Article(id=1320889627645431810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854228173, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854228173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854228173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854228173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=69, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889627846758403, articleId=1320889627645431810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Anthocyanins from Liangshan Purple Yam and Their Hydrogel Characteristics, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: This study systematically investigated the efficient extraction process of purple yam anthocyanins, a gelatin/carrageenan composite-hydrogel delivery system was constructed, and the stability and biosafety in gastrointestinal digestion environments were elucidated. Methods: Anthocyanins were extracted using acidic ethanol method. The apparent viscosity, gel strength, and encapsulation efficiency of gelatin-carrageenan composite-hydrogels (ratio 8:2, w/w) at different concentrations were characterized by a rheometer and texture analyzer. The digestion models in vitro were used to evaluate the stability and swelling properties of anthocyanins in gastric fluid (pH3.0, 2 h) and intestinal fluid (pH6.8, 6 h), and the effect of the hydrogel on IEC-6 cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Results: Acidic ethanol-assisted extraction achieved an anthocyanin yield of 57.20 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of the conventional maceration method (P<0.05). The 0.5% composite hydrogel, composed of a gelatin-gellan gum wall material at a mass ratio of 8:2 and encapsulating anthocyanins, exhibited the most favorable performance. The gel strength, apparent viscosity, and encapsulation efficiency were 21.4 g, 0.09 Pa·s, and 90.81%, respectively. The anthocyanin hydrogel formed a stable three-dimensional network structure across a wide range of angular frequencies, effectively ensuring anthocyanin encapsulation. Storage stability tests showed that anthocyanin degradation was significantly lower at 4 ℃ than at 37 ℃, and the hydrogel exhibited good stability at high temperatures. SEM images revealed that the anthocyanin composite-hydrogel formed a typical three-dimensional porous network structure, with pore sizes primarily ranging from 50 to 200 μm. In vitro digestion experiments further confirmed that the hydrogel effectively delayed anthocyanin degradation and promoted its sustained release in the small intestine. The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the composite-hydrogel exhibited minimal cytotoxicity (P>0.05), confirming its high biosafety. Conclusion: The gelatin/carrageenan composite hydrogel significantly enhanced the gastrointestinal stability and targeted delivery efficiency of purple potato anthocyanins, providing a theoretical basis for its application in functional food development. Future studies should verify its bioavailability enhancement effect through in vivo experiments.

, authors=Lin YIN1, Qinglü ZUO1, Yifei MA1, Zihao ZHANG1, Xiao YANG1, Huirong YANG1, Yingjie ZENG1, *, Fayong GONG2, *, authorsList=Lin YIN, Qinglü ZUO, Yifei MA, Zihao ZHANG, Xiao YANG, Huirong YANG, Yingjie ZENG, Fayong GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingjie ZENG, Fayong GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889631877484568, articleId=1320889627645431810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=凉山乌洋芋花青素水凝胶制备及其特性分析, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:系统研究乌洋芋花青素的高效提取工艺,构建明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶递送体系,并阐明其在胃肠消化环境中的稳定性与生物安全性。方法:采用酸性乙醇法提取花青素并构建水凝胶体系;通过流变仪和质构分析仪表征不同浓度明胶-结冷胶复合水凝胶(配比8:2,m/m)的表观黏度、凝胶强度及包埋效率;利用体外模拟消化模型评估花青素在胃液(pH3.0,2 h)和肠液(pH6.8,6 h)中的稳定性和溶胀特性,并通过CCK-8法检测水凝胶对IEC-6细胞增殖的影响。结果:酸性乙醇辅助提取使花青素得率达57.20 mg/g,显著高于常规浸提法(P<0.05)。0.5%复合水凝胶(壁材为质量比8:2的明胶-结冷胶,芯材为乌洋芋花青素)呈现最优性能:凝胶强度21.4 g、表观黏度0.09 Pa·s及包埋率90.81%。花青素水凝胶在宽角频率范围内形成了稳定的三维网络结构,有效保证了花青素的包埋。储藏稳定性实验显示,4 ℃条件下花青素的降解显著低于37 ℃,且水凝胶在高温下表现出较好的稳定性。SEM图像显示,花青素复合水凝胶形成了典型的三维多孔网络结构,孔径主要分布在50~200 μm之间。模拟消化实验进一步验证了水凝胶能有效延缓花青素的降解,并促进其在小肠中的缓释。CCK-8法实验表明,复合水凝胶几乎没有细胞毒性(P>0.05),证明其具有较高的安全性。结论:明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶可显著提升乌洋芋花青素的胃肠稳定性与靶向递送效率,为其在功能食品开发中的应用提供理论支撑。后续需通过体内实验验证其生物利用度提升效果。

, authors=尹琳1, 左清吕1, 马逸飞1, 张子豪1, 杨潇1, 阳辉蓉1, 曾英杰1, *, 巩发永2, *, authorsList=尹琳, 左清吕, 马逸飞, 张子豪, 杨潇, 阳辉蓉, 曾英杰, 巩发永, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾英杰, 巩发永, authorNote=

尹琳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾英杰(1987−)(ORCID:0000−0003−3329−946X),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:天然产物与食品营养,E-mail:。
巩发永(1978−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 265: 130994., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889632087199769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889632095588378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, companyId=1320889632087199769, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889632103976987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, companyId=1320889632087199769, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889632175280156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889632179474461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, companyId=1320889632175280156, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889632192057374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, companyId=1320889632175280156, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西昌学院攀西特色作物研究与利用四川省重点实验室,四川西昌 615013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889636495413331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Concentrations of anthocyanin extracted by different methods, figureFileSmall=gy69xsB5gEoEbgrjFuIxLg==, figureFileBig=nocweJB2iRgyzSf8KEeBOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889636562522196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同提取方法乌洋芋花青素含量

注:*表示差异性显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=gy69xsB5gEoEbgrjFuIxLg==, figureFileBig=nocweJB2iRgyzSf8KEeBOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889636742877269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of apparent viscosity of carrier materials, figureFileSmall=BfSn1qOw0DvUOLWVvl/CyQ==, figureFileBig=1w9nNSZ2V3Gcw2jbooU+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889636814180438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=CN, label=图2, caption=载体材料表观黏度的分析, figureFileSmall=BfSn1qOw0DvUOLWVvl/CyQ==, figureFileBig=1w9nNSZ2V3Gcw2jbooU+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889636893872215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of the gel strength of the carrier material, figureFileSmall=iO0Ivs6NnnicsA/soIR3nw==, figureFileBig=70NnQUznmzRhpb5vPoSRmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889636952592472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=CN, label=图3, caption=载体材料凝胶强度的分析

注:*表示与混合胶相比差异性显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=iO0Ivs6NnnicsA/soIR3nw==, figureFileBig=70NnQUznmzRhpb5vPoSRmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889637028089945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Swelling analysis of carrier materials in simulated gastric juice (A) and simulated intestinal fluid (B), figureFileSmall=Bbi1S4P1L/Gp8mF75IPMAA==, figureFileBig=xZBMLdm3kIrpIA0BQ6bB+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889637095198810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=CN, label=图4, caption=载体材料在模拟胃液(A)和模拟肠液(B)中溶胀度分析, figureFileSmall=Bbi1S4P1L/Gp8mF75IPMAA==, figureFileBig=xZBMLdm3kIrpIA0BQ6bB+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889637166501979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of hydrogel wall-to-core ratio on the encapsulation efficiency of anthocyanins, figureFileSmall=1/9oPFNydPT858T0cXinaw==, figureFileBig=+dQUwrpVdTMa/EWCHAQE8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889637241999452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同壁芯比水凝胶对花青素包埋效率的影响

注:*表示差异性显著,P<0.05。

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Effect of different carrier materials on embedding efficiency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号明胶浓度(%)结冷胶浓度(%)包埋率(%)
10.5086.16
200.588.44#
3*0.50.590.81#
), ArticleFig(id=1320889638257021032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889627645431810, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同载体材料对包埋率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号明胶浓度(%)结冷胶浓度(%)包埋率(%)
10.5086.16
200.588.44#
3*0.50.590.81#
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凉山乌洋芋花青素水凝胶制备及其特性分析
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尹琳 1 , 左清吕 1 , 马逸飞 1 , 张子豪 1 , 杨潇 1 , 阳辉蓉 1 , 曾英杰 1, * , 巩发永 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(4): 69-77
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (4) : 69 -77
凉山乌洋芋花青素水凝胶制备及其特性分析
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尹琳1 , 左清吕1, 马逸飞1, 张子豪1, 杨潇1, 阳辉蓉1, 曾英杰1, * , 巩发永2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041
  • 2西昌学院攀西特色作物研究与利用四川省重点实验室,四川西昌 615013
通讯作者:
曾英杰(1987−)(ORCID:0000−0003−3329−946X),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:天然产物与食品营养,E-mail:。
巩发永(1978−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

尹琳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Anthocyanins from Liangshan Purple Yam and Their Hydrogel Characteristics
Lin YIN1 , Qinglü ZUO1, Yifei MA1, Zihao ZHANG1, Xiao YANG1, Huirong YANG1, Yingjie ZENG1, * , Fayong GONG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020170
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目的:系统研究乌洋芋花青素的高效提取工艺,构建明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶递送体系,并阐明其在胃肠消化环境中的稳定性与生物安全性。方法:采用酸性乙醇法提取花青素并构建水凝胶体系;通过流变仪和质构分析仪表征不同浓度明胶-结冷胶复合水凝胶(配比8:2,m/m)的表观黏度、凝胶强度及包埋效率;利用体外模拟消化模型评估花青素在胃液(pH3.0,2 h)和肠液(pH6.8,6 h)中的稳定性和溶胀特性,并通过CCK-8法检测水凝胶对IEC-6细胞增殖的影响。结果:酸性乙醇辅助提取使花青素得率达57.20 mg/g,显著高于常规浸提法(P<0.05)。0.5%复合水凝胶(壁材为质量比8:2的明胶-结冷胶,芯材为乌洋芋花青素)呈现最优性能:凝胶强度21.4 g、表观黏度0.09 Pa·s及包埋率90.81%。花青素水凝胶在宽角频率范围内形成了稳定的三维网络结构,有效保证了花青素的包埋。储藏稳定性实验显示,4 ℃条件下花青素的降解显著低于37 ℃,且水凝胶在高温下表现出较好的稳定性。SEM图像显示,花青素复合水凝胶形成了典型的三维多孔网络结构,孔径主要分布在50~200 μm之间。模拟消化实验进一步验证了水凝胶能有效延缓花青素的降解,并促进其在小肠中的缓释。CCK-8法实验表明,复合水凝胶几乎没有细胞毒性(P>0.05),证明其具有较高的安全性。结论:明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶可显著提升乌洋芋花青素的胃肠稳定性与靶向递送效率,为其在功能食品开发中的应用提供理论支撑。后续需通过体内实验验证其生物利用度提升效果。

乌洋芋  /  花青素  /  水凝胶  /  包埋  /  稳定性  /  生物相容性

Objective: This study systematically investigated the efficient extraction process of purple yam anthocyanins, a gelatin/carrageenan composite-hydrogel delivery system was constructed, and the stability and biosafety in gastrointestinal digestion environments were elucidated. Methods: Anthocyanins were extracted using acidic ethanol method. The apparent viscosity, gel strength, and encapsulation efficiency of gelatin-carrageenan composite-hydrogels (ratio 8:2, w/w) at different concentrations were characterized by a rheometer and texture analyzer. The digestion models in vitro were used to evaluate the stability and swelling properties of anthocyanins in gastric fluid (pH3.0, 2 h) and intestinal fluid (pH6.8, 6 h), and the effect of the hydrogel on IEC-6 cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Results: Acidic ethanol-assisted extraction achieved an anthocyanin yield of 57.20 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of the conventional maceration method (P<0.05). The 0.5% composite hydrogel, composed of a gelatin-gellan gum wall material at a mass ratio of 8:2 and encapsulating anthocyanins, exhibited the most favorable performance. The gel strength, apparent viscosity, and encapsulation efficiency were 21.4 g, 0.09 Pa·s, and 90.81%, respectively. The anthocyanin hydrogel formed a stable three-dimensional network structure across a wide range of angular frequencies, effectively ensuring anthocyanin encapsulation. Storage stability tests showed that anthocyanin degradation was significantly lower at 4 ℃ than at 37 ℃, and the hydrogel exhibited good stability at high temperatures. SEM images revealed that the anthocyanin composite-hydrogel formed a typical three-dimensional porous network structure, with pore sizes primarily ranging from 50 to 200 μm. In vitro digestion experiments further confirmed that the hydrogel effectively delayed anthocyanin degradation and promoted its sustained release in the small intestine. The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the composite-hydrogel exhibited minimal cytotoxicity (P>0.05), confirming its high biosafety. Conclusion: The gelatin/carrageenan composite hydrogel significantly enhanced the gastrointestinal stability and targeted delivery efficiency of purple potato anthocyanins, providing a theoretical basis for its application in functional food development. Future studies should verify its bioavailability enhancement effect through in vivo experiments.

purple yam  /  anthocyanins  /  hydrogel  /  encapsulation  /  stability  /  biocompatibility
尹琳, 左清吕, 马逸飞, 张子豪, 杨潇, 阳辉蓉, 曾英杰, 巩发永. 凉山乌洋芋花青素水凝胶制备及其特性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020170
Lin YIN, Qinglü ZUO, Yifei MA, Zihao ZHANG, Xiao YANG, Huirong YANG, Yingjie ZENG, Fayong GONG. Anthocyanins from Liangshan Purple Yam and Their Hydrogel Characteristics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020170
彩色马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)原产于南美洲安第斯山脉地区,作为马铃薯种质资源的重要变种,其栽培历史可追溯至数千年前。在我国,受高海拔冷凉气候条件的适应性影响,该物种已广泛引种于宁夏、内蒙古、甘肃、四川及贵州等地区。其中,四川凉山彝族自治州因其独特的地理环境(年均温13~17 ℃,日照充足且昼夜温差显著),成为我国西南地区彩色马铃薯的核心产区之一。据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计,2023年全球马铃薯总产量达3.83亿吨,中国的马铃薯产量居世界首位,产量超过9300万吨[1]。在功能农业与营养导向型作物育种快速发展的背景下,马铃薯研究重点已从传统产量提升转向营养功能解析。相较于普通马铃薯,彩色马铃薯因富含花青素(含量可达普通品种的3~4倍)[2],而具有显著抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除率提升约2.5倍)[3],成为植物源花色苷开发的重要原料。凉山州所产乌洋芋作为彩色马铃薯的典型地方品种[4],不仅完整保留母本的花青素富集特性[5],更因长期地域适应性进化形成独特的次生代谢产物谱。这一特性使其在功能性食品开发与农业产业化领域展现出重要应用潜力。
花青素是一种具有多种活性功能的天然物质,在被小肠吸收利用后才会较大程度地发挥其功能活性。但是,花青素在进入消化道后会在胃中消化2 h[6]。此过程中花青素的浓度和活性会受到胃内消化酶和胃液的影响,导致大量花青素被破坏无法顺利抵达小肠,降低花青素的生物利用率。研究发现包埋可以有效保护花青素不受外界环境因素破坏,提升花青素的稳定性,甚至可以帮助花青素在特定的环境中释放[7]。花青素包埋的具体制备方法选择主要取决于目标样品的载体材料和目标样品所应用方向。目前,为了保护花青素不受破坏,常常选用合成的高分子材料进行包埋,使花青素顺利在小肠释放。但是,合成材料本身的安全性就受到人们的关注。因此,鉴于花青素分子在复杂生理环境中易受pH波动、光照及酶解作用影响导致结构降解,亟需开发基于天然聚合物的生物相容性载体系统。通过分子包封技术构建具有智能响应特性的递送体系,既可增强其光热稳定性与生物利用度,又能通过靶向控释机制实现活性成分在特定消化道区段的高效释放。
水凝胶作为一种新型的天然载体材料,已广泛应用于食品、药物和保健品的递送系统中。与传统的合成高分子材料相比,水凝胶的生物相容性和生物降解性具有显著优势。水凝胶通常由天然多糖或蛋白质如明胶和结冷胶等制成,具备良好的生物相容性,可与生物组织或细胞相互作用,且不易引起免疫反应,因此在食品和药品领域中具有重要应用价值。水凝胶不仅能够有效包裹花青素,还能确保花青素在胃肠道中的稳定性和缓释效果,提高其生物利用度。此外,水凝胶在生物体内可逐渐降解,避免了合成材料可能带来的毒性风险,因此其作为花青素递送载体的安全性和效能得到广泛认可。
目前,天然成分包埋花青素成为一个研究热点。Fernandes等[8]采用米糠蛋白对葡萄汁中的花青素进行包埋,评价风味蛋白酶酶解对米糠蛋白包埋特性的影响,发现酶解后风味蛋白酶对葡萄汁花青素的包埋率在70%以上,有效的提升花青素稳定性。Devi等[9]以明胶和阿拉伯胶为壁材,开发了凝聚微胶囊,对黑米糠花青素具有较好的包埋效果。
本研究选用明胶和结冷胶等具有较高生物相容性的天然材料,制备花青素水凝胶,以提高乌洋芋花青素的稳定性,并方便储存。通过分析乌洋芋花青素水凝胶的储藏稳定性、消化稳定性和生物相容性,评估其作为天然花青素递送载体的应用价值。
普格高山乌洋芋‘西芋7号’ 采于普格县乌洋芋种植基地;盐酸、氢氧化钠 分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司;大孔树脂AB-8 上海源叶生物有限公司;食用明胶 河南贝斯特生物科技有限公司;食用结冷胶 新疆阜丰生物科技有限公司;DMEM培养基、Acridine Orange-Ethidium Bromide试剂 北京索莱宝公司;Cell Counting Kit-8试剂盒 上海Dojindo Molecular Technologies公司;25、75 cm2细胞培养瓶、6孔、12孔、24孔、96孔细胞培养板 美国Corning公司。
UV1780紫外-可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;5804R冷冻离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;数字pH计 瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司;HITACHI SU3800/SU3900场发射扫描电镜 日立高新技术公司;HH-6数显恒温水浴锅 国华(常州)仪器制造有限公司;ALPHR 1-4 LSC真空冷冻干燥机 德国Christ集团;Discovery HR-1混合型流变仪 美国TA Instruments公司;ENS-iPro质构仪 北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司;MCO-20AIC二氧化碳培养箱 日本三洋公司。
参照叶丛蔚等[10]紫薯花青素的水溶液提取法,并加以调整。选取无腐烂、未发芽、颗粒饱满的凉山乌洋芋鲜品,将乌洋芋洗净,切分成大小均匀的小块状备用。
乌洋芋原料经预处理后,按固液比1:1(m/m)加入纯水,均质打浆。采用1 mol/L盐酸溶液将匀浆pH调节至3.5,30 ℃恒温水浴提取1 h。提取液经4 ℃、8000 r/min离心3 min,收集上清液,40 ℃减压浓缩,随后冷冻干燥,获得乌洋芋花青素粗提物。所得产物置于−80 ℃避光保存备用。
参照See等[11]报道的乙醇提取葡萄皮花青素方法,稍作调整。选取无腐烂、未发芽、颗粒饱满的凉山乌洋芋鲜品,将乌洋芋洗净,切分成大小均匀的小块状备用。
乌洋芋原料预处理后,按固液比1:1(m/m)加入50%(v/v)乙醇打浆,采用1 mol/L盐酸调节pH至3.5,30 ℃水浴提取1 h。提取液经4 ℃、8000 r/min离心3 min,收集上清液,40 ℃减压浓缩,随后冷冻干燥,获得乌洋芋花青素粗提物。所得产物置于−80 ℃避光条件下保存备用。
参照王申萌[12]描述的方法,稍作修改。称取一定质量的乌洋芋花青素冻干粉,分别用pH1.0、pH4.5的缓冲溶液溶解定容至10 mL,全波长扫描筛选最大吸收波长并测定该波长条件下花青素样品的吸光值,同时测量花青素样品在700 nm处的吸光值。
花青素含量计算公式如下:
$ \rm Q({\mathrm{mg/g}})=\frac{A}{\varepsilon L}\times MW\times DF\times \frac{V}{Wt} $
其中,Q为花青素含量(mg/g);A为吸光度差值,计算公式为[(Amax−A700)pH1.0−(Amax−A700)pH4.5];MW为花青素分子量(以矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷计,449.2 g/mol);DF为稀释倍数;ε为摩尔吸光系数(26900 L/(mol·cm));L为比色皿光程(1 cm);V为提取液体积(mL);Wt为样品质量(g)。
基于韦湘滢等[13]的包埋载体材料表征方法进行并稍作调整,具体改进包括:水凝胶前驱体制备阶段,采用(25±0.5)℃恒温水浴槽平衡处理30 min后,以800 r/min磁力搅拌20 min获得均一透明胶体;凝胶成型环节采用聚四氟乙烯模具,于4 ℃静置固化12 h;流变学测试采用配置40 mm锥板系统(锥角1°,间隙0.046 mm)的流变仪,在25 ℃下以10−1~102 rad/s频率扫描,应变幅度严格控制在线性黏弹区(γ=1%)。
基于葛胜菊等[14]提出的凝胶强度表征方法进行分析,并稍作修改,具体如下:采用质构仪对水凝胶进行力学性能测试,实验前将样品在25 ℃恒温箱平衡处理2 h,选用P/0.5R圆柱探头(直径12 mm,长度50 mm)进行穿刺实验,测试参数设定为预压速度0.5 mm/s、触发力5 g、下压速度1.0±0.1 mm/s、下压深度10.0±0.05 mm、回程速度1.0 mm/s,数据采集频率提升至500 Hz,每组样品平行测试7次后剔除异常值(Grubbs检验,α=0.05),通过Texture Exponent 32软件计算破断强度(Gel Strength)和弹性模量(Young's Modulus),实验全程在温度23±1 ℃、相对湿度50%±5%条件下完成。
基于柳驎原等[15]建立的溶胀度测定方法进行改进,具体如下:将水凝胶样品冷冻干燥24 h处理(−50 ℃,0.1 Pa),精确称取100.0±0.5 mg冻干粉,分别静置于50 mL模拟胃液(SGF,pH=3.0,含0.32%胃蛋白酶)及模拟肠液(SIF,pH=6.8,含1.0%胰酶)中,溶胀介质温度为37.0±0.5 ℃。每隔30 min用316 L不锈钢网筛(孔径0.15 mm)快速捞取样品,去离子水冲洗后吸除表面残留液,在105 ℃干燥至恒重。溶胀度(SR)计算公式为:SR(%)=(Wt−W0)/W0×100,其中W0为初始质量,g,Wt为t时刻溶胀质量,g。
称量一定的乌洋芋花青素冻干粉置于所制备的水凝胶中,磁力搅拌10 min,然后于4 ℃存放24 h,使其充分水合,将制备好的花青素水凝胶冷冻干燥,−20 ℃避光保存。根据下面公式计算包埋率。
$\rm \mathrm{包埋率(\text{%})=(TAC-SAC)/TAC\times 100} $
总花青素(TAC)含量:将100 mg样品与1 mL纯水加入离心管中涡旋混匀,再加10 mL无水乙醇,常温超声5 min;4 ℃、3500 r/min离心3 min,取上清液测花青素含量。
表面花青素(SAC)含量:称取0.100 g样品于离心管中,加入10 mL乙醇,涡旋10 s;4 ℃、3500 r/min离心3 min,取上清液测花青素含量。
基于文献[15]报道的明胶-结冷胶复合体系(质量比8:2)在花青素水凝胶制备中的最优性能,首先配制该比例的明胶-结冷胶复合基质,同时分别配制明胶和结冷胶基质;然后,根据1.2.4.1所述包埋工艺,将花青素负载于水凝胶网络结构中,定量分析游离花青素含量,按公式(1)计算包封率。最终,通过对比不同基质体系的包埋率,筛选最具优势的包埋材料。
通过评价花青素在相同水凝胶中的添加量,确定比较适合的壁材和芯材的比例。花青素添加量为5%、10%、15%和20%(质量分数),按照1.2.4.1的方法进行包埋,分别测定四组的包埋率,确定最佳壁芯比。
采用流变仪系统表征水凝胶粘弹性,具体分为三阶段:样品预处理阶段,将前驱体溶液置于程序温控模块进行梯度处理,先以2.5 ℃/min速率升温至50.0±0.1 ℃并施加100 s−1预剪切300 s,随后以1.0 ℃/min冷却至25 ℃平衡30 min;流变测试阶段,通过振幅扫描验证确认线性黏弹区(γ=1.0%±0.1%),在频率扫描模式(0.1~100 rad/s,对数分布采集10点/十倍频程)下同步记录G'和G'',实验全程通过Peltier温控系统维持温度波动≤±0.05 ℃;数据分析阶段,采用Trios 5.0软件(v5.3.1.4298)进行时温叠加处理(参考温度25 ℃),构建主曲线覆盖10−2~1010 rad/s等效频率范围。
首先,将乌洋芋花青素复合水凝胶真空冷冻干燥;随后,对样品断面进行喷金处理;最后,采用HITACHI SU3800/SU3900场发射扫描电镜在5 kV加速电压、8 mm工作距离、5×10−3 Pa真空度条件下观察微观形貌。
参照李昊昕等[16]的方法,稍作调整。分别取相同质量的乌洋芋花青素和乌洋芋花青素水凝胶,配制成相同浓度的溶液,避光储存于4 ℃和37 ℃环境中,每隔5 d取样分析花青素含量,通过对比乌洋芋花青素以及乌洋芋花青素水凝胶在30 d内花青素残留量的变化情况,分析乌洋芋花青素的储藏稳定性。
参照陈玉洁等[17]的方法,稍作调整。分别取2份0.25 g花青素粉末,命名1和2,取两份0.25 g(约含0.25 g花青素粉)的水凝胶冻干粉,命名3和4。将1和3置于含10 mL模拟胃液的试管中,将2和4置于含10 mL模拟肠液的试管中,混匀后于37 ℃、50 r/min摇床中模拟消化120 min,每隔30 min检测消化液中花青素含量。结合1.2.3.3中混合胶的溶胀度,计算消化液中未被分解的乌洋芋花青素残留量,计算公式如下:
$\rm C({\mathrm{g}})=C_0-(C_0\times SR-C_1) $
其中,C为花青素残留量,g;C0为配制液中花青素总量,g;C1为消化液中测得的花青素含量,g。
采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法评估花青素水凝胶对IEC-6细胞的细胞毒性。IEC-6细胞(大鼠肠上皮细胞系)在调整后的DMEM培养基中培养,培养基中添加10%胎牛血清(FBS)和1%青霉素-链霉素混合抗生素溶液,培养条件为37 ℃、5% CO2。将细胞接种至96孔板中,细胞接种密度分别为:24 h培养时,每孔2×105细胞;48 h培养时,每孔1×105细胞;72 h培养时,每孔5×104细胞,对照组不作任何处理,空白对照组加入等量的DMEM培养基,实验组依次加入0.2、0.4和0.8 mg/mL的花青素水凝胶。在设定的时间间隔(24、48、72 h)内,取出培养板并更换培养基。然后,按实验设计向培养基中加入CCK-8试剂(与培养基的配比为1:10),继续在培养箱中孵育30 min。使用酶标仪在450 nm波长处检测反应液的吸光度(A值),并通过计算细胞存活率来评估细胞的生长情况。
$\rm \mathrm{细}\mathrm{胞}\mathrm{存}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{s}-{A}_{b}}{{A}_{c}-{A}_{b}}\times 100 $
其中,As为试验组吸光度值;Ab为空白组吸光度值;Ac为对照组吸光度值。
所有结果测试三次以上,表示为平均值±标准差。由SPSS 23(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)进行数据分析,采用SPSS 23软件中的单因素ANOVA检验中的Duncan’s post-hoc检测对数据间的差异显著性进行评价(P<0.05)。
水溶液与酸性乙醇溶液对乌洋芋花青素的提取效能对比如图1所示。结果表明,酸性乙醇法的花青素提取量(28.36 mg/g)显著高于水提法(P<0.05),其优势机制主要体现在三个方面:酸性环境(pH3.5)通过质子化作用增强花青素溶解度的同时抑制苷键水解,降低降解率[17−18];乙醇组分可有效破坏植物细胞壁的脂质层,促进胞内色素释放[19]。相较而言,水提法因缺乏相变驱动力及pH缓冲体系,导致溶出效率受限。
包埋花青素载体材料的表观黏度系统分析结果如图2所示。当角频率从10−1变化到102时,0.5%的结冷胶和0.5%的混合胶的复黏度呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,表明在较高的剪切速率下,这些材料表现出典型的非牛顿流体特性,即黏度随剪切速率的增加而减小[18]。具体而言,0.5%的结冷胶和混合胶在高剪切速率下的黏度显著增加,反映出其良好的流变性能。相较之下,0.5%的明胶在相同的角频率范围内,其复黏度呈现缓慢上升的趋势。这一现象表明,明胶制成的水凝胶在该频率范围内具有较低的复黏度,展现出良好的流动性。前人研究表明,明胶的流变特性使其在食品应用中表现出优异的流动性和加工性能[19]。另外,乌洋芋花青素水凝胶的流动性与载体材料的黏度密切相关,如0.5%结冷胶的复黏度最大,导致其流动性最差;而0.5%混合胶的复黏度适中,流动性较好;0.5%明胶则展现出较好的流动性,但其复黏度相对较低。因此,基于表观黏度的分析结果,0.5%混合胶(质量比8:2的明胶-结冷胶)被选为包埋乌洋芋花青素的最佳载体材料。
水凝胶的凝胶强度是评估其网络结构致密性和体系稳定性的重要指标。凝胶强度越高,表明其形成的三维网络结构越紧密,从而增强了水凝胶的稳定性[20]。通过分析三种不同载体材料(0.5%混合胶、0.5%明胶和0.5%结冷胶)水凝胶的凝胶强度以评价其对花青素包埋效果,结果如图3所示。结果显示,0.5%混合胶的凝胶强度显著高于0.5%明胶的凝胶强度(P<0.05),且略高于0.5%结冷胶的凝胶强度。同时,结果也表明,复合水凝胶的网络结构确实能够有效增强其机械强度和稳定性,为花青素的保护和释放提供良好的基础[21],而且复合材料中的不同聚合物可以通过相互交联形成更为复杂的网络结构,进而再次提高其整体的凝胶强度[22],这也进一步解释为何0.5%混合胶在本实验中展现出更高的凝胶强度和更佳的花青素包埋能力。
水凝胶的溶胀度越小,越不易受到消化液的影响。因此,在评价所制备水凝胶在胃肠环境的溶胀度之前,有必要判断制备水凝胶在消化液中的稳定性。如图4A所示,所制备的0.5%明胶、0.5%结冷胶和0.5%混合胶在模拟胃液体系中处理0~30 min,溶胀度均呈现快速上升的趋势;其中,0.5%明胶的溶胀度最高,0.5%混合胶溶胀度次之,0.5%结冷胶溶胀度最低。溶胀处理时间在30~120 min时,0.5%明胶在模拟胃液中的溶胀度增速放缓,溶胀度78.91%;0.5%的结冷胶和0.5%的混合胶呈现稳步上升趋势,在120 min时溶胀度最高,分别为43.70%和46.32%。0.5%结冷胶的溶胀度低是因为结冷胶在酸性环境有着紧密的网络结构,降低其在模拟胃液中的溶胀度;而受结冷胶的影响,0.5%的混合胶也在模拟胃酸消化实验中表现出较好的稳定性。
如图4B所示,在模拟小肠环境中处理0~30 min,0.5%明胶、0.5%结冷胶和0.5%混合胶的溶胀度均呈现快速上升的趋势,且0.5%的明胶的溶胀度最高,0.5%结冷胶溶胀度最低;0.5%混合胶与0.5%结冷胶的溶胀度接近。在30~120 min范围内,0.5%明胶在模拟肠液中的溶胀度增速放缓,120 min时其溶胀度为78.36%;而0.5%结冷胶和0.5%混合胶则呈现稳步上升的趋势,120 min时溶胀度达到最高,分别为67.98%和71.57%。即0.5%明胶在模拟肠液中稳定性较差,0.5%结冷胶和0.5%混合胶在模拟肠液中稳定性较好。对比图4A和图4B发现,三种水凝胶载体材料在模拟肠液中的溶胀度较高。综合考虑,0.5%的混合胶在模拟胃液和肠液中稳定性均较好,更适合作为载体材料,更有利于花青素在胃肠液中释放。
实验结果如表1所示,0.5%的混合胶(质量比8:2的明胶-结冷胶)对乌洋芋花青素的包埋率最高,达到90.81%,可能与复合胶的凝胶强度较高、凝胶特性较好有关,更有利于乌洋芋花青素的包埋[14]。
根据图5可知,乌洋芋花青素的添加量为5%和10%时,其包埋率均高于90%。然而,当添加量增至15%和20%时,包埋率明显低于90%。这一现象表明,过高的花青素添加量会导致包埋效率下降,不利于实现最佳的包埋效果。因此,选择10%的乌洋芋花青素与0.5%的水凝胶相结合可确保高包埋率和花青素最佳利用,达到较理想的包埋效果。相关文献研究也表明,适宜的包埋比例对于提高天然色素的稳定性和生物利用度至关重要[23−24]。
如图6所示,在角频率范围从10−1~102 rad/s的测试中,包埋乌洋芋花青素的混合胶的储能模量和损耗模量均呈现出上升的趋势。这表明,随着频率的增加,材料的粘弹性得到增强。此外,图6也说明水凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量在角频率从10−1~102 rad/s范围内并未发生交联现象,进一步反映混合胶在宽频率范围内形成了稳定的三维网络结构,即选取的包埋技术比较适合。前人研究也表明,合适的包埋技术能够显著提升天然色素的机械性能和稳定性[25−26]。
乌洋芋花青素及其水凝胶在不同储藏温度下的稳定性研究如图7所示。图7A表明在4 ℃条件下储藏期间,乌洋芋花青素溶液及其水凝胶中花青素的残留量在0~15 d内迅速降低,而在15~30 d间则呈现缓慢下降趋势。值得注意的是,水凝胶中花青素的损失速度明显低于溶液,表明水凝胶对乌洋芋花青素具有一定的保护作用。研究表明,水凝胶能够有效延缓天然色素的降解[27−28]。图7B进一步展示了在37 ℃条件下的储藏效果。在0~5 d内,乌洋芋花青素溶液中花青素的残留量迅速下降,随后下降速度减缓;相比之下,水凝胶中的花青素残留量呈现出相对稳定且缓慢的下降趋势。可知,水凝胶的保护作用使得乌洋芋花青素在高温条件下的稳定性优于其溶液形式。研究表明,温度升高会加速天然色素的降解,而水凝胶能有效减缓这一过程[29]。通过比较图7A和图7B,可以看出,4 ℃储藏条件下的花青素损耗明显低于37 ℃条件下的损耗,这表明较低温度环境有利于花青素的保存。然而,在高温条件下,乌洋芋花青素水凝胶依然显示出更好的稳定性,这可能与水凝胶的物理特性及其对环境因素的抵抗能力有关[30]。上述结果表明,水凝胶能够有效延缓花青素的降解,尤其是在高温环境下。
乌洋芋花青素及其水凝胶在模拟胃液和肠液中的消化稳定性结果如图8所示。根据图8A可知,在模拟胃液消化过程中,乌洋芋花青素组的花青素残留量在0~120 min内呈现先快速降低后缓慢下降的趋势;而乌洋芋花青素水凝胶组的花青素残留量则呈现相对缓慢的下降趋势。120 min时,乌洋芋花青素组的花青素残留量为0.41 mg/mL,水凝胶组为0.53 mg/mL。上述结果表明,花青素虽然在胃液中会发生降解,但水凝胶可有效延缓花青素的分解速度,即水凝胶能够有效保护天然色素[31]。
图8B展示了乌洋芋花青素在模拟肠液中的消化情况。处理0~120 min过程中,乌洋芋花青素液中的花青素残留量仍然呈现先急降后缓降的趋势,而水凝胶中的花青素残留量则呈现先缓降后趋于平缓的状态。在120 min时,乌洋芋花青素溶液中的花青素残留量低于水凝胶组(0.33 mg/mL vs 0.45 mg/mL)。上述结果表明,水凝胶在肠液中对乌洋芋花青素的保护作用较强,优于其在胃液中对花青素的保护,进一步验证水凝胶在调控花青素缓释方面的潜力。
对比图8A和图8B可知,在相同起始浓度的花青素溶液中,花青素在模拟胃液和肠液中的降解速度均快于水凝胶组。花青素水凝胶在模拟肠液中的降解速度高于其在模拟胃液中的降解速度。这表明水凝胶能有效延缓花青素的降解,其延缓过程还与周围环境pH有关。研究表明,水凝胶的物理特性能够有效保护活性成分,延长其在消化道中的生物利用度[32]。综上,乌洋芋花青素水凝胶在模拟消化条件下均表现出良好的稳定性,能够有效延缓花青素的降解,并调控其在胃肠道中的释放,达到缓释的效果和目的。
扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示,花青素水凝胶形成了典型的三维多孔网络结构,孔径主要分布在50~200 μm之间,孔隙形态以不规则近圆形和多边形为主,孔壁较薄且相互连通,整体分布均匀(图9)。水凝胶内部丰富的孔隙结构有助于提高比表面积,为活性成分的负载与缓释提供了良好的物理基础。局部孔壁可见微小裂纹,推测与干燥过程中的收缩应力有关,但整体结构保持完整,表明该水凝胶体系具有良好的成形性与潜在应用价值。
图10显示了在不同浓度(0.2、0.4和0.8 mg/mL)花青素水凝胶处理下,IEC-6细胞在24、48和72 h孵育后的存活率。从图中可以看出,水凝胶壁材(结冷胶、明胶、复合胶)干预并未对IEC-6细胞活菌数造成影响,均无细胞毒性。采用不同浓度(0.2、0.4和0.8 mg/mL)的花青素水凝胶干预处理24~72 h,IEC-6细胞的存活率保持在接近100%的水平。在所有浓度条件下(包括较高的0.8 mg/mL),细胞存活率均未显著下降(P>0.05),显示了花青素水凝胶的细胞低毒性。在24~72 h的孵育时间中,细胞存活率无明显变化,表明即使经过长时间的干预,花青素水凝胶的细胞毒性仍未对细胞生长产生显著影响。不同浓度的水凝胶对细胞存活率的影响作用较小。所有浓度的处理组均显示出较高的存活率,表明所选取浓度的花青素水凝胶对IEC-6细胞的毒性效应较弱。
本研究在对乌洋芋花青素优化提取后系统构建乌洋芋花青素的明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶递送体系,并阐明其胃肠稳定性与生物安全性。通过酸性乙醇法提取花青素,其得率达57.20 mg/g,较传统浸提法显著提高(P<0.05)。流变学与质构分析表明,0.5%明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶(配比8:2,m/m)具有最优凝胶强度与表观黏度,包埋率为90.81%。流变学分析证实,花青素水凝胶在宽频振荡剪切条件下形成弹性主导的凝胶网络,其三维交联结构通过氢键与疏水相互作用显著提升包埋效率(P<0.05)。稳定性研究表明,4 ℃避光储存28 d后花青素保留率显著高于37 ℃对照组(P<0.05),且水凝胶在37 ℃连续热胁迫下仍维持结构完整性。乌洋芋花青素水凝胶在模拟消化条件下均表现出良好的稳定性,能够有效延缓花青素的降解,并调控其在胃肠道中的释放,达到缓释的效果和目的。CCK-8实验表明,乌洋芋花青素水凝胶处理IEC-6细胞48 h后存活率>95%(P>0.05),证实其良好生物相容性。综上,明胶/结冷胶复合水凝胶可有效提升乌洋芋花青素的胃肠稳定性与递送效率,为功能食品开发提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020170
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
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    1西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041
    2西昌学院攀西特色作物研究与利用四川省重点实验室,四川西昌 615013

通讯作者:

曾英杰(1987−)(ORCID:0000−0003−3329−946X),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:天然产物与食品营养,E-mail:。
巩发永(1978−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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