦丁和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷的富集为特征,固原产地枸杞叶以绿原酸、新绿原酸及槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷的高含量为特征,银川产地枸杞叶则表现为柚皮素含量的显著优势。结论:为宁夏枸杞叶的营养质量评价提供研究基础。

枸杞叶  /  多酚  /  产地  /  指纹图谱  /  超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱技术(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)

Objective: To establish the polyphenol fingerprints of Lycium barbarum leaves from different origins in Ningxia, and to clarify the differences in nutritional quality of Lycium barbarum leaves across distinct geographical origins. Methods: Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to establish the polyphenol fingerprints of 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves from 3 origins (Zhongning, Yinchuan and Guyuan) in Ningxia. The similarity was evaluated and the common peaks were confirmed, and combined with hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares and other chemometric methods for comprehensive analysis. The common peaks were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the contents of 7 polyphenols were determined. Results: The polyphenol fingerprints of 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves of different origins were established, with similarities of 0.488~0.839. 7 common peaks were identified, namely rutin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, neochlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinose-(1→2)-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside. Hierarchical cluster analysis clustered the 95 batches of Lycium barbarum leaves into 4 categories: Class I consisted of samples from Zhongning-1 Goji cultivation base (ZN1), class II from Zhongning-2 Goji cultivation base (ZN2), class III from Guyuan Goji cultivation base (GY), and class IV from Yinchuan-1&2 Goji cultivation base (YC1 and YC2). Principal component analysis screened 3 principal components with a cumulative contribution of 88.841%. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis indicated that rutin, chlorogenic acid and naringenin were the main landmark substances distinguishing Lycium barbarum leaves among the 3 origins. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols indicated that samples from Zhongning were characterized by the enrichment of rutin and kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside, samples from Guyuan by the high content of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and quercetin-3-O-rutinose-(1→2)-O-rhamnoside, while samples from Yinchuan showed a significant advantage of naringenin. Conclusion: This study establishes a research foundational for the nutritional quality assessment of Lycium barbarum leaves in Ningxia.

Lycium barbarum leaves  /  polyphenol  /  geographical origin  /  fingerprinting  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)
惠桦, 武彧兴, 任静, 孟雪梅, 余君伟, 马雯, 范艳丽. 宁夏枸杞叶多酚指纹图谱的构建及产地差异分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 328 -336 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010162
Hua HUI, Yuxing WU, Jing REN, Xuemei MENG, Junwei YU, Wen MA, Yanli FAN. Polyphenol Fingerprint Construction and Origin Difference Analysis of Lycium barbarum Leaves in Ningxia[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 328 -336 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010162
枸杞叶(Lycium barbarum leaves)是茄科枸杞属(Lycium)的灌木植物的叶片,呈黄绿或浅绿色,干燥粉碎后具有淡淡的抹茶香味[1]。枸杞叶古称天精草[2],其食用历史悠久,药性与功效亦载于多部经典医籍[3]。研究表明,枸杞叶富含多酚类、多糖类、生物碱等活性成分[4],可缓解疲劳、降低血糖、调节血脂[5]。其中多酚类物质因其清除自由基、降低血压、降血脂及抗动脉粥样硬化等作用成为研究热点[6]。然而相较于枸杞果,枸杞叶的研究仍较薄弱,其成分鉴定较粗放,且缺乏系统的多酚指纹图谱分析及地理溯源体系,限制了其资源开发与质量控制[7]。
植物次生代谢产物的合成积累受地理环境的多维调控,这一规律在药用植物道地性形成中尤为显著[8]。赵雪琴等[9]团队研究发现,宁夏不同产区枸杞叶的水溶性成分(如多糖)含量可相差5~8倍,提示地理分异可能深刻影响其代谢组特征。然而,现有研究大多聚焦于枸杞叶总酚含量的测定,对多酚组成的生态适应性研究尚显不足。多酚因其结构多样性及对环境因子的高敏感性,可以作为植物代谢组学中理想的产地标记物[10]。如UV-B辐射强度可调控苯丙烷代谢关键酶活性,影响绿原酸等酚酸物质的合成[11];而土壤微量元素(如硼、锌)梯度变化则可诱导黄酮苷类成分的差异化积累[12]。这些研究揭示了枸杞叶多酚代谢的环境响应机制,也为基于多酚谱的产地区分提供理论依据。但目前枸杞叶多酚的产地标志物筛选仍处于初步阶段,缺乏系统的研究方法。
指纹图谱技术为多酚分析提供了更高效的手段[13]。该技术通过多成分协同分析,可系统揭示药材的产地特征,在陈皮[14]、川牛膝[15]等道地药材的鉴别研究中已取得成效。近年来,超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术的引入为枸杞叶多酚的精准分析提供了突破[16]。该技术可构建多种特征峰的指纹图谱,结合化学计量学方法[17],能有效提取微环境因子相关的标志物群,从而提高枸杞叶的地理溯源和质量控制能力。建立枸杞叶多酚物质的指纹图谱,有助于精准评价其质量,还将推动资源开发与利用,促进健康产品研发与市场应用。
本研究以宁夏3个产地(中宁、银川、固原)95批“宁杞菜1号”枸杞叶样品为材料,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术建立了宁夏不同产地枸杞叶多酚UPLC指纹图谱,进行相似度评价并结合聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis,HCA)、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)等化学计量学方法对比分析不同产地枸杞叶的多酚组成及含量差异;对不同产地的枸杞叶中7种多酚物质进行定量分析。综合分析产地成分差异或相似原因,明确产地特征,为枸杞叶多酚鉴定、资源利用及枸杞叶产地鉴别和质量控制提供数据支持。
“宁杞菜1号”枸杞叶样品 共采集95批,产地分别为宁夏中宁(35批)、固原(30批)、银川(30批),所有样品经宁夏大学范艳丽教授鉴定为“宁杞菜1号”(Lycium barbarum L. 'Ningqiancai');对照品柚皮素、对香豆酸、绿原酸、新绿原酸、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷、芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷 UPLC≥98%,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲醇、甲酸 色谱纯,美国默克公司。
1260UPLC-G6530Q-TOF-MS液质联用仪 美国安捷伦公司;WK-600A型高速中药粉碎机 上海新诺仪器设备厂;TDL-5-A离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;KQ-250DE超声波清洗器 陕西凯德力环保科技有限公司;ME203E/02电子天平 梅特勒-托利多公司;101-3型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海东星建材实验设备有限公司。
共收集95批枸杞叶样品,采自宁夏中宁、固原、银川3个产地,均为3~4年树龄的“宁杞菜1号”。采样时间为2022年7月,采集部位为距枝叶前段10 cm的部分。表1为样品地理信息。采集的新鲜枸杞叶样品带回实验室后,经105 ℃杀青1 min,转移至70 ℃的烘箱中烘干至恒重,将样品粉碎后过60目筛,置于密闭干燥器中室温保存。
精确称量0.5 g研磨后的枸杞叶样品粉末,添加25 mL 70%甲醇溶液后以55 ℃、125 W超声30 min,超声后以10000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液用0.22 μm有机滤膜滤过,存于进样瓶。
使用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 分析柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm);流动相以含0.1%甲酸的水溶液为A相,含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液为B相;检测波长280 nm,流动相流速0.3 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,进样量1.0 μL。梯度洗脱程序如表2所示。
取枸杞叶粉末(S20)依据“1.2.2”、“1.2.3.1”连续进样5次,采集共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积,计算其相对标准偏差(RSD)。
取枸杞叶粉末(S20)按依据“1.2.2”、“1.2.3.1”分别在0、2、4、8、12和24 h进样,采集共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积,计算其RSD值。
取枸杞叶粉末(S36)依据“1.2.2”、“1.2.3.1”连续进样5次,采集共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积,计算其RSD值。
根据“1.2.3.1”所述的色谱条件,将95批枸杞叶粉末样品按“1.2.2”项制备为供试品溶液,对其进行色谱分析,获得相应色谱图并导入《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012.1版)中,参照谱图为S16色谱,用平均数法生成对照图谱R,多点校正后进行色谱峰匹配生成样品叠加指纹图谱。以R为参照,采用平均数法计算相似度,并对所得样品数据进行指纹图谱共有峰的化学计量学分析。
同“1.2.3.1”项。
离子源:ESI;检测模式:负离子模式;离子源温度:100 ℃;雾化气压力:9.0 Ba;锥孔电压:35 V;毛细管电压:60 V;锥孔气流量:300 L/h;脱溶剂电压:60 V;脱溶剂气流量:1000 L/h;脱溶剂气温度:550 ℃;MS扫描范围:100~1200 Da。
供试品:方法同“1.2.2”。测样前需稀释10倍,并用流动相定容。
对照品:分别精密称取适量对照品,用流动相(含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液)定容,制得1 mg/mL标准品的混合储备液,置于4 ℃冰箱中备用,上机测试前分别稀释5、10、20、50、100倍。
通过《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012.1版)匹配共有峰后,基于质谱检测器获取的多维参数进行综合解析。利用质谱信息分析各个共有峰的保留时间,结合质谱显示,比对文献和代谢组数据来确认各峰对应的化合物。
按“1.2.4.3”项制备对照品溶液,按“1.2.3.1”项进行检测。以浓度梯度(0.2、0.1、0.05、0.02、0.01 mg/mL)为横坐标,以峰面积为纵坐标得到7种标准品溶液的标准曲线,通过标准品溶液的标准曲线和枸杞叶供试品稀释倍数之间的换算,得出宁夏不同产地95批枸杞叶中多酚含量。
实验重复3次,采用Excel、Origin 22.0、SPSS 22.0和SIMCA 14.1软件对实验数据进行处理,结果均表示为均值±标准差(SD),P<0.05表示差异显著。
测得连续进样5次各共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积的RSD均小于1%,表明仪器精密度良好。
测得0、2、4、8、12和24 h进样样品各共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积的RSD均小于1%,表明供试品溶液在24 h内稳定性良好。
测得连续进样5次各共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积的RSD均小于1%,表明方法重复性良好。
95批枸杞叶样品叠加指纹图谱见图1。95批枸杞叶样品标定出8个共有峰,占各批次样品总峰面积的32.98%~55.12%,表明8个共有峰在不同产地和样品中含量存在差异;由表3知,各样品图谱与R的相似度为0.488~0.839(均值0.715±0.065),其中60批(63.2%)相似度≥0.7,说明3个产地95批枸杞叶在多酚成分及含量上呈现较高的整体一致性,但存在显著的产地依赖性差异(P<0.05)。具体而言,银川产地的相似度最高(均值0.760±0.033),固原产地(0.731±0.062)和中宁产地(0.662±0.050)次之。可能由于中宁产地的复杂地貌(山地、丘陵夹黄河冲积平原)和温带干旱大陆性气候导致环境异质性增强,促使植物多酚代谢路径发生适应性分化,从而降低不同样本间成分组成的一致性[18]。此外,单个异常样本(相似度0.488)的极端偏离可能源于极端环境胁迫引发的代谢通路异常,或制备过程中非共有峰干扰[19]。
为进一步阐明不同产地枸杞叶化学成分的差异,对3个产地的95批枸杞叶样品采用HCA、PCA、OPLS-DA进行分析[20]。
利用系统聚类分析,可以根据数据对象间相似性[21],将数据集划分为不同的群组或类型,从而实现对数据的分类[22]。使用Origin 22.0软件,针对3个产地95批枸杞叶多酚UPLC指纹图谱的8个共有峰进行聚类分析。由图2知,95批枸杞叶样品共分为4类:第Ⅰ类为S1~S10(ZN1基地);第Ⅱ类为S11~S35(ZN2基地);第Ⅲ类为S36~S65(GY基地);第Ⅳ类为S66~S95,其中S66~S85(YC1基地),S86~S95(YC2基地)。中宁县内的两个基地(ZN1与ZN2)被分为两类,而银川市的两个基地(YC1与YC2)则归为同一类,这一结果与采样地区的地理环境、气候条件及管理措施密切相关。从自然地理条件来看,ZN1基地处于黄河南岸丘陵区域,土壤类型以保水保肥能力欠佳的灰钙土为主,地下水位较深且依赖地下水灌溉,水质矿化度较高;而ZN2基地位于黄河冲积平原,土壤是肥沃的草甸灌淤土,能直接利用黄河水进行灌溉,故两地的土壤条件存在不同[18]。两地虽属同一县域且直线距离仅约12 km,但微地形差异导致光热条件分化,影响两地枸杞叶多酚物质的合成积累。除自然条件的差异外,两基地在栽培管理措施上也有所不同。在施肥频率与种类、灌溉量与时间安排、病虫害防治手段等方面,都可能存在明显区别。这些自然条件的分异,加之人工管理措施的不同,最终致使两地枸杞叶的多酚组成出现较为显著的差异,从而在聚类分析中被划分成两类。
相比之下,YC1基地与YC2基地地理空间紧密相邻(纬度差仅约8.5 km),同处银川平原核心地带。两地土壤均属黄河冲积形成的灌淤土,pH、有机质含量及盐分淋溶程度高度一致,且共享唐徕渠灌溉系统,水质、施肥方案及栽培种植均进行标准化管理[23]。尽管海拔存在35.5 m差异,但平坦的地形使光热资源与降水分布趋于均质化,加之标准化管理措施最大限度弱化了人为干预的差异性,使得两地枸杞叶多酚化学指纹呈现高度相似性,因而被聚类为同一类别。
进一步分析发现,GY基地因地处六盘山高海拔区域(较其他基地高300~500 m),年均温度约为7 ℃且无霜期较短[24],显著抑制多酚氧化酶活性,导致其多酚组成与含量明显区别于其他产地,独立形成第Ⅲ类;银川与中宁产地间则因气候及地理环境不同,在多酚总含量及特征峰比例上呈现系统性差异,分别聚为第Ⅳ类和第Ⅰ~Ⅱ类。这一结果不仅验证了海拔、经纬度组合等宏观地理因子对次生代谢产物的调控作用,更揭示出微地形差异与人工管理措施可通过改变土壤-植物系统的物质循环效率,在较小空间尺度上形成可检测的化学指纹分异。因此,指纹图谱与聚类分析既能反映跨产地(如中宁、固原、银川)的宏观地理标志特征,又可识别同一产地内因自然条件与种植技术差异导致的品质分化,为枸杞产地溯源提供了从生态区域到种植基地的多级判别依据,同时也为优化地理标志保护范围、制定精细化种植规范提供了科学支撑。
主成分分析是一种降维统计技术[25],通过缩减指标数量,找到主导因素,用综合指标代替原指标[26]。为进一步研究3个产地枸杞叶间的差异,使用SPSS 22.0软件对95批枸杞叶样品中8个共有峰的峰面积进行PCA。特征值大于1的主成分有3个,其特征值分别为3.786、1.942和1.379,对应的方差贡献率分别为47.326%、24.280%、17.235%,累计贡献率为88.841%。通过最大方差法对因子进行旋转处理[27],得到的成分因子载荷矩阵结果如表4。分析结果知,第1主成分与6~8号色谱峰面积的增大呈正相关,与3号色谱峰面积的增大呈负相关;第2主成分与2和4号色谱峰面积的增大呈正相关;第3主成分与3和5号色谱峰面积的增大呈正相关,与1号色谱峰面积的增大呈负相关。
在PCA的基础上,OPLS-DA强化了不同产地的95批枸杞叶样品的组间差异,从而能筛选出对不同产地枸杞叶分组贡献率较大的成分[28]。分析使用SIMCA 14.1软件,共有峰峰面积为变量,采用Z-score方法标准化处理样品数据。根据样品产地划分不同组别,对构建的模型执行OPLS-DA。分析结果表明,其累积解释能力指标R2X和R2Y分别为0.988和0.942,而预测能力指标Q2为0.936。这些数据表明该模型具有较高的稳定性,能够有效区分不同产地来源的枸杞叶。
OPLS-DA得分图(图3a)显示固原与其他产地的显著分离,这一现象与六盘山区独特的地理气候条件密切相关。固原市位于黄土高原西北缘,平均海拔1500~2200 m,明显高于中宁(约1180 m)和银川(1010~1150 m)。高海拔导致的紫外线辐射增强及昼夜温差增大(固原昼夜温差达11~15 ℃),通过激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶和查尔酮合酶等关键酶,促进多酚类物质的生物合成[29]。同时,固原的年均降水量(400~500 mm)明显高于银川(180~220 mm),较高的湿度环境可能通过调控肉桂酸4-羟化酶活性,增加绿原酸等酚酸类物质的积累[30]。
中宁与银川产地的样本在OPLS-DA得分图中未呈现交叉现象,这反映了不同生态因子对次生代谢通路的差异性调控机制。尽管中宁两基地均位于温带大陆性季风气候区且海拔相近,但六盘山余脉的局部地形差异可能引发微环境梯度效应,山麓坡向差异导致太阳辐射分布不均。研究表明,在一定范围内光强与酚类物质呈正相关,紫外线辐射时间延长也有助于水杨酸、酚酸、黄酮和总酚的合成[31]。若基地处于太阳辐射更强的区域,更利于枸杞叶酚类物质的积累[32]。此外,中宁与银川土壤pH差异影响土壤中金属离子的生物有效性,影响多酚氧化酶的活性,进而影响酚类化合物的氧化聚合进程[33]。这种土壤-酶互作机制可能导致两地多酚代谢网络出现分异。
银川两基地的气候类型分界(半干旱区向干旱区过渡)则通过水分胁迫强度的非线性响应影响代谢调控[34]。虽然海拔相近(1010~1150 m),但年降水量梯度可能触发信号通路的差异激活。这些多维环境因子的协同作用使得中宁与银川产地的代谢调控网络在正交潜变量维度形成显著分离,而非简单的线性叠加效应,从而在得分图中表现为清晰的组间界限。
基于VIP值在筛选差异化合物中的关键作用,选取VIP值大于1的化合物作为标志性差异物质,共得到3个主成分。如图3b所示,VIP值的大小依次为1号峰>4号峰>7号峰,即区分3个产地枸杞叶差异的主要标志性物质为柚皮素、绿原酸和芦丁。综上所述,枸杞叶多酚的产地差异性本质上是地理-气候-土壤复合系统通过次生代谢调控网络作用于特定生物合成途径的结果。固原的高海拔、低温和高湿度环境通过激活黄酮类与酚酸类合成关键酶,并抑制其降解过程,形成了独特的代谢物谱;而中宁、银川的微环境异质性则通过非线性的生态互作导致组间部分交叉。以上分析表明,枸杞叶多酚UPLC指纹图谱可作为评价不同产地枸杞叶质量的重要参考依据,也为理解植物次生代谢的地理分异规律提供了新的视角。
通过《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012.1版)匹配出8个共有峰,利用质谱信息,分析各个共有峰的保留时间,结合质谱显示,通过文献和代谢组数据比对确认各峰对应的化合物[35]。共鉴定出7种多酚物质:柚皮素、香豆酸、绿原酸、新绿原酸、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷、芦丁和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷,具体的共有峰UPLC-MS鉴定分子量及结构如表5所示。
计算得到7种标准品溶液的标准曲线分别为:柚皮素:Y1 = 8465691440.2X+148190970.91, R2 = 0.9877;对香豆酸:Y3 = 611773648.04X+5933561.77,R2 = 0.9944;绿原酸:Y4=901376357.88X+7690129.68,R2=0.9906;新绿原酸:Y5 = 3606690578.60X+6049006.32,R2 = 0.9902;槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷:Y6 = 2923311659.41X+10746710.16,R2 = 0.9930;芦丁:Y7=903565349.6X+4112738.53,R2 = 0.9873;山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷:Y8 = 11622574936.7X+123194304.49,R2=0.9922。计算得出3个产地的5个基地枸杞叶中7种多酚的平均含量,结果见表6。
结合表6及图4~图5可知,3个产地5个基地95批枸杞叶7种多酚的含量存在明显差异,且不同产地的多酚组成具有显著地域特异性。银川产地的多酚组成则呈现明显的管理标准化特征,且YC1基地柚皮素含量在三个产地最高。研究还发现,银川产地的绿原酸、新绿原酸含量均为三产地最低,这可能与其干旱气候(年均降水量仅180~200 mm)有关[23]。中宁产地的多酚分化则体现了人工管理措施的调控作用。虽然ZN1与ZN2基地同属中宁产地,但对香豆酸、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷、芦丁和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷的分布差异显著(P<0.05),这可能与其采用的施肥配方及栽培措施密切相关。
从代谢产物分布特征来看,芦丁和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷的富集显著区分了中宁产地与其他产地(P<0.05),绿原酸、新绿原酸及槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-(1→2)-O-鼠李糖苷的富集显著区分了固原产地与其他产地(P<0.05)。其中,固原产地绿原酸含量(3072.54±95.83 μg/g)较YC2基地(1088.23±67.28 μg/g)高出约182.34%,这一现象可能与固原独特的自然条件密切相关:该地区地处黄土丘陵沟壑区,年均降水量达400~500 mm,昼夜温差达11~15 ℃,较高的环境异质性可能通过激活苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶活性,促进酚酸类物质的合成积累[29]。此外,固原土壤呈弱碱性(pH7.8~8.2),有机质含量高于其他产地,土壤中富集的硒、锌等微量元素也可能增强多酚合成相关基因的表达[24]。总体而言,3个产地中固原产地总多酚含量最高,中宁次之,银川最低。
本研究采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术构建了宁夏中宁、银川、固原地区的95批“宁杞菜1号”枸杞叶样品的多酚类物质指纹图谱,并定性与定量分析了单体酚类物质的种类与含量。通过多元统计分析发现,三个地区的枸杞叶样品总多酚含量和单体酚类物质组成存在差异。本研究为枸杞叶多酚类物质的分析鉴定、资源利用提供了数据支撑,同时为枸杞叶的地缘性营养品质评价提供了参考依据。此外,课题组将在后续研究中探讨不同采摘期和不同产地“宁杞菜1号”枸杞叶的营养质量和加工适用性,为枸杞叶的综合利用和产品开发提供科学依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010162
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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    1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
    2宁夏中宁枸杞产业创新研究院有限公司,宁夏银川 755100
    3宁夏大学葡萄酒与园艺学院,宁夏银川 750021

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范艳丽(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与特色农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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