Article(id=1320889529704235606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030221, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854204821, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854204821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854204821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854204821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=157, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889529880396375, articleId=1320889529704235606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Sous-vide Time on the Quality Characteristics and Microstructures of Ready-to-eat Chicken Liver, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problems of quality deterioration and taste decline associated with traditional high-temperature processing of ready-to-eat chicken liver, this study employed sous-vide technology to improve product quality. The effects of processing parameters on the quality characteristics and microstructure of chicken liver were systematically investigated. Particularly, the influence of different sous-vide durations (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 min) at 80 °C on various quality indicators, including cooking loss, moisture content, water activity, color, pH, shear force, texture characteristics, electronic nose analysis, secondary structure, microstructure, and sensory attributes was examined. The results demonstrated that with increasing cooking time, the cooking loss and pH of chicken liver samples in the sous-vide group increased significantly, whereas the moisture content, water activity, and L* and a* values decreased significantly (P<0.05). The tenderness of the chicken liver initially decreased and then increased, whereas texture characteristics and sensory scores first increased and then decreased with extended processing time (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the optimal processing time was determined to be 55 min, yielding the best overall quality. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the secondary protein structure shifted from α-helix to β-sheet with longer processing times (P<0.05). Furthermore, an appropriate sous-vide duration (55 min) promoted a more orderly and compact reticular microstructure in the chicken liver. In conclusion, the optimal sous-vide process for ready-to-eat chicken liver, at 80 °C for 55 min. This paper provides certain technical support for the industrial production and quality improvement of low-temperature ready-to-eat chicken liver, and provides a new direction for the comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry by-products.

, authors=Weiyan ZHAO, Chuan'ai CAO, Qian LIU*, authorsList=Weiyan ZHAO, Chuan'ai CAO, Qian LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889533189702244, articleId=1320889529704235606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝品质特性及其微观结构的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决即食鸡肝在传统高温加工中存在的品质劣化、口感下降等问题,本实验利用低温慢煮技术对即食鸡肝进行处理,研究其工艺参数对即食鸡肝的品质及微观结构的改善效果。本实验主要探究在80 ℃下不同低温慢煮时间(40、45、50、55、60 min)对即食鸡肝蒸煮损失、水分含量、水分活度、色泽、pH、剪切力、质构特性、电子鼻、二级结构、微观结构以及感官评价的影响。研究表明,随着蒸煮时间的延长,低温慢煮处理组鸡肝的蒸煮损失和pH显著上升,水分含量、水分活度、L*值和a*值呈显著下降的趋势(P<0.05)。同时,鸡肝的嫩度呈先下降后上升的趋势,而质构特性及感官评分随处理时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05),且与对照组相比,在处理时间为55 min时具有最佳的品质特性。红外光谱结果表明,蛋白质二级结构随着处理时间的延长由α-螺旋向β-折叠构象转变(P<0.05)。此外,适当的低温慢煮时间(55 min)有利于鸡肝呈现更加有序致密的网状结构。综上所述,80 ℃、55 min条件为即食鸡肝的最佳低温慢煮工艺。本文为低温即食鸡肝工业化生产以及品质提升提供了一定的技术支持,并为畜禽副产物综合利用提供了新方向。

, authors=赵伟焱, 曹传爱, 刘骞*, authorsList=赵伟焱, 曹传爱, 刘骞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘骞, authorNote=

赵伟焱(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘骞(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工工程,E-mail:。
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赵伟焱(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工工程,E-mail:

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Food Hydrocolloids, 2011, 25(5): 898−906., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889533504275045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889533508469350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, companyId=1320889533504275045, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889533521052263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, companyId=1320889533504275045, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889539560850049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different sous-vide time on cooking loss of ready-to-eat chicken liver, figureFileSmall=0uHItOYL7/MFtu6OZlwfZw==, figureFileBig=66rF48fpXCz8E0GNktcqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889539644736130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=图1, caption=低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝蒸煮损失的影响

注:不同大写字母表示样品间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=0uHItOYL7/MFtu6OZlwfZw==, figureFileBig=66rF48fpXCz8E0GNktcqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889539841868419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different sous-vide time on color difference of ready-to-eat chicken liver, figureFileSmall=bmdpf2EsS8yTSAGmVHc2Vg==, figureFileBig=hkJxgRX3KKBj3el2tGxrlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889540164829828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=图2, caption=低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝色差的影响, figureFileSmall=bmdpf2EsS8yTSAGmVHc2Vg==, figureFileBig=hkJxgRX3KKBj3el2tGxrlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889543574798981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of sous-vide time on shear force of ready-to-eat chicken liver, figureFileSmall=gsGwHoj5xWwa7UH3ItBuig==, figureFileBig=2DubeQyvN5WU2zEhxsW8og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889543667073670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=图3, caption=低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝剪切力的影响, figureFileSmall=gsGwHoj5xWwa7UH3ItBuig==, figureFileBig=2DubeQyvN5WU2zEhxsW8og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889543738376839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response values (A) and principal component analysis (B) of e-nose of chicken livers with different sous-vide time, figureFileSmall=ul1aEMb355pv+DmkDmdpKg==, figureFileBig=jDHYccLqexO1AXi/thLaxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889543818068616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同低温慢煮时间对鸡肝电子鼻响应值(A)和主成分分析(B), figureFileSmall=ul1aEMb355pv+DmkDmdpKg==, figureFileBig=jDHYccLqexO1AXi/thLaxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889543889371785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of chicken liver after different sous-vide time (2000×), figureFileSmall=9S6+qvfegB3wMUXyYL2gQw==, figureFileBig=bi+wcoEiI2FL33gsRdDYsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889543960674954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同低温慢煮时间处理后鸡肝的扫描电镜图(2000×)

注:(a)~(d)分别为对照组、SV80-50、SV80-55、SV80-60。

, figureFileSmall=9S6+qvfegB3wMUXyYL2gQw==, figureFileBig=bi+wcoEiI2FL33gsRdDYsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889544027783819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=FTIR spectrum (A) and secondary structure (B) of chicken livers with different sous-vide time, figureFileSmall=Uye6SAiwRwCUY2VSRTyrFg==, figureFileBig=IRWZxHJv3gTTbdFnSx+zzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889544107475596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同低温慢煮时间对鸡肝的傅里叶光谱图(A)和蛋白质二级结构(B)

注:不同小写字母表示数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Uye6SAiwRwCUY2VSRTyrFg==, figureFileBig=IRWZxHJv3gTTbdFnSx+zzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889544187167373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Criteria for sensory evaluation of ready-to-eat chicken liver

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准分值(分)
色泽颜色均匀鲜艳,切面具有明显光泽6~7
颜色较为均匀,表面具有自然的光泽4~5
颜色不均匀,存在一定色差且切面光泽差2~3
完全无光泽,切面光泽黯淡1
形态切面平整,组织紧密6~7
切面较为平整,形态基本完整4~5
切面不平整,边缘松散2~3
无完整形态,松散严重1
气味气味好,有浓郁酱卤香味,无腥味或异味6~7
气味较好,有浓郁酱卤香味,无腥味或异味4~5
气味一般,酱卤香味一般,有腥味或异味2~3
气味极差,无酱香味,有强烈腥味或异味1
滋味滋味极其鲜美,浓郁的肉香在口中四溢6~7
比较鲜美,肉香较为突出4~5
有一定的肉香但不够浓郁,味道较为平淡2~3
入口后让人感到不适,难以继续食用1
多汁性鲜嫩多汁,汁水在口腔中迅速扩散6~7
较为多汁,咀嚼时有一定的汁水流出4~5
有一定的汁水,但不足以改善肉质的干燥程度2~3
肉质较干,几乎没有汁水,咬下去感觉硬且柴1
嫩度肉质嫩弹,咀嚼感好6~7
肉质软硬适中,有嚼劲4~5
肉质较硬或软烂,稍有嚼劲2~3
肉质干硬或过于软烂,无嚼劲1
综合评分整体品质卓越,感官体验极佳6~7
整体品质良好,无明显缺陷4~5
整体品质一般,存在可改进问题2~3
整体品质较差,存在明显缺陷1
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544258470542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

即食鸡肝感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准分值(分)
色泽颜色均匀鲜艳,切面具有明显光泽6~7
颜色较为均匀,表面具有自然的光泽4~5
颜色不均匀,存在一定色差且切面光泽差2~3
完全无光泽,切面光泽黯淡1
形态切面平整,组织紧密6~7
切面较为平整,形态基本完整4~5
切面不平整,边缘松散2~3
无完整形态,松散严重1
气味气味好,有浓郁酱卤香味,无腥味或异味6~7
气味较好,有浓郁酱卤香味,无腥味或异味4~5
气味一般,酱卤香味一般,有腥味或异味2~3
气味极差,无酱香味,有强烈腥味或异味1
滋味滋味极其鲜美,浓郁的肉香在口中四溢6~7
比较鲜美,肉香较为突出4~5
有一定的肉香但不够浓郁,味道较为平淡2~3
入口后让人感到不适,难以继续食用1
多汁性鲜嫩多汁,汁水在口腔中迅速扩散6~7
较为多汁,咀嚼时有一定的汁水流出4~5
有一定的汁水,但不足以改善肉质的干燥程度2~3
肉质较干,几乎没有汁水,咬下去感觉硬且柴1
嫩度肉质嫩弹,咀嚼感好6~7
肉质软硬适中,有嚼劲4~5
肉质较硬或软烂,稍有嚼劲2~3
肉质干硬或过于软烂,无嚼劲1
综合评分整体品质卓越,感官体验极佳6~7
整体品质良好,无明显缺陷4~5
整体品质一般,存在可改进问题2~3
整体品质较差,存在明显缺陷1
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544329773711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of sous-vide time on water content, water activity and pH of ready-to-eat chicken liver

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组水分含量(%)水分活度pH
对照组65.91±0.13F0.9685±0.001E6.66±0.06A
SV80-4073.04±0.13A0.9827±0.002A6.37±0.01D
SV80-4571.58±0.35B0.9812±0.001B6.41±0.01D
SV80-5071.14±0.46C0.9806±0.001BC6.55±0.01C
SV80-5570.46±0.11D0.9799±0.002C6.56±0.02C
SV80-6069.38±0.14E0.9778±0.003D6.60±0.10B
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544392688272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝水分含量、水分活度和pH的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组水分含量(%)水分活度pH
对照组65.91±0.13F0.9685±0.001E6.66±0.06A
SV80-4073.04±0.13A0.9827±0.002A6.37±0.01D
SV80-4571.58±0.35B0.9812±0.001B6.41±0.01D
SV80-5071.14±0.46C0.9806±0.001BC6.55±0.01C
SV80-5570.46±0.11D0.9799±0.002C6.56±0.02C
SV80-6069.38±0.14E0.9778±0.003D6.60±0.10B
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544480768657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of sous-vide time on the texture characteristics of ready-to-eat chicken liver

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组硬度(g)咀嚼性(g·s)弹性(%)内聚性(g·s)
对照组2214.82±15.56A703.02±11.88A67.98±1.72C0.09±0.001D
SV80-401529.80±18.80E355.26±20.50D55.53±0.13E0.08±0.003E
SV80-451636.48±35.89D451.25±16.95C62.87±0.47D0.09±0.004D
SV80-501850.95±31.28B531.70±14.36B76.86±0.70A0.10±0.004C
SV80-551718.54±28.32C523.99±18.11B74.86±0.51B0.12±0.002A
SV80-601654.59±24.62D461.84±11.18C68.84±0.99C0.11±0.001B
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544568849042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组硬度(g)咀嚼性(g·s)弹性(%)内聚性(g·s)
对照组2214.82±15.56A703.02±11.88A67.98±1.72C0.09±0.001D
SV80-401529.80±18.80E355.26±20.50D55.53±0.13E0.08±0.003E
SV80-451636.48±35.89D451.25±16.95C62.87±0.47D0.09±0.004D
SV80-501850.95±31.28B531.70±14.36B76.86±0.70A0.10±0.004C
SV80-551718.54±28.32C523.99±18.11B74.86±0.51B0.12±0.002A
SV80-601654.59±24.62D461.84±11.18C68.84±0.99C0.11±0.001B
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544648540819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of different Sous-vide time on sensory evaluation of chicken liver

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组色泽形态气味滋味多汁性嫩度综合评分
对照组4.30±0.10E3.70±0.20E4.63±0.15D3.93±0.28E3.80±0.30D3.60±0.10F3.70±0.20E
SV80-404.63±0.05D4.56±0.06D4.76±0.12D4.26±0.06D6.26±0.12A4.63±0.06E4.93±0.06D
SV80-455.06±0.11C5.05±0.12C5.20±0.10C5.33±0.15C6.06±0.11A5.30±0.10D5.30±0.10C
SV80-505.50±0.10B5.46±0.05B5.40±0.11BC6.06±0.16A5.70±0.10B5.53±0.10C5.59±0.15B
SV80-556.16±0.05A6.06±0.11A6.03±0.12A5.76±0.06B5.53±0.06B6.16±0.05A6.10±0.10A
SV80-605.60±0.12B5.60±0.10B5.53±0.06B5.36±0.08C4.83±0.05C5.66±0.06B5.63±0.07B
), ArticleFig(id=1320889544732426900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889529704235606, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝感官评价的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组色泽形态气味滋味多汁性嫩度综合评分
对照组4.30±0.10E3.70±0.20E4.63±0.15D3.93±0.28E3.80±0.30D3.60±0.10F3.70±0.20E
SV80-404.63±0.05D4.56±0.06D4.76±0.12D4.26±0.06D6.26±0.12A4.63±0.06E4.93±0.06D
SV80-455.06±0.11C5.05±0.12C5.20±0.10C5.33±0.15C6.06±0.11A5.30±0.10D5.30±0.10C
SV80-505.50±0.10B5.46±0.05B5.40±0.11BC6.06±0.16A5.70±0.10B5.53±0.10C5.59±0.15B
SV80-556.16±0.05A6.06±0.11A6.03±0.12A5.76±0.06B5.53±0.06B6.16±0.05A6.10±0.10A
SV80-605.60±0.12B5.60±0.10B5.53±0.06B5.36±0.08C4.83±0.05C5.66±0.06B5.63±0.07B
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低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝品质特性及其微观结构的影响
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赵伟焱 , 曹传爱 , 刘骞 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(2): 157-166
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (2) : 157 -166
低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝品质特性及其微观结构的影响
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赵伟焱 , 曹传爱, 刘骞*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
刘骞(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵伟焱(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工工程,E-mail:

Effects of Sous-vide Time on the Quality Characteristics and Microstructures of Ready-to-eat Chicken Liver
Weiyan ZHAO , Chuan'ai CAO, Qian LIU*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030221
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为解决即食鸡肝在传统高温加工中存在的品质劣化、口感下降等问题,本实验利用低温慢煮技术对即食鸡肝进行处理,研究其工艺参数对即食鸡肝的品质及微观结构的改善效果。本实验主要探究在80 ℃下不同低温慢煮时间(40、45、50、55、60 min)对即食鸡肝蒸煮损失、水分含量、水分活度、色泽、pH、剪切力、质构特性、电子鼻、二级结构、微观结构以及感官评价的影响。研究表明,随着蒸煮时间的延长,低温慢煮处理组鸡肝的蒸煮损失和pH显著上升,水分含量、水分活度、L*值和a*值呈显著下降的趋势(P<0.05)。同时,鸡肝的嫩度呈先下降后上升的趋势,而质构特性及感官评分随处理时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05),且与对照组相比,在处理时间为55 min时具有最佳的品质特性。红外光谱结果表明,蛋白质二级结构随着处理时间的延长由α-螺旋向β-折叠构象转变(P<0.05)。此外,适当的低温慢煮时间(55 min)有利于鸡肝呈现更加有序致密的网状结构。综上所述,80 ℃、55 min条件为即食鸡肝的最佳低温慢煮工艺。本文为低温即食鸡肝工业化生产以及品质提升提供了一定的技术支持,并为畜禽副产物综合利用提供了新方向。

低温慢煮  /  鸡肝  /  品质  /  二级结构  /  微观结构

To address the problems of quality deterioration and taste decline associated with traditional high-temperature processing of ready-to-eat chicken liver, this study employed sous-vide technology to improve product quality. The effects of processing parameters on the quality characteristics and microstructure of chicken liver were systematically investigated. Particularly, the influence of different sous-vide durations (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 min) at 80 °C on various quality indicators, including cooking loss, moisture content, water activity, color, pH, shear force, texture characteristics, electronic nose analysis, secondary structure, microstructure, and sensory attributes was examined. The results demonstrated that with increasing cooking time, the cooking loss and pH of chicken liver samples in the sous-vide group increased significantly, whereas the moisture content, water activity, and L* and a* values decreased significantly (P<0.05). The tenderness of the chicken liver initially decreased and then increased, whereas texture characteristics and sensory scores first increased and then decreased with extended processing time (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the optimal processing time was determined to be 55 min, yielding the best overall quality. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the secondary protein structure shifted from α-helix to β-sheet with longer processing times (P<0.05). Furthermore, an appropriate sous-vide duration (55 min) promoted a more orderly and compact reticular microstructure in the chicken liver. In conclusion, the optimal sous-vide process for ready-to-eat chicken liver, at 80 °C for 55 min. This paper provides certain technical support for the industrial production and quality improvement of low-temperature ready-to-eat chicken liver, and provides a new direction for the comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry by-products.

sous-vide  /  chicken liver  /  quality  /  secondary structure  /  microstructure
赵伟焱, 曹传爱, 刘骞. 低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝品质特性及其微观结构的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 157 -166 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030221
Weiyan ZHAO, Chuan'ai CAO, Qian LIU. Effects of Sous-vide Time on the Quality Characteristics and Microstructures of Ready-to-eat Chicken Liver[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 157 -166 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030221
随着肉制品加工行业的发展,我国畜禽类肉制品发展迅速,相应的畜禽类副产物也逐渐受到大众关注。畜禽副产物包括内脏、骨、皮、血等种类,含有丰富的蛋白质、矿物质等营养成分[1]。截至目前,中国畜禽副产品年产量高达1200多万吨,占世界产量的1/3。然而我国对副产物的整体利用率低于5%[2]。在畜禽副产物高产量的背景下,将其进行综合利用可以有效提高畜产品附加值,具有非常可观的社会经济效益[3]。目前我国消费市场中畜禽副产物肉制品大多都是经过高温工艺(加工温度在100 ℃以上,加热时间在20~30 min)。制作过程中会产生蛋白质高温变性、营养物质大量损失、肉质口感糟烂等缺点,还会出现高温蒸煮味[4],无法保留其原有的鲜嫩多汁的初态。因此开展新型即食副产物食品的低温加工研究具有深远的经济价值和发展前景。
低温慢煮技术(Sous-vide,SV)是一种基于精准控温的食品加工方式,通过将原料密封后置于恒温水浴设备中,以低于传统烹饪的温度(通常55~85 ℃)进行长时间热处理。相较于大众熟知的传统高温煮制而成的肉制品,SV技术直到2010年才逐渐进入我国肉制品研究领域,属于新型肉制品加工技术[5]。SV由于加热温度低且稳定、受热均匀等特点,可以大大提高产品的保水性,并且能降低产品蛋白质变性程度,使内部细胞形态尽可能保持完整,赋予产品多汁的口感,更加符合目前大众对于食品健康的新要求。刘欣睿等[5]比较传统煮制与SV对鸡胸肉品质的影响,结果发现SV组的产品具有较好的持水能力,且在微观结构上肌纤维整齐有序,结构紧密。周寅涛等[6]研究发现,与传统煮制加工进行对比,SV加工可增加中华管鞭虾的感官评分,并且更好保留水溶性蛋白质与原始风味。与此同时,SV技术相较于高温蒸煮更加温和,可有效减少肉类加工时杂环胺等致癌物质的生成。SV可限制大部分需氧细菌的生长,确保食品卫生安全的同时延长食品货架期[5]。Zavadlav等[7]研究表明,当SV温度高于70 ℃时,处理超过2 min可有效杀灭病原菌芽孢以确保食品加工的安全性。Singh等[8]通过优化即食马皎鱼片的SV工艺参数,证明产品在4 ℃冷藏条件下贮藏65 d后,其理化特性、微生物总数及感官品质均符合食品安全标准,表明SV技术具备工业化生产的安全可靠性。值得注意的是,现有研究多聚焦牛肉、鸡胸肉等主流肉品,而对畜禽副产物(如鸡肝、鸭胗等)的加工适配性研究仍存在空白,这既制约了副产物高值化利用,也限制了SV技术在我国特色畜禽资源开发中的纵深应用。
本实验选用即食鸡肝作为实验对象,研究低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝品质特性及其微观结构的影响。首先,测定样品的蒸煮损失、水分含量、pH、色差、剪切力、质构、电子鼻以及蛋白二级结构,探究低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝品质的影响。然后,通过扫描电镜分析低温慢煮时间对即食鸡肝微观结构的影响。通过以上研究,为低温加工畜禽副产物提供理论支持与操作规范,并为畜禽副产物综合利用提供新方向。
新鲜鸡肝 舒兰市盛美牧业有限公司;食盐 中国盐业集团有限公司;复合磷酸盐(焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐、六偏磷酸盐1:1:1等比例混合) 厦门市顶为味兴业香料发展有限公司;去腥剂 南宁恒华道生物科技有限公司;香辛料 四川川珍实业有限公司;葱姜蒜粉 江苏味太美食品有限公司;黄酱 营口海纳食品有限公司;真空密封袋 东莞新润隆包装材料有限公司。
CREATIVECHEF商用SV2300低温慢煮机 西班牙Creativechef公司;JD500-2电子天平 郑州南北仪器设备有限公司;S-3400N型电子扫描电镜、S-3400N型扫描电镜 日本HITACHI公司; TA-XT Plus型质构分析仪 英国Stable Micro Systems 公司;ZE-600色差计 日本色电工业株式会社;GL-21 M高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;TU-1800紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析仪器公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国AIRSENSE公司;Nicolet iS50傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司。
选用两半叶状完整,颜色紫红,形态饱满无缺损的鸡肝,并清洗干净。然后,将清理后的鸡肝与去腥剂(0.3%w/w,以鸡肝总重计)混合,放入真空搅拌按摩机中,采用间歇式真空动态处理工艺,将物料置于密闭滚揉机内操作。关键工艺参数设定为:真空度99 kPa,时长30 min,滚揉温度控制在4±2℃范围内,通过40 Hz变频驱动,10 min动态滚揉与5 min静态渗透交替。
按鸡肝总重量配比卤料,其中食盐添加量为2%,清水100%,葱粉、姜粉、蒜粉各0.5%,黄酱5%,大料、花椒、桂皮、茴香、丁香各0.15%,w/w。将上述配料依次投入锅中,大火煮沸后保持30 min熬制,自然冷却后备用。
将鸡肝放入卤液并浸泡2 h后捞出,装入真空包装袋(每袋150 g),排出空气后用封口机封口,全部浸入低温慢煮机中于80 ℃进行煮制,煮制40、45、50、55、60 min 时依次取出样品,分别命名为SV80-40、SV80-45、SV80-50、SV80-55、SV80-60,4 ℃下快速冷却,待用。对照组采用100 ℃高温加热30 min,其余工艺条件及试验配方与实验组保持一致。
参考Cao等[9]对样品的蒸煮损失(%)测量方法,首先煮制前擦干样品表面水分,称重(M1,精确到0.0001 g)。然后,将样品进行煮制,冷却至室温,擦干表面水分后称重(M2,精确到0.0001 g)。根据煮制前后鸡肝重量之差计算样品的蒸煮损失,公式如下:
$ \mathrm{蒸}\mathrm{煮}\mathrm{损}\mathrm{失}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{1}-{\mathrm{M}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{1}}\times 100 $
每个样品的颜色亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值的差异根据Kong等[10]的测量方法进行评估并稍作调整。首先将样品切碎成带棱角的小颗粒状,称取2.0 g置于ZE-6000色度计上,配备D65光源,直径为8 mm的测量区,直径为50 mm的照明区,观测器角度10°,光照区域直径5 cm,分析颜色变化。
水分含量根据GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》[11]的相关规定,采用直接干燥法测定。首先将样品置于4 ℃冷库中,放置12 h后取出。随后沥干表面水分,将样品搅碎成小颗粒状,并称取4 g左右样品置于铝盒(M3,精确到0.0001 g)中,随后称重(M4,精确到0.0001 g),于105 ℃烘箱中烘干24 h,称取烘干后样品与铝盒的重量(M5,精确到0.0001 g),根据烘干前后鸡肝重量之差计算样品的水分含量,公式如下:
$ \mathrm{水}\mathrm{分}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{4}-{\mathrm{M}}_{5}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{4}-{\mathrm{M}}_{3}}\times 100 $
根据李龙祥等[12]的测量方法,首先将水分活度仪打开并预热20 min,然后称取一定量的搅碎的样品,平铺于水分活度测量皿内至平皿底层不透光。随后将平皿放入机器内的样品池中进行测量,记录样品的水分活度,每组样品平行测定3 次。
参考Yuan等[13]的方法测定样品的pH。将煮制后的鸡肝沥干表面水分,使用手持式固体酸度测量计并将探测头插入待测样品的中心部位,保持10~30 s,直到读数稳定,记录此时的pH数值。每个样品需进行6次重复测量,每次选择6个不同的测量点。
参照Hou等[14]的方法测定样品的剪切力。首先,将样品切成1.5 cm×1 cm×1 cm的小块,然后将剪切刀片直接放在质构分析仪下并使样品垂直于横截面方向剪切,探头型号为TA/MORS,十字速度为200 mm/min,试验触发力为20 g,试验前速率为5 mm/s,试验速率为3 mm/s,试验后速率为10 mm/s,压缩距离为10 mm。每组样品平行测量3次,并做3次重复试验。
参考Kim等[15]的方法并稍作调整。用质构仪进行质地剖面分析(Texture Profile Analysis,TPA)模式测定。首先,将样品切成2 cm×2 cm×1 cm的长方体,测试中记录样品的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和内聚性。探头型号为P/50,试验前速度为2 mm /s,试验后速度为5 mm /s,压缩比为50%,触发力为20 g,每组样品平行测量3次,并做3次重复试验。
参考赵宏蕾等[16]的方法,将3 g样品置于专用检测瓶中,利用电子鼻进行测试。具体操作条件为:数据采集间隔1 s,初始准备时间5 s,系统清洁时间100 s,气体流速设定为300 mL/min,单次检测时长为90 s。该设备配备了10种不同的检测单元,其中 W1C对应苯类物质和芳香组分;W5S对应氮氧化合物;W3C 对应氮类和芳香组分;W6S对应氢化物;W5C对应芳香烯烃和极性化合物;W1S对应短链烷烃;W1W对应硫化物;W2S对应醇类和醛酮类;W2W对应含硫有机物和芳香组分;W3S对应长链烷烃。
参考Maqsood等[17]的方法,稍有改动。样品预处理流程如下:将待测物加工为5 mm×5 mm×1 mm标准尺寸,浸入pH为6.8的2.5%戊二醛溶液进行固定处理,4 ℃恒温保存12 h。清洗阶段采用0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.2)进行三次10 min漂洗。样品处理采用逐步脱水法:先用50%乙醇处理10 min,随后分别用70%和90%乙醇各处理10 min。接着用纯乙醇进行两次脱水,每次10 min。在溶剂置换阶段,先用乙醇与叔丁醇等比例混合液处理15 min,再换用纯叔丁醇处理15 min。最后,将样品在−20 ℃条件下快速冷冻30 min,再进行冻干处理。制样阶段使用导电胶固定样本后实施金属镀膜,最终采用扫描电镜(工作参数:放大倍数2000×,加速电压5.00 kV)进行微观结构观察。
参照Sun等[18]的方法并稍作修改。首先将样品放入−18 ℃冰箱静置24 h,随后将样品切成薄片放入冻干机,冷冻干燥后研磨,之后将1 mg样品与100 mg KBr混合,在红外灯下用玛瑙杵和研钵轻轻研磨,然后施加压力2 min压成直径13 mm的圆饼。之后采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测量其红外吸收光谱,扫描范围为4000~400 cm−1。随后,使用PeakFit v4.12软件1600~1700 cm−1范围内观察到的酰胺带进行反卷积和曲线拟合,以分析低温即食鸭胸肉中蛋白质的二级结构组成(表示为α-螺旋,β-折叠,β-转角和无规则卷曲含量)。
感官评价根据Chen等[19]的方法稍加修改。感官评价小组由16名东北农业大学肉类加工实验室的研究生组成(男女各8人,年龄范围22~25岁)。所有参与者均经过系统培训,熟练掌握感官分析的操作规范及各项品质指标的评判标准。采用描述性感官分析方法对样品进行评估,测试过程中要求评价员在每次品尝后用清水清洁口腔。评价项目包括色泽、形态、风味、滋味、质地、多汁性、嫩度以及综合评分,采用7分制评分系统。评分标准如表1所示。
本实验采用三次重复实验设计,实验结果以均值±标准偏差表示。实验数据使用Statistix 8.1统计分析软件中的Linear Models模块进行数据处理,其中Tukey HSD方法用于判定显著性差异(P<0.05)。数据可视化通过Origin 2021软件完成。
蒸煮损失是衡量样品基本性质的重要因素之一,也是衡量其保水性的重要因素。由图1可知,与对照组(34.83%)相比,SV组的蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。与此同时,随着蒸煮时间由40 min增加到60 min,SV组的蒸煮损失由23.89%增加至31.95%(P<0.05)。这可能是由于对照组过高的加热温度使样品出现了因蛋白质受热收缩,原本具有持水作用的空间结构和亲水基团发生变化,出现的疏松孔洞从而导致水分流失[20]。与此同时,样品在过度受热过程中,由于毛细血管作用保留的部分水分在加热过程中流出,导致蒸煮损失增大[21]。与之相比,低温慢煮处理可以通过降低煮制温度并延长煮制时间,以尽可能减少蛋白质、脂肪等成分的分解[22],从而减少样品的热敏蛋白受热变性达到降低了样品的蒸煮损失的目的。SV组加热初期由于样品中心温度较低,因此样品热敏蛋白受热变性不剧烈。周亚军等[23]在研究不同熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄品质的影响中也发现相较于普通煮制的蒸煮损失率,低温慢煮组的蒸煮损失下降了1.77%,与本实验趋势一致。
色泽对于消费者是很重要的选择因素之一,是代表样品外观品质的重要指标[24]。由图2可知,SV组的L*值由56.51下降至51.12,但与对照组(46.89)相比,SV处理组的L*值整体高于对照组(P<0.05)。有研究表明,热加工过程中L*值的变化与其自身内部水分迁移有关[25]。由于SV组样品相对于对照组水分含量提升,高水分环境促使光线更多地向样品内部渗透并引起光的散射,从而提高了SV组的L*值。而随着SV时间的延长样品内部积温升高,结缔组织蛋白逐渐收缩凝聚降低了光线散射,使得SV组的L*值逐渐下降(P<0.05)。
肉制品的颜色主要由包括肌红蛋白、血红蛋白在内的色素蛋白所影响,在加热过程中样品血红蛋白中的Fe2+被氧化成Fe3+,导致红色的氧合肌红蛋白转变成褐色的高铁肌红蛋白[26],从而影响产品颜色。由图2可知,SV组内的a*值随着时间的延长由12.34下降至8.05,且与对照组(6.78)相比,SV处理组整体高于对照组(P<0.05)。有研究表明a*值与血红蛋白变性程度成反比[27],加热过程导致了血红蛋白的变性增加,高铁肌红蛋白含量增加导致a*值降低。与本实验趋势相同。此外对照组的a*值低于SV组整体,也可以通过热处理过程中对照组温度升高更剧烈,高铁肌红蛋白含量增加来解释。
由图2可知,SV组内的b*值随着时间的延长由17.16上升至20.44,且与对照组(24.02)相比,SV处理组整体低于对照组(P<0.05)。这可能是由于随着加热时间的延长样品中的氧合血红蛋白逐渐变性形成的棕色增加使样品b*值上升,而对照组由于热加工温度过高促使更多的氧合血红蛋白发生变性,从而导致b*值高于SV组[28]。对此Zhang等[29]在低温慢煮对鸭肉的研究中发现更高温度下鸭肉的b*值有升高的趋势,与本实验结果类似。
水分含量是评价产品品质特性的一个重要的基础指标,侧面反映了样品在热处理中的保水能力,对其品质有重大意义。由表2可知,SV组的水分含量随着处理时间的延长逐渐下降(P<0.05),但整体要高于对照组(65.91%)。这可能是因为对照组处理温度过高,导致结缔组织收缩程度增加,系水力下降[30]。而SV组采用了更低的处理温度,避免了内部细胞因过高的处理温度而破裂从而防止水分散失。与此同时,随着SV时间的延长,SV组内水分含量由73.04%下降至69.38%。这是由于长时间的煮制导致样品系水力下降,从而使得水分含量降低。
水分活度是反映样品内部稳定性以及影响微生物活动的重要指标,适当降低水分活度有利于产品保持品质,利于后期贮藏[31]。由表2可知,SV组的水分活度显著高于对照组,且随着处理时间的增加,SV组内的水分活度由0.9827下降至0.9778,总体呈现下降趋势(P<0.05)。这可能是因为对照组经过高温处理使内部细胞结构破裂水分含量下降。同时有研究表明水分活度过低则会影响产品品质[32]。因此提高SV处理时间能够适当降低产品的水分活度,提高产品稳定性。
在加热处理过程中,肉制品的pH会因为汁液流失,蛋白质变性,脂质氧化等因素而出现波动[33]。由表2可知,SV组样品的pH随着处理时间的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势,即由6.37上升至6.60(P<0.05),且在SV处理60 min时达到最高值,但整体均低于对照组(6.66)。这可能是因为对照组的温度过高,使得样品内部蛋白质过度水解,蛋白质发生变性使得酸性基团被破坏,从而导致pH上升[33]。而SV组的处理温度较低,胶原蛋白在80 ℃以下变性缓慢,蛋白质未能完全解离变性聚集程度较低,未解离出过多碱性基团,所以pH偏高。Sujiwo等[34]研究SV处理可能会使里脊肉产生肽键分离,并且涉及巯基、咪唑和羟基的键断裂并生成碱性化合物等作用从而导致pH升高,与本实验一致。
剪切力是反映样品嫩度的重要指标,也是影响消费者感官评价的重要一环[35]。肉制品嫩度受其内部结缔组织,蛋白变形程度,水分含量以及化学组成影响,并最终由剪切力表征。由图3可知,与对照组(2.48 N)相比,SV组的剪切力显著降低(P<0.05)。对照组由于采用过高的温度进行热处理使其内部水分大量散失,从而降低了其嫩度。Hughes等[36]发现肉制品的嫩度与其水分含量可能呈现正相关关系,这与之前的水分含量的结果相符合。由此可见,SV组相较于对照改善了过于干硬的情况,提升了产品嫩度。同时,随着时间的延长,SV组样品的剪切力呈现先增加后下降的趋势(P<0.05),SV80-50组剪切力达到最高值(1.60 N),相较于SV80-40组提高了73.9%,较SV80-60组提高了45.05%。这可能是由于热处理促进结缔组织和肌浆蛋白发生凝聚收缩,使得SV组在40~50 min阶段剪切力升高;之后随着热处理时间的延长,样品中结缔组织中的胶原蛋白逐渐转变为凝胶状态质地变软,因而剪切强度也会随之降低[37]。
质构特性可以反映样品的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和内聚性,是肉制品品质分析中非常重要的指标之一。由表3可知,与对照组相比,SV处理整体硬度和咀嚼性低于对照组(P<0.05)。随着蒸煮时间的延长,即食鸡肝的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和内聚性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在蒸煮时间为50 min时,具有最高的硬度(1850.95 g)、咀嚼性(531.70 g.s)和弹性(76.86%)(P<0.05)。有研究表明,蛋白质变性会因受到更高温度的热诱导而加剧并最终影响产品硬度[38]。对照组由于采用了更高的温度处理,蛋白质之间形成新的作用力导致蛋白质的聚集[39],从而导致肉质较干硬。而SV组采用相对较低温度且长时间加热方式,结缔组织收缩程度与蛋白质变性程度相对较低,可有效降低样品硬度。邓丽等[40]研究发现当温度相对较低时,低温慢煮氢键和疏水键暴露,会促使加热过程中形成柔软的凝胶从而增加样品嫩度,与本实验现象类似。另外,随着蒸煮时间的延长,SV组样品的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和内聚性呈现先上升的趋势,在50 min时升至组内最高。而当时间继续延长,硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和内聚性呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。这可能是因为在加热初始阶段,SV组内部结构积温升高导致结缔组织收缩,胶原蛋白受热形成凝胶,从而使得硬度、咀嚼性、弹性等升高。而随着时间继续延长,SV组内蛋白质结构受到破坏导致样品失水严重变得软烂,使得样品硬度、咀嚼性和弹性下降,对此彭子宁等[41]研究SV处理牛肉品质特性的影响发现了类似的规律,与本实验一致。
不同处理时间对样品电子鼻的影响如图4所示。由图4 (A) 可知,随着时间的延长,传感器W1S,W2S、W6S、W1W,W5S的响应值较高,这表明样品中含有较多的短链烷烃,醇类、醛类、酮类、氢化物以及氮氧化合物。与对照组相比,SV组的W6S,W2W、W5C的响应值较高,说明高温使得样品减少了氢化物,芳香族化合物以及烯烃的含量。且相对于高温处理,SV处理使得样品的风味轮廓发生了改变,产生了较多的风味物质。其中随着时间的延长SV处理组中W2S响应值逐渐降低,这可能因为热处理时间的延长使样品中脂肪裂解为其他化合物。
如图4 (B) 所示,第1主成分(PC1)和第2主成分(PC2)的方差贡献率分别为57.8%和29.1%,累计方差贡献率为86.9%,共可解释原始变量 86.9%的信息,这表明其可以较好地表征样品的挥发性气味。其中40、45、50 min和对照组在PC1的正半轴,且45 min和50 min在第一象限,这表明它们之间整体风味变化不大;而55 min和60 min在PC1的负半轴,并且在不同象限,并且各组之间能很好地区别开来,这表明各组之间差别显著,较好地区分了各组之间的风味变化。其中55 min和对照组在不同象限,证明气味区别明显。
不同低温慢煮时间对样品微观结构的影响如图5所示。由图5可知,对照组和SV组的微观结构差异较为明显。对照组出现了较为明显的大孔洞,呈现出疏松多孔、不规则且不平整状态的网状结构。这种结构不能有效保留水分和脂质成分从而造成严重的水分流失,这也证明了对照组在蒸煮损失,咀嚼性和内聚性与SV组的区别。此外,基于剪切力与质构特性数据,SV80-50组、SV80-55组及SV80-60组样品综合表现较优,因此选定该三组与对照组进一步开展微观结构观察与分析。相比于对照组,SV组由于处理温度较低,因此呈现出较为致密的网络结构并且排列较为整齐平滑,表现出较好的品质特性。这与Ángel-Rendón等[42]研究低温处理对猪肉的微观结构的影响结果相似。但随着加热时间的延长,SV组也出现了一些不规则的网状结构。这是因为由于处理时间延长使得样品的蛋白质和结缔组织变性程度增加,使样品内部水分损失增大从而出现了较为明显的孔洞,同时样品的剪切力及内聚性等品质特性下降。
通过傅立叶变换红外光谱并利用傅里叶去卷积可定量分析二级结构[43],从而观察不同处理时间对样品二级结构的影响。由图6(A)所示,位于1600~1700 cm−1被称为酰胺I带,因其灵敏度高常与蛋白质二级结构变化有关[9],其中1600~1640 cm−1的峰为β-折叠,1640~1650 cm−1的峰为无规则卷曲,1650~1660 cm−1的峰为α-螺旋,1660~1700 cm−1的峰为β-转角。图6(A)显示不同处理组之间在1600~1700 cm−1呈现出相似的模式,这表明没有引起不同组样品之间官能团的明显变化。而蛋白质的二级结构含量以α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲结构含量以及之间的相互转化表示[44]。由图6(B)可知,与对照组(22.01%)相比,SV组的α-螺旋和无规则卷曲含量显著降低,β-折叠和β-转角含量显著增加(P<0.05)。另外随着蒸煮时间的延长,SV组内的α-螺旋含量由17.58%上升至20.34%,β-折叠含量由48.45%下降至46.82%,β-转角含量由26.57%下降至21.40%,无规则卷曲含量由9.34%上升至13.43%(P<0.05)。刘芙蓉等[45]在热诱导蛋白质变性的研究中观察到类似现象即温度升高会导致α-螺旋和β-转角比例降低。这可能是由于对照组的热处理温度过高,蛋白质发生变性,伴随着羰基和氨基之间氢键的断裂形成无序聚集态,使得对照组蛋白质中α-螺旋含量升高,进而表现出其较高的α-螺旋含量[46]。因此SV处理可有效诱导蛋白质二级结构发生构象转变,具体表现为α-螺旋向β-折叠的转化趋势。同时随着SV组处理时间的延长,无规则卷曲含量逐渐回升,而β-折叠比例相应减少(P<0.05),这可能与SV组样品随处理时间延长,蛋白质严重氧化导致二级结构的降解有关。Liu等[47]研究表明β-折叠含量与蛋白质凝胶性能呈正相关,进而影响样品的质构特性和嫩度。对此Cao等[9]研究表明通过α-螺旋向β-折叠的转化可在热处理的催化下有效促使形成更加稳定的三维网状结构。综合上述表明,SV处理通过调控蛋白质二级结构的构象转化,可有效改善产品的嫩度与质构特性。
由表4可知,与对照组相比(4.30),SV组的色泽评分显著增加,且随着蒸煮时间的延长,SV组内色泽评分由4.63提升至6.16,随后下降至5.60,蒸煮时间为55 min时,具有最高的色泽评分(P<0.05)。此外,SV组内形态、气味、滋味、多汁性、嫩度、综合评分也呈现出相同的趋势(P<0.05)。对照组因高温导致水分流失折射率降低,从而使得对照组亮度下降,此现象与低温慢煮色泽变化规律一致。同时,高温引发的蒸煮异味影响对照组气味[4],使得SV组气味得分显著高于对照组。而SV组因处理温度降低,有效抑制结缔组织剧烈收缩及蛋白质过度变性,使其状态与嫩度评分显著优于对照组。因此,综合分析感官评价结果可知,SV80-55组综合评价最佳,可确认为最佳工艺参数。
低温慢煮技术可以有效改善即食鸡肝因高温处理导致的硬度增加、水分含量下降、口感和风味严重劣化等问题。其中在SV处理时间为55 min时,样品嫩度与内聚性有最大幅度提升。同时,蛋白质二级结构结果表明SV处理55 min可以促进样品中α-螺旋向β-折叠转化,形成更加稳定的三维网状结构;扫描电镜结果表明SV处理55 min下样品具有更加结构有序,排列整齐的微观结构。此外感官评价结果表明,SV处理时间为55 min时样品色泽、形态、气味、嫩度得分最高,并且具有最高的综合评分。综上所述,利用SV处理下的最佳时间为55 min,此时样品的品质达到最佳,最符合消费者需求。然而低温肉制品较常规高温高压肉制品而言,在货架期以及贮藏方式方面多有不足,而如何结合天然防腐剂与新型消毒杀菌技术延长货架期也仍是技术突破重点。因此今后主要针对低温制品货架期延长方面进行着重研究。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030221
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

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刘骞(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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