Article(id=1320889578328802185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854216415, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854216415, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854216415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854216415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=209, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889578798564234, articleId=1320889578328802185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characterization of Amino Acid Utilization and Aroma Production in Wine Fermentation with Mixed Culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora Yeast, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mixed fermentation has exhibited great potential in improving flavor quality of wine and fruit wine. To reveal the competitive utilization of amino acids by different yeasts and their effects on key aroma production in mixed fermentation, this study used Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora osmophila as research subjects, prepared simulated grape juice as the fermentation medium model. Single and mixed fermentations were conducted to assess fermentation activity, cell growth, amino acid consumption, and aroma production. Mixed fermentations included two modalities (simultaneous and sequential inoculation), each yeast was inoculated at a cell concentration of 2×106 CFU/mL, and the inoculation ratio was 1:1. In sequential fermentation, H. osmophila was inoculated firstly, and S. cerevisiae was inoculated after 48 h. Results showed that both S. cerevisiae and H. osmophila preferentially consumed most amino acids, while the former exhibited higher uptake rates. In sequential fermentation, H. osmophila consumed key amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine and serine) related to cell growth, which significantly reduced the maximum biomass of S. cerevisiae (−33%, P<0.05) subsequently inoculated, and induced fermentation delays. S. cerevisiae dominated amino acid utilization in simultaneous fermentation, leading to a similar production of aroma compounds compared to single S. cerevisiae fermentation. Aroma production in sequential fermentation was conditioned by amino acid competition between two yeasts. In sequential fermentation, early utilization of amino acids by H. osmophila induced the production of higher alcohol acetates (particularly 2-phenylethyl acetate, whose OAV was increased by 15-fold), and high productivity of fatty acid ethyl esters in S. cerevisiae was also retained. This study characterized the competitive utilization of amino acids and key aroma production in mixed fermentation, providing a scientific basis for improving fermentation stability and aroma-enhancing efficiency of mixed fermentation through exogenous supplementation of key amino acids.

, authors=Mengni ZHENG1, Yuwei CHANG1, Boyuan FAN1, Ruofan HE1, Yongsheng TAO1, 2, Kai HU1, 2, *, authorsList=Mengni ZHENG, Yuwei CHANG, Boyuan FAN, Ruofan HE, Yongsheng TAO, Kai HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kai HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889582351139733, articleId=1320889578328802185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酿酒酵母与有孢汉逊酵母混菌发酵葡萄酒的氨基酸利用与产香特性, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

混菌发酵在提升葡萄酒与果酒风味品质方面表现出巨大的应用潜力。为揭示混菌发酵体系内不同酵母菌对氨基酸的竞争性利用及其对关键香气物质生成的影响,本研究以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和嗜高压有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora osmophila)为研究对象,以模拟葡萄汁为发酵基质模型,构建两酵母的单菌发酵和混菌发酵体系,评价发酵活性、细胞生长、氨基酸消耗以及香气物质生成的规律。混菌发酵包括同时、顺序接种两种方式,各酵母接种量均为2×106 CFU/mL,接种比例1:1。顺序接种体系中,先接种H. osmophila,48 h后再接种S. cerevisiae。结果表明,S. cerevisiae与H. osmophila都对大部分氨基酸具有高度利用偏好性,但前者摄取速率更高;顺序接种发酵体系内,H. osmophila提前消耗丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸和丝氨酸等生长关键氨基酸,显著降低了后续接种S. cerevisiae的最大生长量(−33%,P<0.05),导致发酵迟缓;S. cerevisiae主导同时接种发酵体系中的氨基酸利用,使其产香与S. cerevisiae单菌发酵趋于相似;顺序接种的产香受两酵母的氨基酸竞争性利用的影响,其中H. osmophila对氨基酸的提前利用提高了乙酸高级醇酯生成(尤其是2-乙酸苯乙酯,其OAV值提升了15倍),且S. cerevisiae较高的脂肪酸乙酯生成活性也得到了有效保留。本研究揭示了混菌发酵体系内氨基酸竞争性利用与关键香气物质生成的规律,为葡萄酒生产中基于外源关键氨基酸提升混菌发酵稳定性与增香效能提供科学依据。

, authors=郑梦妮1, 常雨微1, 樊博源1, 何若凡1, 陶永胜1, 2, 胡凯1, 2, *, authorsList=郑梦妮, 常雨微, 樊博源, 何若凡, 陶永胜, 胡凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡凯, authorNote=

郑梦妮(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡凯(1991−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:。
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郑梦妮(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:

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郑梦妮(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:

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Microbial modulation of aromatic esters in wine: Current knowledge and future prospects[J]. Food Chemistry, 2010, 121(1): 1−16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889582615380886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889582627963799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, companyId=1320889582615380886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889582636352408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, companyId=1320889582615380886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889582711849881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889582720238490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, companyId=1320889582711849881, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889582732821403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, companyId=1320889582711849881, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陕西省葡萄与葡萄酒工程技术研究中心,陕西杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889587182977996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dynamic changes in sugar and ethanol content during alcoholic fermentation (A) and acetic acid content in wine samples (B), figureFileSmall=/oTkubzh2X0SWZyi7P0o5g==, figureFileBig=bScnIaQYYwybpPrh/v8apA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889587296224205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酒精发酵过程中糖和乙醇含量动态变化(A)和酒样中乙酸含量(B)

注:不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=/oTkubzh2X0SWZyi7P0o5g==, figureFileBig=bScnIaQYYwybpPrh/v8apA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889587988284367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Cell population in alcoholic fermentation, figureFileSmall=GffLA5Fyp+aX7M7LcLg6Zg==, figureFileBig=Hs0AGJN1ZNDbLw/MAdqMRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889588126696400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酒精发酵过程中的细胞生长量, figureFileSmall=GffLA5Fyp+aX7M7LcLg6Zg==, figureFileBig=Hs0AGJN1ZNDbLw/MAdqMRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889588462240721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Grouped clustering heatmap of amino acid consumption rate during alcoholic fermentation, figureFileSmall=kSbt0625sk43+pEoH97WmA==, figureFileBig=hlAbHEr4XMvasmbBs/2FIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889588541932499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=图3, caption=酒精发酵过程中的氨基酸消耗率分组聚类热图, figureFileSmall=kSbt0625sk43+pEoH97WmA==, figureFileBig=hlAbHEr4XMvasmbBs/2FIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889588831339476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principal component analysis of aroma compounds from different fermentation treatments, figureFileSmall=enOA5ANhVaTbFAbdy/rQNg==, figureFileBig=G/3mG0vD3wC003sy5mxckw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889588923614165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同发酵处理间香气物质的主成分分析, figureFileSmall=enOA5ANhVaTbFAbdy/rQNg==, figureFileBig=G/3mG0vD3wC003sy5mxckw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889588999111638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Ingredient of CDGJM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类成分及含量(L)
碳源葡萄糖100 g、果糖100 g
无机盐和有机酸L-苹果酸3.0 g、柠檬酸0.2 g、K2HPO4 1.14 g、MgSO4·7H2O 1.23 g、KNaC4H4O6·4H2O 3.12 g、CaCl2·2H2O 0.44 g
微量元素MnCl2·4H2O 198.2 μg、ZnCl2 135.5 μg、FeCl2 32.0 μg、CuCl2 13.6 μg、H3BO3 5.7 μg、Co(NO3)2·6H2O 29.1 μg、Na2MoO4·2H2O 24.2 μg、KI 10.8 μg
维生素肌醇100 mg、盐酸吡哆醇2.0 mg、烟酸2.0 mg、泛酸钙1.0 mg、烟酸硫胺素0.5 mg、对氨基苯甲酸0.2 mg、叶酸0.2 mg、维生素H 0.125 mg、核黄素0.2 mg
氮源丙氨酸(Ala)26.7 mg、精氨酸(Arg)200 mg、天冬酰胺(Asn)40 mg、天冬氨酸(Asp)93.3 mg、谷氨酸(Glu)133.4 mg、谷氨酰胺(Gln)53.3 mg、甘氨酸(Gly)13.3 mg、组氨酸(His)40 mg、异亮氨酸(Ile)53.3 mg、亮氨酸(Leu)80 mg、赖氨酸(Lys)66.7 mg、甲硫氨酸(Met)40 mg、苯丙氨酸(Phe)40 mg、脯氨酸(Pro)133.4 mg、丝氨酸(Ser)106.7 mg、苏氨酸(Thr)93.3 mg、色氨酸(Trp)26.7 mg、酪氨酸(Tyr)5.3 mg、缬氨酸(Val)53.3 mg、氯化铵26.7 mg
), ArticleFig(id=1320889589250769879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CDGJM具体配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类成分及含量(L)
碳源葡萄糖100 g、果糖100 g
无机盐和有机酸L-苹果酸3.0 g、柠檬酸0.2 g、K2HPO4 1.14 g、MgSO4·7H2O 1.23 g、KNaC4H4O6·4H2O 3.12 g、CaCl2·2H2O 0.44 g
微量元素MnCl2·4H2O 198.2 μg、ZnCl2 135.5 μg、FeCl2 32.0 μg、CuCl2 13.6 μg、H3BO3 5.7 μg、Co(NO3)2·6H2O 29.1 μg、Na2MoO4·2H2O 24.2 μg、KI 10.8 μg
维生素肌醇100 mg、盐酸吡哆醇2.0 mg、烟酸2.0 mg、泛酸钙1.0 mg、烟酸硫胺素0.5 mg、对氨基苯甲酸0.2 mg、叶酸0.2 mg、维生素H 0.125 mg、核黄素0.2 mg
氮源丙氨酸(Ala)26.7 mg、精氨酸(Arg)200 mg、天冬酰胺(Asn)40 mg、天冬氨酸(Asp)93.3 mg、谷氨酸(Glu)133.4 mg、谷氨酰胺(Gln)53.3 mg、甘氨酸(Gly)13.3 mg、组氨酸(His)40 mg、异亮氨酸(Ile)53.3 mg、亮氨酸(Leu)80 mg、赖氨酸(Lys)66.7 mg、甲硫氨酸(Met)40 mg、苯丙氨酸(Phe)40 mg、脯氨酸(Pro)133.4 mg、丝氨酸(Ser)106.7 mg、苏氨酸(Thr)93.3 mg、色氨酸(Trp)26.7 mg、酪氨酸(Tyr)5.3 mg、缬氨酸(Val)53.3 mg、氯化铵26.7 mg
), ArticleFig(id=1320889589326267352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Significance analysis results of amino acid consumption rate of Ho and SEQ fermentation at 4 day

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氨基酸HoSEQ显著性
Asp81.4±6.296.3±0.4*
Val87.7±5.798±0.3ns
Phe97±1.898.5±0.5ns
Glu82.9±294±1.1**
Thr72±897.9±0.2*
Ser71.8±5.295.5±0.2*
Lys80.7±7.192.8±4.5ns
Arg37.3±3.446.7±5.5ns
Leu98.6±199.5±0.2ns
Met100±0100±0ns
Ile98±1.699.5±0.2ns
Gln95.9±388.9±5.2ns
Asn97.7±3.592±2.2ns
Tyr89±4.394.1±3.9ns
Ala36.3±7.682.1±1.1**
His26.8±2.935.8±4ns
Pro2.8±1.45.3±3.3ns
Gly−10.9±4.4−2.1±23.1ns
), ArticleFig(id=1320889589389181913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Ho与SEQ发酵4 d时的氨基酸消耗率显著性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸HoSEQ显著性
Asp81.4±6.296.3±0.4*
Val87.7±5.798±0.3ns
Phe97±1.898.5±0.5ns
Glu82.9±294±1.1**
Thr72±897.9±0.2*
Ser71.8±5.295.5±0.2*
Lys80.7±7.192.8±4.5ns
Arg37.3±3.446.7±5.5ns
Leu98.6±199.5±0.2ns
Met100±0100±0ns
Ile98±1.699.5±0.2ns
Gln95.9±388.9±5.2ns
Asn97.7±3.592±2.2ns
Tyr89±4.394.1±3.9ns
Ala36.3±7.682.1±1.1**
His26.8±2.935.8±4ns
Pro2.8±1.45.3±3.3ns
Gly−10.9±4.4−2.1±23.1ns
), ArticleFig(id=1320889591050126300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Aroma production in wine samples obtained from different treatments (μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气物质名称ScHoSIMSEQ阈值OAV香气特征
乙酸乙酯20756±668c75456±872a22521±1053c43613±1684b7500[33]3~10果香[33]
乙酸高级醇酯2641±126b7624±182a2840±311b7515±410a
乙酸异丁酯270±31a139±7b258±16a240±7a1600[33]0.1~1香蕉[33]
乙酸异戊酯2106±154c2853±131b1940±334c3436±270a30[33]65~115果香,香蕉[33]
2-乙酸苯乙酯265±8d4633±118a642±52c3840±214b250[33]1~19蜂蜜,玫瑰[33]
脂肪酸乙酯3092±184a768±79c3006±278a1865±243b
丁酸乙酯1192±131a317±82b1061±89a1240±267a20[33]16~62果香,菠萝[33]
己酸乙酯342±22a125±3b329±36a130±4b5[33]25~68果香,菠萝[33]
庚酸乙酯1.86±0.05a1.80±0.02a1.87±0.02a1.84±0.05a220[33]<0.1果香,菠萝[33]
辛酸乙酯287±3a25±2c277±31a187±7b5[34]5~57梨,杏[34]
癸酸乙酯378±16a61±1b352±76a72±1b200[33]0.3~1.9果香,苹果[33]
月桂酸乙酯101±4a70±5a93±18a91±16a1500[35]<0.1果香,奶油[35]
高级醇54116±3710b52186±2272b54910±3081b65854±4160a
异丁醇2967±116bc1777±48c3821±170ab4441±1056a40000[33]<0.1杂醇味[33]
异戊醇44030±3644b45962±2127ab43121±2899b51016±1964a30000[33]1.4~1.7威士忌,洗甲水[33]
2-苯乙醇7118±78b4447±113c7968±111b10398±1659a10000[36]0.1~1花香,玫瑰[36]
挥发性脂肪酸2436±232a373±11b2117±159a604±46b
己酸2116±230a315±8b1820±113a472±45b400[37]1~5木头,叶子,清漆[37]
辛酸221±11a25±3c235±40a84±2b500[33]0.1~1黄油,杏仁[33]
癸酸99±9a33±1d62±7b49±3c1000[33]<0.1脂肪,泥土,焦糖[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889591121429469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889578328802185, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同发酵处理下酒样的香气物质成分(μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气物质名称ScHoSIMSEQ阈值OAV香气特征
乙酸乙酯20756±668c75456±872a22521±1053c43613±1684b7500[33]3~10果香[33]
乙酸高级醇酯2641±126b7624±182a2840±311b7515±410a
乙酸异丁酯270±31a139±7b258±16a240±7a1600[33]0.1~1香蕉[33]
乙酸异戊酯2106±154c2853±131b1940±334c3436±270a30[33]65~115果香,香蕉[33]
2-乙酸苯乙酯265±8d4633±118a642±52c3840±214b250[33]1~19蜂蜜,玫瑰[33]
脂肪酸乙酯3092±184a768±79c3006±278a1865±243b
丁酸乙酯1192±131a317±82b1061±89a1240±267a20[33]16~62果香,菠萝[33]
己酸乙酯342±22a125±3b329±36a130±4b5[33]25~68果香,菠萝[33]
庚酸乙酯1.86±0.05a1.80±0.02a1.87±0.02a1.84±0.05a220[33]<0.1果香,菠萝[33]
辛酸乙酯287±3a25±2c277±31a187±7b5[34]5~57梨,杏[34]
癸酸乙酯378±16a61±1b352±76a72±1b200[33]0.3~1.9果香,苹果[33]
月桂酸乙酯101±4a70±5a93±18a91±16a1500[35]<0.1果香,奶油[35]
高级醇54116±3710b52186±2272b54910±3081b65854±4160a
异丁醇2967±116bc1777±48c3821±170ab4441±1056a40000[33]<0.1杂醇味[33]
异戊醇44030±3644b45962±2127ab43121±2899b51016±1964a30000[33]1.4~1.7威士忌,洗甲水[33]
2-苯乙醇7118±78b4447±113c7968±111b10398±1659a10000[36]0.1~1花香,玫瑰[36]
挥发性脂肪酸2436±232a373±11b2117±159a604±46b
己酸2116±230a315±8b1820±113a472±45b400[37]1~5木头,叶子,清漆[37]
辛酸221±11a25±3c235±40a84±2b500[33]0.1~1黄油,杏仁[33]
癸酸99±9a33±1d62±7b49±3c1000[33]<0.1脂肪,泥土,焦糖[33]
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酿酒酵母与有孢汉逊酵母混菌发酵葡萄酒的氨基酸利用与产香特性
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郑梦妮 1 , 常雨微 1 , 樊博源 1 , 何若凡 1 , 陶永胜 1, 2 , 胡凯 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(2): 209-216
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (2) : 209 -216
酿酒酵母与有孢汉逊酵母混菌发酵葡萄酒的氨基酸利用与产香特性
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郑梦妮1 , 常雨微1, 樊博源1, 何若凡1, 陶永胜1, 2, 胡凯1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 2陕西省葡萄与葡萄酒工程技术研究中心,陕西杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
胡凯(1991−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郑梦妮(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:

Characterization of Amino Acid Utilization and Aroma Production in Wine Fermentation with Mixed Culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora Yeast
Mengni ZHENG1 , Yuwei CHANG1, Boyuan FAN1, Ruofan HE1, Yongsheng TAO1, 2, Kai HU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010182
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混菌发酵在提升葡萄酒与果酒风味品质方面表现出巨大的应用潜力。为揭示混菌发酵体系内不同酵母菌对氨基酸的竞争性利用及其对关键香气物质生成的影响,本研究以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和嗜高压有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora osmophila)为研究对象,以模拟葡萄汁为发酵基质模型,构建两酵母的单菌发酵和混菌发酵体系,评价发酵活性、细胞生长、氨基酸消耗以及香气物质生成的规律。混菌发酵包括同时、顺序接种两种方式,各酵母接种量均为2×106 CFU/mL,接种比例1:1。顺序接种体系中,先接种H. osmophila,48 h后再接种S. cerevisiae。结果表明,S. cerevisiae与H. osmophila都对大部分氨基酸具有高度利用偏好性,但前者摄取速率更高;顺序接种发酵体系内,H. osmophila提前消耗丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸和丝氨酸等生长关键氨基酸,显著降低了后续接种S. cerevisiae的最大生长量(−33%,P<0.05),导致发酵迟缓;S. cerevisiae主导同时接种发酵体系中的氨基酸利用,使其产香与S. cerevisiae单菌发酵趋于相似;顺序接种的产香受两酵母的氨基酸竞争性利用的影响,其中H. osmophila对氨基酸的提前利用提高了乙酸高级醇酯生成(尤其是2-乙酸苯乙酯,其OAV值提升了15倍),且S. cerevisiae较高的脂肪酸乙酯生成活性也得到了有效保留。本研究揭示了混菌发酵体系内氨基酸竞争性利用与关键香气物质生成的规律,为葡萄酒生产中基于外源关键氨基酸提升混菌发酵稳定性与增香效能提供科学依据。

葡萄酒  /  混菌发酵  /  有孢汉逊酵母  /  氨基酸  /  香气物质

Mixed fermentation has exhibited great potential in improving flavor quality of wine and fruit wine. To reveal the competitive utilization of amino acids by different yeasts and their effects on key aroma production in mixed fermentation, this study used Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora osmophila as research subjects, prepared simulated grape juice as the fermentation medium model. Single and mixed fermentations were conducted to assess fermentation activity, cell growth, amino acid consumption, and aroma production. Mixed fermentations included two modalities (simultaneous and sequential inoculation), each yeast was inoculated at a cell concentration of 2×106 CFU/mL, and the inoculation ratio was 1:1. In sequential fermentation, H. osmophila was inoculated firstly, and S. cerevisiae was inoculated after 48 h. Results showed that both S. cerevisiae and H. osmophila preferentially consumed most amino acids, while the former exhibited higher uptake rates. In sequential fermentation, H. osmophila consumed key amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine and serine) related to cell growth, which significantly reduced the maximum biomass of S. cerevisiae (−33%, P<0.05) subsequently inoculated, and induced fermentation delays. S. cerevisiae dominated amino acid utilization in simultaneous fermentation, leading to a similar production of aroma compounds compared to single S. cerevisiae fermentation. Aroma production in sequential fermentation was conditioned by amino acid competition between two yeasts. In sequential fermentation, early utilization of amino acids by H. osmophila induced the production of higher alcohol acetates (particularly 2-phenylethyl acetate, whose OAV was increased by 15-fold), and high productivity of fatty acid ethyl esters in S. cerevisiae was also retained. This study characterized the competitive utilization of amino acids and key aroma production in mixed fermentation, providing a scientific basis for improving fermentation stability and aroma-enhancing efficiency of mixed fermentation through exogenous supplementation of key amino acids.

wine  /  mixed fermentation  /  Hanseniaspora  /  amino acid  /  aroma compound
郑梦妮, 常雨微, 樊博源, 何若凡, 陶永胜, 胡凯. 酿酒酵母与有孢汉逊酵母混菌发酵葡萄酒的氨基酸利用与产香特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 209 -216 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010182
Mengni ZHENG, Yuwei CHANG, Boyuan FAN, Ruofan HE, Yongsheng TAO, Kai HU. Characterization of Amino Acid Utilization and Aroma Production in Wine Fermentation with Mixed Culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora Yeast[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 209 -216 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010182
葡萄酒的香气品质决定了其个性与典型性,是激发消费者购买欲的重要因素。由酵母菌酒精发酵生成的发酵香气构成了葡萄酒香气的主体。酵母菌通过代谢葡萄汁中的糖和氨基酸等营养物质,生成高级醇、酯类和挥发性脂肪酸等香气成分[1]。为保证发酵稳定性,生产中通常接种单一酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)来主导并完成酒精发酵。但长期使用单一商业酵母导致葡萄酒风味同质化,难以满足消费者对风味复杂性的需求。我国主流酿酒葡萄均引种自欧洲,使得国产葡萄酒与进口酒竞争时缺乏品种香气特色,因而风味同质化问题在国产葡萄酒中的表现尤为突出。
非酿酒酵母(non-Saccharomyces yeast)广泛存在于葡萄园(尤其是葡萄表皮)、酿酒设备及其他酿酒环境中。其中,有孢汉逊酵母属(Hanseniaspora)、戴尔有孢圆酵母属(Torulaspora)、毕赤酵母属(Pichia)等,虽然发酵能力和乙醇耐受性不如酿酒酵母,但具有较强的产香能力[2−4]。将酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母进行混菌发酵,可在保证酒精发酵顺利完成的同时,提升香气物质的生成量,塑造独特风味。根据接种时序的不同,混菌发酵分为同时接种与顺序接种,两者塑造的葡萄酒在风味物质和感官特征方面存在显著差异[5]。进一步研究发现,混菌发酵的产香特性不仅受到酵母代谢特性的影响,更依赖于酵母间复杂的相互作用,这些互作形式包括营养竞争、抑菌物/毒素分泌及细胞间接触等,具有复杂性和不可预测性,导致产香效能存在不稳定性[6−8]。
营养物的可利用性是决定微生物种间互作和群落稳定性的关键因素[9]。氨基酸不仅是酵母生长的重要营养物,还是关键香气成分的前体。缬氨酸、亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸通过Ehrlich途径生成异丁醇、异戊醇和2-苯乙醇,进一步通过胞内乙酰化生成乙酸异丁酯、乙酸异戊酯和2-乙酸苯乙酯,赋予葡萄酒“果香”、“花香”特征[10]。酿酒酵母通过SPS信号通路和NCR机制选择性摄取氨基酸,从而影响细胞生长和代谢[11]。然而,对氨基酸消耗的研究不应局限于酿酒酵母,还需综合考虑非酿酒酵母的影响[12]。近期研究发现,酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母的细胞接触作用会显著改变混菌体系内氨基酸代谢及香气物质生成[13]。因此,混菌发酵的氨基酸可利用性是反映酵母互作与风味形成的重要依据。近年来,有研究聚焦于非酿酒酵母摄取氨基酸对细胞生长、乙醇生成及香气物质代谢的调控作用[14−15]。尽管如此,酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母在混菌发酵中氨基酸利用及香气物质生成的机制仍需深入研究,以提升混菌发酵的可控性并优化其增香效能。
基于此,本研究以酿酒酵母(S. cerevisiae)和具有增香能力的嗜高压有孢汉逊酵母(H. osmophila)为对象,以添加不同氨基酸组成的模拟葡萄汁为基质模型,构建单菌和混菌(同时、顺序接种)接种发酵体系,分析发酵过程中发酵活性、微生物生长、氨基酸消耗的动态变化以及最终酒样的香气物质含量,揭示混菌体系内酵母间的氨基酸营养互作与风味物质生成特性,为葡萄酒混菌发酵的高效调控提供理论参考。
商业酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae Actiflore F5 购自法国Laffort公司;具有增香能力的嗜高压有孢汉逊酵母H. osmophila NX09 筛选自本土葡萄酒自然发酵体系,保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC NO: M20232410);NaCl、NaOH以及表1中所有试剂 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;WL培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;17种氨基酸、氯化铵及2种氨基酸衍生物 纯度≥99%,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;L-苹果酸、所用维生素 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;NaCl、NaOH、葡萄糖、果糖、蛋白胨、酵母浸粉 天津市科密欧试剂有限公司;无机盐、有机酸、微量元素 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;甲醇和乙腈纯度≥99% 色谱级,北京迈瑞达科技有限公司;实验用水为娃哈哈纯净水。
LC-2050C 3D型HPLC、QP2020型GC-MS联用仪 日本岛津有限公司;DB-Wax色谱柱 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;Aminex HPX-87H色谱柱 美国Bio-Rad公司;QTRAP 5500型LC-MS/MS、Inersil ODS-3色谱柱 美国AB SCIEX公司;MP-250B型恒温培养箱 上海南荣实验室设备有限公司;NRY-2102C型摇床 上海南荣实验室设备有限公司;TGL-16M型高速冷冻离心机 长沙湘仪离心机有限公司。
取两酵母的保藏液分别在YPD液体培养基中活化,振荡培养48 h(28 ℃,160 r/min)后获得酵母种子液。接种前将酵母种子液离心(4500×g,3 min)后弃上清,菌体沉淀用0.9%的生理盐水重悬,该步骤重复三次,即可获得纯净的酵母种子液。为保证发酵基质中氨基酸浓度的精准性与发酵试验的重复性,本研究采用添加不同氨基酸组成的模拟葡萄汁(chemically defined grape juice medium,CDGJM)作为基质模型。模拟葡萄汁配方参考Mcbryde等[16]并略作调整(表1),采用10 mol/L NaOH调整pH至3.5,经0.22 μm膜过滤除菌。
酒精发酵在250 mL的丝口瓶中进行,每瓶装有200 mL模拟葡萄汁,瓶口插有发酵栓,并添加5 mL的灭菌甘油(40%,v/v)。单菌发酵:分别接种S. cerevisiae和H. osmophila发酵(记为Sc,Ho),作为对照组。混菌发酵:该发酵模式包含同时接种发酵(记为SIM)和顺序接种发酵(记为SEQ)。SEQ即首先接种Ho,48 h后接种Sc继续发酵。Sc与Ho的接种量均为2×106 CFU/mL。每个发酵处理均设置三个重复,且放置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中进行酒精发酵。当还原糖含量降到2 g/L以下时,视为发酵终止。
培养基的配制:YPD培养基用于酵母细胞的活化、扩培与种子液制备,含20 g/L葡萄糖、20 g/L蛋白胨和10 g/L酵母浸粉,经115 ℃灭菌15 min;WL鉴别培养基用于发酵过程中酵母细胞的稀释平板计数,经121 ℃灭菌20 min。
发酵中定时取样,采用稀释涂布平板法在WL培养基上涂布,置于28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养3~5 d后计数。计数时,根据酵母的菌落形态特征将其区分,S. cerevisiae为“白色光滑”状,H. osmophila为“绿色扁平”状[17]。
通过HPLC搭配Aminex HPX-87H色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm,60 ℃)测定发酵酒样的非挥发性物质的浓度[18]。流动相为10 mmol/L的H2SO4溶液,流速0.6 mL/min,进样量20 μL。其中,还原糖(葡萄糖、果糖)、乙醇含量通过配备的示差折光检测器(RID-20A)在45 ℃检测;乙酸含量通过岛津VWD紫外检测器在波长210 nm检测。通过对应标准品的保留时间对目标物质进行定性,并通过对应标准品的标准曲线计算其含量[18]。
参考Wang等[19]的方法,游离氨基酸的定量分析在配备QTRAP 5500系统的LC-MS/MS上进行,搭配Inersil ODS-3色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)。LC程序在25 ℃下进行,流动相A为0.5%(v/v)甲酸,流动相B为甲醇,流速为0.5 mL/min。梯度洗脱程序设置如下:0~1.0 min,75% A和25% B;5.0~6.5 min,5% A和95% B;6.6~10.0 min,75% A和25% B。进样量为2 μL,总分析时长为10 min。MS分析采用正离子模式,电压设为5500 V,涡轮离子喷雾探头的温度为600 ℃。雾化气体和辅助气体的压力分别设置为60 psi和35 psi。分析物的检测与定量采用多反应监测模式。氨基酸消耗率的计算方式参考Li等[15]的方法,计算公式如下:
$\rm C_i (\text{%})=\frac{C_0-C_t}{C_0}\times 100 $
式中:Ci是第i d氨基酸消耗率,%;C0和Ct分别是第0 d(初始汁)和第t d的氨基酸含量。
采用顶空-固相微萃取-GC-MS搭配DB-Wax色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)测定最终酒样的挥发性香气成分含量[20]。样品前处理:将2 mL酒样、6 mL纯净水、2 g氯化钠及20 µL内标(2-辛醇,16 mg/L)在20 mL顶空瓶中混合,随后置于自动进样平台,在40 ℃、600 r/min下预热15 min。使用SARR11-DVB/CWR120/20纤维萃取挥发性成分30 min,然后插入GC进样口,于230 ℃热解吸5 min。载气He,流速1.5 mL/min。GC程序:初始温度40 ℃,持续3 min;以4 ℃/min升温至160 ℃;然后以7 ℃/min升温至220 ℃并持续12 min。MS程序:离子源温度为200 ℃,连接杆温度为220 ℃,扫描范围m/z 35~350,间隔0.2 s。所有目标香气物质通过对应标准品的保留时间和NIST 17谱库对比进行定性分析,结合内标与对应标准品所建立的标准曲线进行定量分析[20]。
所有实验均为三次平行,数据以平均值±标准差的方式呈现。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0对数据进行单因素方差分析Duncan检验(P<0.05)和独立样本T检验(P<0.05)。氨基酸消耗率的分组聚类热图通过ChiPlot (https://www.chiplot.online/)进行分析和绘制。挥发性物质的主成分分析在Origin Pro 2021中进行。
图1A显示了不同发酵体系内还原糖消耗和乙醇生成的动态变化,结果表明:除了Ho体系以外,其余体系均完成了酒精发酵(还原糖<2 g/L);Sc和SIM体系的发酵能力并无显著差异,均在14 d内完成了酒精发酵,并生成了12%的乙醇;SEQ体系的发酵周期延长了6 d,但乙醇生成量并无显著变化(P>0.05)。因此,H. osmophila并不影响混菌发酵体系内乙醇的产率,这和其他低产乙醇的有孢汉逊酵母菌株表现不同[21]。研究结果表明接种方式显著影响酒精发酵的进程,且在顺序接种体系内两种酵母的相互作用显著影响了酒精发酵能力,引起发酵延迟现象。此外,还观察到Ho的乙醇生成量接近10% v/v,表明H. osmophila具有较强的发酵能力。Valera等[22]指出,H. osmophila与S. cerevisiae在多个关键发酵相关基因(如HXK2、PFK1/PFK2和CDC19)上具有较高的同源性。因此,本研究进一步证实了H. osmophila比常见非酿酒酵母更强的酒精发酵适应性,可能会对混菌发酵体系施加更大的影响。
乙酸是酵母酒精发酵生成的最主要的挥发酸,占挥发酸总量的90%以上,常用于表征葡萄酒的挥发酸水平[23]。乙酸具有“醋味”,其含量过高会影响葡萄酒风味品质。非酿酒酵母发酵葡萄酒易引起乙酸含量升高[24]。如图1B所示,Ho模拟发酵酒样的乙酸含量是Sc酒样的1.4倍,提高程度在国家标准范围内。Ho、SIM、SEQ酒样的乙酸产量无显著差异(P>0.05),表明S. cerevisiae并未影响混菌发酵体系内乙酸的生成。
如图2所示,Sc和SIM中S. cerevisiae的动态变化规律一致,最大生物量约为8.0 lg CFU/mL,无显著差异(P>0.05)。但在SEQ中,S. cerevisiae在接种后不仅出现明显的生长迟滞现象,而且最大生物量仅为7.8 lg CFU/mL,同比降低了33%。酿酒酵母作为酒精发酵的主导菌种,其种群数量对发酵活性有着显著影响,因而SEQ中较低的S. cerevisiae生长量是导致发酵进程延迟的重要原因。
H. osmophila在Ho、SEQ体系内的生长量维持在较高水平。在SIM体系中,H. osmophila的生长虽受到S. cerevisiae显著抑制,但在整个发酵过程中大量存活,发酵结束时的生物量依然维持在6.0 lg CFU/mL以上。H. osmophila的生长表现与其单菌发酵体系内较高乙醇积累量一致(图1A)。虽同为Hanseniaspora属酵母,前期研究发现葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(H. uvarum)的酒精发酵适应性较弱,与S. cerevisiae同时接种条件下,在模拟葡萄汁中仅存活4 d[3]。相反,Aguiar-Cervera等[25]研究发现葡萄酒有孢汉逊酵母(H. vineae)的发酵适应性强,与本研究中H. osmophila的混菌发酵动力学表现类似。最新的生物进化研究发现,H. osmophila与H. vineae属于同一进化分支,而H. uvarum则位于另一个独立的分支[26]。
氨基酸作为酵母重要的营养物质,对酵母菌生长繁殖具有重要的调控作用[27]。本研究进一步监测了发酵汁中的氨基酸含量变化,共检测有18种氨基酸,并根据其消耗率变化分为四类(图3)。Ⅰ类:Asp、Val、Phe、Glu、Thr、Ser、Lys、Arg;Ⅱ类:Leu、Met、Ile、Gln、Asn、Tyr;Ⅲ类:Ala、His;Ⅳ类:Pro、Gly。整体的氨基酸利用偏好性排序为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ。
通过比对单菌发酵发现,S. cerevisiae在Ⅰ类氨基酸的利用速率上表现出明显优势:Sc体系中所有Ⅰ类氨基酸在发酵第2 d均已被大量消耗(Ci≥80%);Ho体系中只有Asp、Val、Phe、Glu、Lys的消耗率在第4 d才超过80%。Ⅱ类氨基酸在Sc和Ho体系中的消耗率动态变化较为相似,说明它们是两酵母共同的偏好性氨基酸。推测这可能是由于H. osmophila与S. cerevisiae具有相似的氨基酸转运调控系统[28],前者的氨基酸转运机制还需要后续进一步探究。在整个单菌发酵过程中,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类氨基酸的消耗率较低,因此被归为非偏好性氨基酸。酵母菌对Gly和Pro的非偏好性利用在Su等[29]的研究中也已报道。
通过对比混菌发酵表明,氨基酸消耗动态与体系中的主导酵母密切相关。SIM与Sc体系内氨基酸动态变化相似,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类氨基酸都表现出较高的消耗率。这可能是S. cerevisiae在SIM体系中的主导地位所致。在SEQ中,只有在顺序接种S. cerevisiae后,I类氨基酸才得以快速消耗,再次证明了S. cerevisiae在驱动混菌体系内氨基酸利用的主导作用。并且,在SEQ体系中,提前接种的H. osmophila在前2 d大量消耗了Ⅱ类氨基酸及部分Ⅰ类氨基酸,可能是S. cerevisiae生长量降低的重要原因,从而导致了发酵周期的延长。
为进一步探究顺序接种发酵中S. cerevisiae的生长量限制因素,表2分析了SEQ顺序接种S. cerevisiae前期(第4 d)和Ho同一时刻的氨基酸消耗差异,该节点为S. cerevisiae开始生长活跃的关键时期,且该时期体系内的氨基酸水平直接影响到S. cerevisiae的生长代谢。分析表明,Ala、Thr、Ser、Asp和Glu在SEQ中的消耗率显著高于Ho(P<0.05),这些氨基酸可能是顺序接种的驱动S. cerevisiae生长的关键因子。Ala虽然作为Sc单菌非偏好的氨基酸,但其消耗率在SEQ中极显著提升了56%(P<0.01)。Crépin等[11]研究表明,当体系的氮源不充足时,S. cerevisiae会在NCR系统的调控下通过一般氨基酸渗透酶Gap1p利用非偏好性的Ala。其余得到显著提升的氨基酸均为Sc偏好的第Ⅰ类氨基酸,提升幅度在12%~26%。这些关键氨基酸可以作为混菌发酵体系中的氮源补充剂,有助于防止发酵迟滞,从而保证混菌发酵活性与稳定性。
氨基酸作为香气物质前体,其利用性深刻影响着酒样中高级醇、酯类物质的含量[30]。发酵酒样中共分析了16种代表性的发酵香气物质:包括乙酸乙酯、3种乙酸高级醇酯、6种脂肪酸乙酯、3种高级醇以及3种挥发性脂肪酸(表3)。其中,有9种的OAV超过1,主要集中在酯类物质。对比单菌发酵酒样发现S. cerevisiae和H. osmophila在香气物质生成上各有优势:Sc酒样主要表现在脂肪酸乙酯和挥发性脂肪酸的生成上,其总量分别约为Ho酒样的4倍和7倍;而Ho酒样中乙酸乙酯和乙酸高级醇酯的总量分别是Sc酒样的4倍和3倍。H. osmophila尤其在2-乙酸苯乙酯的生成上表现出极高的活性,生成量是S. cerevisiae的18倍。酯类物质具有典型的“果香”、“花香”特征,是葡萄酒关键的香气物质,也是混菌发酵增香研究的重点调控对象[31−32]。在混菌发酵的酒样中,酯类物质的含量仅在SEQ酒样中显著提升,而SIM酒样中未表现出明显的增加。特别是具有独特“玫瑰花香”特征的2-乙酸苯乙酯,其OAV在SEQ中提高了15倍,成为突出的香气成分,对酒样的花香特征起到了显著的塑造作用。
对这些香气成分进行主成分分析,用于揭示不同发酵酒样之间的产香差异。如图4所示,PC1和PC2分别解释了数据总方差特征的70.8%和26.2%。各酒样与香气成分间在前两个主成分上表现出明显的分布规律:Sc酒样与SIM共同聚集在PC1正向端和PC2的负向端,邻近绝大多数脂肪酸乙酯、挥发性脂肪酸;Ho酒样分布在PC1和PC2负向端,接近乙酸乙酯和乙酸高级醇酯;SEQ酒样位于Sc酒样和Ho酒样之间,即PC1的负向端和PC2的正向端,靠近绝大多数乙酸高级醇酯、脂肪酸乙酯与高级醇。主成分分析明晰了各发酵模式下的潜在香气成分的差异性,指明混菌发酵体系内的香气物质生成受制于主导菌株。同时接种发酵体系中,S. cerevisiae强烈抑制了H. osmophila的生长与氨基酸的摄取,因而表现为类似于Sc酒样的香气组分。在顺序接种发酵体系中,由于H. osmophila提前消耗偏好性氨基酸,使其有能力对抗后续接种的S. cerevisiae,从而保证了自身产酯效能的发挥,最终使SEQ酒样保留了S. cerevisiae的脂肪酸乙酯生成活性,同时也发挥了H. osmophila的乙酸乙酯和乙酸高级醇酯的生成优势。
酵母间的相互作用是制约非酿酒酵母在混菌发酵中产香效能发挥的关键因素[22]。在本研究中,虽然Ho和SEQ体系中的H. osmophila生长量相当(图2),但SEQ酒样中乙酸乙酯的生成量受到大幅削减(−42%),且高级醇含量显著提升(+26%)。Zhang等[8]研究发现,一种酵母所分泌的胞外代谢物可显著提高另一种酵母胞内相关基因的表达量,进而刺激后者生成更多的特定香气物质。推测SEQ体系内S. cerevisiae产生了一些特定的代谢物调控了H. osmophila的产香代谢,但不会对其细胞生长产生影响。
不同于乙酸高级醇酯,葡萄酒中乙酸乙酯含量若超过100 mg/L,则有可能导致不良风味“溶剂/指甲油味”的出现[38]。因此,乙酸乙酯的生成虽受限制,但有利于混菌发酵安全性的提升。异丁醇、异戊醇和2-苯乙醇分别来源于Val、Leu、Phe三种氨基酸的分解代谢[10]。SEQ中高级醇生成量的提升很有可能是由于H. osmophila与S. cerevisiae对三种前体氨基酸的拮抗竞争所致。
本研究通过分析S. cerevisiae与H. osmophila两种混菌发酵过程中的发酵活性、微生物生长、氨基酸消耗以及香气物质生成,揭示了酵母间的氨基酸营养互作与产香特性。H. osmophila具有较强的氨基酸摄取力,有助于其适应酒精发酵环境,进而在混菌发酵过程中存活。H. osmophila和S. cerevisiae都表现出了广泛的氨基酸摄取偏好,尤其是Leu、Met、Ile、Gln、Asn、Phe、Glu、Lys等氨基酸。同时接种发酵的产香特性由主导氨基酸的S. cerevisiae决定。顺序接种发酵中S. cerevisiae对氨基酸的主导地位受到显著削弱,体现了两种酵母对香气物质生成的共同调控作用。然而,顺序接种发酵易引起S. cerevisiae生长所需的关键氨基酸被提前消耗,导致生长量不足,造成发酵迟缓的风险提高。与已有研究相比,本研究进一步明确了在不同混菌发酵模式下非酿酒酵母对氨基酸利用的影响,为葡萄酒生产中基于外源关键氨基酸提升发酵稳定性与增香效能提供理论参考。然而,关于H. osmophila的氨基酸转运机制及其与S. cerevisiae的代谢互作仍需进一步研究。未来可借助转录组学和代谢组学技术,深入探究混菌发酵过程中非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母的营养互作机制。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010182
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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    1西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    2陕西省葡萄与葡萄酒工程技术研究中心,陕西杨凌 712100

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胡凯(1991−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:酿酒微生物与风味化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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