Article(id=1320889551766278597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120404, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735747200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854210082, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854210082, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854210082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854210082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=365, endPage=374, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889551992771014, articleId=1320889551766278597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Isolation, Identification of Mold in Walnuts during Storage and Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon Essential Oil against Dominant Species, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the quality deterioration and mold contamination issues in Shanxi walnuts during storage, this study focused on identifying mold species through morphological characterization and molecular biological techniques, evaluating the antifungal efficacy of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) against dominant fungal species, and elucidating its inhibitory mechanisms via mycelial morphology observation, cell membrane damage analysis, membrane lipid peroxidation assessment, and antioxidant enzyme activity determination. The results revealed that the predominant spoilage fungi isolated from moldy walnuts in Shanxi included Penicillium commune, Fusarium solani, Talaromyces verruculosus, Aspergillus tubingensis, Hypoxylon lateripigmentum, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus oryzae, with H. lateripigmentum and A. flavus being the dominant species. CEO exhibited significant antifungal activity against H. lateripigmentum, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.39 g/L that completely suppressed mycelial growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated severe morphological damage to fungal hyphae, characterized by increased surface roughness and granular structures. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CEO treatment at MIC induced membrane dysfunction, evidenced by a increase in relative conductivity, along with reductions in reducing sugars (65%), soluble proteins (61%), and ergosterol content (57.41%). Concurrently, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased, indicating aggravated oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that CEO inhibits H. lateripigmentum by disrupting cell membrane integrity, altering permeability, intensifying lipid peroxidation, and suppressing antioxidant enzyme systems. This study provides theoretical support for developing plant essential oil-based green antifungal technologies to mitigate walnut spoilage during storage and preservation.

, authors=Doudou ZHANG1, Shaocong WEN1, Kangjing LUO1, Jianbing DI1, 2, *, authorsList=Doudou ZHANG, Shaocong WEN, Kangjing LUO, Jianbing DI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianbing DI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889555994137051, articleId=1320889551766278597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=贮藏期核桃霉菌分离鉴定及肉桂精油对优势霉菌的抑菌效果研究, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决山西核桃贮藏期间因霉菌污染导致的品质劣变与防控问题,本文以山西核桃为研究对象,结合形态特征与分子生物学技术对核桃种的霉菌进行鉴定,使用肉桂精油对优势菌种进行抑菌效果的测定,并通过菌丝形态、细胞膜损伤机制、膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性,探讨肉桂精油对优势菌种的抑菌机理。结果表明,从山西腐烂核桃中分离得到的致腐菌包括团青霉(Penicillium commune)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、疣孢蓝状菌(Talaromyces verruculosus)、塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tubingensis)、侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum)、土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)。其中,侧色素炭团菌(H. lateripigmentum)和黄曲霉(A. flavus)为优势菌群。肉桂精油对侧色素炭团菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.39 g/L,经过0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理后,菌丝生长被完全抑制;扫描电子显微镜结果显示,肉桂精油处理后的菌丝表面变得更加粗糙,且颗粒状结构增多,菌丝形态遭到破坏。经0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理的侧色素碳团菌相对电导率上升,还原糖、可溶性蛋白和麦角固醇质量分数分别减少了65%、61%和57.41%,菌体SOD和CAT酶活性下降,MDA含量上升。肉桂精油对侧色素炭团菌具有良好的抑菌效果,通过破坏细胞膜结构,改变膜通透性、加剧细胞膜质过氧化,抑制抗氧化体系酶活性等途径发挥抑菌作用。研究结果为在核桃储存和保鲜期间有效防止霉变提供了理论支持。

, authors=张豆豆1, 文绍聪1, 罗康菁1, 狄建兵1, 2, *, authorsList=张豆豆, 文绍聪, 罗康菁, 狄建兵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=狄建兵, authorNote=

张豆豆(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

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狄建兵(1978−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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Journal of China Agricultural University, 2024, 29(7): 103−113., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889556216435164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889556224823773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, companyId=1320889556216435164, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889556233212382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, companyId=1320889556216435164, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889556300321247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889556308709856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, companyId=1320889556300321247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shanxi Provincial Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Storage, Preservation, and Processing Technology, Jinzhong 030801, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889556317098465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, companyId=1320889556300321247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山西省果蔬贮藏保鲜与加工技术创新中心,山西晋中 030801)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889559928394243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Colony morphology and microscopic characterization of the strain, figureFileSmall=5zM+2b3oHeyVlO4AoQnDag==, figureFileBig=+jPLDqDRnv8K4IxeRyQdLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560020668932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株菌落形态以及显微形态特征

注:A为菌株菌落形态;B为菌株显微形态。

, figureFileSmall=5zM+2b3oHeyVlO4AoQnDag==, figureFileBig=+jPLDqDRnv8K4IxeRyQdLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560201024005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Amplification results of ITS fragments, figureFileSmall=L5Xp5g+3LkKp4BZ9YU14TQ==, figureFileBig=GmklMwON8zMRl7ggJn8ucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560263938566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ITS片段扩增结果

注:目标条带大小基于同批次Marker(M)迁移距离确定,右侧Marker仅作示意图展示。

, figureFileSmall=L5Xp5g+3LkKp4BZ9YU14TQ==, figureFileBig=GmklMwON8zMRl7ggJn8ucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560326853127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Phylogenetic tree of 11 strains of bacteria constructed based on ITS region sequences, figureFileSmall=5nijMgGfO641PGA9Zi/NFw==, figureFileBig=thGhorKRMHosa9WrRNKg2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560389767688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于ITS区序列构建的11株菌系统发育树, figureFileSmall=5nijMgGfO641PGA9Zi/NFw==, figureFileBig=thGhorKRMHosa9WrRNKg2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560452682249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different concentrations of cinnamon essential oil on mycelial growth (A) and colony diameter (B) in H. lateripigmentum, figureFileSmall=euKxHWrN0J2n+n3nVetLvQ==, figureFileBig=HoMbx+yteRcSPHTW11i8NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889560519791114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度肉桂精油对Hypoxylon lateripigmentum菌丝生长(A)和菌落直径(B)的影响

注:图中不同字母表示数据有显著性差异(P<0.05),图8~图10同。

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注:图中不同字母表示数据有显著性差异,在A图中,显著性(P<0.05)表示同一浓度不同时间点的相对电导率差异。

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Diameter of mold colonies isolated from decayed walnuts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(d)菌落直径(cm)
C01C02C03C05C10C11C13C14C16C19C21
20.76±0.071.35±0.061.47±0.030.21±0.082.33±0.270.29±0.120.74±0.162.19±0.291.68±0.052.68±0.256.81±0.15
31.26±0.062.38±0.091.58±0.031.61±0.33.39±0.332.57±0.091.46±0.073.72±0.183.22±0.093.72±0.328.75±0.35
41.81±0.083.38±0.112.34±0.093.94±0.314.60±0.063.30±0.252.37±0.094.71±0.183.68±0.055.38±0.30长满
52.38±0.074.36±0.082.71±0.185.96±0.425.73±0.154.17±0.233.21±0.095.93±0.304.39±0.086.73±0.08长满
63.70±0.077.03±0.203.33±0.137.56±0.216.82±0.045.72±0.154.24±0.027.82±0.195.88±0.177.65±0.18长满
74.32±0.11长满4.12±0.078.34±0.237.56±0.036.68±0.064.54±0.048.73±0.117.90±0.188.74±0.24长满
84.82±0.07长满4.71±0.17长满长满7.21±0.065.89±0.13长满长满长满长满
95.20±0.02长满5.43±0.06长满长满8.03±0.566.75±0.11长满长满长满长满
平均每天生
长速率(cm/d)
0.64±0.11c1.482±0.483ab0.64±0.09c1.66±0.351a1.103±0.178abc0.90±0.11bc0.86±0.12bc1.25±0.31abc1.21±0.27abc1.16±0.15abc1.68±0.06 a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889561555784216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

腐败核桃分离霉菌菌落直径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(d)菌落直径(cm)
C01C02C03C05C10C11C13C14C16C19C21
20.76±0.071.35±0.061.47±0.030.21±0.082.33±0.270.29±0.120.74±0.162.19±0.291.68±0.052.68±0.256.81±0.15
31.26±0.062.38±0.091.58±0.031.61±0.33.39±0.332.57±0.091.46±0.073.72±0.183.22±0.093.72±0.328.75±0.35
41.81±0.083.38±0.112.34±0.093.94±0.314.60±0.063.30±0.252.37±0.094.71±0.183.68±0.055.38±0.30长满
52.38±0.074.36±0.082.71±0.185.96±0.425.73±0.154.17±0.233.21±0.095.93±0.304.39±0.086.73±0.08长满
63.70±0.077.03±0.203.33±0.137.56±0.216.82±0.045.72±0.154.24±0.027.82±0.195.88±0.177.65±0.18长满
74.32±0.11长满4.12±0.078.34±0.237.56±0.036.68±0.064.54±0.048.73±0.117.90±0.188.74±0.24长满
84.82±0.07长满4.71±0.17长满长满7.21±0.065.89±0.13长满长满长满长满
95.20±0.02长满5.43±0.06长满长满8.03±0.566.75±0.11长满长满长满长满
平均每天生
长速率(cm/d)
0.64±0.11c1.482±0.483ab0.64±0.09c1.66±0.351a1.103±0.178abc0.90±0.11bc0.86±0.12bc1.25±0.31abc1.21±0.27abc1.16±0.15abc1.68±0.06 a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889561622893081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Incidence of mold contamination in walnuts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标C01C02C03C05C10C11C13C14C16C19C21
检出霉菌个数642236194047100100937871
霉菌发生率(%)642236194047100100937871
), ArticleFig(id=1320889561685807642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889551766278597, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

核桃污染霉菌发生率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标C01C02C03C05C10C11C13C14C16C19C21
检出霉菌个数642236194047100100937871
霉菌发生率(%)642236194047100100937871
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贮藏期核桃霉菌分离鉴定及肉桂精油对优势霉菌的抑菌效果研究
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张豆豆 1 , 文绍聪 1 , 罗康菁 1 , 狄建兵 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(2): 365-374
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (2) : 365 -374
贮藏期核桃霉菌分离鉴定及肉桂精油对优势霉菌的抑菌效果研究
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张豆豆1 , 文绍聪1, 罗康菁1, 狄建兵1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801
  • 2山西省果蔬贮藏保鲜与加工技术创新中心,山西晋中 030801
通讯作者:
狄建兵(1978−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张豆豆(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

Isolation, Identification of Mold in Walnuts during Storage and Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon Essential Oil against Dominant Species
Doudou ZHANG1 , Shaocong WEN1, Kangjing LUO1, Jianbing DI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
  • 2Shanxi Provincial Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Storage, Preservation, and Processing Technology, Jinzhong 030801, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120404
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为解决山西核桃贮藏期间因霉菌污染导致的品质劣变与防控问题,本文以山西核桃为研究对象,结合形态特征与分子生物学技术对核桃种的霉菌进行鉴定,使用肉桂精油对优势菌种进行抑菌效果的测定,并通过菌丝形态、细胞膜损伤机制、膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性,探讨肉桂精油对优势菌种的抑菌机理。结果表明,从山西腐烂核桃中分离得到的致腐菌包括团青霉(Penicillium commune)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、疣孢蓝状菌(Talaromyces verruculosus)、塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tubingensis)、侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum)、土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)。其中,侧色素炭团菌(H. lateripigmentum)和黄曲霉(A. flavus)为优势菌群。肉桂精油对侧色素炭团菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.39 g/L,经过0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理后,菌丝生长被完全抑制;扫描电子显微镜结果显示,肉桂精油处理后的菌丝表面变得更加粗糙,且颗粒状结构增多,菌丝形态遭到破坏。经0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理的侧色素碳团菌相对电导率上升,还原糖、可溶性蛋白和麦角固醇质量分数分别减少了65%、61%和57.41%,菌体SOD和CAT酶活性下降,MDA含量上升。肉桂精油对侧色素炭团菌具有良好的抑菌效果,通过破坏细胞膜结构,改变膜通透性、加剧细胞膜质过氧化,抑制抗氧化体系酶活性等途径发挥抑菌作用。研究结果为在核桃储存和保鲜期间有效防止霉变提供了理论支持。

核桃  /  霉菌  /  侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum)  /  肉桂精油  /  分离鉴定  /  抑菌效果

To address the quality deterioration and mold contamination issues in Shanxi walnuts during storage, this study focused on identifying mold species through morphological characterization and molecular biological techniques, evaluating the antifungal efficacy of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) against dominant fungal species, and elucidating its inhibitory mechanisms via mycelial morphology observation, cell membrane damage analysis, membrane lipid peroxidation assessment, and antioxidant enzyme activity determination. The results revealed that the predominant spoilage fungi isolated from moldy walnuts in Shanxi included Penicillium commune, Fusarium solani, Talaromyces verruculosus, Aspergillus tubingensis, Hypoxylon lateripigmentum, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus oryzae, with H. lateripigmentum and A. flavus being the dominant species. CEO exhibited significant antifungal activity against H. lateripigmentum, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.39 g/L that completely suppressed mycelial growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated severe morphological damage to fungal hyphae, characterized by increased surface roughness and granular structures. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CEO treatment at MIC induced membrane dysfunction, evidenced by a increase in relative conductivity, along with reductions in reducing sugars (65%), soluble proteins (61%), and ergosterol content (57.41%). Concurrently, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased, indicating aggravated oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that CEO inhibits H. lateripigmentum by disrupting cell membrane integrity, altering permeability, intensifying lipid peroxidation, and suppressing antioxidant enzyme systems. This study provides theoretical support for developing plant essential oil-based green antifungal technologies to mitigate walnut spoilage during storage and preservation.

walnut  /  mold  /  Hypoxylon lateripigmentum  /  cinnamon essential oil  /  isolation and identification  /  antifungal activity
张豆豆, 文绍聪, 罗康菁, 狄建兵. 贮藏期核桃霉菌分离鉴定及肉桂精油对优势霉菌的抑菌效果研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 365 -374 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120404
Doudou ZHANG, Shaocong WEN, Kangjing LUO, Jianbing DI. Isolation, Identification of Mold in Walnuts during Storage and Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon Essential Oil against Dominant Species[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 365 -374 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120404
核桃,亦称胡桃(Juglans regia L.),隶属于胡桃科(Juglandaceae)胡桃属(Juglans),是一种具有重要经济和药用价值的植物[1]。其果实广泛应用于干果及木本油料的生产领域。核桃有着丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,植物固醇以及生育酚[2]。中医曾记载核桃可以补气益血、温肺润肠、黑须发的功能,并被大家公认为核桃具有延年益寿,强身健体等功效[3]。然而,核桃在贮藏过程中容易霉变,这不仅导致食用价值的流失,还降低了其经济价值。核桃在贮藏过程会受到各种真菌的污染。目前,国内外研究表明,引起核桃腐败变质的主要霉菌包括链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、毛霉属(Mucor)、核盘菌属(Monilinia)、青霉属(Penicillium)以及根霉属(Rhizopus)[4−6]等。不同地区的霉菌种类存在显著差异,其构成也因区域而异。因此,防止核桃霉变具有重要意义。
目前已经采用了辐照、冷等离子体、气调包装、受控气氛中的二氧化氯和双乙酸钠处理以及食用薄膜(壳聚糖与茶提取物结合)来保持核桃或核桃仁的采后品质[7−10]。然而,由于作用复杂、成本高昂以及抗真菌效果不佳,在实践应用中十分困难。值得注意的是,肉桂精油是从干燥的肉桂皮中萃取得到的挥发油,是一类具有广谱抑菌性能的物质。作为一种无毒害、无污染、无残留、低成本且活性高的天然的具有较强抑菌活性的提取物,肉桂精油在食物保鲜方面已经有广泛应用[11]。肉桂精油对蓝莓采后主要病原菌尖孢镰刀菌、链格孢菌和灰葡萄孢菌均有较好的抑制效果[12]。研究结果表明,肉桂精油可以有效延长草莓的货架期[13]。此外,现有研究证实肉桂精油对多种霉菌具有抑菌活性,可以抑制病原菌菌丝生长[14]。然而,很少有报道将肉桂精油应用于抑制核桃霉变。
目前对核桃霉变的研究主要在云南等云贵地区以及新疆等地,对山西核桃的研究较少。本文以山西核桃为研究对象,探讨其在贮藏期内的霉菌种类,并测定肉桂精油对核桃中优势菌种的抗菌效果及机理。本研究可为解决山西及周边地区核桃在贮藏与运输中的品质劣变问题提供理论依据,并为开发核桃绿色防霉技术提供科学支撑。
霉变核桃样品 采自山西省晋中市太谷区的核桃贮藏区,核桃样品采集时,选择了储存环境条件较为潮湿的仓库,且贮藏温度在20~25 ℃之间,相对湿度维持在75%~85%。样品在采集后未经过任何处理,直接用于后续的真菌分析;孟加拉红(rose bengal agar,RBA)培养基(微生物培养基级)、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)培养基(微生物培养基级)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;真菌DNA提取试剂盒 上海生工生物工程股份有限公司;肉桂精油 广州晶晶生物科技有限公司;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)试剂盒 南京建业生物工程研究所;氯化钠(分析纯) 天津市风船化学试剂有限公司。
LRHS9-250-Ⅱ恒温恒湿培养箱 上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;SW-CJ-2FB型双人单面净化工作台 浙江绍兴博伟仪器设备有限公司;LDZX-75KBS型立式高压灭菌锅 上海申安医疗器械厂;MXY数码生物显微镜 宁波舜宁仪器有限公司;Mini Pro 300V Power Supply 电泳仪 美国Major Science公司;DDS-307电导率仪 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;UV-1100紫外-可见分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;TM-3000扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司。
参照 GB 4789. 15-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验霉菌和酵母计数》[15]的方法进行检测。将霉变核桃置于超净工作台内,称取25 g霉变核桃样品,加入225 mL无菌水至锥形瓶中。充分摇匀后,使用振荡器振荡1 h,配制出稀释梯度为10−1、10−2、10−3、10−4、10−5、10−6的悬浮液。取1 mL稀释液接种于孟加拉红琼脂培养基平板(每平板含培养基约20~25 mL),每个样品重复接种三次,计算平均值。同时,取1 mL无菌水加入3个无菌平皿作为空白对照。在孟加拉红琼脂培养基上观察菌落的形态特征,包括颜色、结构及菌丝形态。挑选数量较多且形态差异显著的单菌落,使用接种针通过直接点植法接种至PDA和RBA培养基。确保培养基无其他杂菌污染后,在28 ℃条件下连续纯化培养3代,纯化后的菌株于4 ℃保存备用,用于后续试验。
将100个自然条件下4霉变核桃使用1.2.1的方法对霉菌的种类和数量进行统计,并计算霉菌发生率,确定优势菌种。
将分离得到的霉菌分别接种于5个PDA培养基平板的中央,在28 ℃恒温培养7 d。期间,观察菌落的颜色和形态特征,并测量菌落直径。每隔12 h记录一次各霉菌的生长情况,以便分析其生长动态。从各菌落边缘挑取菌丝,分别制备玻片,并使用光学显微镜观察霉菌的孢子形态及产孢结构,记录其显微特征。
参考郜海燕等[16]的方法。将霉菌接种于PDA培养基,置于28 ℃下培养6~7 d,从培养基中刮取新鲜的菌丝。采用真菌DNA提取试剂盒进行DNA的提取。以分离得到的霉菌菌株基因组为模板进行PCR扩增,扩增引物为:ITS1(5'-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3'),ITS4(5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3')。扩增反应体系为:基因组DNA 1.0 μL,10×Buffer(含2.5 mmol/L Mg2+)5.0 μL,Taq聚合酶(5 μ/μL)1.0 μL,dNTP(10 mmol/L)1.0 μL,ITS1引物(10 μmol/L)1.5 μL,ITS4引物(10 μmol/L)1.5 μL,ddH2O 39.0 μL,总体积为50.0 μL。反应程序为95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共30个循环;最后72 ℃延伸10 min。扩增产物用1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,在凝胶成像仪上进行观察并拍照,将PCR产物提交至南京派森诺基因科技有限公司进行测序。测序完成后,利用NCBI的GenBank数据库对获得的序列进行BLAST比对,同时进行多序列比对分析,选取与之相似性较高的标准菌株基因序列,并使用MEGA 11.0软件进行系统发育分析,采用邻接法构建系统发育树。
参照Ding等[17]的方法进行抑菌率的测定,并稍作修改。将肉桂精油溶解在含有1%的DMSO的无菌蒸馏水中,并添加到PDA培养基中,使PDA中的最终浓度为0、0.1、0.2、0.39和0.78 g/L。无菌蒸馏水混合1%的DMSO为对照组。从培养10 d的PDA培养基上切除直径为0.8 cm的圆片。将这些圆片放置在含CEO浓度为0、0.1、0.2、0.39和0.78 g/L的PDA培养基上,并在28 ℃下培养。每24 h测量一次菌落大小,并计算这些测量值的平均值。
根据Risslegger等[18]描述微量稀释法进行肉桂精油的MIC测定,并稍作修改。将肉桂精油溶解在5% Tween 80溶液中。在96孔板中首先加入100 μL的PDA液体培养基,之后将100 μL浓度范围为0.2~100 g/L的CEO稀释液与孢子悬浮液一起添加到96孔板中,以只含有PDA液体培养基的孔为对照组(CK)。在28 ℃下孵育48 h后,向每个孔中加入15 μL 0.1%刃天青溶液,并将板在黑暗环境中再孵育24 h。颜色从蓝色(氧化态)变为粉红色或无色(还原态)表明存在真菌。完全抑制菌丝生长的CEO的最低浓度记录为MIC。
参照Kelly等[19]的方法,并稍作修改。配制含有0、0.1、0.2、0.39、0.78、1.56 g/L肉桂精油的PDA培养基,从培养10 d的PDA培养基上切除直径为0.8 cm的圆片。将这些圆片放置在含CEO浓度为0、0.1、0.2、0.39和0.78 g/L的PDA培养基上,并在28 ℃下培养。仅对可获取完整菌丝的处理组(0.1~0.2 g/L)进行观察,MIC浓度(0.39 g/L)下菌丝完全抑制,无结构可供分析;培养7 d后,刮取菌丝。使用2.5%的戊二醛溶液固定过夜,洗去固定液,使用梯度乙醇脱水,预冷后冷冻干燥。样品喷金后用扫描电镜观察。
将0.1 g菌丝体重悬于10 mL不同浓度的肉桂精油去离子水中(0、0.1、0.2、0.39、0.78 g/L)。使用电导率仪测定0、2、4、6和8 h菌丝溶液的电导率。将菌丝溶液煮沸后、冷却至室温,测量煮沸后的电导率值。按照公式(1)计算相对电导率。
$ 相对电导率(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{L}}_{1}-{\mathrm{L}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{L}}_{2}-{\mathrm{L}}_{0}}\times 100$
式中,L0表示0 h的电导率值;L1表示处理组的电导率值;L2表示煮沸后的电导率值。
采用Pei等[20]的方法,并稍作修改。配制磷酸盐缓冲液、牛血清蛋白液和考马斯亮蓝G-250溶液,制作可溶性蛋白标准曲线。配制PDB培养基,共设18个锥形瓶,倒入100 mL PDB培养基,每个锥形瓶中放入3个6 mm菌饼,每个处理3次重复,封口置28 ℃摇床中摇晃培养;3 d后加入肉桂精油使质量浓度分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.39和0.78 g/L,摇匀后封口继续置于28 ℃摇床中摇晃3 d。培养结束后将菌团取出,分离琼脂,冲洗3次;将菌丝冰浴研磨成匀浆后离心,取上清液。取考马斯亮蓝G-250溶液3 mL,向其中加入待测样品50 μL,静置10 min后,于酶标仪595 nm波长下测定其吸光度。
根据1.2.8.2的方法得到菌丝体。按照袁康等[21]的方法进行测定。使用无菌蒸馏水冲洗两遍后加入5 mL 25%的氢氧化钾-乙醇溶液。漩涡振荡3 min,85 ℃水浴3 h,加入2 mL蒸馏水和5 mL正庚烷后振荡3 min,收集正庚烷层溶液,测定麦角固醇含量。
测定方法参考袁康等[21]报道的方法。按照1.2.8.2的方法得到上清液,采用硫代巴比妥酸法测样品种丙二醛含量,将2.0 mL上清液与2.0 mL 0.67%硫代巴比妥酸溶液混匀,沸水浴20 min,用上述方法再离心1次,取上清液测定OD450 nm、OD532 nm、OD600 nm。
使用超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性检测试剂盒测定SOD酶活性。按照1.2.8.2的方法得到菌丝体上清液,经试剂盒处理后,在560 nm处测定吸光值。
按照1.2.8.2的方法得到菌丝体上清液,使用过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性检测试剂盒测定CAT酶活性,在240 nm处测定吸光值。
系统发育树使用MEGA 11作图。所有结果以三次独立实验的均值±标准误(SEM)表示。统计分析使用SPSS 27.0软件进行。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)评估各组间差异。若差异显著,使用Tukey的诚实显著差异(HSD)检验进行事后多重比较,统计显著性设定为P<0.05。使用Origin Pro 2021 64 Bit软件进行作图。
表1展示了贮藏期核桃中分离出的11株代表性菌株在培养过程中菌落生长直径的变化情况。结果显示,C21和C05菌株的生长速度较快,平均生长速率分别为1.681 cm/d和1.66 cm/d。其中,C21菌株在培养的第3 d即覆盖了整个培养皿。C02、C14、C16和C19菌株的平均生长速率分别为1.482、1.25、1.21和1.16 cm/d,其生长速率均超过了除C21和C05以外的其他菌株。C01和C03菌株的平均生长速率较为缓慢,为0.64 cm/d,且始终低于其他菌株的生长速度。
从霉变核桃种分离出11种霉菌如图1所示。C01菌株在PDA培养基上呈不规则圆形,表面有大量放射状皱纹,中心为脐状突起,质地绒毛状。菌丝体边缘为白色,中部呈豆绿色,伴有淡黄色的环状结构。菌丝带有隔膜并具有分支,呈小瓶状,顶端细长,轮状分枝或位于短侧枝上。根据青霉属形态分类标准[22−23],初步鉴定C01菌株为青霉属(Penicillium sp.)真菌。
C02菌株在PDA培养基上形成圆形的菌落,表面光滑,中央稍微凸起,菌丝呈现絮状分布。菌落初期呈白色,随着生长进程,后期中心部分可能出现黄色的气生菌丝。分生孢子分为两种形态,大型孢子多为纺锤形或椭圆形,小型孢子呈长椭圆状,菌丝则具隔膜结构。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]初步鉴定C02菌株为镰刀菌属(Fusarium sp.)真菌。
C03菌株菌落在PDA培养基上为圆形,呈现豆绿色绒状,中心有脐状突起。分生孢子梗为轮生帚状枝;分生孢子呈现梭形。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]以及文献[24−25]描述,初步鉴定C03菌株为篮状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)真菌。
C05菌株的菌落在PDA培养基上呈圆形,表面绒毛状,边缘整齐。菌落早期为白色,产孢后变为土黄色。显微观察显示,分生孢子为短梗型,底部膨大为球形,孢子的形状为椭圆,排列成长链状。依据菌落形态[22]和显微结构特征[26]初步鉴定C05菌株为拟青霉属(Paecilomyces sp.)真菌。
C10菌株在PDA培养基上为圆形,可见明显的放射性沟纹,边缘具有白色的菌丝体,质地为丝绒状,可见清晰的圈带,菌落由边缘至中间颜色逐渐加深。分生孢子梗光滑无隔膜。与文留坤等[27]描述一致,因此初步鉴定C10菌株为曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)真菌。
C11菌株的菌落在PDA培养基呈圆形,质地紧密,表面平坦且中央略微隆起。菌落中央为淡黄色,边缘呈白色。分生孢子梗较长,顶端膨大成近球形,顶囊较小为球形。分生孢子呈球形。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]初步鉴定C11菌株为曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)真菌。
C13菌株菌落为圆形,菌落中间有明显突起。菌落正面为褐色,背面为黑褐色,产色素。菌丝稀疏、菌丝生长速度较慢。孢子菌丝为圆筒状,孢子为近纺锤形。根据菌落形态[22]以及显微形态特征[28]初步鉴定C13菌株为碳团菌属(Hypoxylon sp.)真菌。
C14菌株菌落在PDA培养基上为较规则圆形,具有清晰的圈带,边缘带有放射状沟纹。菌丝初期为黄色,随后转为黄褐色,成熟后颜色进一步加深,由边缘向中心逐渐过渡。孢子通过顶囊以小锤状排列串生。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]以及文献描述[29]初步鉴定C14株为曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)真菌。
C16菌株菌落在PDA培养基上为圆形,无褶皱,菌落绒状。菌落前期边缘为白色,中间为淡绿色,菌落后期颜色逐渐转为烟绿色或暗绿色。分生孢子头呈短柱状,顶囊形似烧瓶,菌丝具有隔膜,分生孢子形态为球形。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]初步鉴定C16菌株为曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)真菌。
C19菌株菌落在PDA培养基上为圆形,有放射性褶皱,表面突起为毛绒状,边缘粗糙,孢子为黑色。分生孢子梗无隔膜,顶囊为近球形。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]初步鉴定C19菌株为曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)真菌。
C21菌株在PDA培养基上的菌落特征表现为圆形,边缘整齐。菌落初期呈白色絮状,质地疏松且较大;菌丝生长迅速,但匍匐菌丝不发达。随着生长,菌落逐渐变得稠密,并生成大量黑色孢子。显微观察显示,孢子囊呈现球形,先为白色,后变为青黑色。根据真菌鉴定手册[22]初步鉴定C21菌株为根霉属(Rhizopus sp.)真菌。
以分离得到的霉菌菌株基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,使用ITS1和ITS4作为扩增引物。部分扩增结果如图2所示,均成功获得约600 bp的单一条带,其大小范围在500~750 bp之间,可用于后续鉴定分析。
以11个菌株的基因组DNA为模板,使用真核生物ITS通用引物进行特异性PCR扩增,并将获得的序列提交至GenBank数据库进行相似性比对分析。选取同源性较高的已知菌株ITS序列,与所测菌株的ITS全序列进行比对。利用MEGA11.0软件,基于Kimura-2-parameter模型并采用Neighbor-joining法构建分子进化树。根据真菌分类鉴定的原则,通过比对ITS区域的核苷酸序列,序列相似性大于99%的菌株被归为同种,而序列相似性介于95%至99%之间的菌株被归为同属[30]。结合形态学特征和分子生物学鉴定结果,由图3可知,菌株C01为团青霉(Penicillium commune),菌株C02为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani),菌株C03为疣孢篮状菌(Talaromyces verruculosus),菌株C05为大拟青霉(Paecilomyces maximus),菌株C10为塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tubingensis),菌株C11为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus),菌株C13为侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum),菌株C14为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus),菌株C16为烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus),菌株C19为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),菌株C21为米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)。
为验证核桃干果污染霉菌的优势菌群,对100个霉变核桃进行分离鉴定,霉菌发生率见表2。其中C13和C14数量较多,发生率为100%;C16、C19、C21以及C01的霉菌发生率为93%、78%、71%和64%;而C05、C02和C03数量较少,发生率分别为19%、22%和36%。结果表明,污染核桃的优势霉菌分别为C13和C14。
如图4A、图4B所示,随着肉桂精油浓度的增大,菌落直径显著(P<0.05)减小。在7 d时,与对照组(0 g/L)相比,肉桂精油浓度为0.1、0.2、0.39 g/L菌丝抑制率分别为24.82%、53.65%、100%,表明肉桂精油对H. lateripigmentum的菌丝生长抑制有明显作用。当肉桂精油浓度大等于0.39 g/L时,菌丝完全不生长。因此初步确定肉桂精油对H. lateripigmentum 的MIC为0.39 g/L。综上所述,肉桂精油浓度的增加,抑菌效果也显著上升。
MIC被定义为完全抑制菌丝生长的最低浓度。如图5所示,肉桂精油浓度为0.20 g/L时,仞天青被氧化为无色,表明有真菌的存在。当肉桂精油浓度为0.39 g/L时,仞天青未变色,表明H. lateripigmentm在肉桂精油浓度大于等于0.39 g/L时被完全抑制。因此,肉桂精油对H. lateripigmentm的MIC为0.39 g/L。
用扫描电镜观察肉桂精油对H. lateripigmentum菌丝的影响,由图6中可以看出未经肉桂精油处理的菌丝饱满,光滑。当使用0.1 g/L的肉桂精油处理菌丝时,菌丝出现不平整,粗糙,凹陷。当肉桂精油的浓度继续增加到0.2 g/L时,菌丝变化更加明显,菌丝表面变得更加粗糙,且颗粒状结构增多,菌丝形态遭到破坏。综上所述,肉桂精油可能破坏了菌丝的细胞壁从而使真菌死亡。
肉桂精油处理H. lateripigmentum菌丝体的电导率如图7A所示。随着肉桂精油浓度的增加以及处理时间的延长,相对电导率值增高。在处理8 h时,0.1、0.2、0.39、0.78 g/L肉桂精油处理组的相对电导率都显著高于处理0 h的相对电导率。而对于对照组,随着时间的延长,相对电导率并没有显著增加。因此,肉桂精油能够增加细胞膜电导率,表明肉桂精油处理可能破环了H. lateripigmentum的细胞结构。
细胞内容物的泄露是判定细胞膜损伤的重要指标。肉桂精油处理H. lateripigmentum菌丝体的还原糖和可溶性蛋白图7B和图7C所示,随着肉桂精油浓度的增加,细胞中还原糖和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐减少。与对照组(0 g/L)相比,0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理组还原糖和可溶性蛋白分别减少了65%和61%。0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理组还原糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著低于0、0.1、0.2 g/L浓度处理组(P<0.05)。综上,肉桂精油能够增加H. lateripigmentum细胞的通透性,推测可能是因为肉桂精油作为脂溶性物质,能够与H. lateripigmentum细胞膜中磷脂双分子层相互作用,因此导致了细胞膜的破损,从而导致细胞内容物的泄露,细胞内外物质交换失衡,进而导致H. lateripigmentum细胞死亡[31]。
麦角固醇是真菌细胞壁和细胞膜中重要组成成分,麦角固醇能够调节细胞膜流动性,维持细胞膜中蛋白酶的正常工作和质膜蛋白的定位功能。从图7D中可以看出,随着肉桂精油浓度的增加,麦角固醇质量分数逐渐下降,0.1、0.2、0.39、0.78 g/L的麦角固醇质量分数分别为56.19%、54.90%、28.19%和18.31%,对照组(0 g/L)麦角固醇质量分数显著高于各处理组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,经过0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理组的麦角固醇质量分数显著下降了57.41%。综上,肉桂精油可能抑制H. lateripigmentum中某些膜蛋白的功能,并且破坏了膜的完整性,从而抑制麦角固醇的生成,这可能会改变脂溶性和水溶性物质的运输速率,破坏细胞膜的选择透过性,从而使H. lateripigmentum细胞死亡[32]。
MDA是一种脂质过氧化产物,已被用作脂质过氧化标志物。肉桂精油处理肉桂精油处理H. lateripigmentum菌丝体的MDA含量如图8所示。随着肉桂精油浓度的增加,MDA含量也逐渐增加。0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理组的MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,0.1、0.2、0.39和0.78 g/L肉桂精油处理组的MDA含量增加了43.1%、57.2%、356.0%和376.4%。当肉桂精油为0.39 g/L以上浓度时,MDA增幅显著上升,表示该浓度处理加剧了细胞膜脂质过氧化作用。
SOD和CAT是细胞内重要的抗氧化酶,它们分别催化超氧化物自由基的歧化反应和过氧化氢的分解。这些酶的活性可以反映细胞的抗氧化能力。本研究检测了肉桂精油处理后菌丝体的SOD(图9)和CAT(图10)活性变化。随着肉桂精油浓度的升高,SOD和CAT活性均逐渐降低。与对照组(0 g/L)相比,0.39 g/L肉桂精油处理组的SOD和CAT活性分别下降了55%和81%。0.39 g/L及以上浓度时肉桂精油处理组的SOD和CAT活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综上,肉桂精油处理能够使H. lateripigmentum抗氧化体系酶活性被抑制,造成细胞的氧化损伤。
真菌种类较多,传统真菌鉴定依靠形态特征和生理生化指标来进行鉴定,但是这种方法会受主观经验及实验环境的影响且鉴定时间较长[33]。因此,采用ITS(内转录间隔区)序列分析成为一种更加精确、快速的鉴定方法。ITS序列分析通过比对数据库中的已知序列,可以有效区分不同种类的真菌,且鉴定结果具有较高的准确性和可重复性[34]。此外,ITS分析不受实验环境变化的影响,能够显著缩短鉴定时间,成为现代真菌鉴定的重要工具。
在属水平上,曲霉属是本研究中分离纯化最多的属,分别有塔宾曲霉、土曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉和烟曲霉五种。这与Yamato等[35]在对核桃、杏仁、榛子、腰果、开心果和花生相关的真菌进行分离鉴定发现曲霉属真菌所占比例较大的结果相似。曲霉属真菌广泛分布于自然界,是坚果和粮食中常见的污染菌。其中,一些曲霉种类还是重要的人体及动物条件致病菌[36]。根据污染环节可分为田间霉菌和贮藏霉菌。贮藏霉菌以曲霉菌为主,主要是指核桃在贮藏期间因温度、湿度、自身营养含量变化而产生的。目前的研究表明,在导致谷物、坚果、水果和蔬菜等食品腐败变质的霉菌中,曲霉是最常见的致腐菌之一[37]。张容鹄等[38]研究表明槟榔干果中的优势霉菌为灰绿曲霉(Aspergillus glaucus)和泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori),本文的研究结果与之相似。在种水平上,本研究结果显示侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum)和黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)为污染核桃的优势霉菌。该结果与侯琛元[29]在对新疆薄皮核桃的研究中发现,米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)是影响核桃品质变化的主要优势霉菌的结果稍有不同,造成这种差异的原因可能是生产地区的气候以及原材料上的不同。侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum)之所以在腐败核桃中成为优势菌群,可能得益于其木质素降解能力、较强的适应性以及对环境的竞争优。此外,它与环境因素(如气候、原材料特性)和其他微生物的相互作用,也可能进一步促进了其在特定生态环境中的优势地位。
肉桂精油具有良好的安全性、抗菌、抗氧化性等,能够通过直接接触的方式抑制核桃主要致病菌H. lateripigmentum菌丝生长。本研究结果表明肉桂精油能够破坏细胞膜的通透性和完整性,导致还原糖、可溶性蛋白、麦角固醇等物质流失,该结果与Zhao等[39]研究的肉桂精油抑制匍匐根霉的研究结果相似。MDA是膜脂质过氧化的重要产物之一,其含量与膜损伤程度呈正相关。CEO导致细MDA含量显著增加,这进一步表明CEO可以破坏细胞膜的完整性,与细胞外电导率和蛋白质含量的变化一致。此结果与Niu等[40]报道的肉桂醛处理的黑曲霉中的MDA含量变化相似。此外,本研究发现肉桂精油能够加剧H. lateripigmentum的细胞膜脂过氧化,SOD和CAT活性下降,表明肉桂精油可能加剧了H. lateripigmentum的氧化应激,并抑制了细胞的抗氧化防疫系统,从而使细胞更容易受到氧化损伤,该结果与孙泽鑫等[41]报道的肉桂精油处理导致苹果腐烂病菌和番茄灰霉病菌SOD酶活性下降,MDA含量上升导致膜脂质过氧化,破坏细胞结构的研究结果相似。
本实验通过传统形态学鉴定和分子生物学鉴定。结果显示:团青霉(Penicillium commune)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、疣孢篮状菌(Talaromyces verruculosus)、塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tubingensis)、侧色素炭团菌(Hypoxylon lateripigmentum)、土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavu)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)为山西腐烂核桃的致腐菌。其中侧色素炭团菌和黄曲霉为优势菌。此外,肉桂精油可以破坏H. lateripigmentum的菌丝形态、破坏细胞膜完整性和通透性、加剧细胞膜质过氧化,抑制抗氧化体系酶活性,从而发挥抑菌作用。本研究的发现为核桃在贮藏期间的霉变过程及其机制提供了生物学上的支持,同时为研发安全、环保且高效的核桃防霉技术奠定了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120404
  • 接收时间:2025-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-02
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    1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801
    2山西省果蔬贮藏保鲜与加工技术创新中心,山西晋中 030801

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狄建兵(1978−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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