Article(id=1320889553574019801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854210513, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854210513, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854210513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854210513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=227, endPage=238, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889553804706522, articleId=1320889553574019801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimisation of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Micro-powder Shortbread Biscuit Formulation and Quality Enhancement, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: The study aimed to develop a nutritionally rich Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder shortbread biscuit with enhanced taste and unique flavor to cater to the demand in the health food market. Methods: Fuzzy mathematical comprehensive evaluation method and response surface test were used to optimise the biscuit formulation, and the optimal process formulation and baking conditions were determined using 100 g of low gluten flour as the benchmark. The superiority of the formulations was verified through multidimensional comparative analyses of sensory evaluation, textural properties, microstructure, nutrients, antioxidant capacity and volatile flavour substances. Results: Comparative analysis with a blank formulation (lacking Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder) revealed that the optimized formulation exhibited significantly improved sensory evaluation, enhanced textural attributes including hardness, crispness, and chewiness, a notably higher porosity of 50.91%±0.71%, a reduced spreading ratio of 4.99±0.12, and decreased baking loss of 18.94%±0.23%. The nutrient composition analysis revealed an increase in total flavonoid content from 5.03±0.07 mg/mL to 6.61±0.03 mg/mL, total phenol content from 0.64±0.02 mg/g to 1.53±0.03 mg/g, and sodium cholate adsorption capacity from 16.06±0.48 mg/g to 21.17±0.53 mg/g. Furthermore, enhancements were observed in DPPH, ABTS+, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferric ion reduction capacities (P<0.05). The optimized biscuits exhibited elevated levels of volatile flavor compounds such as alcohols and ketones, contributing to a more balanced and harmonious flavor profile. Conclusion: Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder can effectively enhance the textural properties, antioxidant properties and flavour of shortbread biscuits under the optimized process formulation and baking conditions.

, authors=Haobin MEI1, 2, Shuming CHEN3, Sihai HAN1, 2, *, Zhouya BAI1, 2, Chonghui YUE1, 2, Libo WANG1, 2, Peiyan LI1, 2, Denglin LUO1, 2, authorsList=Haobin MEI, Shuming CHEN, Sihai HAN, Zhouya BAI, Chonghui YUE, Libo WANG, Peiyan LI, Denglin LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sihai HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889557168538347, articleId=1320889553574019801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干配方优化及品质提升, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:本研究旨在开发一种营养丰富、口感优良且具有独特风味的杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干,以满足健康食品市场需求。方法:采用模糊数学综合评价法和响应面试验对饼干配方进行优化,以低筋面粉100 g为基准,确定最佳工艺配方及烘焙条件。通过感官评定、质构特性、微观结构、营养成分、抗氧化能力及挥发性风味物质等多维度对比分析,对配方的优越性进行验证。结果:与空白配方(未添加杜仲叶微粉)相比,优化配方饼干在感官评定上显著提高,其硬度、脆度及咀嚼度等质构特性也更为理想,且孔隙率显著提高至50.91%±0.71%,铺展比降低至4.99±0.12,烘烤损失降低至18.94%±0.23%。在营养成分方面,总黄酮含量从5.03±0.07 mg/mL增加到6.61±0.03 mg/mL,总酚含量从0.64±0.02 mg/g上升到1.53±0.03 mg/g,胆酸钠吸附容量从16.06±0.48 mg/g提高到21.17±0.53 mg/g,且在DPPH、ABTS+、羟自由基清除能力以及铁离子还原能力方面均有显著提升(P<0.05)。此外,优化配方饼干在挥发性风味物质含量上醇类、酮类物质有所增加,风味更加均衡和谐。结论:在优化的工艺配方及烘焙条件下,杜仲叶微粉能够有效提升酥性饼干的质构特性、抗氧化性能和风味。

, authors=梅浩斌1, 2, 陈书明3, 韩四海1, 2, *, 白周亚1, 2, 岳崇慧1, 2, 王立博1, 2, 李佩艳1, 2, 罗登林1, 2, authorsList=梅浩斌, 陈书明, 韩四海, 白周亚, 岳崇慧, 王立博, 李佩艳, 罗登林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩四海, authorNote=

梅浩斌(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩四海(1972−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JiL/yg32kgaHGgEQpnCgKQ==, magXml=QY5sxLE1VwWC6074iTL6uA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MYZNCxCE+aunjM1erN5aPg==, pdfFileSize=9095836, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZXZN7dd5tYTA96MsTBUgiQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7LH142jTR6fofO+bZ1BZxQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889557923513078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3110176296@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889558036759289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, authorId=1320889557923513078, language=EN, stringName=Haobin MEI, firstName=Haobin, middleName=null, lastName=MEI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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注:图中不同小写字母表示其统计学差异显著(P<0.05);图3、图5、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=ybRrhUoK2M8jTJ5a2P1mfw==, figureFileBig=tGBgqwGLpcP+khDifiovkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565422928694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface diagram of each factor to the biscuit sensory score, figureFileSmall=ok1FkA0I8pE/epsadrQPMg==, figureFileBig=GEGwEM2HbdD0ufRgvIy5Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565494231863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各因素对饼干感官评分响应面图, figureFileSmall=ok1FkA0I8pE/epsadrQPMg==, figureFileBig=GEGwEM2HbdD0ufRgvIy5Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565565535032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Textural properties of different biscuit formulations, figureFileSmall=Z6uR/BygOhpgvgBSIdKYcA==, figureFileBig=l1txTYFJUsqvIVxydIdCyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565645226809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同饼干配方的质构特性, figureFileSmall=Z6uR/BygOhpgvgBSIdKYcA==, figureFileBig=l1txTYFJUsqvIVxydIdCyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565737501498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Biscuits and their microstructure under different formulations, figureFileSmall=6WMsrkIOv5QprEnq8Nvhmg==, figureFileBig=WPq2x2GMUahQOFUWfCzHpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565792027451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同配方下的饼干及其微观结构

注:A1~A3分别为空白、基础、优化配方饼干实物图;B1~B3分别为相对应饼干放大100倍的图像;C1~C3为B1~B3依次通过Imaje J软件转换获得的孔隙率图像。

, figureFileSmall=6WMsrkIOv5QprEnq8Nvhmg==, figureFileBig=WPq2x2GMUahQOFUWfCzHpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565863330620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Antioxidant and functional components of different biscuits, figureFileSmall=ShQgie4aX1eQzluux9gvjg==, figureFileBig=F1m2tnFHwsRpDraDBBA1sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889565951411005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同饼干的抗氧化及功能性成分, figureFileSmall=ShQgie4aX1eQzluux9gvjg==, figureFileBig=F1m2tnFHwsRpDraDBBA1sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889566014325566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Volatile flavor compounds in different biscuits, figureFileSmall=FMLRF+nI27zu62SGqtlwkw==, figureFileBig=Qe15n/O4pqcLKqdj4GrDzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889566098211647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同饼干的挥发性风味成分, figureFileSmall=FMLRF+nI27zu62SGqtlwkw==, figureFileBig=Qe15n/O4pqcLKqdj4GrDzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889566165320512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation of shelf stability of biscuits with different formulations, figureFileSmall=y+O7iIkz9bQTUd7t7fdW4w==, figureFileBig=cmPp86W9Shr5jyMd02bw+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889566245012289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同配方饼干的货架稳定性变化

注:A为贮藏期感官评定结果;B为贮藏期质构评定结果;C为贮藏期过氧化值结果。

, figureFileSmall=y+O7iIkz9bQTUd7t7fdW4w==, figureFileBig=cmPp86W9Shr5jyMd02bw+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889566320509762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级形态色泽滋味与口感组织状态
优
(80~100分)
外形完整无破损,厚薄一致,表面无裂纹及粗糙感表面呈淡绿色,色泽基本均匀,表面有光泽,无白粉,没有过焦的现象口感清爽酥松,具有杜仲叶独特清香,无异味,甜而不腻断面结构有层次,没有大裂缝、大空洞,致密均一
良
(60~80分)
外形略不完整,厚薄出现不一致,出现少许收缩及变形,表面略有裂纹和粗糙感色泽有轻微变化,出现少许过焦现象杜仲叶香味偏淡或者偏重,饼干口感较粗糙断面结构层次出现少许不完整,有轻微裂缝和空洞
中
(30~60分)
外形较不完整,厚薄有些不一致,出现部分收缩及变形,表面有裂纹和粗糙感表面绿色加深,过焦现象出现范围较多杜仲叶味道过重,饼干口感偏粗糙断面结构层次混乱,产生些许裂缝和空洞,质地部分不均匀
差
(0~30分)
外形不完整,厚薄不一致,收缩与变形较大,表面粗糙且裂纹较多色泽暗绿色,极不均匀,表面有重度颜色变化口感偏苦且粗糙,饼干不酥松,有较重的糊味断面结构无层次,产生裂缝和空洞,质地不均匀
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566387618627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级形态色泽滋味与口感组织状态
优
(80~100分)
外形完整无破损,厚薄一致,表面无裂纹及粗糙感表面呈淡绿色,色泽基本均匀,表面有光泽,无白粉,没有过焦的现象口感清爽酥松,具有杜仲叶独特清香,无异味,甜而不腻断面结构有层次,没有大裂缝、大空洞,致密均一
良
(60~80分)
外形略不完整,厚薄出现不一致,出现少许收缩及变形,表面略有裂纹和粗糙感色泽有轻微变化,出现少许过焦现象杜仲叶香味偏淡或者偏重,饼干口感较粗糙断面结构层次出现少许不完整,有轻微裂缝和空洞
中
(30~60分)
外形较不完整,厚薄有些不一致,出现部分收缩及变形,表面有裂纹和粗糙感表面绿色加深,过焦现象出现范围较多杜仲叶味道过重,饼干口感偏粗糙断面结构层次混乱,产生些许裂缝和空洞,质地部分不均匀
差
(0~30分)
外形不完整,厚薄不一致,收缩与变形较大,表面粗糙且裂纹较多色泽暗绿色,极不均匀,表面有重度颜色变化口感偏苦且粗糙,饼干不酥松,有较重的糊味断面结构无层次,产生裂缝和空洞,质地不均匀
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566454727492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface test factors and levels

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水平因素
A杜仲叶微粉(%)B黄油(%)C鸡蛋(%)D混合糖(%)
-10.5352518
01403024
11.5453530
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566526030661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验因素和水平

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水平因素
A杜仲叶微粉(%)B黄油(%)C鸡蛋(%)D混合糖(%)
-10.5352518
01403024
11.5453530
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566605722438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of fuzzy composite scores

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实验号杜仲叶微粉
(%)
黄油
(%)
鸡蛋
(%)
混合糖
(%)
S感官评分
(分)
1145352482.5
2140302487.1
3140253083.8
4135303086.3
5135301884.4
60.545302480.7
70.540301882.5
8135252485.8
9140351885.3
10140302487.9
111.540352477.6
12145301883.6
13145303084.2
141.540301881.2
150.540303083.9
16135352482.7
17140302485.9
180.540352481.6
19140302486.8
20140251884.4
211.535302482.3
22140353085.3
23145252478
241.540303082.4
25140302486.3
260.540252480.1
271.540252478.7
281.545302477.4
290.535302484.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566681219911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模糊综合评分统计结果

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实验号杜仲叶微粉
(%)
黄油
(%)
鸡蛋
(%)
混合糖
(%)
S感官评分
(分)
1145352482.5
2140302487.1
3140253083.8
4135303086.3
5135301884.4
60.545302480.7
70.540301882.5
8135252485.8
9140351885.3
10140302487.9
111.540352477.6
12145301883.6
13145303084.2
141.540301881.2
150.540303083.9
16135352482.7
17140302485.9
180.540352481.6
19140302486.8
20140251884.4
211.535302482.3
22140353085.3
23145252478
241.540303082.4
25140302486.3
260.540252480.1
271.540252478.7
281.545302477.4
290.535302484.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566769300296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Regression equation analysis of variance

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型222.381415.8814.71<0.0001**
A16.57116.5715.340.0016**
B33.33133.3330.86<0.0001**
C1.4711.471.360.2629
D1.6911.691.560.2318
AB0.1210.120.110.7413
AC1.6911.691.560.2315
AD0.010010.01000.00930.9247
BC14.44114.4413.370.0026**
BD0.4210.420.390.5418
CD0.09010.0900.0830.7771
A2115.561115.56106.98<0.0001**
B220.63120.6319.100.0006**
C245.84145.8442.44<0.0001**
D20.005510.00550.00510.9440
残差15.12141.08
失拟向12.76101.282.160.2378差异不显著
纯误差2.3640.59
总差237.5028
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566840603465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归方程方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型222.381415.8814.71<0.0001**
A16.57116.5715.340.0016**
B33.33133.3330.86<0.0001**
C1.4711.471.360.2629
D1.6911.691.560.2318
AB0.1210.120.110.7413
AC1.6911.691.560.2315
AD0.010010.01000.00930.9247
BC14.44114.4413.370.0026**
BD0.4210.420.390.5418
CD0.09010.0900.0830.7771
A2115.561115.56106.98<0.0001**
B220.63120.6319.100.0006**
C245.84145.8442.44<0.0001**
D20.005510.00550.00510.9440
残差15.12141.08
失拟向12.76101.282.160.2378差异不显著
纯误差2.3640.59
总差237.5028
), ArticleFig(id=1320889566962238282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Physical and nutritional parameters of cookies of different formulations

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指标空白基础优化
R直径(mm)37.15±0.43ab36.74±0.37b37.81±0.59a
d厚度(mm)6.14±0.07b6.47±0.24b7.58±0.27a
铺展比6.05±0.11a5.68±0.26b4.99±0.12c
孔隙率(%)47.29±0.35b43.65±0.93c50.91±0.71a
m烘烤前(g)6.23±0.18a5.93±0.40a5.92±0.33a
m烘烤后(g)5.05±0.16a4.80±0.35a4.71±0.29a
烘焙损失(%)19.07±0.45b20.46±0.47a18.94±0.23b
碱度(%)0.12±0.01b0.14±0.01b0.19±0.02a
pH6.27±0.03b6.30±0.02b6.62±0.02a
水分(%)2.56±0.09ab2.44±0.05b2.64±0.07a
灰分(%)0.85±0.03a0.83±0.03a0.86±0.04a
粗脂肪(%)25.89±0.67a26.01±0.45a26.95±0.55a
粗蛋白质(%)14.34±0.23a14.86±1.60a13.41±0.54a
淀粉(%)51.10±3.29a53.21±2.98a54.73±0.82a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889567025152843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889553574019801, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同配方饼干物理及营养指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标空白基础优化
R直径(mm)37.15±0.43ab36.74±0.37b37.81±0.59a
d厚度(mm)6.14±0.07b6.47±0.24b7.58±0.27a
铺展比6.05±0.11a5.68±0.26b4.99±0.12c
孔隙率(%)47.29±0.35b43.65±0.93c50.91±0.71a
m烘烤前(g)6.23±0.18a5.93±0.40a5.92±0.33a
m烘烤后(g)5.05±0.16a4.80±0.35a4.71±0.29a
烘焙损失(%)19.07±0.45b20.46±0.47a18.94±0.23b
碱度(%)0.12±0.01b0.14±0.01b0.19±0.02a
pH6.27±0.03b6.30±0.02b6.62±0.02a
水分(%)2.56±0.09ab2.44±0.05b2.64±0.07a
灰分(%)0.85±0.03a0.83±0.03a0.86±0.04a
粗脂肪(%)25.89±0.67a26.01±0.45a26.95±0.55a
粗蛋白质(%)14.34±0.23a14.86±1.60a13.41±0.54a
淀粉(%)51.10±3.29a53.21±2.98a54.73±0.82a
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杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干配方优化及品质提升
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梅浩斌 1, 2 , 陈书明 3 , 韩四海 1, 2, * , 白周亚 1, 2 , 岳崇慧 1, 2 , 王立博 1, 2 , 李佩艳 1, 2 , 罗登林 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(2): 227-238
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (2) : 227 -238
杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干配方优化及品质提升
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梅浩斌1, 2 , 陈书明3, 韩四海1, 2, * , 白周亚1, 2, 岳崇慧1, 2, 王立博1, 2, 李佩艳1, 2, 罗登林1, 2
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
  • 2河南省食品原料工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023
  • 3三门峡市生物技术重点实验室,河南三门峡 472000
通讯作者:
韩四海(1972−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梅浩斌(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Optimisation of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Micro-powder Shortbread Biscuit Formulation and Quality Enhancement
Haobin MEI1, 2 , Shuming CHEN3, Sihai HAN1, 2, * , Zhouya BAI1, 2, Chonghui YUE1, 2, Libo WANG1, 2, Peiyan LI1, 2, Denglin LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Raw Materials, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 3Sanmenxia Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sanmenxia 472000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010147
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目的:本研究旨在开发一种营养丰富、口感优良且具有独特风味的杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干,以满足健康食品市场需求。方法:采用模糊数学综合评价法和响应面试验对饼干配方进行优化,以低筋面粉100 g为基准,确定最佳工艺配方及烘焙条件。通过感官评定、质构特性、微观结构、营养成分、抗氧化能力及挥发性风味物质等多维度对比分析,对配方的优越性进行验证。结果:与空白配方(未添加杜仲叶微粉)相比,优化配方饼干在感官评定上显著提高,其硬度、脆度及咀嚼度等质构特性也更为理想,且孔隙率显著提高至50.91%±0.71%,铺展比降低至4.99±0.12,烘烤损失降低至18.94%±0.23%。在营养成分方面,总黄酮含量从5.03±0.07 mg/mL增加到6.61±0.03 mg/mL,总酚含量从0.64±0.02 mg/g上升到1.53±0.03 mg/g,胆酸钠吸附容量从16.06±0.48 mg/g提高到21.17±0.53 mg/g,且在DPPH、ABTS+、羟自由基清除能力以及铁离子还原能力方面均有显著提升(P<0.05)。此外,优化配方饼干在挥发性风味物质含量上醇类、酮类物质有所增加,风味更加均衡和谐。结论:在优化的工艺配方及烘焙条件下,杜仲叶微粉能够有效提升酥性饼干的质构特性、抗氧化性能和风味。

杜仲叶微粉  /  饼干  /  模糊数学  /  物性分析  /  感官评定  /  抗氧化  /  风味物质

Objective: The study aimed to develop a nutritionally rich Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder shortbread biscuit with enhanced taste and unique flavor to cater to the demand in the health food market. Methods: Fuzzy mathematical comprehensive evaluation method and response surface test were used to optimise the biscuit formulation, and the optimal process formulation and baking conditions were determined using 100 g of low gluten flour as the benchmark. The superiority of the formulations was verified through multidimensional comparative analyses of sensory evaluation, textural properties, microstructure, nutrients, antioxidant capacity and volatile flavour substances. Results: Comparative analysis with a blank formulation (lacking Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder) revealed that the optimized formulation exhibited significantly improved sensory evaluation, enhanced textural attributes including hardness, crispness, and chewiness, a notably higher porosity of 50.91%±0.71%, a reduced spreading ratio of 4.99±0.12, and decreased baking loss of 18.94%±0.23%. The nutrient composition analysis revealed an increase in total flavonoid content from 5.03±0.07 mg/mL to 6.61±0.03 mg/mL, total phenol content from 0.64±0.02 mg/g to 1.53±0.03 mg/g, and sodium cholate adsorption capacity from 16.06±0.48 mg/g to 21.17±0.53 mg/g. Furthermore, enhancements were observed in DPPH, ABTS+, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferric ion reduction capacities (P<0.05). The optimized biscuits exhibited elevated levels of volatile flavor compounds such as alcohols and ketones, contributing to a more balanced and harmonious flavor profile. Conclusion: Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder can effectively enhance the textural properties, antioxidant properties and flavour of shortbread biscuits under the optimized process formulation and baking conditions.

Eucommia ulmoides leaf micro-powder  /  biscuits  /  fuzzy mathematics  /  physical properties analysis  /  sensory evaluation  /  antioxidant  /  flavor substances
梅浩斌, 陈书明, 韩四海, 白周亚, 岳崇慧, 王立博, 李佩艳, 罗登林. 杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干配方优化及品质提升. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 227 -238 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010147
Haobin MEI, Shuming CHEN, Sihai HAN, Zhouya BAI, Chonghui YUE, Libo WANG, Peiyan LI, Denglin LUO. Optimisation of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Micro-powder Shortbread Biscuit Formulation and Quality Enhancement[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 227 -238 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010147
杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)是我国特有的名贵药材,具有丰富的药用价值。杜仲叶资源丰富且易于获取,年产量达上千万吨,具有广阔的开发应用前景[1−2]。杜仲叶含有锗、硒等微量元素、活性氨基酸以及黄酮类、苯丙素类、木脂素类、多糖类等多种活性成分,具有抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、降血压、预防骨质疏松、保护肝脏等药理作用,可用于治疗多种疾病[3−4]。2023年,杜仲叶被国家卫生健康委和国家市场监督管理总局纳入传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录,推动其在食品领域的新应用。目前,杜仲叶在食品行业的研究和应用尚处于起步阶段,已开发出杜仲酸奶、馒头、饮料等产品。未来杜仲叶有望成为新的经济增长点,直接惠及林农和大众,同时保护森林植被,带动地方经济和食品行业的发展[5−6]。
饼干是最受大多数消费者欢迎的烘焙产品之一。饼干凭借方便、即食和较长保质期的优势而广受青睐。同时根据GB/T 20980-2021《饼干质量通则》将饼干不同的加工工艺分为酥性饼干、发酵饼干、压缩饼干、韧性饼干等13种类型,其中酥性饼干是以谷类粉为主要原料,通过添加油脂以及选择性添加配料,经冷粉工艺加工而成,因其酥松的口感在饼干消费市场上广受欢迎。然而,传统饼干产品存在营养单一、口感同质化等问题,难以满足消费者对健康和多样化口味的需求[7]。随着消费者对高感官品质和健康营养焙烤产品的关注度提升,开发新型功能性饼干成为趋势。杜仲叶微粉富含多种功能性成分,其独特的清香可提升饼干的感官品质,但将其添加到饼干中,需解决微粉易团聚、影响口感和风味平衡,以及活性成分保留等技术问题。因此本研究通过配方优化和工艺改进,旨在开发一种营养丰富、口感优良且具有独特风味的杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干,以满足健康食品市场需求。杜仲叶微粉的加入不仅充分利用了其功能特性,还提升了饼干的食用价值,使其成为兼具健康与风味的新型焙烤食品。
在饼干配方优化的过程中,感官评定作为衡量饼干品质的关键方法,其结果易受到主观性和模糊性的影响,导致评价结果的不稳定。为此,本研究采用模糊数学综合评价法,将模糊信息数值化,实现饼干品质的定量分析,从而降低主观因素的影响。同时,结合响应面试验确定最佳饼干配方,并同时关注工艺与配方的协同作用。通过调整杜仲叶微粉、黄油、鸡蛋和混合糖等关键成分的添加量,并精细调控烘焙时间和温度,实现了饼干品质的稳定提升。此外,为验证配方的可行性,本研究从营养指标、质构特性、微观结构、抗氧化能力、功能性成分和挥发性风味物质等多个维度,对不同配方饼干进行了深入对比分析,阐明了所研发饼干配方的优越性及其在实际生产中的可行性和市场潜力。
低筋面粉 江苏江南上一道科技股份有限公司;黄油 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司;杜仲叶微粉(细度不小于100目;主要成分:总黄酮≥16.6%,杜仲多糖≥7%,绿原酸≥3.1%,京尼平苷酸≥1.3%,桃叶珊瑚酸≥2.1%) 河南芳捷农业发展有限公司;鸡蛋 河南大张实业有限公司;绵白糖 南京甘汁园股份有限公司;元贞糖 上海新川崎食品有限公司。
YT-901电动手持打蛋器 浙江郁先森;TA.XT Express型物性分析仪 英国SMS公司;NMI20-015V-I低场核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈;TM 3030 Plus台式扫描电镜 日本日立;SZF-06C粗脂肪测定仪、KDN-08C(04C)定氮仪、KDN-08C消化炉 上海力辰;YTH-2.5-12箱式电阻炉 绍兴苏珀;SCIENTZ-12N/A冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物;MFJ-W317多功能研磨机 北京利仁;JE502电子天平 上海浦春;TSQ9000气相色谱-三重四级杆串联 美国赛默飞世尔。
基础配方:低筋面粉100 g,黄油40 g、鸡蛋30 g、绵白糖36 g、杜仲叶微粉1 g(参考李冰等[8]的研究,结合实际需求确定);工艺流程如下。
面团制作:用电动手持打蛋器将黄油中速搅拌3~5 min至颜色变浅、体积膨松;分次加入绵白糖进行搅打,直至无颗粒绵密状;接着倒入全蛋液以及与杜仲叶微粉混匀后的低筋面粉,低速搅拌至无干粉状态;使用硅胶铲翻压成面团,表面光滑即可,避免过度揉捏。
饼胚成型:将饼干面团放入压面机中压成均一厚度(6 mm)的面片,再利用模具切割成花形的饼胚。
烘焙过程:烤箱预热,并设定面火温度170 ℃,底火温度160 ℃,烘烤15 min。
本实验依据GB 7100-2015《食品安全国家标准 饼干》中的感官要求,并结合物性分析仪的质构特性进行探究[9]。以低筋面粉100 g为基准,将黄油、鸡蛋、绵白糖和烘焙时间分别固定在40 g、30 g、36 g和15 min,考察杜仲叶微粉添加量(0、0.5、1、1.5、2 g)对饼干感官评定和硬度的影响。
以低筋面粉100 g为基准,将杜仲叶微粉、鸡蛋、绵白糖和烘焙时间分别固定在1 g、30 g、36 g和15 min,考察黄油添加量(35、40、45、50、55 g)对饼干感官评定和硬度的影响。
以低筋面粉100 g为基准,将杜仲叶微粉、黄油、绵白糖和烘焙时间分别固定在1 g、40 g、36 g和15 min,考察鸡蛋添加量(20、25、30、35、40 g)对饼干感官评定和硬度的影响。
以低筋面粉100 g为基准,将杜仲叶微粉、鸡蛋、黄油和烘焙时间分别固定在1 g、30 g、40 g和15 min,同时降糖处理,采用元贞糖与绵白糖进行混合,考察混合糖(绵白糖5:1元贞糖)添加量(12、18、24、30、36 g)对饼干感官评定和硬度的影响。
以低筋面粉100 g为基准,将杜仲叶微粉、鸡蛋、黄油和混合糖分别固定在1 g、30 g、40 g和36 g,考察烘焙时间(13、14、15、16、17 min)对饼干感官评定和硬度的影响。
参照GB 7100-2015《食品安全国家标准 饼干》,并结合杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干自身特性制定感官评定标准,具体见表1。
首先设计要素集合U=u1, u2, u3, u4={形态, 色泽, 滋味与口感, 组织状态},以评价等级中间值为标准设置评语集,评语集V={v1, v2, v3, v4}={优, 良, 中, 差}={90, 70, 45, 15},然后根据感官评定标准设计要素权重集合A={a1, a2, a3, a4}={0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2},且权重总和为1。在正式开展感官评定前,随机选取10名完成感官评定培训的食品专业人员。这些人员在评估前已接受三次相关培训,后依据四个要素在感官评定中的重要性进行了投票评价,以此确保评定结果的客观性[10]。
对每个样品的各个要素建立一个从要素ui到该要素的评判结果vj的模糊关系r=(r1,r2,r3,r4),得到每个要素的评判集,多个要素的评判集构成样品的模糊矩阵R。模糊矩阵$ \mathrm{R}=\left\{\begin{array}{cccc}\text{r11}& \text{r12}& ...& \text{r1n}\\ \text{r21}& \text{r22}& ...& \text{r2n}\\ ...& ...& & ...\\ \text{rm1}& \text{rm2}& ...& \text{rmn}\end{array}\right\} $,模糊关系评判集Y=A×R。由S(感官评分)=Y×V,计算各组样品模糊感官评分值[11]。
结合单因素实验结果,运用Design-Expert.V8.0.6.1软件,采用Box-Behnken设计响应面。确定杜仲叶微粉、黄油、鸡蛋以及混合糖作为主要影响因素,并设计四因素三水平的响应面,其中以低筋面粉100%作为基准,杜仲叶微粉添加量取值范围:0.5%至1.5%,黄油取值范围:35%至45%,鸡蛋取值范围:25%至35%,混合糖取值范围:18%至30%,具体试验因素和水平见表2。
本实验以饼干的直径值与厚度值之比计算铺展比;参考GB 20980-2021《饼干质量通则》进行饼干碱度以及pH的测定;分别参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》、GB 5009.4-2016《食品中灰分的测定》、GB 5009.6-2016《食品中脂肪的测定》、GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》、GB 5009.9-2016《食品中淀粉的测定》,进行饼干水分、灰分、粗脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉含量的测定。饼干的烘焙损失计算如下:
$ \mathrm{烘}\mathrm{焙}\mathrm{损}\mathrm{失}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{W}_1-\mathrm{W}_2}{\mathrm{W}_1}\times 100 $
式中:W1表示饼干烘烤前重量,g;W2表示饼干烘烤后重量,g。
将烤制完成的饼干采用TA.XT Express型物性分析仪进行质构测试,使用P/5探头,且探头测前、测中以及测后速度分别为:2、1、5 mm/s,触发力5.0 g、每秒点数500 pps,起始压力0.01 N,探头高度为15 mm,压缩程度为60%[12]。其中硬度:通过压缩曲线的最大力值计算,表示饼干的抗压强度。脆度:通过压缩曲线的断裂力值计算,表示饼干的断裂强度。咀嚼度:通过压缩曲线的面积计算,表示饼干的咀嚼难易程度。
DPPH、总酚、铁离子还原能力的测定参考曹伟伟等[13]的方法,DPPH测定:取0.6 g饼干粉末,加4 mL蒸馏水,涡旋2 min,超声5 min,离心10 min,取上清液。取0.1 mL提取液,加1.9 mL DPPH溶液,振荡摇匀,避光静置30 min,测定517 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{1}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:R1为DPPH自由基清除率,%;A0为0.1 mL 70%乙醇与1.9 mL DPPH反应液的吸光度;A1为0.1 mL样液与1.9 mL DPPH反应液反应的吸光度;A2为0.1 mL样液与1.9 mL 70%乙醇的吸光度。
总酚测定:吸取200 μL上清液,加入1.3 mL蒸馏水、0.125 mL福林酚、0.375 mL碳酸钠溶液,避光反应20 min后测定765 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{2}=\frac{\rho \times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}} $
式中:R2为总酚含量,mg/g;ρ为总酚质量浓度,mg/mL;V为提取液体积,mL;m为饼干粉末质量,g。
铁离子还原能力测定:取100 μL上清液与900 μL FRAP溶液反应,测定593 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{3}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:R3为铁离子还原能力,%;A0为100 μL水与900 μL FRAP溶液反应的吸光度;A1为100 μL样液与900 μL FRAP溶液反应的吸光度;A2为100 μL样液与900 μL水反应的吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除率测定参考丁长河等[14]的方法,取50 μL上清液与4 mL ABTS反应液反应,测定734 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{4}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:R4为ABTS+自由基清除率,%;A0为50 μL 70%乙醇溶液与4 mL ABTS反应液反应的吸光度;A1为50 μL样液与4 mL ABTS反应液反应的吸光度;A2为50 μL样液与4 mL 70%乙醇溶液反应的吸光度。
羟自由基清除能力测定参考徐洪宇等[15]的方法,取1 mL样液,加入0.5 mL水杨酸溶液、0.5 mL FeSO4溶液、3.5 mL去离子水和5 mL H2O2,37 ℃水浴30 min后离心(4000 r/min,10 min),测定510 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{5}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:R5为羟自由基清除率,%;A0为蒸馏水代替样液的反应体系的吸光度;A1为样液反应的吸光度;A2为蒸馏水代替H2O2的反应体系的吸光度。
总黄酮含量测定参考董飞等[16]的方法:取10 mg饼干粉末,加60%乙醇定容至100 mL,取0.5 mL按照芦丁标准曲线方法(已得标准曲线:y=0.1531x−0.0014,R2=0.9953)操作,测定510 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{6}=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{1}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{2}\times {10}^{-3}}{\mathrm{m}}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{0} $
式中:R6为总黄酮得率,%;C为测定样品的质量浓度,g/L;V0为测定吸光度所用样品的体积,mL;V1为测定时的稀释体积,mL;V2为样品定容后的体积,mL;m为样品质量,g。
胆酸钠吸附容量测定参考何海[17]的方法:称量1 g样品,加入100 mL胆酸钠溶液(2 mg/mL),37 ℃水浴,搅拌1 h后,4000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液1 mL,加入6 mL 45%硫酸溶液混匀,再加入1 mL 0.3%糠醛在65 ℃水浴30 min,冷却后测定620 nm处吸光度。
$ {\mathrm{R}}_{7}=\frac{{(\mathrm{C}}_{0}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{e}})\times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}} $
式中:R7为胆酸钠吸附容量,mg/g;C0为吸附前胆酸钠溶液的初始浓度,mg/L;Ce为吸附平衡后溶液中胆酸钠的剩余浓度,mg/L;V为吸附质溶液体积,L;m为吸附剂质量,g。
首先将饼干样品放在-80 ℃冻干机中进行冷冻干燥,然后将样品通过喷金仪喷涂上5 nm的薄涂层。采用加速电位为5.0 kV的台式扫描电镜TM 3030 Plus,在放大100倍的条件下拍摄样品,观察样品的颗粒形貌[18]。
利用TSQ 9000质谱仪检测饼干挥发性风味成分。样品处理:1.5 g磨碎的饼干样品置于 20 mL顶空瓶中,加入1.5 mL质量浓度为20%的NaCl溶液。顶空固相微萃取条件:首先将萃取针插入后进样口中老化10 min,再将萃取头插入顶空瓶中,60 ℃平衡10 min后,吸附30 min。
色谱条件:HB-5色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)。升温程序:起始温度为60 ℃,保留5 min,以5 ℃/min升至180 ℃,再以10 ℃/min升至250 ℃,保留5 min。柱流量1.5 mL/min,吹扫流量3 mL/min,分流流量50 mL/min,进样口温度为250 ℃,解吸温度为250 ℃,解吸时间为5 min。载气为高纯氦气(99.999%),流速为1.5 mL/min[19]。
质谱条件:EI离子源,电子能量为70 eV,离子源温度为230 ℃,质量扫描范围为35~450 u[20]。通过NIST 11标准谱库检索,确定风味物质的化合物及其含量,相似度超过80%的化合物。风味物质的相对含量采用峰面积归一化法积分获得。
饼干货架期主要探究饼干在不同贮藏周期(7、14、21、28、35、42 d)的感官评分、硬度以及过氧化值的变化。感官评分及硬度测定方法同1.2.4与1.2.7节所述,过氧化值的测定参照GB 5009.227-2016《食品中过氧化值的测定》。
所得数据经IBM SPSS Statistics 27和Excel软件进行显著性分析和数据处理,采用OriginPro 2022软件进行绘图设计,并通过ImageJ-win64进行饼干的孔隙率分析,每组实验平行测定三次,结果取平均值±标准差,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。
由图1A所示,当杜仲叶微粉添加量在0~1 g之间时,饼干的感官评分从82.51分升至88.03分,且在添加量为1 g时达到峰值,此时饼干具有杜仲叶的清香味,口感宜人,色泽均匀,无异味。然而,当添加量超过1.5 g后,感官评分从84.93分开始下降,饼干味道趋于苦涩,感官体验变差。此外,杜仲叶微粉添加量在0~1 g范围内逐步增加时,饼干的硬度也呈现出上升趋势,这主要是由于杜仲叶微粉中的膳食纤维和其他活性成分在烘焙过程中形成了更为紧密的结构。
由图1B所示,当黄油添加量在35~40 g之间时,饼干的感官评分由84.17分升至86.50分,这可能是因为适量黄油增加了面团润滑性,使饼干烘焙后结构更均匀,口感和风味更佳。然而,黄油添加量为45 g时,感官评分降至85.13分;超过50 g后,感官评分下降趋势更为显著。此时面团过于油腻,难以成型,烘焙时出现溢油现象,成品饼干油腻感强,掩盖了饼干本身的风味,降低了消费者的接受度。此外,随着黄油添加量的增加,饼干的硬度逐渐下降,适量黄油可软化面团、减少面筋形成,使饼干更酥松;但添加量过多时,饼干结构过于松散,硬度进一步降低,口感变差。
由图1C所示,随着鸡蛋添加量的增加,饼干的感官评分先升后降,当鸡蛋添加量为30 g时,感官评分最高(87.20分)。此时,饼干口感酥松,风味浓郁,无明显蛋腥味,具有良好的咀嚼性。鸡蛋中的蛋白质在烘焙过程中凝固,稳固了饼干结构,卵磷脂的乳化作用减少了面筋形成,进一步提升了酥松度。然而,当鸡蛋添加量超过30 g后,蛋腥味掩盖了饼干原有风味,口感变差,硬度也因鸡蛋中水分和蛋白质的软化作用而降低。
由图1D所示,随着混合糖添加量的增加,饼干的感官评分变化趋势明显,当混合糖添加量为24 g时,感官评分最高(87.43分),此时饼干口感酥松,甜味适中,风味平衡。当混合糖添加量超过24 g后,感官评分下降,饼干口感变硬,甜味过浓,掩盖了杜仲叶微粉的清香。硬度方面,混合糖添加量为24 g时,饼干硬度适中;超过24 g后,硬度增加,可能是由于过多的糖结晶在饼干内部起到支撑作用,使结构更紧密[21]。
由图1E所示,烘焙时间为14 min时,感官评分最高(86.80分),此时饼干表面呈淡绿色,光泽良好,结构稳定,杜仲叶清香与饼干风味平衡。当烘焙时间超过14 min后,感官评分逐渐下滑,饼干表面颜色加深,出现轻微过焦现象,口感变硬,风味变差。这主要是因为过长的烘焙时间导致饼干内部水分过度流失,结构变得更加紧密,同时美拉德反应和焦糖化反应过度进行,产生苦味,掩盖了饼干本身的风味。硬度方面,当烘焙时间为14 min时,饼干的硬度适中,内部水分适度蒸发,结构稳定,口感酥松且不松散。超过14 min后,水分持续减少,结构变紧密,硬度增加。
以表3编号1为例,首先随机选择十位受过专业训练的感官评定人员,然后根据评定标准分别对样品的四种要素进行投票,取其平均值,之后可得到各个要素的模糊矩阵:R形态={0.7, 0.3, 0, 0},R色泽={0.7, 0.2, 0.1, 0},R滋味与口感={0.8, 0.1, 0, 0.1},R组织状态={0.8, 0.2, 0, 0},由此可得到该样品的矩阵R1,接着根据事先设计的权重集A={0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2},按照矩阵相乘方法,可得模糊关系评判集Y=A×R={0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2}×$ \left|\begin{array}{cccc}0.7& 0.3& 0& 0\\ 0.7& 0.2& 0.1& 0\\ 0.8& 0.1& 0& 0.1\\ 0.8& 0.2& 0& 0\end{array}\right| $={0.76, 0.18, 0.02, 0.04},且评语集V={90, 70, 45, 15},所以S(感官评分)=Y×V={0.76, 0.18, 0.02, 0.04}×$ \left|\begin{array}{c}90\\ 70\\ 45\\ 15\end{array}\right| $=82.5分[22],以此类推,根据票数统计结果进行感官评定[23],具体情况见表3。
同时通过软件Design-Expert8.0.6对表3中的数据进行回归处理,可以得到二次多项回归方程为:
Y=86.80−1.18×A−1.67×B+0.35×C+0.38×D−0.17×A×B−0.65×A×C−0.050×A×D+1.90×B×C−0.32×B×D+0.15×C×D−4.22×A2−1.78×B2−2.66×C2+0.029×D2。
由表4可知,失拟项P=0.2378>0.05,说明本实验设计的模型拟合度较好;同时可知变异系数=1.25%<3%,校正系数=0.8727,模型的决定系数=0.9363<1,多项数据均符合标准要求,且误差在合适范围,表明本次模型设计合理,适用于本次感官评分的预测[24]。根据F值可知各因素对感官评分的影响大小为B(黄油添加量)>A(杜仲叶微粉添加量)>D(混合糖添加量)>C(鸡蛋添加量),且由P值可知,一次项A、B,二次项A2、B2、C2,交互项BC对感官评分影响极显著。
由此可以得到软件系统推荐配方为:以低筋面粉100%作为基准,杜仲叶微粉0.94%,黄油37.58%,鸡蛋29.70%,混合糖29.24%,此时的感官评分为87.76分,为最高的推荐水平。
通过图2四因素交互作用的3D图可以看到,六个响应面图均呈现开口向下的凸起曲面,而且六个曲面的坡度越陡,对实验结果影响越大[25]。可以发现BC两因素的曲面倾斜程度最大,且其交互项P值极显著(P<0.01),表明黄油添加量和鸡蛋添加量这两个因素之间对饼干的感官评分的交互影响最显著[26];AB、AC两因素的曲面倾斜程度次之,且AD、BD、CD两因素曲面倾斜程度较小,其交互项P值均不显著(P>0.05),表明这些交互因素对感官评分的影响不显著。
通过响应面试验分析,并综合考虑各种因素,最终确定饼干的最优工艺为以低筋面粉100 g为基准,黄油40 g、鸡蛋30 g、混合糖(绵白糖5:1元贞糖)24 g、杜仲叶微粉1 g,并在面火温度为170 ℃,底火温度为160 ℃,烘烤时间14 min条件下进行烘焙。此外,为了验证该最优工艺的可行性,进行了三组平行试验,每组试验均按照上述配方和烘烤条件进行制备。试验结果显示,该工艺下的饼干形态完整,色泽均匀,杜仲叶香味突出,口感酥松,甜而不腻,感官评分为88.46±1.12分,在预测值附近,可靠性高。因此,可以认为该最优工艺是切实可行的,可以为饼干的生产提供有益的参考。
检测物理和营养指标对于评估饼干的品质、稳定性和健康价值具有重要意义[27]。表5数据显示,优化配方饼干在物理指标方面表现出显著优势。相比其他配方,优化配方饼干的铺展比为最小值4.99±0.12,说明优化配方使饼干在烘烤过程中膨胀适中,结构更紧密。同时,其烘烤损失率最低,为18.94%±0.23%,表明优化配方的饼干在烘烤过程中水分保持能力更强。在营养指标方面,优化配方的饼干同样表现出色。其水分含量略高,为2.64%±0.07%,有助于保持饼干的柔软度。粗脂肪含量也较高,为26.95%±0.55%,可增强风味和口感。淀粉含量为54.73%±0.82%,有利于提高结构稳定性[28]。这些结果表明,优化配方不仅提升了饼干的感官品质,还增强了其物理稳定性和保质能力。此外,优化配方的饼干在碱度和pH方面也表现出良好的稳定性,碱度为0.19%±0.02%,pH为6.62±0.02,均优于空白和基础配方。
酥性饼干的典型质构特征为酥松易碎,较低的硬度和咀嚼度有助于维持其独特的口感[29]。根据图3的质构分析结果,三种配方在硬度、脆度和咀嚼度方面存在显著差异。杜仲叶微粉的加入使酥性饼干的硬度和咀嚼度有所提高,这可能与其持水能力相关,该特性增强了饼干成分间的结合力,从而使质构更为紧密[30]。为优化饼干的质构与口感,降低杜仲叶微粉所致的硬度增加,本研究对饼干配方进行改良,调整了杜仲叶微粉与其他成分的比例,并优化了烘焙工艺参数。结果表明,优化配方中的各成分协同作用,使饼干在保持结构稳定的同时,显著降低了饼干的硬度和脆度,改善了整体食用体验,使饼干在保持优良质构的基础上,具备更加理想的酥松口感。
通过扫描电镜观察不同配方下的饼干微观结构(图4),发现空白配方(未添加杜仲叶微粉)饼干孔洞较多且密集,而基础配方(添加杜仲叶微粉)饼干的孔洞数量减少,结构更加紧密。这表明杜仲叶微粉的加入促进了饼干中淀粉与各营养物质的连接,使淀粉颗粒在面筋网络中排列更加紧密,从而增加了饼干的硬度。且由表5中的孔隙率数据可知,基础配方孔隙率为43.65%±0.93%,明显低于空白配方(47.29%±0.35%),进一步证实了这一观察结果。而优化配方饼干的孔隙率高达50.91%±0.71%,显著高于其他组,这表明其内部结构更疏松,有助于提升酥脆性,说明配方优化有效调整了杜仲叶微粉对酥性饼干的影响,使其既保留了营养和功能特性,又具备了酥脆的口感[31]。
本研究对不同配方饼干的抗氧化性能及功能性成分进行了深入分析,结果表明,添加杜仲叶微粉的饼干在抗氧化能力及相关功能性成分含量上均显著优于空白对照组饼干(P<0.05)。由图5可知,在抗氧化性能方面,发现优化后的饼干相比空白对照组饼干,DPPH自由基清除率从37.97%±0.55%升到67.12%±0.63%、ABTS+自由基清除率从65.26%±0.89%上升到75.77%±0.98%、羟自由基清除能力从66.26%±0.17%上升到81.54%±1.51%,以及铁离子还原能力从21.59±0.14 μg/g上升到28.13±0.62 μg/g。这些结果表明,杜仲叶微粉的添加显著增强了饼干的抗氧化性能,使其能够更有效地清除体内的自由基,发挥抗氧化作用。
进一步分析杜仲叶微粉中的功能性成分,发现与空白组相比,优化配方饼干的总黄酮含量从5.03±0.07 mg/mL增至6.61±0.03 mg/mL;总酚含量也从0.64±0.02 mg/g增至1.53±0.03 mg/g;胆酸钠吸附容量从16.06±0.48 mg/g提高到21.17±0.53 mg/g。优化后的饼干在抗氧化性能上的提升可能主要得益于杜仲叶微粉的添加及其功能性成分的作用。杜仲叶微粉富含多种抗氧化活性物质,如黄酮类化合物、酚类物质等,这些成分在饼干制作过程中得到有效保留和释放。此外,杜仲叶微粉还含有多糖、绿原酸等多种功能性成分,既增强了饼干的抗氧化能力,又赋予其多种健康功能。其中胆酸钠吸附容量的提高表明优化组饼干在调节人体胆固醇代谢方面可能具备潜在优势。因为胆酸钠作为胆固醇肠道吸收的关键介质,杜仲叶微粉中的特定成分能够与之结合,从而抑制胆固醇的吸收,有助于降低血液中的胆固醇水平[32]。同时,优化后的制作工艺可能也有助于提高这些功能性成分的利用率和稳定性,使得饼干在保存和食用过程中能够更好地保持其抗氧化性能和功能性成分含量。
本研究通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS),分析了空白组、基础组以及配方优化后的饼干挥发性风味成分。其中酯类化合物是由酸和醇通过酯化反应形成的,它们在风味上扮演着关键角色。醛类化合物主要源自脂肪的氧化分解,它们的阈值较低,对饼干的风味有着显著的贡献。而醇类化合物通常带有植物的芳香,能够提供愉悦的风味体验[14]。如图6所示,优化组饼干中的醇类物质种类相较于空白组有所增加,而醛类和酯类物质的种类变化则不显著。相比之下,芳香族化合物的种类在优化组中比基础组有所减少。在相对含量方面,优化组的醇类物质含量明显高于基础组和空白组,而芳香族化合物含量则有所下降,酯类物质的含量变化不大。结果发现,优化组的饼干在口感和风味上均有所提升,这主要得益于醇类物质的增加。同时优化组饼干的风味分析显示,醇类化合物如异蒲勒醇、芳樟醇、1-辛烯-3-醇和苯乙醇分别赋予了薄荷、铃兰、薰衣草和玫瑰的香气[33]。醛类化合物如苯甲醛、癸醛、苯乙醛、壬醛和4-乙基苯甲醛则提供了苦杏仁、柑橘和花香[34]。分析表明,醇类化合物的增加提升了饼干的口感和风味,而芳香族化合物的减少可能会对某些特定风味产生一定影响,但总体而言,优化组的饼干在整体风味上更加均衡和谐。同时,优化组中的饼干在保存过程中,其品质稳定性也表现得更为出色。这可能是由于醇类物质在抗氧化和抗菌方面具有一定的作用,从而延长了饼干的保质期[35]。
此外,通过对优化组饼干进行更深入的风味剖析,还发现了诸如酮类、酸类和烃类等化合物。酮类化合物通常带有果香和奶油香,能够为饼干增添一丝丰富的层次感。酸类化合物虽然含量不高,但它们的存在对平衡整体风味至关重要,能够增添一丝清新的感觉。烃类化合物则主要赋予饼干一种独特的油脂香气。这些化合物共同作用,使得优化组的饼干在风味上更加复杂多变,满足了消费者对美味与新鲜感的追求[36]。同时在感官品评中,优化组饼干在香气浓郁度、口感酥松度和整体风味协调性方面的评分均显著高于空白组和基础组。综上所述,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术的分析,揭示了优化组饼干在挥发性风味成分上的变化,探讨了这些变化对饼干口感和风味的具体影响。这为进一步优化饼干生产工艺、提升产品品质提供了有力的科学依据。
在食品工业中,产品的货架期是评估其市场寿命和消费者接受度的重要指标[37]。为验证优化配方的可行性,本研究对不同配方饼干在7、14、21、28、35、42 d的贮藏期内的感官评分、硬度以及过氧化值进行了测定。如图7A所示,空白组配方的饼干感官评分下降幅度显著高于基础组和优化组,这在一定程度上反映了杜仲叶中的抗氧化成分及其独特风味对提升饼干品质所起的积极作用。如图7B所示,添加了杜仲叶的饼干,其硬度随着贮藏周期的延长呈现出整体下降的趋势,但相较于未添加杜仲叶的饼干,其硬度降低的幅度相对较小,显示了杜仲叶对保持饼干质地稳定性的影响。由图7C可知,在贮藏饼干的过程中,其过氧化值呈现出显著的动态变化趋势。具体而言,随着贮藏时间的推移,不同配方饼干的过氧化值均呈现上升态势,但添加了杜仲叶的饼干,其过氧化值上升的速度明显较慢,这进一步证明了杜仲叶的抗氧化作用对延长饼干保质期的积极影响。综合以上几个指标分析,可知杜仲叶微粉在提升饼干品质、保持饼干质地稳定性以及延长饼干保质期等方面均展现出显著优势,验证了其在延长饼干货架期等方面的积极作用。
本研究基于单因素实验、模糊数学综合评价法和响应面试验对杜仲叶微粉酥性饼干的配方进行了优化,并从营养、质构、功能性和风味等多维度进行了分析。结果表明,优化配方的饼干在物理指标、营养成分、抗氧化性能和风味方面均显著优于空白组,其质构酥松,口感更佳,风味更加均衡和谐。与现有研究相比,本研究不仅验证了杜仲叶微粉在食品加工中的应用可行性,还通过科学方法解决了感官评价的主观性问题,为杜仲叶的综合利用提供了新思路。在理论和实用方面,本研究为杜仲叶微粉在烘焙食品中的应用提供了科学支持,丰富了相关研究内容,并为实际生产提供了有益参考。然而,本研究在饼干色泽、口感的进一步优化以及长期稳定性和市场接受度验证方面仍需进一步研究。未来的研究方向包括优化杜仲叶微粉的添加量和处理方法,深入研究其功能性成分的吸收和代谢机制,开展长期稳定性研究和市场调研,以推动其在健康食品领域的开发和应用。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010147
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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    1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
    2河南省食品原料工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023
    3三门峡市生物技术重点实验室,河南三门峡 472000

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韩四海(1972−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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