Article(id=1320889514965451216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854201307, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854201307, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854201307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854201307, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=167, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889515225498065, articleId=1320889514965451216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Combinations of Heat Processing-reheating Methods on Key Nutrient Components and Oxidation Characteristics of Chicken, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically investigated the effects of different cooking-reheating combinations (steaming, roasting, frying coupled with water bath or microwave reheating) on the nutritional and oxidative profiles of chicken breast using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results demonstrated that frying significantly elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels compared to steaming and roasting (P<0.05), accompanied by reduced α-helix and increased β-sheet content in proteins. Fried samples exhibited lower vitamin E loss (12.90%~27.96%) and retained higher levels of key fatty acids, including C18:1n-9c, C18:2n-6c, C20:0, C18:3n-6, C18:3n-3, C22:0, C23:0, and C20:5n-3 (P<0.05). In contrast, steamed and roasted samples showed superior protein content, vitamin B6 retention, and elevated levels of C12:0 and C20:1 fatty acids, alongside higher protein carbonyls and lower free sulfhydryl groups versus fried samples (P<0.05). Regarding reheating, microwave synergistic steam or roast reheated samples displayed significantly higher ratios of essential to total amino acids (EAA/TAA), essential to non-essential amino acids (EAA/NEAA), polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA), and greater retention of vitamins B1, B6, and E compared to water bath-reheated counterparts (P<0.05). Conversely, fried chicken breast retained higher nutritional quality when reheated via a water bath. Collectively, frying better preserves fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, while steaming and roasting favor protein integrity, water-soluble vitamins, and stable saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids. From the perspective of preserving key nutritional components, microwave reheating is recommended for steamed or roasted chicken breast, whereas water bath reheating optimizes fried samples. These findings elucidate the nutritional and oxidative dynamics during cooking-reheating processes, offering science-based insights that will enlighten and inform professionals about healthier dietary practices.

, authors=Lijun PENG1, 2, Yunhe LIU2, Feng HUANG2, Lina XU2, Dong LI1, *, Chunhui ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Lijun PENG, Yunhe LIU, Feng HUANG, Lina XU, Dong LI, Chunhui ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dong LI, Chunhui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889516731253216, articleId=1320889514965451216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同热加工-复热方式组合对鸡肉关键营养组分与氧化特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用蒸、烤、炸三种加工方式与水浴、微波两种复热方式的组合实验设计,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA),系统比较不同加工-复热组合对鸡胸肉营养与氧化特性的影响,以了解鸡胸肉营养与氧化变化规律。结果表明,在不同加工方式下,炸制鸡胸肉的硫代巴比妥酸反应物质含量显著高于蒸制与烤制鸡胸肉(P<0.05),α-螺旋含量降低、β-折叠含量增加,维生素E损失率低(12.90%~27.96%),且保留了更多的C18:1n-9c、C18:2n-6c、C20:0、C18:3n-6、C18:3n-3、C22:0、C23:0、C20:5n-3等脂肪酸(P<0.05);蒸制与烤制的蛋白质含量、维生素B6含量及C12:0、C20:1等脂肪酸、羰基含量显著高于炸制(P<0.05),其游离巯基含量显著低于炸制(P<0.05)。对比不同复热方式,蒸制-微波复热组合、烤制-微波组合的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值、多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值、维生素B1、维生素B6、维生素E等含量显著高于蒸制-水浴复热组合、烤制-水浴组合,而炸制组合反之(P<0.05)。综上,炸制保留了更多的脂肪酸及脂溶性维生素,而蒸制与烤制保留了更多的蛋白质、水溶性维生素、稳定的饱和脂肪酸与相对稳定的单不饱和脂肪酸;从保持营养关键成分的角度分析,蒸制与烤制鸡胸肉适合微波复热,炸制鸡胸肉适合水浴复热。研究结果有助于了解鸡胸肉加工-复热过程中营养成分及氧化变化,从而为健康饮食的加工及复热方法提供科学的建议。

, authors=彭丽君1, 2, 刘云鹤2, 黄峰2, 徐丽娜2, 李东1, *, 张春晖2, *, authorsList=彭丽君, 刘云鹤, 黄峰, 徐丽娜, 李东, 张春晖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李东, 张春晖, authorNote=

彭丽君(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李东(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品精深加工与功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
张春晖(1971−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:肉品科学,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2024, 136: 106775., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889517180043746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889517188432355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, companyId=1320889517180043746, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889517209403876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, companyId=1320889517180043746, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院,四川宜宾 644005)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889517515588069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889517528170982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, companyId=1320889517515588069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889517536559591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, companyId=1320889517515588069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业科学院农产品加工所,农业部农产品加工综合性重点实验室,北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889519843426833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in the ratios of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) and total amino acids (TAAs) in chicken breast meat with different combinations of processing and reheating, figureFileSmall=MjWaxCtUGCcHo0g8etowig==, figureFileBig=UU2w07ROGRWvmJ4R7Y6suA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889519902147090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)比例的变化

注:RW-ST、RW-RO、RW-FR都代表原料肉,HE-ST、HE-RO、HE-FR、BR-ST、BR-RO、BR-FR、MR-ST、MR-RO、MR-FR分别代表热加工阶段的蒸制、热加工阶段的烤制、热加工阶段的炸制、蒸制-水浴复热组合、烤制-水浴复热组合、炸制-水浴复热组合、蒸制-微波复热组合、烤制-微波复热组合、炸制-微波复热组合的鸡胸肉。

, figureFileSmall=MjWaxCtUGCcHo0g8etowig==, figureFileBig=UU2w07ROGRWvmJ4R7Y6suA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520111862291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3, polyunsaturated fatty acids n-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) in chicken breast with different combinations of processing and reheating, figureFileSmall=i2KhZMLPb0X+HPJHtP19hQ==, figureFileBig=97C4MNZ+3c/cjH95qkYxbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520191554068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉多不饱和脂肪酸n-3、多不饱和脂肪酸n-6、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)比例的变化, figureFileSmall=i2KhZMLPb0X+HPJHtP19hQ==, figureFileBig=97C4MNZ+3c/cjH95qkYxbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520262857237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in carbonyl content (A) and sulfhydryl (B) of chicken breast with different combinations of processing and reheating, figureFileSmall=K1utvJPQY5LY6TuFVQkWqA==, figureFileBig=DRNv8XuWJIt0AmKKGWHgjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520342549014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉羰基含量(A)和巯基(B)的变化

注:不同大写字母表示同一加工方法不同加工阶段间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一加工阶段不同加工方式间差异显著(P<0.05),图4~图5同。

, figureFileSmall=K1utvJPQY5LY6TuFVQkWqA==, figureFileBig=DRNv8XuWJIt0AmKKGWHgjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520409657879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in the secondary structure content of chicken breast with different combinations of processing and reheating, figureFileSmall=93ZBbK8OenKpzso1lZ07Dw==, figureFileBig=8wwpwbjYcUe7SVj8GxD/Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520489349656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉二级结构含量的变化, figureFileSmall=93ZBbK8OenKpzso1lZ07Dw==, figureFileBig=8wwpwbjYcUe7SVj8GxD/Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520560652825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in TBARS values of chicken breasts with different processing and reheat combinations, figureFileSmall=dThjl4Ds4TAFe3bwh2RwfA==, figureFileBig=q3Rgr42nNpY0DLLoMEKlqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520627761690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉TBARS值的变化, figureFileSmall=dThjl4Ds4TAFe3bwh2RwfA==, figureFileBig=q3Rgr42nNpY0DLLoMEKlqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520707453467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=OPLS-DA scores plots, cross validation by permutation test and corresponding volcano plots derived from the nutritional and oxidation data of chicken breast after different cooking methods between the pair-wise groups, figureFileSmall=O8BDhUdlh759w/efozt3+Q==, figureFileBig=ZrB0un5hG53AP4UY2Rvkbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520778756636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同烹饪方法下鸡胸肉营养和氧化的 OPLS-DA评分图、通过排列检验进行的交叉验证和相应的火山图

注:火山图中标记的差异成分是通过组合两个维度的限制来确定的:P<0.05和VIP>1;较大的红点表示显著上调物质,较大的蓝点表示显著下调成分,较小的灰点表示无显著差异成分,图7同。

, figureFileSmall=O8BDhUdlh759w/efozt3+Q==, figureFileBig=ZrB0un5hG53AP4UY2Rvkbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520845865501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=OPLS-DA scores plots, cross validation by permutation test and corresponding volcano plots derived from the nutritional and oxidation data of chicken breast after different processing stages between the pair-wise groups, figureFileSmall=NRxqBEYaFRBLrelkpCLafw==, figureFileBig=I5eXO/AQ8MIUn6XaReH3SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520904585758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同加工阶段鸡胸肉营养和氧化OPLS-DA 评分图、排列检验交叉验证和相应的火山图来自成对组之间, figureFileSmall=NRxqBEYaFRBLrelkpCLafw==, figureFileBig=I5eXO/AQ8MIUn6XaReH3SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889520967500319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Elution program of amino acids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)体积分数(%)流速(mL/min)
流动相A流动相B流动相C
0.00100.00.00.01.0
17.0091.05.43.61.0
24.0080.017.03.01.0
32.0068.020.012.01.0
45.0068.020.012.01.0
46.000.060.040.01.0
49.00100.00.00.01.0
56.00100.00.00.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521051386400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氨基酸洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)体积分数(%)流速(mL/min)
流动相A流动相B流动相C
0.00100.00.00.01.0
17.0091.05.43.61.0
24.0080.017.03.01.0
32.0068.020.012.01.0
45.0068.020.012.01.0
46.000.060.040.01.0
49.00100.00.00.01.0
56.00100.00.00.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521135272481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in nutrient content of chicken breasts with different combinations of processing and reheating

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分(以干基计)RW-STRW-RORW-FRHE-STHE-ROHE-FRBR-STBR-ROBR-FRMR-STMR-ROMR-FR
水分(%)74.23±0.27Aa74.23±0.27Aa74.23±0.27Aa71.01±0.25Ba70.55±0.18Ba62.44±0.32Bb63.46±0.24Db64.12±0.03Da57.91±0.11Cc68.83±0.27Ca66.39±0.31Cb57.01±0.16Dc
蛋白质(g/100 g)90.72±2.82Aa90.72±2.82Aa90.72±2.82Aa89.4±0.58Aa85.96±2.07Ab80.63±0.78Bc88.15±0.44Aa89.07±0.57Aa81.26±1.29Bb91.03±4.82Aa87.46±2.36Aa79.73±1.35Bb
脂肪(g/100 g)0.88±0.38Ca0.88±0.38Da0.88±0.38Ca0.72±0.15Cc2.01±0.33Cb11.57±1.02Aa4.26±0.10Ac5.14±0.31Ab10.61±0.26Aba2.72±0.34Bb3.17±0.39Bb10.35±0.61Ba
维生素B1(μg/100 g)28.43±0.01Aa28.43±0.01Ba28.43±0.01Aa26.18±0.01Bb29.09±0.01Aa21.04±0.01Cc20.61±0.00Dc23.47±0.28Ca21.68±0.01Bb25.37±0.01Cb28.47±0.01Ba20.42±0.00Dc
维生B6(mg/kg)6.73±0.49Aa6.73±0.49Ba6.73±0.49Aa5.48±0.1Bb8.82±0.34Aa1.15±0.02Bc1.51±0.07Db2.68±0.11Ca0.34±0.01Cc3.01±0.10Cb6.33±0.10Ba0.75±0.03BCc
维生素E(mg α-TE/100 g)0.49±0.03Aa0.49±0.03Ba0.49±0.03Da0.4±0.01Bc0.66±0.01Ab1.86±0.04Aa0.16±0.00Cc0.34±0.01Cb1.34±0.02Ca0.18±0.01Cc0.51±0.01Bb1.62±0.03Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521227547170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉的营养成分变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分(以干基计)RW-STRW-RORW-FRHE-STHE-ROHE-FRBR-STBR-ROBR-FRMR-STMR-ROMR-FR
水分(%)74.23±0.27Aa74.23±0.27Aa74.23±0.27Aa71.01±0.25Ba70.55±0.18Ba62.44±0.32Bb63.46±0.24Db64.12±0.03Da57.91±0.11Cc68.83±0.27Ca66.39±0.31Cb57.01±0.16Dc
蛋白质(g/100 g)90.72±2.82Aa90.72±2.82Aa90.72±2.82Aa89.4±0.58Aa85.96±2.07Ab80.63±0.78Bc88.15±0.44Aa89.07±0.57Aa81.26±1.29Bb91.03±4.82Aa87.46±2.36Aa79.73±1.35Bb
脂肪(g/100 g)0.88±0.38Ca0.88±0.38Da0.88±0.38Ca0.72±0.15Cc2.01±0.33Cb11.57±1.02Aa4.26±0.10Ac5.14±0.31Ab10.61±0.26Aba2.72±0.34Bb3.17±0.39Bb10.35±0.61Ba
维生素B1(μg/100 g)28.43±0.01Aa28.43±0.01Ba28.43±0.01Aa26.18±0.01Bb29.09±0.01Aa21.04±0.01Cc20.61±0.00Dc23.47±0.28Ca21.68±0.01Bb25.37±0.01Cb28.47±0.01Ba20.42±0.00Dc
维生B6(mg/kg)6.73±0.49Aa6.73±0.49Ba6.73±0.49Aa5.48±0.1Bb8.82±0.34Aa1.15±0.02Bc1.51±0.07Db2.68±0.11Ca0.34±0.01Cc3.01±0.10Cb6.33±0.10Ba0.75±0.03BCc
维生素E(mg α-TE/100 g)0.49±0.03Aa0.49±0.03Ba0.49±0.03Da0.4±0.01Bc0.66±0.01Ab1.86±0.04Aa0.16±0.00Cc0.34±0.01Cb1.34±0.02Ca0.18±0.01Cc0.51±0.01Bb1.62±0.03Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521298850339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes in amino acid content of chicken breasts with different combinations of processing and reheating

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类含量(mg/100 g)(以干基计)
RW-STRW-RORW-FRHE-STHE-ROHE-FRBR-STBR-ROBR-FRMR-STMR-ROMR-FR
天门冬氨酸169.99±8.89Aa169.99±8.89Aa169.99±8.89Aa106.4±20.53Ba61±2.76Bb37.16±9.78Bb57.99±15.1Ca55.06±10.83Ba48.83±10.63Ba36.19±10.87Ca68.76±21.32Ba46.42±16.76Ba
丝氨酸37.32±4.11Ca37.32±4.11Ca37.32±4.11Aa79.54±20.42ABa99.7±0.73Aa74.86±23.93Ba61.25±9.22Ba76.33±5.23Ba82.35±14.24Ba84.34±4.86Aa97.5±10.48Aa79.69±11.45Ba
谷氨酸90.43±7.91Ba90.43±7.91Ca90.43±7.91Ca128.08±33.72Aa172.69±4.58Aa167.22±39.93Aa82.44±0.07Bb131.57±13.65Ba119.09±3.18BCa130.6±7.74Ab162.83±3.91Aa136.22±0.55ABb
甘氨酸97.07±4.97Aa97.07±4.97Aa97.07±4.97Aa69.24±18.37Ba73.71±11.67Ba60.03±12.41Ba55.35±11.87Ba70.14±4.38Ba63.67±4.72Ba64.34±3.99Bb76.24±3.16Ba70.17±3.91Bab
组氨酸139.71±8.61Aa139.71±8.61Aa139.71±8.61Aa110.97±22.17Bab130.98±25.05Aa84.91±14.46Bb85.13±5.95Ca95.68±13.85Ba80.6±3.79Ba110.06±10.86BCb130.9±4.97Aa95.74±8.08Bb
精氨酸489.69±46.65Aba489.69±46.65BCa489.69±46.65Aa532.13±28.93Aab556.89±4.02Aa498.88±9.08Ab357.13±7.1Cc473.92±19.62Ca429.28±17.45Bb448.86±6.14Bb542.77±22.51Aba434.35±20.43Bb
苏氨酸▲672.8±53.5Ba672.8±53.5Ba672.8±53.5Aa766.39±6.64Ab744.59±20.94Aa692.96±25.78Ab501.93±19.95Cc553.08±3.99Cb606.98±17.6Ba626.31±5.41Bb737.55±31.78Aa602.62±10.92Bb
丙氨酸152.72±7.54Aa152.72±7.54Aa152.72±7.54Aa126.76±6.02Ba113.86±33.41Ba95.36±21.54Ba80.97±7.9Db111.61±13.16Ba94.37±1.79Bab105.93±7.96Cb130.36±4.71ABa94.9±12.37Bb
脯氨酸30.62±10.86Aa30.62±10.86Ba30.62±10.86Aa43±19.41Aa45.21±11.03ABa36.99±7.84Aa29.62±0.79Ab38.25±3.57ABa32.31±0.21Ab38.86±2.27Ab47.89±1.77Aa34.32±3.59Ab
半胱氨酸7.65±2.52Aa7.65±2.52Ba7.65±2.52Aa8.12±3.49Aa12.37±5.94ABa7.77±2.61Aa9.98±6.87Aa11.9±2ABa8.93±0.62Aa7.6±1.36Ab15.77±1.13Aa9.35±2.48Ab
酪氨酸50.76±3.24Aa50.76±3.24Aa50.76±3.24Aa15.94±2.63Ba9.23±1.55Cb17.73±1.18Ba13.79±1.01BCa13.55±0.75Ba14.87±0.2Ba11.61±0.96Cb7.18±1.47Cc16.52±1.65Ba
缬氨酸▲4.48±0.88Aa4.48±0.88Aa4.48±0.88Aa4.06±0.48ABa3.85±0.18Aa3.25±0.74ABa11.13±14.09Ba3.59±0.38ABa3.03±0.65Ba3.65±0.25ABa3.43±0.33Aa2.67±0.41Bb
蛋氨酸▲102.14±12.56Aa102.14±12.56Aa102.14±12.56Aa70.16±20.01Ba78.21±17.23Ba58.77±11.32Ba54.69±4.42Bb70.03±4.90Ba58.06±2.16Bb69.78±4.27Bb84.73±3.64ABa60.44±5.88Bc
赖氨酸▲76.15±4.30Aa76.15±4.30Aa76.15±4.30Ba76.34±33.29Aa77.47±25.01Aa106.61±7.11Aa60.02±1.90Aa82.00±8.20Aa80.41±18.01ABa75.85±5.52Aa81.13±4.13Aa78.43±17.26Ba
异亮氨酸▲47.11±4.42Aa47.11±4.42Aa47.11±4.42Aa33.55±9.92Ba36.45±9.26ABa27.42±5.09Ba25.03±0.96Bb33.19±3.99Ba27.08±1.03Bb31.65±1.01Ba40.18±3.17ABa29.07±3.03Ba
亮氨酸▲84.8±6.16Aa84.8±6.16Aa84.8±6.16Aa63.76±19.76ABa68.16±17.57ABa53.85±10.2Ba47.78±1.71Bb62.67±7.16Ba52.69±1.46Bb66.15±9.59ABab75.18±5.61ABa56.61±5.56Bb
苯丙氨酸▲48.52±9.87Aa48.52±9.87Aa48.52±9.87Aa41.34±8.67Aa43.57±7.59ABa30.94±2.47Ba25.29±0.74Bb32.56±2.37Ba30.74±4.08Bab36.91±4.73Aba42.35±2.11ABa35.45±3.74Ba
EAA/TAA(%)45.01±0.6Ba45.01±0.6ABa45.01±0.6Ba46.4±0.58Aab45.18±0.6ABb47.42±1.18Aa46.26±0.72Aa43.74±1.05Bb46.86±0.48ABa46.72±0.23Aa45.4±0.56Aa45.98±1.19ABa
EAA/NEAA(%)81.88±1.99Ba81.88±1.99ABa81.88±1.99Ba86.59±2Aab82.43±2ABb90.26±4.26Aa86.1±2.51Aa77.8±3.31Bb88.18±1.68ABa87.67±0.8Aa83.17±1.87Aa85.18±4.1ABa
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521370153508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉氨基酸含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类含量(mg/100 g)(以干基计)
RW-STRW-RORW-FRHE-STHE-ROHE-FRBR-STBR-ROBR-FRMR-STMR-ROMR-FR
天门冬氨酸169.99±8.89Aa169.99±8.89Aa169.99±8.89Aa106.4±20.53Ba61±2.76Bb37.16±9.78Bb57.99±15.1Ca55.06±10.83Ba48.83±10.63Ba36.19±10.87Ca68.76±21.32Ba46.42±16.76Ba
丝氨酸37.32±4.11Ca37.32±4.11Ca37.32±4.11Aa79.54±20.42ABa99.7±0.73Aa74.86±23.93Ba61.25±9.22Ba76.33±5.23Ba82.35±14.24Ba84.34±4.86Aa97.5±10.48Aa79.69±11.45Ba
谷氨酸90.43±7.91Ba90.43±7.91Ca90.43±7.91Ca128.08±33.72Aa172.69±4.58Aa167.22±39.93Aa82.44±0.07Bb131.57±13.65Ba119.09±3.18BCa130.6±7.74Ab162.83±3.91Aa136.22±0.55ABb
甘氨酸97.07±4.97Aa97.07±4.97Aa97.07±4.97Aa69.24±18.37Ba73.71±11.67Ba60.03±12.41Ba55.35±11.87Ba70.14±4.38Ba63.67±4.72Ba64.34±3.99Bb76.24±3.16Ba70.17±3.91Bab
组氨酸139.71±8.61Aa139.71±8.61Aa139.71±8.61Aa110.97±22.17Bab130.98±25.05Aa84.91±14.46Bb85.13±5.95Ca95.68±13.85Ba80.6±3.79Ba110.06±10.86BCb130.9±4.97Aa95.74±8.08Bb
精氨酸489.69±46.65Aba489.69±46.65BCa489.69±46.65Aa532.13±28.93Aab556.89±4.02Aa498.88±9.08Ab357.13±7.1Cc473.92±19.62Ca429.28±17.45Bb448.86±6.14Bb542.77±22.51Aba434.35±20.43Bb
苏氨酸▲672.8±53.5Ba672.8±53.5Ba672.8±53.5Aa766.39±6.64Ab744.59±20.94Aa692.96±25.78Ab501.93±19.95Cc553.08±3.99Cb606.98±17.6Ba626.31±5.41Bb737.55±31.78Aa602.62±10.92Bb
丙氨酸152.72±7.54Aa152.72±7.54Aa152.72±7.54Aa126.76±6.02Ba113.86±33.41Ba95.36±21.54Ba80.97±7.9Db111.61±13.16Ba94.37±1.79Bab105.93±7.96Cb130.36±4.71ABa94.9±12.37Bb
脯氨酸30.62±10.86Aa30.62±10.86Ba30.62±10.86Aa43±19.41Aa45.21±11.03ABa36.99±7.84Aa29.62±0.79Ab38.25±3.57ABa32.31±0.21Ab38.86±2.27Ab47.89±1.77Aa34.32±3.59Ab
半胱氨酸7.65±2.52Aa7.65±2.52Ba7.65±2.52Aa8.12±3.49Aa12.37±5.94ABa7.77±2.61Aa9.98±6.87Aa11.9±2ABa8.93±0.62Aa7.6±1.36Ab15.77±1.13Aa9.35±2.48Ab
酪氨酸50.76±3.24Aa50.76±3.24Aa50.76±3.24Aa15.94±2.63Ba9.23±1.55Cb17.73±1.18Ba13.79±1.01BCa13.55±0.75Ba14.87±0.2Ba11.61±0.96Cb7.18±1.47Cc16.52±1.65Ba
缬氨酸▲4.48±0.88Aa4.48±0.88Aa4.48±0.88Aa4.06±0.48ABa3.85±0.18Aa3.25±0.74ABa11.13±14.09Ba3.59±0.38ABa3.03±0.65Ba3.65±0.25ABa3.43±0.33Aa2.67±0.41Bb
蛋氨酸▲102.14±12.56Aa102.14±12.56Aa102.14±12.56Aa70.16±20.01Ba78.21±17.23Ba58.77±11.32Ba54.69±4.42Bb70.03±4.90Ba58.06±2.16Bb69.78±4.27Bb84.73±3.64ABa60.44±5.88Bc
赖氨酸▲76.15±4.30Aa76.15±4.30Aa76.15±4.30Ba76.34±33.29Aa77.47±25.01Aa106.61±7.11Aa60.02±1.90Aa82.00±8.20Aa80.41±18.01ABa75.85±5.52Aa81.13±4.13Aa78.43±17.26Ba
异亮氨酸▲47.11±4.42Aa47.11±4.42Aa47.11±4.42Aa33.55±9.92Ba36.45±9.26ABa27.42±5.09Ba25.03±0.96Bb33.19±3.99Ba27.08±1.03Bb31.65±1.01Ba40.18±3.17ABa29.07±3.03Ba
亮氨酸▲84.8±6.16Aa84.8±6.16Aa84.8±6.16Aa63.76±19.76ABa68.16±17.57ABa53.85±10.2Ba47.78±1.71Bb62.67±7.16Ba52.69±1.46Bb66.15±9.59ABab75.18±5.61ABa56.61±5.56Bb
苯丙氨酸▲48.52±9.87Aa48.52±9.87Aa48.52±9.87Aa41.34±8.67Aa43.57±7.59ABa30.94±2.47Ba25.29±0.74Bb32.56±2.37Ba30.74±4.08Bab36.91±4.73Aba42.35±2.11ABa35.45±3.74Ba
EAA/TAA(%)45.01±0.6Ba45.01±0.6ABa45.01±0.6Ba46.4±0.58Aab45.18±0.6ABb47.42±1.18Aa46.26±0.72Aa43.74±1.05Bb46.86±0.48ABa46.72±0.23Aa45.4±0.56Aa45.98±1.19ABa
EAA/NEAA(%)81.88±1.99Ba81.88±1.99ABa81.88±1.99Ba86.59±2Aab82.43±2ABb90.26±4.26Aa86.1±2.51Aa77.8±3.31Bb88.18±1.68ABa87.67±0.8Aa83.17±1.87Aa85.18±4.1ABa
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521475011109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in fatty acid content of chicken breasts with different combinations of processing and reheating

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸种类含量(mg/100g)(以干基计)
RW-STRW-RORW-FRHE-STHE-ROHE-FRBR-STBR-ROBR-FRMR-STMR-ROMR-FR
C6:01.97±0.09Aa1.97±0.09Aa1.97±0.09AaNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
C12:00.44±0.01Ba0.44±0.01Ba0.44±0.01Aa0.44±0.03Bb0.68±0.01AcNDNDNDND0.82±0.03AcNDND
C14:08.65±0.01Ca8.65±0.01Ca8.65±0.01Da11.8±0.04Bc16.6±0.04Ab16.78±0.08Aa5.17±0.02Dc7.5±0.18Db15.13±0.06Ba15.63±0.03Aa13.77±0.12Bb9.15±0.15Cc
C14:10.71±0.05Ca0.71±0.05Ca0.71±0.05Ca0.88±0.01Bc1.5±0.05Ab2.25±0.01Aa0.44±0Dc0.57±0.01Db0.94±0.02Ba1.28±0Ab1.41±0.01Ba0.42±0Dc
C15:01.07±0.05Ca1.07±0.05Da1.07±0.05Da1.85±0.05Bb2.32±0.03Aa2.38±0.02Aa0.72±0.02Dc1.17±0.01Cb2.17±0.04Ba2.3±0Aa1.85±0Bb1.19±0.04Cc
C16:0253.61±0.81Ca253.61±0.81Ca253.61±0.81Da436.83±1.46Bc521.18±0.88Ab712.42±7.33Ba156.11±0.29Dc247.64±2.48Db741.92±6.79Aa541.69±3.18Aa412.84±1.47Bc500.16±2.53Cb
C16:126.87±0.24Ca26.87±0.24Ca26.87±0.24Ba44.58±0.38Bc54.4±0.32Aa52.05±0.45Ab16.2±0.01Dc24.58±0.18Db52.78±0.88Aa59.56±0.08Aa46.1±0.19Bb25.27±0.1Cc
C17:02.06±0.09Ca2.06±0.09Ca2.06±0.09Da4.42±0.1Bc5.59±0.05Ab7.29±0.06Aa1.43±0.07Dc1.89±0.02Cb6.45±0.03Ba4.64±0.13Aa3.53±0.22Bc4.28±0.02Cb
C18:0109.29±0.32Ca109.29±0.32Ca109.29±0.32Da207.23±0.77Bc258.9±0.2Ab319.88±3.57Ba68.95±0.12Dc107.21±1.17Db327.23±2.81Aa237.37±1.3Aa184.1±0.74Bc229.36±0.57Cb
C18:1n9t2.13±0.07Ca2.13±0.07Da2.13±0.07Da3.66±0.02Bc5.56±0.05Ab5.94±0.02Aa1.62±0.02Dc2.26±0.03Cb4.45±0.05Ba5.51±0.14Aa3.85±0.02Bb2.3±0.05Cc
C18:1n9c327.33±0.47Ca327.33±0.47Da327.33±0.47Da630.32±2.11Bc747.95±0.57Ab1241.98±13.2Ba207.32±0.82Dc330.8±3.06Cb1293.04±11.2Aa808.39±4.98Ab603.18±2.24Bc859.82±4.88Ca
C18:2n6t0.69±0.18Ba0.69±0.18Ba0.69±0.18Ca2.67±0.24Aa1.19±0.37Ab1.69±0.12BbNDNDND0.91±0.3Bb1.11±0Ab2.34±0.1Aa
C18:2n6c343.28±1.56Ca343.28±1.56Ca343.28±1.56Da642.01±2.1Bc688.82±1.87Ab1901.15±6.51Ba211.99±0.32Dc278.7±3.27Db1978.1±14.17Aa764.63±2.79Ab570.2±3.06Bc1493.17±4.74Ca
C20:01.54±0.01Ca1.54±0.01Ca1.54±0.01Ca3.04±0.03Bb3.22±0.04Ab12.84±0.48Aa1.22±0.03Dc1.43±0.09Db12.44±0.11Aa3.1±0.01Ab2.78±0.01Bc10.75±0.2Ba
C18:3n62.89±0Ca2.89±0Ca2.89±0Da4.64±0.01Bc5.27±0.07Ab7.76±0.08Ba1.61±0.05Dc1.9±0.04Db7.86±0.06Aa6.03±0.13Aa4.27±0.03Bc5.02±0Cb
C20:12.23±0.16Ca2.23±0.16Da2.23±0.16Aa4.59±0.12Bb5.04±0.13AaNDND2.56±0.04CaND7.92±0.53Aa4.03±0.19BbND
C18:3n319.22±0.26Ca19.22±0.26Ca19.22±0.26Da38.49±0.11Bb39.04±0.25Ab170.27±1.15Ba13.39±0.01Db13.87±0.18Db174.67±1.31Aa47.06±1.12Ab34.56±0.47Bc140.21±0.69Ca
C20:26.68±0.36Ca6.68±0.36Ca6.68±0.36Da13.87±0.04Bb16.1±0.22Aa16.14±0.55Aa4.75±0.06Dc7.04±0.08Cb15.09±0.13Ba15.15±0.17Aa11.93±0.24Bb11.49±0.15Cc
C22:01.85±0.05Ba1.85±0.05Ba1.85±0.05Ca2.59±0.13Ac3.61±0.02Ab14.51±0.08Aa1.26±0.01CbND14.61±0.17AaNDND11.54±0.05Ba
C20:3n611±0.17Ca11±0.17Ca11±0.17Ca11.86±0.1Bb15.05±0.18Aa11.65±0.04Ab4.16±0.07Dc5.33±0.01Db11.44±0.15Ba12.26±0.01Aa11.36±0.03Bb8.45±0.01Dc
C20:3n31.87±0.13Ba1.87±0.13Ca1.87±0.13Ca3.24±0.17Ab3.58±0.07Aa2.77±0.02Ac1.6±0.37Bb1.72±0Cb2.72±0.06Aa2.94±0.08Aa2.9±0.13Ba2.25±0Bb
C20:4n682.94±0.64Ca82.94±0.64Ca82.94±0.64Da119.56±0.25Ab153.78±0.53Aa114.7±0.49Ac43.16±0.16Dc59.14±0.09Db108.62±0.05Ba105.07±1.51Bb110.38±0.73Ba96.59±0.59Cc
C23:0NDNDND0.76±0.01Ab0.53±0.06Ab1.65±0.55AaNDND1.6±0.67AaNDND0.87±0.11Aa
C24:02.65±0.05Ba2.65±0.05Ca2.65±0.05Da4.02±0.24Ab4.57±0.06Aa3.24±0.12Bc2.24±0.99BbND3.43±0.12Aa4.08±0.03Aa3.19±0.12Bb2.87±0.1Cc
C20:5n3NDNDND0.56±0.02Bc0.77±0.03Ab3.03±0.06BaNDND3.21±0.03Ba0.65±0.01AbND2.42±0Ca
C22:6n310.87±0.16Ca10.87±0.16Ca10.87±0.16Ca17.6±0.13Ab20.83±0.01Aa14.29±1.33Ac5.71±0.01Dc8.08±0.19Db14.57±0.02Aa14.06±0.03Bb15.38±0.17Ba12.74±0.06Bc
n-331.96±0.02Ca31.96±0.02Ca31.96±0.02Da59.88±0.08Bc64.22±0.35Ab190.37±2.44Ba20.7±0.38Dc23.67±0.37Db195.17±1.38Aa64.71±1.25Ab52.84±0.76Bc157.63±0.63Ca
n-6440.8±0.9Ca440.8±0.9Ca440.8±0.9Da780.74±2.21Bc864.11±2.87Ab2036.95±7.23Ba260.93±0.37Dc345.07±3.22Db2106.02±14.32Aa888.9±0.88Ab697.32±3.8Bc1605.56±4.04Ca
n-6/n-313.79±0.04Aa13.79±0.04Ba13.79±0.04Aa13.04±0.02Bb13.45±0.03Ca10.7±0.1Bc12.61±0.22Cb14.58±0.09Aa10.79±0Bc13.74±0.28Aa13.2±0.12Db10.19±0.01Cc
SFA383.13±1.38Ca383.13±1.38Ca383.13±1.38Da672.96±2.36Bc817.2±0.99Ab1090.99±11.34Ba237.09±1.38Dc366.84±3.57Db1124.98±10.5Aa809.64±4.31Aa622.05±2.42Bc770.16±2.05Cb
PUFA479.44±0.52Ca479.44±0.52Ca479.44±0.52Da854.49±2.25Bc944.43±3.44Ab2243.46±10.22Ba286.38±0.81Dc375.78±3.67Db2316.28±15.83Aa968.76±0.55Ab762.09±4.8Bc1774.68±4.81Ca
PUFA/SFA1.25±0.00Ba1.25±0.00Aa1.25±0.00Ca1.27±0.00Ab1.16±0.00Cc2.06±0.01Ba1.21±0.00Cb1.02±0.00Dc2.06±0.01Ba1.2±0.01 Dc1.23±0.00Bb2.3±0.00Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1320889521579868710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889514965451216, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同加工与复热组合的鸡胸肉脂肪酸含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸种类含量(mg/100g)(以干基计)
RW-STRW-RORW-FRHE-STHE-ROHE-FRBR-STBR-ROBR-FRMR-STMR-ROMR-FR
C6:01.97±0.09Aa1.97±0.09Aa1.97±0.09AaNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
C12:00.44±0.01Ba0.44±0.01Ba0.44±0.01Aa0.44±0.03Bb0.68±0.01AcNDNDNDND0.82±0.03AcNDND
C14:08.65±0.01Ca8.65±0.01Ca8.65±0.01Da11.8±0.04Bc16.6±0.04Ab16.78±0.08Aa5.17±0.02Dc7.5±0.18Db15.13±0.06Ba15.63±0.03Aa13.77±0.12Bb9.15±0.15Cc
C14:10.71±0.05Ca0.71±0.05Ca0.71±0.05Ca0.88±0.01Bc1.5±0.05Ab2.25±0.01Aa0.44±0Dc0.57±0.01Db0.94±0.02Ba1.28±0Ab1.41±0.01Ba0.42±0Dc
C15:01.07±0.05Ca1.07±0.05Da1.07±0.05Da1.85±0.05Bb2.32±0.03Aa2.38±0.02Aa0.72±0.02Dc1.17±0.01Cb2.17±0.04Ba2.3±0Aa1.85±0Bb1.19±0.04Cc
C16:0253.61±0.81Ca253.61±0.81Ca253.61±0.81Da436.83±1.46Bc521.18±0.88Ab712.42±7.33Ba156.11±0.29Dc247.64±2.48Db741.92±6.79Aa541.69±3.18Aa412.84±1.47Bc500.16±2.53Cb
C16:126.87±0.24Ca26.87±0.24Ca26.87±0.24Ba44.58±0.38Bc54.4±0.32Aa52.05±0.45Ab16.2±0.01Dc24.58±0.18Db52.78±0.88Aa59.56±0.08Aa46.1±0.19Bb25.27±0.1Cc
C17:02.06±0.09Ca2.06±0.09Ca2.06±0.09Da4.42±0.1Bc5.59±0.05Ab7.29±0.06Aa1.43±0.07Dc1.89±0.02Cb6.45±0.03Ba4.64±0.13Aa3.53±0.22Bc4.28±0.02Cb
C18:0109.29±0.32Ca109.29±0.32Ca109.29±0.32Da207.23±0.77Bc258.9±0.2Ab319.88±3.57Ba68.95±0.12Dc107.21±1.17Db327.23±2.81Aa237.37±1.3Aa184.1±0.74Bc229.36±0.57Cb
C18:1n9t2.13±0.07Ca2.13±0.07Da2.13±0.07Da3.66±0.02Bc5.56±0.05Ab5.94±0.02Aa1.62±0.02Dc2.26±0.03Cb4.45±0.05Ba5.51±0.14Aa3.85±0.02Bb2.3±0.05Cc
C18:1n9c327.33±0.47Ca327.33±0.47Da327.33±0.47Da630.32±2.11Bc747.95±0.57Ab1241.98±13.2Ba207.32±0.82Dc330.8±3.06Cb1293.04±11.2Aa808.39±4.98Ab603.18±2.24Bc859.82±4.88Ca
C18:2n6t0.69±0.18Ba0.69±0.18Ba0.69±0.18Ca2.67±0.24Aa1.19±0.37Ab1.69±0.12BbNDNDND0.91±0.3Bb1.11±0Ab2.34±0.1Aa
C18:2n6c343.28±1.56Ca343.28±1.56Ca343.28±1.56Da642.01±2.1Bc688.82±1.87Ab1901.15±6.51Ba211.99±0.32Dc278.7±3.27Db1978.1±14.17Aa764.63±2.79Ab570.2±3.06Bc1493.17±4.74Ca
C20:01.54±0.01Ca1.54±0.01Ca1.54±0.01Ca3.04±0.03Bb3.22±0.04Ab12.84±0.48Aa1.22±0.03Dc1.43±0.09Db12.44±0.11Aa3.1±0.01Ab2.78±0.01Bc10.75±0.2Ba
C18:3n62.89±0Ca2.89±0Ca2.89±0Da4.64±0.01Bc5.27±0.07Ab7.76±0.08Ba1.61±0.05Dc1.9±0.04Db7.86±0.06Aa6.03±0.13Aa4.27±0.03Bc5.02±0Cb
C20:12.23±0.16Ca2.23±0.16Da2.23±0.16Aa4.59±0.12Bb5.04±0.13AaNDND2.56±0.04CaND7.92±0.53Aa4.03±0.19BbND
C18:3n319.22±0.26Ca19.22±0.26Ca19.22±0.26Da38.49±0.11Bb39.04±0.25Ab170.27±1.15Ba13.39±0.01Db13.87±0.18Db174.67±1.31Aa47.06±1.12Ab34.56±0.47Bc140.21±0.69Ca
C20:26.68±0.36Ca6.68±0.36Ca6.68±0.36Da13.87±0.04Bb16.1±0.22Aa16.14±0.55Aa4.75±0.06Dc7.04±0.08Cb15.09±0.13Ba15.15±0.17Aa11.93±0.24Bb11.49±0.15Cc
C22:01.85±0.05Ba1.85±0.05Ba1.85±0.05Ca2.59±0.13Ac3.61±0.02Ab14.51±0.08Aa1.26±0.01CbND14.61±0.17AaNDND11.54±0.05Ba
C20:3n611±0.17Ca11±0.17Ca11±0.17Ca11.86±0.1Bb15.05±0.18Aa11.65±0.04Ab4.16±0.07Dc5.33±0.01Db11.44±0.15Ba12.26±0.01Aa11.36±0.03Bb8.45±0.01Dc
C20:3n31.87±0.13Ba1.87±0.13Ca1.87±0.13Ca3.24±0.17Ab3.58±0.07Aa2.77±0.02Ac1.6±0.37Bb1.72±0Cb2.72±0.06Aa2.94±0.08Aa2.9±0.13Ba2.25±0Bb
C20:4n682.94±0.64Ca82.94±0.64Ca82.94±0.64Da119.56±0.25Ab153.78±0.53Aa114.7±0.49Ac43.16±0.16Dc59.14±0.09Db108.62±0.05Ba105.07±1.51Bb110.38±0.73Ba96.59±0.59Cc
C23:0NDNDND0.76±0.01Ab0.53±0.06Ab1.65±0.55AaNDND1.6±0.67AaNDND0.87±0.11Aa
C24:02.65±0.05Ba2.65±0.05Ca2.65±0.05Da4.02±0.24Ab4.57±0.06Aa3.24±0.12Bc2.24±0.99BbND3.43±0.12Aa4.08±0.03Aa3.19±0.12Bb2.87±0.1Cc
C20:5n3NDNDND0.56±0.02Bc0.77±0.03Ab3.03±0.06BaNDND3.21±0.03Ba0.65±0.01AbND2.42±0Ca
C22:6n310.87±0.16Ca10.87±0.16Ca10.87±0.16Ca17.6±0.13Ab20.83±0.01Aa14.29±1.33Ac5.71±0.01Dc8.08±0.19Db14.57±0.02Aa14.06±0.03Bb15.38±0.17Ba12.74±0.06Bc
n-331.96±0.02Ca31.96±0.02Ca31.96±0.02Da59.88±0.08Bc64.22±0.35Ab190.37±2.44Ba20.7±0.38Dc23.67±0.37Db195.17±1.38Aa64.71±1.25Ab52.84±0.76Bc157.63±0.63Ca
n-6440.8±0.9Ca440.8±0.9Ca440.8±0.9Da780.74±2.21Bc864.11±2.87Ab2036.95±7.23Ba260.93±0.37Dc345.07±3.22Db2106.02±14.32Aa888.9±0.88Ab697.32±3.8Bc1605.56±4.04Ca
n-6/n-313.79±0.04Aa13.79±0.04Ba13.79±0.04Aa13.04±0.02Bb13.45±0.03Ca10.7±0.1Bc12.61±0.22Cb14.58±0.09Aa10.79±0Bc13.74±0.28Aa13.2±0.12Db10.19±0.01Cc
SFA383.13±1.38Ca383.13±1.38Ca383.13±1.38Da672.96±2.36Bc817.2±0.99Ab1090.99±11.34Ba237.09±1.38Dc366.84±3.57Db1124.98±10.5Aa809.64±4.31Aa622.05±2.42Bc770.16±2.05Cb
PUFA479.44±0.52Ca479.44±0.52Ca479.44±0.52Da854.49±2.25Bc944.43±3.44Ab2243.46±10.22Ba286.38±0.81Dc375.78±3.67Db2316.28±15.83Aa968.76±0.55Ab762.09±4.8Bc1774.68±4.81Ca
PUFA/SFA1.25±0.00Ba1.25±0.00Aa1.25±0.00Ca1.27±0.00Ab1.16±0.00Cc2.06±0.01Ba1.21±0.00Cb1.02±0.00Dc2.06±0.01Ba1.2±0.01 Dc1.23±0.00Bb2.3±0.00Aa
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不同热加工-复热方式组合对鸡肉关键营养组分与氧化特性的影响
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彭丽君 1, 2 , 刘云鹤 2 , 黄峰 2 , 徐丽娜 2 , 李东 1, * , 张春晖 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(2): 167-179
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (2) : 167 -179
不同热加工-复热方式组合对鸡肉关键营养组分与氧化特性的影响
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彭丽君1, 2 , 刘云鹤2, 黄峰2, 徐丽娜2, 李东1, * , 张春晖2, *
作者信息
  • 1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院,四川宜宾 644005
  • 2中国农业科学院农产品加工所,农业部农产品加工综合性重点实验室,北京 100193
通讯作者:
李东(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品精深加工与功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
张春晖(1971−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:肉品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

彭丽君(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:

Effects of Different Combinations of Heat Processing-reheating Methods on Key Nutrient Components and Oxidation Characteristics of Chicken
Lijun PENG1, 2 , Yunhe LIU2, Feng HUANG2, Lina XU2, Dong LI1, * , Chunhui ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644005, China
  • 2Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030391
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本研究采用蒸、烤、炸三种加工方式与水浴、微波两种复热方式的组合实验设计,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA),系统比较不同加工-复热组合对鸡胸肉营养与氧化特性的影响,以了解鸡胸肉营养与氧化变化规律。结果表明,在不同加工方式下,炸制鸡胸肉的硫代巴比妥酸反应物质含量显著高于蒸制与烤制鸡胸肉(P<0.05),α-螺旋含量降低、β-折叠含量增加,维生素E损失率低(12.90%~27.96%),且保留了更多的C18:1n-9c、C18:2n-6c、C20:0、C18:3n-6、C18:3n-3、C22:0、C23:0、C20:5n-3等脂肪酸(P<0.05);蒸制与烤制的蛋白质含量、维生素B6含量及C12:0、C20:1等脂肪酸、羰基含量显著高于炸制(P<0.05),其游离巯基含量显著低于炸制(P<0.05)。对比不同复热方式,蒸制-微波复热组合、烤制-微波组合的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值、多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值、维生素B1、维生素B6、维生素E等含量显著高于蒸制-水浴复热组合、烤制-水浴组合,而炸制组合反之(P<0.05)。综上,炸制保留了更多的脂肪酸及脂溶性维生素,而蒸制与烤制保留了更多的蛋白质、水溶性维生素、稳定的饱和脂肪酸与相对稳定的单不饱和脂肪酸;从保持营养关键成分的角度分析,蒸制与烤制鸡胸肉适合微波复热,炸制鸡胸肉适合水浴复热。研究结果有助于了解鸡胸肉加工-复热过程中营养成分及氧化变化,从而为健康饮食的加工及复热方法提供科学的建议。

鸡胸肉  /  加工  /  复热  /  营养  /  氧化

This study systematically investigated the effects of different cooking-reheating combinations (steaming, roasting, frying coupled with water bath or microwave reheating) on the nutritional and oxidative profiles of chicken breast using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results demonstrated that frying significantly elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels compared to steaming and roasting (P<0.05), accompanied by reduced α-helix and increased β-sheet content in proteins. Fried samples exhibited lower vitamin E loss (12.90%~27.96%) and retained higher levels of key fatty acids, including C18:1n-9c, C18:2n-6c, C20:0, C18:3n-6, C18:3n-3, C22:0, C23:0, and C20:5n-3 (P<0.05). In contrast, steamed and roasted samples showed superior protein content, vitamin B6 retention, and elevated levels of C12:0 and C20:1 fatty acids, alongside higher protein carbonyls and lower free sulfhydryl groups versus fried samples (P<0.05). Regarding reheating, microwave synergistic steam or roast reheated samples displayed significantly higher ratios of essential to total amino acids (EAA/TAA), essential to non-essential amino acids (EAA/NEAA), polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA), and greater retention of vitamins B1, B6, and E compared to water bath-reheated counterparts (P<0.05). Conversely, fried chicken breast retained higher nutritional quality when reheated via a water bath. Collectively, frying better preserves fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, while steaming and roasting favor protein integrity, water-soluble vitamins, and stable saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids. From the perspective of preserving key nutritional components, microwave reheating is recommended for steamed or roasted chicken breast, whereas water bath reheating optimizes fried samples. These findings elucidate the nutritional and oxidative dynamics during cooking-reheating processes, offering science-based insights that will enlighten and inform professionals about healthier dietary practices.

chicken breast  /  cooking processing  /  reheating  /  nutritional quality  /  oxidation dynamics
彭丽君, 刘云鹤, 黄峰, 徐丽娜, 李东, 张春晖. 不同热加工-复热方式组合对鸡肉关键营养组分与氧化特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 167 -179 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030391
Lijun PENG, Yunhe LIU, Feng HUANG, Lina XU, Dong LI, Chunhui ZHANG. Effects of Different Combinations of Heat Processing-reheating Methods on Key Nutrient Components and Oxidation Characteristics of Chicken[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 167 -179 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030391
鸡肉具有“一高三低”的特点[1],广受消费者喜爱。我国鸡肉生产量已达世界第二位[2]。热加工影响食品的风味和营养,复热促进风味物质的释放[3],而热加工-复热双重处理体系对产品的最终品质起到了决定性作用。蒸、烤、炸是分别以水蒸气、热空气、油为传热介质的典型热加工方式,水浴复热与微波复热是食品加工中两种普遍且省时的方法。不同的热处理方式会因传热介质、时间和温度的差异,导致营养成分发生变化[4]。Li等[5]研究表明,牛肉经过微波、煮制、蒸制再使用相同的方式进行复热,煮制复热后的游离氨基酸含量显著高于其他方式,其增长了9.15%。
在肉类加工及复热过程中,蛋白质与脂质氧化也会对其营养价值产生影响。蒸制过程中的水蒸气会覆盖在肉表面,形成水膜屏障,从而减少了空气中氧气与肉表面直接接触,发生非酶促氧化反应[6];烤制过程中的热空气导致肉表面快速脱水,形成多孔或干燥层,氧气渗透至内部组织,发生非酶促氧化反应[7];炸制过程中的油进入肉的表面和孔隙,与肉中内源性脂质混合,发生油脂氧化与非酶促氧化反应[8]。Dong等[9]研究发现,蒸制鲑鱼的脂肪氧化降解,脂肪酸和甘油二酯含量的降低,改善脂肪酸的比例。Li等[10]研究表明,直接烘烤的羊肉硫代巴比妥酸反应物质和羰基含量增加,同时饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸及氨基酸(如赖氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)含量较高,营养价值更高。Sun等[11]对猪肉经过煮、炸、烤后再使用相同(煮、炸、烤)的方式进行复热,其中烤制的氧化程度(脂肪氧化、蛋白氧化)最高。Mei等[12]发现红烧肉在蒸制-微波复热组合后抑制了蛋白质氧化、脂质氧化和美拉德反应,且呈现出最佳的口感特性。综上,现有研究主要集中在同源复热策略(如烤制后再烤制复热),而对不同加工-复热方式结合,特别是不同传热介质对营养与氧化变化研究较少。
本研究旨在突破传统单一阶段研究范式,构建加工方式(蒸、烤、炸)-复热方式(水浴、微波)组合实验设计,系统解析工艺参数(温度、时间、介质)对营养成分(蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸等)与氧化稳定性(TBARS值、羰基含量、巯基含量等)的影响。这为肉类营养的保持及后续不同加工-复热的消化与吸收的研究奠定基础,进一步为消费者、企业提供更好的科学饮食、营养选择与更优良高端的鸡肉产品开发建议。
冷鲜白羽鸡胸肉 北京聚雪福商贸有限公司,40~45日龄,净重(260±10)g;金龙鱼大豆油(食品级)、食盐(食品级) 北京幸福荣耀超市;ACCQ-Tag氨基酸试剂包 美国Waters公司;磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、尿素 分析纯,北京广达恒益科技有限公司;盐酸胍 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;乙酸乙酯、2-硝基苯甲酸等 分析纯,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;甲醇、石油醚、氢氧化钠、硼酸等 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
K9840自动凯氏定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司;DH-101-3BS电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 天津市中环实验电炉有限公司;ST1004多路温度测定仪 东莞万创电子制品有限公司;Agilent 6545 Q-TOF液相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;MOS-500圆二色光谱仪 法国Bio-Logic公司;M1-L213C微波炉 广东美的厨房电器制造有限公司;iX6U光波烤箱 格兰仕集团有限公司;Thermo TRACE GC ULTRA气相色谱仪(检测器为FID)、Agilent 1260Ⅱ高效液相色谱仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;SCIEX ExionLCTM超高效液相色谱仪 美国SCIEX公司;LC-20A岛津高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津有限公司。
取市售鸡胸肉去除脂肪与结缔组织,切成1.5 cm×1.5 cm×1.5 cm规格肉块(约4±0.5 g),随机分为4组。每组4个样本,加入1.5%氯化钠腌制20 min,进行不同的加工及复热处理。
参考Yang等[13]与Luo等[14]方法,并稍作修改。对照(CK),不进行加热处理;蒸(Stewed,ST),用500 W电磁炉密封蒸制;烤(Roasted,RO),鸡胸肉在预热至200 ℃的烤箱中烤制;炸(Fried,FR),鸡胸肉在预热至180 ℃的油炸锅中炸制。各组均加热至中心温度72 ℃(多路温度测定仪测定中心温度)后立即冷水冷却,一部分用于理化指标的测定(测定的结果以干基计),一部分真空包装后在−18 ℃贮藏7 d。
贮藏后的样品分别进行沸水浴(Boiling Reheat,BR)和微波(Microwave Reheat,MR, 2450 MHz、700 W)复热至中心温度72 ℃,冷却后测定理化指标(干基计)。
鸡胸肉的蛋白质含量根据美国分析家协会(Association of Official Analytical Chemists,AOAC)方法的955.04[15]进行测定。
参考Gao等[16]方法,稍作修改。称取5 g经过热处理与复热后的鸡胸肉样品,加入20 mL超纯水冰浴匀浆3次(14000 r/min,10 s/次,间隔10 s),再加入20 mL 5%(V/V)三氯乙酸溶液摇匀混匀,并在4 ℃放置12 h,收集上清液,用4 mol/L KOH调pH至6.0,转移至50 mL容量瓶中定容,过0.45 μm的膜,备用。衍生管中加入10 µL滤液、70 µL AccQ Fluor Buffer、20 µL现配的AccQ Fluor衍生剂,持续涡旋振荡混合10 s,室温平衡1 min后55 ℃反应10 min取出待测。液相色谱参数条件:Nova-Pak色谱柱C18(3.9 mm×150 mm,4 μm);AccQ Tag A-水溶液(1:10,v/v);柱温维持37 ℃;紫外检测器波长设置为248 nm;进样量为10 µL。洗脱程序如表1所示。
脂肪含量参照Bligh等[17]方法进行测定。参考Tan等[18]方法测定脂肪酸的含量。称取5 g经热加工及复热后的鸡胸肉样品,对其进行水解-提取并定量。用带有火焰离子化检测器的气相色谱仪对脂肪酸甲酯进行定量、熔融石英毛细管柱(0.25 mm×100 m,Supelco SPTM-2362)实现分离。柱温箱温度从100 ℃提高到 230 ℃,进样器和检测器温度分别设置为270 ℃和280 ℃。使用氮气作为载气,流速为0.6 mL/min,进样量为1.0 µL。通过保留时间与已知标准品进行比较来定性与定量。
不同加工及复热后鸡胸肉样品中维生素B1的测定参考Yoshida等[19]方法。称取4.00 g处理后的样品,对其进行提取与衍生化并定量。为了定量硫胺素,使用带有荧光检测器的液相色谱仪、C18反向色色谱柱(粒径5 µm,250 mm×4.6 mm)。液相色谱参数条件:激发波长与发射波长分别为375、435 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为20 µL。
不同加工及复热后鸡胸肉样品中维生素B6的测定参考Bergaentzlé等[20]方法。液相色谱-串联质谱参数条件:称取2.00 g处理后的样品,对其进行提取、衍生化、定量。定量使用带有电喷雾离子源的液相色谱-串联质谱仪、硅胶基质五氟苯基柱(粒径1.8 µm,3.0 mm×150 mm)。液相色谱-串联质谱参数条件:激发波长与发射波长分别为375、435 nm,色谱柱温为30 ℃、流速为0.4 mL/min、进样量为10 µL;质谱电离方式为ESI+、监测方式为多反应监测、毛细管电压为3.10 kV、锥孔电压为30 V、离子源温度为150 ℃、锥孔反吹气流量为150 L/h、脱溶剂气温度为350 ℃、脱溶剂气流量为600 L/h。
不同加工及复热后鸡胸肉样品中维生素E的测定参考Woollard等[21]方法。对热加工及复热处理后的样品经提取、浓缩后,用含有荧光检测器的正向高效液相色谱仪定量、酰氨基柱(柱长150 mm,内径3.0 mm,粒径1.7 µm)分离。激发波长与发射波长分别为294、328 nm,柱温为30 ℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10 μL。通过保留时间与α、β、γ、δ-生育酚标准品进行比较来定性与定量。
羰基含量的测定参考Wang等[22]的方法并稍作修改。称取0.8 g经热加工及热处理的鸡胸肉于4 mL 20 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.5,含0.6 mol/L NaCl)中进行匀浆(11000 r/min,10 s,3次),4 ℃离心10 min(10000 r/min),移取上清液400 μL,加入含10 mmol/L 2,4-二硝基苯肼(2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine,DNPH)的200 μL 2 mol/L HCl,30 ℃避光反应1 h。加1 mL 40%三氯乙酸(Trichloroacetic Acid,TCA)沉淀蛋白,静置20 min后离心15 min,弃去上清液,用1 mL乙酸乙酯-乙醇溶液(1:1,V/V)洗涤沉淀以除去未反应的DNPH,重复上述步骤至上清液无色,用3 mL 6 mol/L盐酸胍溶液溶解蛋白,沉淀完全溶解后在370 nm波长处测吸光度,用BCA试剂盒测定各处理组的蛋白浓度。按式(1)计算羰基含量:
$ 羰基值(\text{nmol}/\text{g})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{370}}\text{×n×}{\text{10}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{C×22000}} $
式中,A370为370 nm波长处的吸光度值;n为溶液的稀释倍数;C为样品中蛋白质浓度(mg/mL);22000 L/(mol·cm) 为摩尔消光系数。
游离巯基(free sulfhydryl groups,SH)含量的测定参照Liu等[23]的方法测定并稍作修改。称取150 mg经热加工及复热处理的冻干鸡胸肉,加入2 mL Tris-甘氨酸缓冲液(含4.43 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠、0.16 mol/L尿素、0.1 mol/L盐酸胍缓冲液,pH8.0),振荡1 h,常温离心15 min(10000 r/min)。移取0.5 mL混合液与20 μL的4 mg/mL5,5′-二硫双-2-硝基苯甲酸(5,5'-Dithiobis-2-Nitrobenzoic Acid,DTNB)振荡,在25 ℃避光反应30 min,再次离心15 min取上清液,在412 nm处测定。按式(2)计算游离巯基的含量:
$ {\text{C}}_{\text{SH}}(\text{µmol}/\text{g})=\frac{{\text{10}}^{\text{6}}\times{\text{A}}_{\text{412}}\times\text{D}}{13600\times \rho }$
式中,CSH为游离巯基含量(μmol/g);A412为412 nm波长处的吸光度值;D为溶液的稀释倍数;ρ为样品中蛋白质浓度(mg/mL);13600 L/(mol·cm) 为摩尔消光系数。
参照Yuan等[24]的方法测定蛋白质二级结构。用5 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH7.0)作空白,并调整蛋白浓度为0.5 mg/mL。将光程0.1 mm的石英比色皿放置在MOS-500圆二色光谱(Circular Dichroism,CD)内进行扫描(190~260 nm)。具体参数设定如下:扫描速度100 nm/min、响应时间1.0 s。最后,蛋白质的二级结构含量用CDNN软件进行计算。
参照Manzoor[25]方法,经三氯乙酸提取,建立标曲y=0.6143x+0.0005(R2=0.9996)并定量,结果以mg MDA/kg表示。
所有实验平行测定3次,所有数据均以平均值±标准差(Standard Deviation,SD)表示;采用 IBM SPSS Statistics 27 软件对数据进行差异显著性分析,当P<0.05时不同样品之间存在显著差异;用Origin 2022、SIMCA 14、GraphPad Prism 9对数据进行绘图。
蛋白质是鸡胸肉中主要的营养成分,不同加工复热方式的鸡胸肉蛋白质含量变化见表2,原料肉的蛋白质含量为90.72 g/100 g(干基)。在不同加工方式下,蒸制、烤制的鸡胸肉蛋白含量显著高于炸制(P<0.05),炸制鸡胸肉的蛋白质含量在热加工、水浴复热、微波复热后分别降低了11.12%、10.43%、12.11%。这可能是因为炸制过程中油的传热速率高使其快速升温与蛋白质氧化改变了蛋白质的结构,暴露更多的切割位点,水溶性蛋白更易随着大量水分流失而损失或炸制高温低水分的环境使蛋白质参与非酶促褐变反应[26]。
Tonfack等[27]在蒸煮、油炸过程中得到了类似的结果。在不同加工阶段,鸡胸肉经热加工、加工-复热(水浴、微波)组合的蛋白质含量都没有显著差异(P>0.05),说明水浴复热及微波复热几乎不会造成不同加工方式的鸡胸肉中蛋白质的流失。
氨基酸是鸡胸肉中的重要营养物质,其中游离氨基酸更易于吸收,其数量及比例会影响蛋白质的营养价值。必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(Essential Amino Acids/Total Amino Acids,EAA/TAA)、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(Essential Amino Acids/Non-Essential Amino Acids,EAA/NEAA)都是蛋白质质量的重要评价指标。表3与图1显示了不同加工复热方式的鸡胸肉氨基酸含量变化,在不同加工方式及加工阶段,苏氨酸(必需氨基酸)的含量显著高于其他氨基酸(P<0.05),在501.93~766.39 mg/100 g范围内变化。苏氨酸对蛋白质合成、能量代谢和营养吸收具有重要的介导作用,可以促进生长发育、增强免疫功能、维持肠道健康。在不同加工方式下,蒸制、炸制的鸡胸肉EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA比值略高于烤制,但没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。烤制鸡胸肉的脯氨酸、丙氨酸、组氨酸等非必需氨基酸的含量较高是其原因之一。蒸、烤、炸分别以水蒸气、热空气、油为传热介质进行热加工,氨基酸残基在不同烹饪介质、温度和时间下的不同修饰程度可能是蛋白质质量差异的主要原因[28]。在不同加工阶段,不同加工-复热组合后鸡胸肉的EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA比值无显著差异(P>0.05),而烤制-微波复热组合(MR-RO)的鸡胸肉EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA比值显著高于烤制-水浴复热组合(BR-RO)(P<0.05),说明不同的加工方式对复热过程中蛋白质质量的变化影响较小,而不同的复热方式会对特定加工方式(烤)的蛋白质量产生影响。
脂肪酸是细胞内信号传导的关键营养调节剂,而鸡胸肉中含有对人体健康有益的高度不饱和脂肪酸,具有预防心血管疾病、调节代谢和炎症反应、促进中枢神经系统发育等重要的生理功能[29]。从营养学角度看,多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids/Saturated Fatty Acids,PUFA/SFA)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值(n-6/n-3)是判断肉类营养价值和人类食用肉脂肪健康状况的关键指标。不同加工复热方式的鸡胸肉脂肪含量变化见表2,脂肪酸含量变化见表4及图2。在不同加工方式下,炸制的鸡胸肉脂肪含量显著高于蒸制和烤制(P<0.05),其在10.35~11.57 g/100 g范围内。这是因为炸制过程中,油作为传热介质以180 ℃的高温使鸡胸肉内部水分蒸发,形成孔隙,油渗透到肉的孔隙中,增加了脂肪含量[30];相比之下,蒸制和烤制使用水蒸气和热空气,传热效率较低,且不会像油那样渗透肉质,因此脂肪含量较低。还与炸制鸡胸肉的初始脂肪含量有关。炸制鸡胸肉的PUFA/SFA比值最高,是蒸制与烤制的1.62~2.02倍;炸制的n-6/n-3比值最低,蒸制与烤制是其的1.26~1.35倍(P<0.05)。研究结果都表明炸制鸡胸肉的营养价值高,这可能是因为大豆油的富含不饱和脂肪酸在油炸过程中向鸡胸肉中迁移。在不同加工阶段,烤制-微波复热组合(MR-RO)鸡胸肉的PUFA/SFA比值显著高于蒸制-水浴复热组合(BR-ST)、而烤制-水浴复热组合(BR-RO)的n-6/n-3比值显著低于烤制-微波复热组合(MR-RO)(P<0.05);炸制-微波组合(MR-FR)鸡胸肉的PUFA/SFA比值显著增加,而n-6/n-3比值显著减少(P<0.05)。这可能是鸡胸肉在复热过程中其初始脂肪酸含量及组成不同、加工程度的差异而导致脂肪酸释放速率不一致。Albano-Gaglio等[31]的结果显示,猪肉的初始脂肪含量不同,PUFA/SFA比值与n-6/n-3比值也有显著差异。不同的氧化程度影响油水界面处颗粒层网络结构和油滴聚集度,会改变油滴与脂肪酶的接触面积,从而影响脂肪的分解和释放率[32]。研究表明,烤制与炸制在与微波复热组合后更有利于人体健康。
水分、氧气、光线、温度、pH、时间等加工条件会导致维生素的热降解及损失[33],而VB1、VB6是水溶性维生素,尤其会受到水分的影响。不同加工复热方式的鸡胸肉维生素B1、B6的含量变化见表2,原料肉的维生素B1、B6的含量分别为28.43 μg/100 g、6.73 mg/kg。
在不同加工方式下,烤制的鸡胸肉维生素B1、B6含量显著高于蒸制与炸制(P<0.05),其在加热、水浴复热、微波复热后的维生素B1含量分别为29.09、23.47、28.47 μg/100 g,维生素B6含量分别为8.82、2.68、6.33 mg/kg。这是因为油的热导率高于空气,导致炸制时更快的热量传递,加速水分流失;蒸制通过蒸汽冷凝释放潜热,温度稳定但可能导致长时间加热,水分持续流失,这与蒸制与炸制中的水分含量较低相符(表2);烤制通过空气对流使表面快速干燥,形成保护层,内部可能保持较高水分,从而使烤制鸡胸肉中的水溶性维生素B1、B6损失程度较小;蒸炸后的鸡胸肉初始维生素含量很大程度上影响了其复热后的维生素B1、B6的含量变化。在不同加工阶段,在蒸制、烤制与复热组合后的鸡胸肉维生素B1、B6含量显著降低,且在加工-微波复热组合高于加工-水浴复热组合(P<0.05)。这可能是因为水分的流失,蒸制与烤制鸡胸肉从加工到复热阶段水分含量的变化趋势与VB1及VB6的一致印证了这一点。
VE是脂溶性维生素,不同加工复热方式的鸡胸肉维生素E的含量变化见表2,原料肉的维生素E的含量为0.49 mg α-TE/100 g。在不同加工方式下,鸡胸肉中维生素E含量最高的是炸制(1.34~1.86 mg α-TE/100 g)、其次是烤制(0.34~0.66 mg α-TE/100 g)、蒸制(0.16~0.40 mg α-TE/100 g)。此研究结果与Skoczylas等[34]发现的沙丁鱼的VE含量变化趋势一致。这与三种加工方式的脂肪含量变化趋势一致(表2),VE含量的变化可能与脂肪含量相关[35]。加热时间较长的烤制和蒸制过程中,氧化作用增强(图5),可能进一步导致维生素E的损失。而炸制的较高温度与油更均匀的热传导,导致鸡胸肉块表面迅速形成保护层,减少内部脂溶性VE的流失;VE在炸制过程中与油脂结合,进一步提高了其含量的相对稳定性。在不同加工阶段,不同加工-复热组合后鸡胸肉块的维生素E含量显著降低(P<0.05),再次加热使维生素E的损失率增加,分别增加了60.00%(BR-ST)、48.48%(BR-RO)、27.96%(BR-FR),55.00%(MR-ST)、22.73%(MR-RO)、12.90%(MR-FR)。其中蒸制-复热组合后鸡胸肉块的维生素E含量无显著变化,而烤、炸制与微波复热后鸡胸肉的VE含量显著高于烤、炸制与水浴复热组合(P<0.05),分别增加了33.33%、17.28%。这是因为蒸制鸡胸肉经热加工后初始维生素E含量低,且在两种复热方式下损失率高,导致没有统计学上的差异。Alibas等[36]发现类似的结果,中高功率微波处理(时间缩短)的脂溶性维生素含量比自然处理与低功率微波处理得到更好的保护。
蛋白质羰基化是某些氨基酸在氧化阶段的早期表现,羰基含量是衡量蛋白质氧化的指标,羰基的形成会影响蛋白质的功能与稳定性。从图3A可以看出,在不同加工方式下,炸制鸡胸肉在热加工阶段(15.18 nmol/mg protein)的羰基含量显著高于蒸制与烤制(P<0.05)。这与Wang等[37]的结果一致,在油炸过程中的热空气与肉样之间提供了均匀且高效的热传递,氧气与其接触更充分,更多的活性氧产生,加剧了氧化。游离巯基的减少与蛋白质结构的破坏使细胞内环境恶化,抗氧化酶活性减弱甚至完全失活,还原系统被破坏,导致衰老晚期的活性氧在细胞中大量积累,活性氧含量增加,这使氨基酸侧链更易受到活性氧的攻击,形成更多的羰基化合物[38−39]。在不同加工阶段,蒸制、烤制与复热组合(微波、水浴)的鸡胸肉羰基含量呈现增加趋势,炸制-复热组合(微波、水浴)呈降低趋势。这可能是蒸制与烤制较炸制加工时间更长,自氧化和活性氧攻击蛋白质的主要产物,形成羰基化合物[40]。
游离巯基含量的降低是表征蛋白氧化程度的标志,游离巯基(-SH)在高温下会被氧化成二硫键或其他含硫氧化物,游离巯基含量减少。从图3B可以看出,在不同加工方式下,炸制鸡胸肉在热加工阶段(8.59 µmol SH/g protein)的游离巯基含量显著低于蒸制与烤制(P<0.05)。在不同加工阶段,蒸制、烤制与复热组合的鸡胸肉巯基含量呈现降低趋势,而炸制-复热组合呈增加趋势,与上文蛋白氧化(羰基化)所得的结论一致。
通过圆二色光谱测定不同加工复热方式鸡胸肉中蛋白质二级结构的变化,包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角、无规则卷曲,其中P<0.05表示差异显著(图4)。原料肉的二级结构中的α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角、无规则卷曲的含量分别为17.89%、26.37%、15.10%、40.59%。与原料肉相比,经过热加工与复热后三种加工方式的α-螺旋结构的显著减少与β-折叠结构的显著增加均观察到(P<0.05)。同样,以前的研究报道了由于热加工诱导的蛋白氧化,空气油炸与烘烤后的扇贝随着温度的升高,α-螺旋结构减少与β-折叠结构增加[37]。在不同加工方式下,与蒸制组、烤制组相比,炸制组的α-螺旋结构降低、β-折叠结构增加趋势显著。这可能是油炸导致蛋白质分子的展开、解离和重排,破坏了蛋白质的原始有序结构并降低了α-螺旋的百分比;油炸加速了高分子量蛋白质的聚集,β-折叠的百分比增加[41]。与氧化反应导致蛋白质展开,这可能导致分子内氢键的减少,导致α-螺旋含量下降和α-螺旋转化为β-折叠[42]。在不同加工阶段,蒸制、烤制与复热组合的蛋白质二级结构变化趋势为α-螺旋结构降低、β-折叠结构增加,而炸制组-复热组合与其相反。蛋白质氧化的变化或许可以对这一现象进行解释。
脂肪氧化在肉类烹饪过程中至关重要,它会影响其脂肪酸组成及营养质量[43]。TBARS含量可用于评估鸡胸肉样品的脂肪氧化程度。根据Kaliniak-Dziura等[44]的报道,TBARS含量在约3 mg MDA/kg可以被认为是熟肉样品的可接受性的阈值范围。图5显示了不同加工复热方式的鸡胸肉TBARS含量变化,本文的研究结果均低于2 mg MDA/kg,在熟鸡胸肉的可接受阈值范围内,其中原料肉的TBARS含量为0.05 mg MDA/kg,其他烹饪方法处理的鸡胸肉脂肪氧化程度更高。这与Tenyang等[45]报道鱼在热加工后的结果一致。热加工会破坏鸡胸肉的肌肉纤维系统,增强细胞膜的破坏,促进PUFA和促氧化剂化合物之间的接触,并诱导蛋白质变性,从而导致抗氧化酶活性的丧失[46],使脂肪氧化更容易发生。在不同加工方式下,以油为传热介质的油炸鸡胸肉TBARS含量在0.82~1.41 mg MDA/kg范围内、以水蒸气为传热介质的蒸制鸡胸肉TBARS含量在0.44~1.22 mg MDA/kg范围内、以热空气为传热介质的烤制鸡胸肉TBARS含量在0.36~0.69 mg MDA/kg范围内,即鸡胸肉TBARS含量的变化趋势为:炸制>蒸制>烤制,这说明炸制鸡胸肉的脂肪氧化程度较高。这与Ding等[47]的研究结果类似,他们发现炸鲫鱼的TBARS含量最高。这可能是因为炸制的氧气暴露程度高。在不同加工阶段,加工-复热组合后鸡胸肉的TBARS含量显著增加(P<0.05),且加工-微波复热组合是加工-水浴复热组合的1~2倍,说明其在复热后脂肪氧化程度高。Luo等[14]对鱼糜的研究也显示了一致的结果,是因为与水浴复热相比,微波复热较强的热传导速度会促进自由基的形成,容易产生更强的氧化反应,加速脂肪的氧化的速率。
为了确定不同加工方式之间的营养与氧化差异,使用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型通过最大化测量数据(X)和响应变量(Y)之间的协方差来区分成对组。图6显示了不同加工方式之间的比较结果,包括OPLS-DA评分图、排列检验交叉验证和相应的火山图,ST、RO与FR之间存在明显的差异。
图6A显示了ST、RO两种加工方式之间的结果,OPLS-DA模型具有良好的预测能力和拟合性能(R2X=0.753、Q2=0.937)。火山图显示,与ST相比,RO保留了更多的VE。
图6B显示了ST与FR两种加工方式之间的结果,OPLS-DA模型中R2X与Q2的值分别为0.568、0.972。火山图中的差异物质包括FR中较高水平的脂肪、VE、C18:1n-9c、C18:2n-6c、C20:0、C18:3n-6、C18:3n-3、C22:0、C23:0、C20:5n-3,ST中较高水平的VB6、C12:0、C20:1。炸制中保留了更多的脂肪酸及脂溶性维生素。
RO与FR的结果如图6C所示,OPLS-DA模型中R2X与Q2的值分别为0.818、0.99。从火山图来看,FR中的脂肪、VE、C18:1n9c、C18:2n-6c、C20:0、C18:3n-6、C18:3n-3、C22:0、C23:0、C20:5n-3含量高于RO,而VB6、C12:0、C20:1在RO中的含量高于FR。
为了了解不同加工阶段上营养与氧化的变化,对成对组的数据进行了 OPLS-DA。HE、BR、MR之间存在明显的差异。
HE与BR的结果见图7A,OPLS-DA模型中R2X与Q2的值分别为0.903、0.97,具有令人满意的预测能力与拟合能力。火山图结果如下,HE比BR保留了更多的脂肪酸,包括C12:0、C14:1、C18:2n-6t、C20:1、C24:0与VB6。
HE与MR的结果见图7B,OPLS-DA模型中R2X的值为0.784、Q2的值为0.92。MR的TBARS含量高于HE,而HE的C23:0含量高于MR。
图7C显示了BR与MR的结果,OPLS-DA模型中R2X的值为0.914、Q2的值为0.924。火山图显示的差异物质为MR中较高水平的C18:2n-6t。
总之,炸制保留了更多的脂肪酸及脂溶性维生素,而蒸制与烤制保留了更多的水溶性维生素、稳定的饱和脂肪酸与相对稳定的单不饱和脂肪酸。热加工比加工-复热组合后(微波、水浴)保留了更多的脂肪酸,而水浴复热与微波复热同时伴随着更高水平的脂肪氧化。与原料肉相比,熟制样品以及加工、复热阶段的部分营养物质,如VB1、VB6、天门冬氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、己酸等都减少,脂肪氧化及蛋白氧化程度增加。这似乎表明热处理或加工-复热组合处理会降低一些营养物质,并伴随着氧化程度的增加。
本研究评估了加工(蒸、烤、炸)-复热(微波、水浴)组合过程中鸡胸肉营养及氧化变化规律。通过多元统计分析,分析多元加工方式对蛋白质、维生素等营养成分的保持及氧化特性的研究。结果表明,在热加工阶段,炸制有利于保留更多的脂肪酸及脂溶性维生素,蒸制与烤制保留了更多的蛋白质、水溶性维生素、稳定的饱和脂肪酸与相对稳定的单不饱和脂肪酸。而在复热阶段,微波复热更适合蒸制与烤制鸡胸肉,炸制鸡胸肉则适合用水浴的方式复热。本研究结果有助于加深对鸡胸肉加工-复热组合过程中营养成分及氧化变化和损失的理解,为指导优化鸡胸肉加工-复热组合方式提供理论依据。在未来的研究里,探索如何将营养物质保存在煮熟的鸡胸肉中并降低鸡胸肉加工过程中的氧化程度从而利于人体消化吸收,将是一个有价值的目标。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030391
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院,四川宜宾 644005
    2中国农业科学院农产品加工所,农业部农产品加工综合性重点实验室,北京 100193

通讯作者:

李东(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品精深加工与功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
张春晖(1971−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:肉品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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