Article(id=1320889607554716522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854223383, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854223383, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854223383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854223383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=387, endPage=397, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889609060471659, articleId=1320889607554716522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Temperature Change in Circulation on Quality and Biogenic Amine Content of Frozen Fish Dumplings, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature changes in circulation on the quality and biogenic amine content of frozen fish dumplings and its intrinsic mechanism. The fish dumplings were flash frozen at −25 ℃ and then stored at −7 ℃ (simulated retail temperature), −7/−18 ℃ (simulated transportation temperature and diurnal temperature variation), and −18 ℃ (storage temperature) for 180 d. The results showed that with the increase in storage time, the brightness value L* and redness value a* of the fish dumplings showed continuous decrease, and the yellowness value b* and cooking loss gradually increased (P<0.05). Furthermore, the hardness, elasticity, and chewiness of the meat fillings were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In addition, the thiobarbituric acid content, carbonyl content, total volatile base nitrogen content, and biogenic amine content of the frozen fish dumpling samples subjected to the retail temperature and the transportation temperature were consistently higher than those of the samples subjected to the storage temperature during frozen storage. The results of the correlation analysis further showed that the quality of frozen fish dumpling stored at the retail temperature of −7 ℃ and the temperature fluctuation of −7/−18 ℃ for 90 d was similar to that of the frozen dumpling samples stored at −18 ℃ for 180 d. Therefore, it was important to maintain low and stable storage temperature during the circulation to slow down the deterioration of the dumpling quality and to safeguard its nutritional value.

, authors=Jiayin MA, Chao ZHANG, Qian LIU, Qian CHEN, Baohua KONG*, authorsList=Jiayin MA, Chao ZHANG, Qian LIU, Qian CHEN, Baohua KONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baohua KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889610532672374, articleId=1320889607554716522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=流通中温度变化对冷冻鱼肉水饺品质及生物胺含量的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究流通和销售过程中冻藏温度变化对鱼肉水饺品质和生物胺含量的影响及其内在机制,本研究将鱼肉水饺在−25 ℃完成速冻后,分别放置于−7 ℃(模拟超市零售温度)、−7/−18 ℃(运输温度及超市冷柜昼夜温度变化)以及−18 ℃(冷冻贮藏温度)的环境下进行180 d的冻藏。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的推进,鱼肉水饺的亮度值L*与红度值a*呈持续下降态势,黄度值b*以及蒸煮损失则逐步上升(P<0.05)。同时,肉馅的硬度、弹性和咀嚼力显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,在整个贮藏周期内,经历−7 ℃零售温度和−7/−18 ℃温度波动的鱼肉水饺样品,其硫代巴比妥酸含量、羰基含量、挥发性盐基氮含量以及生物胺含量始终高于处于−18 ℃贮藏温度下的样品。结合相关性分析结果可知,在零售温度−7 ℃与温度波动−7/−18 ℃存放90 d的鱼肉水饺,其品质与在冷冻贮藏−18 ℃下贮藏180 d的水饺样品品质相近。综上所述,在鱼肉水饺流通过程中,必须时刻确保维持较低且稳定的贮藏温度,以此减缓水饺品质的劣变速度,保障其营养价值。

, authors=马佳音, 张潮, 刘骞, 陈倩, 孔保华*, authorsList=马佳音, 张潮, 刘骞, 陈倩, 孔保华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孔保华, authorNote=

马佳音(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孔保华(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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马佳音(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

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马佳音(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

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注:图中大写字母表示不同贮藏时间之间显著性,小写字母表示不同贮藏温度之间显著性(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=tz00kHY1NY5SwFa3ngEvrQ==, figureFileBig=zZOiF9AYhTXeE2RYMfCSLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615037354913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of TBARS (A), carbonyl content (B) and TVB-N (C) of fish dumpling filler during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=5XhJGknwKyMRVLiB5aU/wA==, figureFileBig=VT9WqdmFsMYTWZFsoFaPhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615108658082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鱼肉水饺肉馅在冻藏期间的TBARS(A)、羰基含量(B)和TVB-N(C)变化, figureFileSmall=5XhJGknwKyMRVLiB5aU/wA==, figureFileBig=VT9WqdmFsMYTWZFsoFaPhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615171572643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of hardness (A), cohesiveness (B), springiness (C), and chewiness (D) of fish dumpling filler during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=lmvuH7q45KX2U9ttDdSqRA==, figureFileBig=i+y95A1oT7b5Zk1njMr99A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615247070116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鱼肉水饺肉馅在冻藏期间的硬度(A)、弹性(B)、粘性(C)和咀嚼力(D)的变化, figureFileSmall=lmvuH7q45KX2U9ttDdSqRA==, figureFileBig=i+y95A1oT7b5Zk1njMr99A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615318373285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in biogenic amines of fish dumpling filler during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=IjfYwNsmOoj9BetTEbsDQg==, figureFileBig=sH+1vOBCdW0h1Y7mfD091A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615381287846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=CN, label=图4, caption=鱼肉水饺肉馅在冻藏期间的生物胺变化, figureFileSmall=IjfYwNsmOoj9BetTEbsDQg==, figureFileBig=sH+1vOBCdW0h1Y7mfD091A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615444202407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Person correlations of fish dumpling in different storage temperature and storage time, figureFileSmall=a0N6rqQxgm63Gr3WM4sRsQ==, figureFileBig=WTMTBjcDbrCuxff446vlkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615511311272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同贮藏温度和贮藏时间的鱼肉水饺的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=a0N6rqQxgm63Gr3WM4sRsQ==, figureFileBig=WTMTBjcDbrCuxff446vlkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889615595197353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Color changes of frozen fish dumpling at different storage temperatures and storage times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏温度(℃)贮藏时间(d)L*a*b*
−7050.82±0.24Aa7.76±0.41Aa14.22±0.10Ea
3047.26±0.07Bc7.65±0.08Aab15.17±0.32Da
6045.41±0.16Cc7.16±0.11Bac16.59±0.06Ca
9043.79±0.07Db6.82±0.31Ca17.73±0.11Ba
18041.36±0.05Ec6.24±0.12Cb18.79±0.17Aa
−7/−18050.82±0.24Aa7.76±0.41Aa14.01±0.12Eb
3047.81±0.25Bb7.49±0.39Aa15.03±0.17Da
6045.96±0.22Cb7.49±0.34Aa16.08±0.05Cb
9044.21±0.19Db6.68±0.34Ba17.22±0.21Bb
18042.58±0.09Eb6.35±0.23Bb18.54±0.09Ab
−18050.82±0.24Aa7.76±0.41Aa13.99±0.04Eb
3048.48±0.08Ba7.38±0.37Aab14.89±0.10Da
6047.53±0.18Ca6.95±0.41Ba15.95±0.06Cc
9045.41±0.45Da6.75±0.02Ba16.43±0.04Bc
18044.51±0.18Ea6.53±0.46Ca17.48±0.24Ac
), ArticleFig(id=1320889615666500522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

在不同贮藏温度和贮藏时间冷冻鱼肉水饺的色度变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏温度(℃)贮藏时间(d)L*a*b*
−7050.82±0.24Aa7.76±0.41Aa14.22±0.10Ea
3047.26±0.07Bc7.65±0.08Aab15.17±0.32Da
6045.41±0.16Cc7.16±0.11Bac16.59±0.06Ca
9043.79±0.07Db6.82±0.31Ca17.73±0.11Ba
18041.36±0.05Ec6.24±0.12Cb18.79±0.17Aa
−7/−18050.82±0.24Aa7.76±0.41Aa14.01±0.12Eb
3047.81±0.25Bb7.49±0.39Aa15.03±0.17Da
6045.96±0.22Cb7.49±0.34Aa16.08±0.05Cb
9044.21±0.19Db6.68±0.34Ba17.22±0.21Bb
18042.58±0.09Eb6.35±0.23Bb18.54±0.09Ab
−18050.82±0.24Aa7.76±0.41Aa13.99±0.04Eb
3048.48±0.08Ba7.38±0.37Aab14.89±0.10Da
6047.53±0.18Ca6.95±0.41Ba15.95±0.06Cc
9045.41±0.45Da6.75±0.02Ba16.43±0.04Bc
18044.51±0.18Ea6.53±0.46Ca17.48±0.24Ac
), ArticleFig(id=1320889615741997995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation of frozen fish dumplings stored at different temperature for 0, 90 and 180 d

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏温
度(℃)
贮藏时
间(d)
感官特性
质地多汁性酸败性总体可接受性
−706.55±0.36Ac6.37±0.52Ac6.64±0.37Ac6.56±0.07Ac
903.13±0.16Bc3.21±0.16Bc3.51±0.19Bc3.22±0.25Bc
1802.01±0.32Cc2.12±0.15Cc2.26±0.28Cc2.13±0.17Cc
−7/−1806.55±0.36Ab6.37±0.52Ab6.64±0.37Ab6.56±0.07Ab
903.45±0.19Bb3.65±0.29Bb3.76±0.28Bb3.54±0.09Bb
1802.54±0.24Cb2.54±0.23Cb2.66±0.14Cb2.68±0.17Cb
−1806.55±0.36Aa6.37±0.52Aa6.64±0.37Aa6.56±0.07Aa
904.31±0.24Ba4.15±0.29Ba4.21±0.16Ba3.94±0.17Ba
1803.25±0.37Ca3.05±0.17Ca3.14±0.24Ca3.12±0.87Ca
), ArticleFig(id=1320889615809106860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889607554716522, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

在不同温度冻藏0、90和180 d的冷冻鱼肉水饺的感官评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏温
度(℃)
贮藏时
间(d)
感官特性
质地多汁性酸败性总体可接受性
−706.55±0.36Ac6.37±0.52Ac6.64±0.37Ac6.56±0.07Ac
903.13±0.16Bc3.21±0.16Bc3.51±0.19Bc3.22±0.25Bc
1802.01±0.32Cc2.12±0.15Cc2.26±0.28Cc2.13±0.17Cc
−7/−1806.55±0.36Ab6.37±0.52Ab6.64±0.37Ab6.56±0.07Ab
903.45±0.19Bb3.65±0.29Bb3.76±0.28Bb3.54±0.09Bb
1802.54±0.24Cb2.54±0.23Cb2.66±0.14Cb2.68±0.17Cb
−1806.55±0.36Aa6.37±0.52Aa6.64±0.37Aa6.56±0.07Aa
904.31±0.24Ba4.15±0.29Ba4.21±0.16Ba3.94±0.17Ba
1803.25±0.37Ca3.05±0.17Ca3.14±0.24Ca3.12±0.87Ca
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流通中温度变化对冷冻鱼肉水饺品质及生物胺含量的影响
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马佳音 , 张潮 , 刘骞 , 陈倩 , 孔保华 *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(2): 387-397
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (2) : 387 -397
流通中温度变化对冷冻鱼肉水饺品质及生物胺含量的影响
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马佳音 , 张潮, 刘骞, 陈倩, 孔保华*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
孔保华(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

马佳音(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

Effect of Temperature Change in Circulation on Quality and Biogenic Amine Content of Frozen Fish Dumplings
Jiayin MA , Chao ZHANG, Qian LIU, Qian CHEN, Baohua KONG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020030
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为了探究流通和销售过程中冻藏温度变化对鱼肉水饺品质和生物胺含量的影响及其内在机制,本研究将鱼肉水饺在−25 ℃完成速冻后,分别放置于−7 ℃(模拟超市零售温度)、−7/−18 ℃(运输温度及超市冷柜昼夜温度变化)以及−18 ℃(冷冻贮藏温度)的环境下进行180 d的冻藏。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的推进,鱼肉水饺的亮度值L*与红度值a*呈持续下降态势,黄度值b*以及蒸煮损失则逐步上升(P<0.05)。同时,肉馅的硬度、弹性和咀嚼力显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,在整个贮藏周期内,经历−7 ℃零售温度和−7/−18 ℃温度波动的鱼肉水饺样品,其硫代巴比妥酸含量、羰基含量、挥发性盐基氮含量以及生物胺含量始终高于处于−18 ℃贮藏温度下的样品。结合相关性分析结果可知,在零售温度−7 ℃与温度波动−7/−18 ℃存放90 d的鱼肉水饺,其品质与在冷冻贮藏−18 ℃下贮藏180 d的水饺样品品质相近。综上所述,在鱼肉水饺流通过程中,必须时刻确保维持较低且稳定的贮藏温度,以此减缓水饺品质的劣变速度,保障其营养价值。

冷冻鱼肉水饺  /  流通过程  /  温度变化  /  品质特性  /  生物胺  /  感官评价

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature changes in circulation on the quality and biogenic amine content of frozen fish dumplings and its intrinsic mechanism. The fish dumplings were flash frozen at −25 ℃ and then stored at −7 ℃ (simulated retail temperature), −7/−18 ℃ (simulated transportation temperature and diurnal temperature variation), and −18 ℃ (storage temperature) for 180 d. The results showed that with the increase in storage time, the brightness value L* and redness value a* of the fish dumplings showed continuous decrease, and the yellowness value b* and cooking loss gradually increased (P<0.05). Furthermore, the hardness, elasticity, and chewiness of the meat fillings were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In addition, the thiobarbituric acid content, carbonyl content, total volatile base nitrogen content, and biogenic amine content of the frozen fish dumpling samples subjected to the retail temperature and the transportation temperature were consistently higher than those of the samples subjected to the storage temperature during frozen storage. The results of the correlation analysis further showed that the quality of frozen fish dumpling stored at the retail temperature of −7 ℃ and the temperature fluctuation of −7/−18 ℃ for 90 d was similar to that of the frozen dumpling samples stored at −18 ℃ for 180 d. Therefore, it was important to maintain low and stable storage temperature during the circulation to slow down the deterioration of the dumpling quality and to safeguard its nutritional value.

frozen fish dumpling  /  circulation process  /  temperature change  /  quality characteristic  /  biogenic amine content  /  sensory evaluation
马佳音, 张潮, 刘骞, 陈倩, 孔保华. 流通中温度变化对冷冻鱼肉水饺品质及生物胺含量的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 387 -397 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020030
Jiayin MA, Chao ZHANG, Qian LIU, Qian CHEN, Baohua KONG. Effect of Temperature Change in Circulation on Quality and Biogenic Amine Content of Frozen Fish Dumplings[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 387 -397 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020030
饺子作为中国的传统美食,凭借其丰富多样的口味、便捷的食用方式以及较高的营养价值,深受大众喜爱,成为家庭饮食中常见且受欢迎的餐点之一。饺子馅多种多样,其中鱼肉馅的饺子深受消费者的喜爱,这与鱼肉富含较高营养价值有直接关系。然而,鱼肉中高蛋白、低脂肪的特点会致使鱼肉馅饺子在零售、运输和贮藏的过程中极易因受到微生物污染而腐败变质。就延长饺子保质期而言,冷冻贮藏乃是最为简单、经济且高效的办法[1]。然而,Zhang等[2]研究发现,冷冻贮藏虽然延缓了贮藏期鱼肉水饺品质劣变,但是在贮藏期内脂质氧化和蛋白质氧化仍会发生。在脂肪氧化过程中,脂肪会逐步分解,生成一系列酮、醇、醛类等次级物质。这些物质不仅会让肉馅产生异味,还会致使肉馅发生酸败现象。尤为关键的是,其中醛类在动物体内具有细胞毒性,能够抑制蛋白质功能。与此同时,蛋白质氧化过程比脂质氧化更为复杂,所产生的氧化产物也更为多样。这些复杂的氧化产物不仅会对蛋白质本身的结构和功能产生影响,还会进一步波及水饺肉馅的品质与安全性[3]。不仅如此,脂质氧化产生的醛类与酮类物质,以及蛋白质氧化分解产生的游离氨基酸,它们共同为水饺肉馅中生物胺的生成提供了前体物质[4]。总之,随着这些氧化反应的不断进行以及生物胺(Biogenic amine, BA)的逐渐生成,鱼肉水饺的品质会逐渐劣化,具体表现为保水性降低,风味下降,感官品质下降[5−6]。
生物胺是一种低分子量、含氮的有机化合物,易在蛋白质含量高的产品中生成,如水产品等[7]。生物胺的形成主要通过以下两种途径:其一,酮类和醛类物质经由胺化反应转化生成生物胺;其二,游离氨基酸在微生物脱羧酶的作用下发生脱羧反应,从而生成生物胺[8]。通常情况下根据碳链结构,BA可分为三类:芳香族BA(酪胺和2-苯乙胺)、杂环BA(组胺和色胺)和脂肪族BA(尸胺、腐胺、亚精胺和精胺)[9]。在各类生物胺中,组胺对人体的毒性最强。它能够与细胞膜受体相结合,进而导致毛细血管扩张。一旦人体中组胺过量积累,就会引发头痛、高血压等中毒反应[10]。酪胺的毒性在生物胺中仅次于组胺,其对人体健康的潜在威胁同样不可忽视[11]。尸胺和腐胺的存在会加强组胺和酪胺的毒性。同样地,尸胺和腐胺在与亚硝酸盐结合之后会生成亚硝胺;而精胺、亚精胺与亚硝酸盐结合也会产生致癌物质。亚硝胺是一种强致癌物,长期摄入含有亚硝胺的食物,患癌风险会显著增加[12]。由此可见,生物胺在鱼肉水饺中的含量高低,关乎水饺的食用安全性和品质优劣。所以,深入探究鱼肉水饺中的生物胺含量,对于保障水饺品质、维护消费者的饮食健康至关重要。
尽管冷冻水饺极大地便利了人们的生活,食用便捷高效,可当前冷链系统仍存在诸多待完善之处。以冷冻水饺的生产、贮藏及销售流程为例,从生产车间转移至贮藏仓库,再流通至零售超市,整个过程中温度难以维持恒定,极易出现波动。这种温度不稳定会致使水饺肉馅经受反复冻融循环,最终对肉馅品质,如氧化程度、口感及生物胺含量等,产生负面影响[13]。本团队前期调研发现,常见零售冷柜温度一般在−18~−7 ℃区间浮动。实际售卖时,由于冷柜门频繁开合,加之店内环境因素干扰,冷柜内温度很难稳定在理想的−18 ℃。鉴于此,为精准模拟真实售卖环境,本研究将模拟零售温度设定为−7 ℃[14]。前期团队对传统猪肉水饺进行了一些研究[15−16],重点聚焦于探究脂肪添加量对猪肉水饺内蛋白质变性程度,以及由此引发的相关品质特性变化。然而,与猪肉水饺有所不同,鱼肉水饺富含不饱和脂肪酸与蛋白质,这使得其在贮藏、流通以及销售等环节中更易发生品质劣变现象,具体表现为肉馅氧化、口感变差,甚至产生生物胺。因此,本研究设计了三个冻藏温度:−7 ℃模拟鱼肉水饺流通中的零售温度;−7/−18 ℃模拟水饺运输及水饺在超市售卖昼夜温度变化;−18 ℃模拟一般的冷冻贮藏温度,以探究鱼肉水饺在流通过程中品质变化及其具体机制,旨在为冷冻鱼肉水饺在生产、运输及零售过程中的品质管控与延缓变质方法研究提供理论支撑。
活鲤鱼(平均重量为1500±50 g,将其转移至实验室,击晕后对其进行去头、去尾、去内脏、去皮、去骨,随后将鱼肉打碎成肉糜)、食盐(中盐)、酱油(海天)、料酒(海天)、葱姜 购于好又多超市(中国哈尔滨);酪胺、苯乙胺、色胺、亚精胺、尸胺、腐胺的盐酸盐标准品(纯度≥95%) 美国Sigma公司;丹磺酰氯(纯度≥98%)、乙腈(色谱级)、其他化学试剂(均为国产分析纯) 哈尔滨万太生物制药公司。
1260IIPRIME型高效液相色谱仪 嘉兴艾博实业有限公司;TA-XTPLUS质构分析仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;K9840半自动凯氏定氮仪 济南海能仪器有限公司;V-5600可见分光光度计 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司;ZE-6000 色差仪  日本电色株式会社。
依据鱼肉水饺的既定配方,将搅碎的鱼肉与其他配料混合,具体配料为:鱼糜1000 g、食盐30 g、酱油20 g、料酒50 g、白胡椒粉10 g、葱姜水100 g。将上述原辅料进行充分搅拌,直至各种调味料均匀后,精确称取上述馅料10±0.1 g放置于饺子皮内。完成包制后,立即将饺子转移至−25±0.5 ℃冷冻冰柜中进行速冻处理,同时采用带有K型热电偶的温度计实时监控饺子中心温度。当饺子中心温度达到−18±0.5 ℃时,随机均分成三组并分别转移至−7 ℃(零售温度)、−7/−18 ℃(运输及昼夜温度变化)和−18 ℃(冷冻贮藏温度)贮藏条件下贮藏30、60、90和180 d。其中,−7/−18 ℃处理是将饺子样品在−18 ℃和−7 ℃的混合温度下贮藏,且每1周更换一次温度用以模拟温度波动。
在11~13 ℃的实验室环境中,按照上述流程,制作了三批鱼肉水饺,每一批次均制作600个水饺。这些水饺按照贮藏温度进行随机分组,每个贮藏温度组含有200个水饺。每当到达设定的贮藏时间点时,从不同处理组中分别取出40个水饺置于4 ℃冰箱内解冻,直至水饺中心温度达到0 ℃,再测定肉馅的pH、TBARS、羰基含量、TVB-N、色差以及生物胺。此外,蒸煮损失和质构测定是根据黄莉等[17]的方法进行,即将水饺肉馅装至直径为20 mm的PVC肠衣中,共准备120个10 g的水饺肉馅肠,每个贮藏温度40个水饺肉馅肠,每个贮藏时间节点从不同温度处理组各取8个进行蒸煮损失和质构的测定。
pH测定方法参照GB 5009.237-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品pH值的测定》的方法[18]。将2 g解冻后的鱼肉水饺肉馅放入10 mL生理盐水中,涡旋,静置30 min,过滤后用pH计测定pH。
蒸煮损失测定参照黄莉等[19]的方法。将制备好的肉馅肠取出并做好相应标记,随后将肉馅肠放置在4 ℃的冰箱内解冻。当样品中心温度达到0 ℃时,先精确称量此时样品的质量(记为m1,g),接着将样品放入沸腾的水中煮制中心温度达到85 ℃时取出。捞出样品并盛放于托盘中,使其自然冷却至室温。之后,用针小心刺破肠衣,排出其中的汁液,再准确称量此时样品的质量(记为m2,g)。
$ \mathrm{蒸}\mathrm{煮}\mathrm{损}\mathrm{失}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}-{\mathrm{m}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}\times 100 $
TBARS值的测定参照孙钦秀等[20]的方法,稍作修改。称取2 g肉馅加入3 mL硫代巴比妥酸溶液和17 mL三氯乙酸-盐酸混合溶液,混匀后在沸水中反应30 min。冷却至室温后,取5 mL该溶液与等体积的氯仿混合,在1509×g下离心10 min。取上清液于532 nm波长处测定其吸光度,按公式计算。
$ \mathrm{T}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{mg/kg})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{532}}{\mathrm{m}}\times 9.48 $
式中:A532为溶液的吸光度;m为称量样品的质量(g);9.48为常数。
参考杜洪振等[21]的方法测量样品的羰基含量,稍作修改。取3.0 g肉馅,加入15 mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(20 mmol/L、pH7.4)均质5 min,取0.5 mL滤液与0.5 mL 10%三氯乙酸混合并离心(3338×g,5 min),弃去上清,用0.5 mL盐酸-丙酮溶液(3:100,V/V)洗涤沉淀两次。加入1 mL DNPH,室温下放置1 h,每15 min振荡一次。随后,向样品中添加1 mL 20%三氯乙酸并离心(11127×g,5 min),弃去上清液后用1 mL乙酸乙酯-乙醇(1:1,V/V)洗沉淀三次。向沉淀中添加盐酸胍(6 mol/L),在37 ℃下放置15 min后离心(10748×g,3 min)。取上清液在370 nm波长测吸光度。羰基含量按公式算:
$ \mathrm{羰}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{nmol/mg})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{370}}{\varepsilon \times \rho } $
式中:A370为溶液的吸光度;ε为吸光系数,22000 L/(mol·cm);ρ为蛋白质质量浓度,g/L。
参考GB 5009.228-2016《食品中挥发性盐基氮》中的第二法自动凯氏定氮法测量水饺样品中的挥发性盐基氮含量变化[22]。取10 g肉馅置消化管中,加75 mL蒸馏水和1 g氧化镁,用自动定氮仪进行蒸馏,蒸馏后所得溶液用0.1 mol/L的HCl滴定所得溶液。TVB-N计算如下公式:
$ \mathrm{T}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{B}\text{-}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{mg/100}\;\mathrm{g})=\frac{({\mathrm{V}}_{2}-{\mathrm{V}}_{1})\times \mathrm{C}\times 14}{\mathrm{m}}\times 100 $
式中:V1是初始消耗盐酸标准溶液体积(mL);V2为滴定结束时消耗盐酸标准溶液体积(mL);C为盐酸标准溶液浓度(mol/L);14为与0.1 mol/L盐酸标准溶液相当的氮的质量(mg);m为样品质量(g)。
用日本电色ZE-6000色差仪测定水饺肉馅的色差,测试前使用黑井和白板(D65/10)进行校准。测定时将水饺肉馅均匀的平铺在直径为30 mm的测试皿中,测定其亮度值(L*)、红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)。
采用质构仪对肉馅质构进行测定,参照黄莉等[17]的方法,略作修改。将测定蒸煮损失后的样品修整成高度为24 mm、直径为8 mm的圆柱体形状,随后使用P/50探头对其进行检测分析。每个样品均设置8个平行样。
感官评价方法参照Huang等[6]的方法进行,并稍作修改。鱼肉水饺的感官评价工作在专门的感官评价室内,由感官评定小组负责实施。该小组由10位成员构成,这些成员均接受过专业训练,且在肉制品感官评价方面积累了丰富经验。在评价过程中,首先将各个处理组的水饺放入沸水中煮至鱼肉水饺中心温度达到85 ℃,随后把煮好的水饺用白色盘子盛放,并进行随机编号。接着,将编号后的水饺随机分发给评价人员,以确保评价的随机性和客观性。为避免样品间的相互干扰,要求评价人员在对每个样品进行评价后,使用凉水漱口,以清洁口腔味觉,从而保证对下一个样品评价的准确性。评分指标采用7分制,感官评价指标包括水饺的质构(7:组织紧密;1:组织松散)、多汁性(7:多汁;1:干燥)、酸败味(7:严重的酸败味;1:感觉不到)和整体接受性(7:高;1:低)。
按照Wang等[9]的方法鉴定了鱼肉水饺中的BAs提取物,并略作修改。将10 g饺子馅与500 μL 1,7-二氨基庚烷(内标溶液,1.0 mg/mL)混合,在20 mL 5%三氯乙酸中均质两次。将混合物过滤,合并上清液并调整至50 mL。用1 mL丹磺酰氯对饺子馅提取物进行衍生。然后将生成的丹酰氯衍生物溶于1 mL乙腈中,并用0.22 μm过滤器过滤。
精确称取酪胺、苯乙胺、色胺、亚精胺、尸胺和腐胺生物胺标准品,分别用0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液将其溶解,继而配制成质量浓度均为10 mg/mL的储备液。从上述6种生物胺储备液中各准确吸取100 μL,置于样品瓶内,再向瓶中加入400 μL的HCl溶液(0.1 mol/L),充分混合均匀,得到质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL的混合标准品溶液。将该混合生物胺标准品溶液依次稀释为100、50、25、10、5、1、0.5 μg/mL。随后,依据《食品安全国家标准 食品中生物胺的测定》,对上述稀释后的溶液分别进行衍生处理[23]。将衍生完成的生物胺混合标准样品经0.22 μm滤膜过滤,收集滤液用于进样检测。以标准溶液浓度为横坐标,峰面积为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,进而得出6种生物胺的回归方程及相关系数。色胺:y=255.62x+21.05,R2=0.999;苯乙胺:y=569.87x+106.83,R2=0.999;腐胺:y=602.02x–669.03,R2=0.973;尸胺:y=490.12x+30.75,R2=0.999;酪胺:y=443.26x–5.49,R2=0.999;亚精胺:y=364.05x–2.82,R2=0.999。
BA分析采用配备C18色谱柱(4.6×250 mm,5.0 μm)的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)进行。流动相A由0.1 mol/L乙酸钠和10 mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠组成,pH为5.3。流动相B由6.5:3.5(v/v)乙腈和0.2 mol/L乙酸钠以及10 mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠的混合物组成,pH为4.5。
所有试验均至少进行3次平行试验,取平均值,其中TBARS、TVB-N、羰基含量、蒸煮损失与质构的测定均为8次平行试验,结果取8次试验结果的平均值,所有结果均用“平均值±标准差”来表示;采用SPSS Statistics 25软件包中的Linear Models进行数据统计分析,使用Tukey HSD分析显著性差异(P<0.05),并且采用Origin 2022软件绘制分析图。
水饺肉馅的pH受到贮藏温度和贮藏时间的影响(图1A)。水饺肉馅的初始pH为6.80,随着贮藏时间的延长呈现先下降后上升的趋势,贮藏期结束后,−7 ℃、−7/18 ℃和−18 ℃分别显著上升至6.92、7.03和7.15(P<0.05)。贮藏初期,鱼肉厌氧糖酵解积累乳酸致使肉馅pH下降[24],而冻藏后期,在酶与微生物的作用下,鱼肉中的蛋白质分解形成了碱性物质如氨和胺类物质。这些碱性物质中和了前期积累的酸性物质,因此冻藏后期肉馅的pH又有所上升[25]。贮藏期结束时,−7 ℃处理组肉馅的pH达到6.92,呈中性至弱碱性环境。这种环境适宜多种微生物生长繁殖,微生物大量繁殖后,会进一步分解鱼肉中的有机物质,加速了鱼肉的变质。基于此,贮藏时长超过180 d的水饺已经不适合继续销售。此外,在微碱性环境中,脂肪的水解反应更容易发生。水解过程中产生过氧化物、醛和酮等物质,这些物质会加速水饺中不良风味的产生,致使肉馅出现腐败现象,严重影响水饺品质[26]。宋敏[27]也研究了不同冻结方式的鮰鱼片品质的变化,研究表明,在冻藏过程中,鱼片的pH呈先降后升的趋势,与本研究的趋势相符。
图1B展示了鱼肉肉馅在贮藏过程中的蒸煮损失变化情况。随着贮藏时间的延长,所有水饺肉馅样品的蒸煮损失均显著增加(P<0.05)。其中,贮藏温度为−7 ℃时的蒸煮损失显著高于−7/−18 ℃和−18 ℃这两个处理组(P<0.05),这表明贮藏温度对鱼肉水饺肉馅的蒸煮损失有着明显影响,较高的贮藏温度(如−7 ℃)会加速相关变化,使得蒸煮损失在相同贮藏时间内更为显著,例如在贮藏初期水饺肉馅的蒸煮损失仅为15.17%,在贮藏180 d后,−7 ℃样品中的蒸煮损失达到了36.24%,−7/−18 ℃的样品蒸煮损失达到30.54%,而当贮藏温度为−18 ℃时,蒸煮损失仅为28.37%。随着贮藏时间延长,样品中的冰晶尺寸增大、形状愈发不规则。大冰晶的生长会损伤肌肉组织结构,降低其保水能力,导致脱水。同时,大冰晶还会诱导蛋白质变性、聚集,加剧水分流失,最终使得贮藏期结束后蒸煮损失显著上升[28]。在贮藏期间,温度波动(−7/−18 ℃处理组)的出现为水饺中的微生物创造了适宜的滋生环境,微生物大量繁殖,加速了蛋白质变性速率,因此温度波动出现时水饺肉馅蒸煮损失得程度更加明显。随着蛋白质氧化变性加剧,其对水分的吸引能力下降,最终导致水饺的蒸煮损失更加明显。而−7 ℃处理组蒸煮损失最高,可能因为在较高的贮藏温度(−7 ℃)不能完全抑制微生物的活性以及酶的活性。微生物的活跃和酶的作用将加速蛋白质分解,这将降低蛋白质对水分的保持能力。因此,当对水饺进行蒸煮时,因蛋白质持水能力下降而致使水分子更易游离出来,最终增加了样品的蒸煮损失[6]。蒸煮损失的上升可能会造成肉馅中部分蛋白质、氨基酸以及微生物等水溶性营养物质的流失,降低鱼肉水饺的营养价值。
脂质氧化会导致肉及肉制品的营养价值与感官品质下降。TBARS值的变化一般用丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的变化来表征,MDA含量能够反映机体细胞在遭受自由基攻击时,组织发生脂质过氧化损伤的程度[29]。TBARS值如图2A所示,冻藏时间后期,所有水饺肉馅样品的TBARS值显著上升。尤娟等[30]研究了在−18 ℃冻藏期间鳝鱼肉的品质变化规律,发现鳝鱼片中的TBARS值随着贮藏时间的增加而显著增加,这与本文研究结果一致。在水饺肉馅中,初始TBARS值为0.49 mg/kg,180 d后−7 ℃、−7/−18 ℃和−18 ℃三个处理组分别升至1.19、1.05和0.99 mg/kg。此外,在贮藏期间后期,−7/−18 ℃(运输过程及昼夜温度变化)显著高于−18 ℃(冷冻贮藏过程)(P<0.05)。通常而言,新鲜肉品的TBARS值不应高于1 mg/kg,一旦TBARS值超过1 mg/kg,该肉品即被视为变质,丧失可食用性[31]。在贮藏末期,温度波动处理组以及零售温度处理组已经超过1 mg/kg,可视为变质水饺。因此,为确保品质,鱼肉水饺自生产起,在售卖及流通过程中的时长不得超过180 d。随着冻藏时间不断延长,冰晶持续生长,细胞受到机械损伤进而破裂,这加速了脂质氧化进程。与此同时,冷冻过程中产生的浓缩效应也在不断加剧脂质的氧化程度。因此,在这两个因素的共同作用下,水饺样品的TBARS值在贮藏期间呈现升高的趋势[32]。运输过程中,鱼肉水饺贮藏温度在−7 ℃至−18 ℃频繁波动。在此期间,水饺肉馅中已经形成的冰晶反复融化、重新积聚,致使肉馅内的冰晶体积持续膨胀,极有可能对细胞膜造成机械性损伤。一旦细胞膜受损,原本包裹在细胞内的氧化物质便会释放出来。而这些氧化物质充当了脂肪氧化反应的催化剂,极大程度上加剧了脂肪的氧化进程[33]。而在零售过程(−7 ℃)中,水饺肉馅中的TBARS值显著高于其他两个处理组。这是由于冻藏温度较高不能完全抑制水饺肉馅中内源酶活性,这将加快脂质的氧化速率。此外,鱼肉富含大量不饱和脂肪酸,其化学性质活泼,在贮藏期间极易发生氧化反应。在销售,贮藏及运输过程中,不饱和脂肪酸逐步转化为低分子量的醛类和酮类化合物。这些次级产物的生成是导致鱼肉水饺产生酸败味的根源。酸败味的产生不仅影响水饺的风味,还会降低消费者的接受程度[34]。更为关键的是,这些醛类和酮类化合物恰好为生物胺的生成提供了关键的前体物质,在一定程度上推动了生物胺的形成,进而对鱼肉水饺的品质产生更为复杂的负面反应[4]。
羰基含量能够反映食物中蛋白质的氧化程度,是目前用于评价蛋白质氧化最为广泛的指标。如图2B所示,所有处理组在冻藏180 d后,肉馅中羰基含量都显著增加(P<0.05)。随着贮藏时间的延长,肉馅中冰晶的生长会争夺与蛋白质表面结合的水,导致蛋白质表面功能基团暴露,从而使蛋白变性;同时,冷冻过程中鱼肉蛋白质内部高度规律的空间结构发生改变,蛋白质与水相作用力发生变化,蛋白质二级结构遭到破坏,造成蛋白质变性,进而逐步形成了羰基化合物[35]。在贮藏过程中,温度波动的出现(−7/−18 ℃)致使水饺样品中羰基含量相较于恒温贮藏的−18 ℃处理组明显升高。鱼肉水饺经历温度波动时,其冰晶大小的改变以及内部的脱水缩合会对蛋白质天然结构造成不可逆转的机械损伤,进而影响盐溶蛋白含量,蛋白质凝胶特性、保水性等,结合水与肌肉中大分子蛋白骨架脱离,转化为自由水,造成蛋白质变性,进一步加速了羰基含量的形成[36]。此外,贮藏结束后,−7 ℃处理组中检测到的羰基含量为3.89 nmol/mg,是贮藏初始时的2倍,且显著高于贮藏结束后的−18 ℃处理组(P<0.05)。这极有可能是因为在较高的冷冻贮藏温度下,冰晶形成与生长会致使蛋白质分子结构展开,使得更多氨基酸残基暴露。同时,在较高温度的冻藏条件下未被充分抑制活性的酶能够催化底物产生自由基,这些自由基会进一步引发暴露的残基发生氧化反应,最终导致蛋白质羰基含量上升[37]。羰基含量的增多会加速水饺的变质进程。此外,冻藏温度升高还会加快脂肪氧化速度。在脂肪氧化过程中产生的自由基(如COO-/CO-等)会诱导蛋白质氧化,导致羰基含量进一步上升,这一现象与TBARS变化情况相符[38]。因此,在水饺的运输与销售期间要更加精准的调控各环节温度,以便能最大程度的保障水饺的品质。
TVB-N可用于评价由细菌和酶引发的蛋白质降解水平。在蛋白质降解过程中,会产生诸如胺和氨等碱性含氮化合物,因而TVB-N含量越高则说明蛋白质降解程度越高,形成的碱性含氮化合物含量越多[39]。如图2C所示,贮藏温度与贮藏时间对TVB-N含量的变化有着显著影响(P<0.05)。TVB-N含量升高说明在冷冻贮藏过程中,随着时间的延长,水饺肉馅中的微生物所产生的蛋白酶和氨基酸脱羧酶持续降解蛋白质,产生了挥发性氨和胺类物质。常娅妮等[40]研究了不同冷冻方式对斑点叉尾鮰鱼冻藏品质的影响,结果也显示了随着贮藏时间的延长TVB-N含量不断上升。根据《鲜、冻动物性水产品》规定[41],冷冻淡水鱼虾中TVB-N含量超过15 mg/100 g时,便不应流通于市场。贮藏期结束后发现−7/−18 ℃处理组水饺肉馅中的TVB-N较高于−18 ℃处理组,在贮藏结束后其含量为16.68 mg/100 g,已经超过了市场中冷冻鱼肉流通的最高限值。在贮藏的过程中,温度波动的出现破坏了鱼肉肌纤维结构,造成溶酶体数量增加,导致蛋白分解生成氨基酸与肽等物质,同时氨基酸还会进一步降解生成氨与胺类物质,最终表现出TVB-N值逐渐升高[42]。相较于其他两组,−7 ℃处理组中TVB-N含量增加速率更为显著,且在贮藏90 d时,TVB-N含量已经超过了限定标准,为16.50 mg/100 g,而当贮藏期结束后TVB-N值达到18.25 mg/100 g,超出标准的21.67%。因此,在零售温度(−7 ℃)条件下存放的鱼肉水饺,售卖时长不得超过180 d。以上结果说明−7 ℃的销售温度会加速TVB-N的生成,同时促使大量游离氨基酸产生。这些游离氨基酸为氨基酸脱羧反应提供了底物,最终加速了生物胺的生成[43]。这与本试验中生物胺的趋势一致。
鱼肉水饺肉馅的色泽能够直接反映水饺的品质变化程度。如表1所示,在整个贮藏过程中,水饺肉馅的亮度值L*和红度值a*呈逐渐下降的趋势。同时,在销售温度(−7 ℃)与运输温度及昼夜变化温度(−7/−18 ℃)下亮度值L*和红度值a*下降得更为显著。贮存温度对亮度值L*的影响很大。研究表明,在冰点以上温度,鱼肉中蛋白质的溶解度增大,汁液流失量增加,使亮度值L*上升;而在冰点以下的温度贮藏时,由于氧化作用的影响,亮度值L*会下降[44]。尽管从肉眼观察,鱼肉呈白色,但其肌肉中仍含有少量肌红蛋白。在长期储存期间,由于酶和细菌的繁殖等原因,肌红蛋白会逐步被氧化,这就造成了红度值a*的降低。此外,温度波动(−7/−18 ℃)和较高的冻藏温度(−7 ℃)会进一步提升肉馅中微生物的活性和酶的活性,使得肌红蛋白的氧化程度加剧,最终导致这两组样品的红度值较−18 ℃处理组样品的红度值低[45]。此外,随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼肉水饺肉馅的黄度值b*逐渐升高;而冻藏温度越低,黄度值b*的上升幅度越小,变化更为稳定。这是因为在贮藏过程中,鱼肉脂肪发生氧化和色素降解反应,这致使鱼肉出现发黄现象,这与表征脂质氧化程度的TBARS值的变化趋势一致[46]。
图3展示了贮藏期间水饺肉馅的硬度、粘性、弹性和咀嚼力的测定结果。通过分析这四个指标发现,在180 d的贮藏期内,水饺肉馅的硬度、弹性和咀嚼力均呈现出明显的下降趋势,而其粘性呈逐渐上升的趋势。这与Maqsood等[47]的研究结果是一致的。造成以上结果的原因可能是随着贮藏时间延长,肌肉肽酶(包括钙蛋白酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ,以及螯合蛋白酶B、D、H和L)和微生物蛋白酶(如细菌和酵母所产生的蛋白酶)促进了蛋白质水解[48]。蛋白质水解使得水饺在蒸煮过程中更易出现汁液损失现象,进而影响了水饺的感官品质。另外,贮藏温度升高以及贮藏过程中出现的温度波动时,水饺肉馅质构出现不同程度的劣变,其质构劣变程度相较于典型贮藏温度(−18 ℃)处理组显著上升(P<0.05)。这可能是由于水饺肉馅冻结过程中产生了大量的冰晶对肌肉组织产生了较强的机械损伤,造成了肌原纤维蛋白脱离,从而导致了水饺肉馅的硬度、弹性与咀嚼力显著下降,同时当肌肉组织变得疏松后,水饺肉馅的粘聚性呈现出下降趋势。此外,当水饺在销售过程中,贮藏温度较高使得鱼体肌肉组织中内源蛋白酶活性较高,导致肌肉水解更加严重,加速了肉馅质构的恶化[49]。因此,在鱼肉水饺的销售与运输过程中需要更加注意保持较低且较稳定的温度,保证货架期内鱼肉水饺的口感与安全。
如图4所示,冷冻鱼肉水饺中共检测出6种生物胺,分别是酪胺、腐胺、尸胺、色胺、亚精胺和苯乙胺。如图4A所示,在刚冷冻的鱼肉水饺中,并未检测出色胺的存在。然而,经过一个月的贮藏后,水饺中开始出现色胺,并且其含量随着贮藏时间的延长而不断增加。这与Shi等[50]的研究结果相似。与此同时,当冻藏温度升高或出现温度波动时,色胺含量上升得更为显著(P<0.05)。酪胺是除组胺之外毒性最强的生物胺。−7 ℃、−7/−18 ℃和−18 ℃处理组中的酪胺含量从贮藏初期的0.05 mg/kg,分别显著上升至6.55、5.35和4.87 mg/kg(P<0.05)。Dai等[51]对鳙鱼鱼片在−18、−25和−33 ℃贮藏温度下的生物胺含量变化展开了研究。研究过程中,他们同样发现,在冷冻储存期间,鳙鱼片中的酪胺含量显著增加。尸胺和腐胺能够抑制组胺甲基酶的活性,进而加剧组胺的毒性。正因如此,它们常被当作衡量鱼类质量安全状况的指标。如图4B与图4D所示,随着贮藏时间的增加,所有处理组的尸胺和腐胺含量均呈现明显的上升趋势(P<0.05)。Bita等[52]评估了捕捞方法和贮藏条件对两种金枪鱼的BAs和品质的影响,结果显示,在−18 ℃下储存四个月后,尸胺和腐胺的含量均有所增加,这与本文研究趋势一致。如图4E所示,苯乙胺与以上生物胺含量变化趋势一致。亚精胺是存在于活细胞中的一种天然成分。在贮藏的0~90 d,随着冻藏时间的推移,亚精胺含量迅速上升。然而在30~90 d,-7 ℃处理组增长速度有所变缓,这一现象很可能是由于微生物把部分亚精胺当作氮源加以利用,从而导致其含量增长速度放缓[53]。这与Křížek等[53]的研究是一致的,该研究结果发现在真空包装的鲤鱼片中,亚精胺含量在贮藏的初期和中期呈逐渐增加的趋势,而到了贮藏后期,则出现了轻微的下降。另外,与−18 ℃处理组相比,冻藏温度升高或者出现温度波动会加速亚精胺的积累。有研究指出,当产品中的生物胺含量超过10 mg/kg时,就会被视为对人体具有一定危害[54]。贮藏期结束后,处于−7 ℃环境下的水饺馅料中,酪胺与亚精胺的含量分别为7.12 mg/kg和9.32 mg/kg,已接近生物胺的限定值。以上结果表明,长时间处于零售温度下,会加速生物胺的生成,缩短鱼肉水饺的货架期。
如图4G所示,在贮藏初期总胺含量为3.71 mg/kg,贮藏结束之后−7 ℃、−7/−18 ℃和−18 ℃处理组中的总胺含量分别为32.69、24.92和19.96 mg/kg(P<0.05)。同时,−7 ℃和−7/−18 ℃处理组中的总胺含量增长速度显著高于−18 ℃处理组(P<0.05)。在−7/−18 ℃反复冻融的过程中,蛋白质与脂质发生较为严重的氧化反应,这一过程使得水饺肉馅中的醛类和酮类物质不断积聚,为生物胺的生成提供了大量的前体物质,这可能是导致−7/−18 ℃处理组中的总胺含量增长速度较快的原因[55]。−7 ℃组生物胺的积累速度最为明显。这可能是因为该组的冻藏温度相对较高,更适宜微生物生长繁殖。因此,微生物数量的增多可能促使大量脱羧酶产生,这将极大地加速了生物胺的生成[56]。因此,鱼肉水饺在流通时,务必确保温度稳定,提升产品安全性与食用品质。
感官评价结果如表2所示。结果显示,与−7 ℃和−7/−18 ℃处理组的样品相比,−18 ℃处理组的水饺在质地和多汁度方面得分显著更高(P<0.05)。这一结果清晰地表明,在贮藏过程中保持较低且稳定的温度,对于维持鱼肉水饺的感官品质具有积极作用。经过180 d的贮藏后,进一步的分析发现,−7 ℃和−7/−18 ℃样品的酸败程度评分显著升高(P<0.05)。这表明,在冻藏温度上升或存在温度波动的情况下贮藏的鱼肉水饺,其品质会逐渐降低,消费者对其的总体可接受程度也会随之显著下降。综上所述,为了有效减缓冷冻鱼肉水饺的质量下降速度,更好地维持产品品质,在水饺的零售、运输和贮藏过程中,必须将其置于较低且稳定的温度环境下进行冻藏。
水饺肉馅中冰晶的尺寸和蛋白质变性程度可能与水饺品质的变化有直接关系。Huang等[6]的研究中表明,在长期冷冻贮藏过程中,冰晶尺寸会逐渐增大,这将致使蛋白质容易因氧化而变性。此外,在持续的温度波动环境下,冰晶反复经历形成与融化过程。每一次循环,冰晶都会生长为更不规则、更尖锐的形态。这些形状不规则的冰晶会刺破肌肉细胞,使蛋白质直接暴露于异常环境中,极大地加剧了蛋白质变性反应进程。同时,蛋白质会与醛类物质发生相互作用,导致蛋白质变性或聚集,最终加速水饺感官品质的劣变[57]。
从图5中可以看出,在贮藏期间,处于零售温度(−7 ℃)以及经历运输温度及昼夜变化温度波动(−7/−18 ℃)的水饺,其TBARS值、羰基含量、TVB-N值以及生物胺含量均显著(P<0.05)高于处于−18 ℃条件下的水饺。与此同时,这些水饺的风味明显变差,质地也出现了更为显著的下降。这些现象均表明,在长时间的冻藏过程中,较高的冻藏温度以及温度波动的出现,会加剧脂质与蛋白质的氧化,同时还会促进生物胺的形成。图中还显示,在−7 ℃环境下以及经历−7/−18 ℃温度波动的水饺样品在贮藏90 d时,其品质与在−18 ℃稳定环境下贮藏180 d的水饺样品品质相近。这表明在水饺贮藏过程中,始终保持较低且稳定的温度条件对维持鱼肉水饺的品质有着显著的作用。
为阐明冷冻鱼肉水饺在贮藏、运输及零售过程中的品质变化情况与内在作用机制,本试验将水饺分别放置于−7 ℃(模拟零售温度)、−7/−18 ℃(模拟运输温度及昼夜温度波动)和−18 ℃(冻藏温度)这三种温度条件下进行冻藏。结果表明,相较于处于−7 ℃以及经历−7/−18 ℃温度波动的水饺样品,在−18 ℃条件下冻藏的样品,其蒸煮损失的上升幅度明显更小。值得关注的是,在冷冻贮藏期间,水饺内的脂质与蛋白质氧化程度显著加剧,具体体现为样品中的TBARS值和羰基含量均随贮藏时间的延长而不断增加,且零售过程与运输过程或昼夜温度变化都会加剧脂质与蛋白质氧化。生物胺检测结果显示,在冻藏的鱼肉水饺中所检测出的六种生物胺含量,均随冻藏时间的延长而显著上升。对鱼肉水饺开展感官评价时发现,−7 ℃和−7/−18 ℃处理组的样品,其质地和多汁性明显恶化,酸败程度也有所加重。结合相关性分析结果可知,在零售温度−7 ℃与温度波动−7/−18 ℃存放90 d的鱼肉水饺,其品质与在冷冻贮藏−18 ℃下贮藏180 d的水饺样品品质相近。综上所述,在鱼肉水饺的零售与运输过程中,务必维持较低温度,并营造更为稳定的环境条件,以此延缓水饺在流通过程中的氧化进程,抑制生物胺含量的增加,进而延缓产品感官品质劣变。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020030
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
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    东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

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孔保华(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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