Article(id=1320889506790748471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854199358, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854199358, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854199358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854199358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=248, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889507013046584, articleId=1320889506790748471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Correlation Analysis among Microbial Structure, Free Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Mare's Milk from Northern Xinjiang, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The investigation of microbial diversity and its correlation with free amino acids (FAAs) and fatty acids (FAs) in mare's milk from Northern Xinjiang plays an important role in food industry. In this work, the advanced methods including metagenomic sequencing, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and gas chromatography (GC) were employed to profile microbial communities, FAAs, and FAs across regions, respectively. Subsequently, the regional differences, as well as interactions between dominant microbiota and nutrients were further evaluated using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with Pearson correlation. Results revealed that distinct microbiota structures could be found at the genus level among the three regions, with dominant genus of Lactobacillus and predominant species of Lactobacillus helveticus, Kazachstania unispora, and Kluyveromyces marxianus were identified. In particular, a total of 35 FAAs and 27 FAs were quantified in mare's milk within three regions, with significant regional differences (P<0.05). Among above FAAs, glycine, alanine, arginine, proline, valine, taurine, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and myristic acid were proposed as region-specific markers. Additionally, the significant positive correlations (P<0.05) between three microorganisms (Acetobacter pasteurianus, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Lacticaseibacillus kefiri) and 22 FAAs (leucine, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, etc). The similar positive correlations (P<0.05) also could be observed between Brettanomyces bruxellensis and 10 FAAs (alanine, arginine, etc). The above positive correlations among Lactobacillus, yeast genera and FAAs indicated the great contributions of Lactobacillus and yeast genera in formation of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Notably, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Brettanomyces bruxellensis demonstrated the strongest positive associations with fungi and bacteria species, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing mare's milk quality through microbiota regulation.

, authors=Zhiang FU1, Yun WU1, *, BAKHETGUL·Manatbay2, *, Weilin CHEN1, Kai TANG1, Xian TANG1, JIAYINATEHAN·Mamuerhazhi3, Qiqige QIBURI4, Peng XU5, authorsList=Zhiang FU, Yun WU, BAKHETGUL·Manatbay, Weilin CHEN, Kai TANG, Xian TANG, JIAYINATEHAN·Mamuerhazhi, Qiqige QIBURI, Peng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun WU, BAKHETGUL·Manatbay, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889509781287239, articleId=1320889506790748471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=新疆北部地区马乳中菌群结构与游离氨基酸及脂肪酸的相关性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究新疆北部地区马乳中微生物多样性及其与游离氨基酸和脂肪酸的相关性,本实验利用宏基因组学技术结合超高效液相质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS)和气相色谱(gas chromatography,GC)分别解析不同地区马乳的微生物多样性、游离氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)和Pearson分析样本间差异及优势微生物与营养物质相关性。结果显示:三个地区马乳的菌群结构在属水平上存在明显差异,优势菌属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),优势菌种为瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母(Kazachstania unispora)和马克思克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)。共测定出35种游离氨基酸和27种脂肪酸,三个地区马乳样本在游离氨基酸和脂肪酸含量上存在显著差异(P<0.05),甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸、牛磺酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸和肉豆蔻酸推测是三个地区马乳特征物质。巴氏醋杆菌(Acetobacter pasteurianus)、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与亮氨酸、赖氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等22种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),布鲁塞尔酒香酵母(Brettanomyces bruxellensis)与丙氨酸、精氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等10种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),乳杆菌属与酵母菌属对多不饱和脂肪酸的形成具有贡献作用。植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)是与真菌呈正相关最多的细菌,布鲁塞尔酒香酵母是与细菌呈正相关最多的真菌。研究结果可为更好地为调控马乳的品质提供理论基础。

, authors=付志昂1, 武运1, *, 巴哈提古丽·马那提拜2, *, 陈卫林1, 汤凯1, 唐弦1, 加依娜特汗·马木尔哈志3, 其布日其其格4, 徐鹏5, authorsList=付志昂, 武运, 巴哈提古丽·马那提拜, 陈卫林, 汤凯, 唐弦, 加依娜特汗·马木尔哈志, 其布日其其格, 徐鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=武运, 巴哈提古丽·马那提拜, authorNote=

付志昂(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
武运(1965−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
巴哈提古丽·马那提拜(1979−),女,博士,高级兽医师,研究方向:食品、化妆品的微生物检测与研究,E-mail:。
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acids, figureFileSmall=jet/hZICo/o5NRxPXyMvLQ==, figureFileBig=rEJYkAQvCgyKnC7SutJaBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889514273386905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=CN, label=图5, caption=微生物与游离氨基酸的相关性分析

注:a为细菌;b为真菌;红点两颗星代表极显著正相关(P<0.01),红点一颗星代表显著正相关(P<0.05),蓝点两颗星代表极显著负相关(P<0.01),蓝点一颗星代表显著负相关(P<0.05);P<0.05,P<0.01;图6~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=jet/hZICo/o5NRxPXyMvLQ==, figureFileBig=rEJYkAQvCgyKnC7SutJaBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889514340495770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation analysis between microorganisms and fatty acids, figureFileSmall=Pnjz3SQtG7Us+Z3WgbuX3w==, figureFileBig=Ow/QTR7N4r4bhPL64IoqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889514399216027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=CN, label=图6, caption=微生物与脂肪酸的相关性分析

注:a. 细菌;b. 真菌。

, figureFileSmall=Pnjz3SQtG7Us+Z3WgbuX3w==, figureFileBig=Ow/QTR7N4r4bhPL64IoqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889514466324892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation analysis between microorganisms, figureFileSmall=Kvtx08oc3lMCgmW62alusg==, figureFileBig=LVHcLegoEjWUgmLo7ywcbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889514676040093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=CN, label=图7, caption=微生物间的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=Kvtx08oc3lMCgmW62alusg==, figureFileBig=LVHcLegoEjWUgmLo7ywcbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889514738954654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Microbial community diversity in mare's milk from different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本ObsShannonSimpsonChao1
AX118441.6040.6291845
AX218711.5570.6141872
AX319291.6360.6441929
AS115061.3260.5311506
AS215851.4930.5781585
AS314401.2030.4961440
TX111631.8470.7081163
TX211591.8510.7041159
TX311591.7900.6861159
TS116181.2010.4981618
TS217211.3100.5271721
TS317321.3170.5291732
YX115601.7090.6611560
YX215131.7070.6661513
YX315991.7130.6631599
YS111881.4190.5731188
YS212001.3990.5671200
YS311951.4000.5671195
), ArticleFig(id=1320889514814452127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同地区马乳中菌群多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本ObsShannonSimpsonChao1
AX118441.6040.6291845
AX218711.5570.6141872
AX319291.6360.6441929
AS115061.3260.5311506
AS215851.4930.5781585
AS314401.2030.4961440
TX111631.8470.7081163
TX211591.8510.7041159
TX311591.7900.6861159
TS116181.2010.4981618
TS217211.3100.5271721
TS317321.3170.5291732
YX115601.7090.6611560
YX215131.7070.6661513
YX315991.7130.6631599
YS111881.4190.5731188
YS212001.3990.5671200
YS311951.4000.5671195
), ArticleFig(id=1320889514881560992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Content of free amino acids in mare's milk from different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称含量(mg/L)
AXTXYXASTSYS
β氨基异丁酸 BAIBA0.09±0.05b0.09±0.07b0.52±0.24a0.19±0.13B0.01±0.00B0.62±0.32A
5-氨基戊酸 5-AVA0.01±0.02a0.01±0.01a−0.01±0.00B0.31±0.05A−
天冬氨酸 Asp13.45±1.97a0.25±0.07b1.75±0.94b2.20±0.85A1.91±0.05A2.42±0.15A
谷胱甘肽 GSH−−−0.24±0.09−−
甘氨酸 Gly140.83±23.48c354.94±4.85b4313.64±132.15a727.62±53.67B11.20±0.34C1290.59±55.01A
L-2-氨基丁酸 L-2-AABA57.29±8.31b44.33±0.30b224.75±16.46a92.15±12.83B127.72±3.57A45.36±5.06C
丙氨酸 Ala363.09±45.49a356.17±18.09a411.31±57.30a711.86±55.05B425.12±21.38C1271.88±33.33A
精氨酸 Arg375.35±32.57ab342.31±31.48b417.44±10.69a607.89±31.97B618.84±2.20AB672.84±31.61A
天冬酰胺 Asn4.93±2.04a2.41±0.19b5.82±0.08a7.54±0.85B9.16±0.40A5.04±0.21C
肌肽−0.38±0.33b1.43±0.51a0.57±0.43B0.01±0.00B2.05±0.76A
瓜氨酸 Cit2.78±0.22a1.29±0.18b2.73±0.20a7.23±0.82A3.09±0.44C4.32±0.34B
半胱氨酸 Cys1.25±0.05a0.25±0.02b0.22±0.03b0.85±0.10A0.32±0.06B0.22±0.02B
胱氨酸 Cyss2.86±0.23a0.47±0.13b0.39±0.10b0.02±0.01B0.03±0.01B0.14±0.01A
谷氨酸 Glu16.10±3.24c90.43±7.40a71.35±2.61b262.65±18.97A51.18±2.57B21.96±1.54C
谷氨酰胺 Gln43.28±5.29b38.35±2.11b50.79±2.48a24.08±2.21A8.98±0.58B9.04±0.44B
组氨酸 His3.45±0.59a2.74±0.22ab2.31±0.22b11.29±0.74A10.23±1.58A6.45±0.57B
高精氨酸 h-Arg3.23±0.90b0.42±0.10c7.53±1.10a2.53±1.79B0.09±0.03B7.69±1.19A
高瓜氨酸 h-Cit1.35±0.17a0.52±0.16a1.93±1.33a2.12±1.43B0.36±0.01C5.99±0.43A
高丝氨酸 h-Ser0.01±0.00−−0.08±0.02A0.08±0.00A0.02±0.00B
异亮氨酸 Ile6.51±0.62a1.86±0.09c2.68±0.19b37.74±2.41A7.60±0.29B2.07±0.04C
犬尿氨酸 Kyn−−−0.03±0.00B0.64±0.04A−
亮氨酸 Leu2.33±0.22a0.88±0.04c2.01±0.06b85.51±3.06A24.23±0.77B7.19±0.02C
赖氨酸 Lys12.36±0.43b6.81±0.46c14.65±0.92a88.91±6.33A33.82±0.27B25.64±0.50C
甲硫氨酸 Met0.09±0.01a0.01±0.00c0.06±0.01b11.51±0.59A3.19±0.05B1.20±0.02C
鸟氨酸 Orn4.45±0.37a1.90±0.22c3.24±0.39b50.85±5.09A33.45±1.97B51.97±1.76A
苯丙氨酸 Phe0.93±0.10a0.10±0.01c0.70±0.04b43.39±1.49A9.13±0.15B3.05±0.06C
脯氨酸 Pro369.22±19.15b173.02±9.26c411.54±5.73a3542.77±179.85C4461.00±111.26B5506.56±169.97A
丝氨酸 Ser21.74±2.89a24.53±1.28a11.95±0.64b7.87±0.80A6.40±0.31B6.03±0.25B
苏氨酸 Thr43.24±5.55a24.71±0.10c33.06±2.45b40.40±3.42A18.76±0.32B11.98±0.88C
色氨酸 Trp0.10±0.01a0.02±0.01b0.02±0.00b4.94±0.25A3.06±0.44B0.10±0.01C
酪氨酸 Tyr10.78±3.37a1.46±0.21c6.74±1.84b457.67±45.35A124.98±1.65B96.10±7.80B
缬氨酸 Val1542.79±59.17a1137.61±14.36b1576.26±22.88a1798.19±122.51A1354.02±8.27B1020.05±84.27C
牛磺酸 Tau1070.12±19.05a856.50±21.17b698.38±84.72c770.30±69.48C1123.04±43.91A1024.60±22.29A
β-丙氨酸 β-Ala−1.41±0.29b2.10±0.33a0.52±0.21A0.10±0.00A1.09±0.82A
γ-氨基丁酸 GABA−0.08±0.02−3.67±0.64A1.62±0.08B3.53±1.87A
总氨基酸4114.03±80.52c3466.25±70.53b8277.32±255.18a9405.37±166.81B8473.69±120.44C11107.81±265.50A
必需氨基酸1608.35±52.71a1172.00±14.62b1629.44±23.9a2110.59±502.98A1453.81±9.96B1071.28±83.77C
非必需氨基酸2505.68±58.71b2294.25±61.59b6647.88±244.75a7294.78±79.08B7019.88±110.63B10036.52±218.15A
), ArticleFig(id=1320889514957058465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同地区马乳中游离氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称含量(mg/L)
AXTXYXASTSYS
β氨基异丁酸 BAIBA0.09±0.05b0.09±0.07b0.52±0.24a0.19±0.13B0.01±0.00B0.62±0.32A
5-氨基戊酸 5-AVA0.01±0.02a0.01±0.01a−0.01±0.00B0.31±0.05A−
天冬氨酸 Asp13.45±1.97a0.25±0.07b1.75±0.94b2.20±0.85A1.91±0.05A2.42±0.15A
谷胱甘肽 GSH−−−0.24±0.09−−
甘氨酸 Gly140.83±23.48c354.94±4.85b4313.64±132.15a727.62±53.67B11.20±0.34C1290.59±55.01A
L-2-氨基丁酸 L-2-AABA57.29±8.31b44.33±0.30b224.75±16.46a92.15±12.83B127.72±3.57A45.36±5.06C
丙氨酸 Ala363.09±45.49a356.17±18.09a411.31±57.30a711.86±55.05B425.12±21.38C1271.88±33.33A
精氨酸 Arg375.35±32.57ab342.31±31.48b417.44±10.69a607.89±31.97B618.84±2.20AB672.84±31.61A
天冬酰胺 Asn4.93±2.04a2.41±0.19b5.82±0.08a7.54±0.85B9.16±0.40A5.04±0.21C
肌肽−0.38±0.33b1.43±0.51a0.57±0.43B0.01±0.00B2.05±0.76A
瓜氨酸 Cit2.78±0.22a1.29±0.18b2.73±0.20a7.23±0.82A3.09±0.44C4.32±0.34B
半胱氨酸 Cys1.25±0.05a0.25±0.02b0.22±0.03b0.85±0.10A0.32±0.06B0.22±0.02B
胱氨酸 Cyss2.86±0.23a0.47±0.13b0.39±0.10b0.02±0.01B0.03±0.01B0.14±0.01A
谷氨酸 Glu16.10±3.24c90.43±7.40a71.35±2.61b262.65±18.97A51.18±2.57B21.96±1.54C
谷氨酰胺 Gln43.28±5.29b38.35±2.11b50.79±2.48a24.08±2.21A8.98±0.58B9.04±0.44B
组氨酸 His3.45±0.59a2.74±0.22ab2.31±0.22b11.29±0.74A10.23±1.58A6.45±0.57B
高精氨酸 h-Arg3.23±0.90b0.42±0.10c7.53±1.10a2.53±1.79B0.09±0.03B7.69±1.19A
高瓜氨酸 h-Cit1.35±0.17a0.52±0.16a1.93±1.33a2.12±1.43B0.36±0.01C5.99±0.43A
高丝氨酸 h-Ser0.01±0.00−−0.08±0.02A0.08±0.00A0.02±0.00B
异亮氨酸 Ile6.51±0.62a1.86±0.09c2.68±0.19b37.74±2.41A7.60±0.29B2.07±0.04C
犬尿氨酸 Kyn−−−0.03±0.00B0.64±0.04A−
亮氨酸 Leu2.33±0.22a0.88±0.04c2.01±0.06b85.51±3.06A24.23±0.77B7.19±0.02C
赖氨酸 Lys12.36±0.43b6.81±0.46c14.65±0.92a88.91±6.33A33.82±0.27B25.64±0.50C
甲硫氨酸 Met0.09±0.01a0.01±0.00c0.06±0.01b11.51±0.59A3.19±0.05B1.20±0.02C
鸟氨酸 Orn4.45±0.37a1.90±0.22c3.24±0.39b50.85±5.09A33.45±1.97B51.97±1.76A
苯丙氨酸 Phe0.93±0.10a0.10±0.01c0.70±0.04b43.39±1.49A9.13±0.15B3.05±0.06C
脯氨酸 Pro369.22±19.15b173.02±9.26c411.54±5.73a3542.77±179.85C4461.00±111.26B5506.56±169.97A
丝氨酸 Ser21.74±2.89a24.53±1.28a11.95±0.64b7.87±0.80A6.40±0.31B6.03±0.25B
苏氨酸 Thr43.24±5.55a24.71±0.10c33.06±2.45b40.40±3.42A18.76±0.32B11.98±0.88C
色氨酸 Trp0.10±0.01a0.02±0.01b0.02±0.00b4.94±0.25A3.06±0.44B0.10±0.01C
酪氨酸 Tyr10.78±3.37a1.46±0.21c6.74±1.84b457.67±45.35A124.98±1.65B96.10±7.80B
缬氨酸 Val1542.79±59.17a1137.61±14.36b1576.26±22.88a1798.19±122.51A1354.02±8.27B1020.05±84.27C
牛磺酸 Tau1070.12±19.05a856.50±21.17b698.38±84.72c770.30±69.48C1123.04±43.91A1024.60±22.29A
β-丙氨酸 β-Ala−1.41±0.29b2.10±0.33a0.52±0.21A0.10±0.00A1.09±0.82A
γ-氨基丁酸 GABA−0.08±0.02−3.67±0.64A1.62±0.08B3.53±1.87A
总氨基酸4114.03±80.52c3466.25±70.53b8277.32±255.18a9405.37±166.81B8473.69±120.44C11107.81±265.50A
必需氨基酸1608.35±52.71a1172.00±14.62b1629.44±23.9a2110.59±502.98A1453.81±9.96B1071.28±83.77C
非必需氨基酸2505.68±58.71b2294.25±61.59b6647.88±244.75a7294.78±79.08B7019.88±110.63B10036.52±218.15A
), ArticleFig(id=1320889515045138850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fatty acid content in mare's milk from different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸百分含量(%)
AXTXYXASTSYS
辛酸 C8:0−2.44±0.34a0.10±0.01b−0.06±0.05−
癸酸 C10:01.00±0.42b2.42±0.02a2.55±0.30a1.10±0.27A1.37±0.33A0.96±0.07A
十一烷酸 C11:00.29±0.02b0.79±0.11a0.50±0.19b0.28±0.09A0.40±0.06A0.29±0.08A
月桂酸 C12:03.94±0.39c4.68±0.22b6.16±0.16a5.53±0.36A3.83±0.3B4.46±1.08AB
十三烷酸 C13:00.13±0.01a0.32±0.17a0.14±0.06a−0.10±0.04−
肉豆蔻酸 C14:07.20±0.35a7.03±0.29a7.6±0.35a5.94±0.98A5.85±0.1A6.47±0.62A
肉豆蔻烯酸 C14:10.42±0.17a0.79±0.13a0.44±0.25a0.71±0.08A0.52±0.02B0.56±0.08B
十五烷酸 C15:00.17±0.07a0.20±0.08a0.25±0.05a0.30±0.05A0.27±0A0.24±0.01A
十五碳烯酸 C15:10.28±0.12−−0.19±0.02A0.15±0.02A0.15±0.02A
棕榈酸 C16:026.68±1.87a25.72±0.37a22.83±0.33b23.84±0.63A23.41±0.16A21.61±0.59B
棕榈油酸 C16:1−−−7.73±0.16A6.82±0.16B5.81±0.10C
十七烷酸 C17:01.31±1.00c8.53±0.35a4.96±0.54b0.18±0.04A0.17±0.02A0.26±0.12A
十七碳烯酸 C17:1−−−0.51±0.03A0.55±0.02A0.37±0.10B
硬脂酸 C18:01.84±0.76a0.93±0.17a1.57±0.42a1.44±0.02A1.09±0.05B1.03±0.06B
油酸 C18:1n9c23.00±0.93a19.39±0.59b15.77±0.65c19.18±1.54A20.01±0.22A12.36±0.22B
反式油酸 C18:1n9t−−0.17±0.040.91±0.67A0.20±0.05A0.31±0.09A
反式亚油酸 C18:2n6t−−−−1.21±0.12−
亚油酸 C18:2n6c10.68±2.59a4.19±0.57b7.02±0.25b9.31±0.44A5.99±0.09C7.69±0.11B
γ-亚麻酸 C18:3n63.23±1.03−−13.54±0.97A−0.11±0.01B
花生酸 C20:0−0.11±0.01−−0.13±0.03−
花生烯酸 C20:116.13±1.99c21.21±0.27b28.10±1.05a9.07±0.27C27.37±0.31A32.3±0.40B
α-亚麻酸 C18:3n3−−−0.24±0.01−−
二十一烷酸 C21:01.38±0.62a0.06±0.00b−−−−
二十碳三烯酸 C20:3n3−−−−0.52±0.06B2.64±0.15A
二高-γ-亚麻酸 C20:3n6−0.38±0.07b1.84±0.48a−−−
芥酸 C22:1n92.31±0.42a0.82±0.05b−−−−
二十二碳六烯酸 C22:6n3−−−−−2.36±0.05
饱和脂肪酸43.94±3.83b53.23±0.93a46.66±0.88b38.61±1.22A36.67±0.62B35.32±0.77B
单不饱和脂肪酸42.14±1.09b42.20±0.45b44.48±0.97a38.29±1.90C55.61±0.37A51.87±0.73B
多不饱和脂肪酸13.91±2.85a4.57±0.52c8.86±0.34b23.10±0.77A7.73±0.26C12.81±0.05B
), ArticleFig(id=1320889515170967971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889506790748471, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同地区马乳中脂肪酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸百分含量(%)
AXTXYXASTSYS
辛酸 C8:0−2.44±0.34a0.10±0.01b−0.06±0.05−
癸酸 C10:01.00±0.42b2.42±0.02a2.55±0.30a1.10±0.27A1.37±0.33A0.96±0.07A
十一烷酸 C11:00.29±0.02b0.79±0.11a0.50±0.19b0.28±0.09A0.40±0.06A0.29±0.08A
月桂酸 C12:03.94±0.39c4.68±0.22b6.16±0.16a5.53±0.36A3.83±0.3B4.46±1.08AB
十三烷酸 C13:00.13±0.01a0.32±0.17a0.14±0.06a−0.10±0.04−
肉豆蔻酸 C14:07.20±0.35a7.03±0.29a7.6±0.35a5.94±0.98A5.85±0.1A6.47±0.62A
肉豆蔻烯酸 C14:10.42±0.17a0.79±0.13a0.44±0.25a0.71±0.08A0.52±0.02B0.56±0.08B
十五烷酸 C15:00.17±0.07a0.20±0.08a0.25±0.05a0.30±0.05A0.27±0A0.24±0.01A
十五碳烯酸 C15:10.28±0.12−−0.19±0.02A0.15±0.02A0.15±0.02A
棕榈酸 C16:026.68±1.87a25.72±0.37a22.83±0.33b23.84±0.63A23.41±0.16A21.61±0.59B
棕榈油酸 C16:1−−−7.73±0.16A6.82±0.16B5.81±0.10C
十七烷酸 C17:01.31±1.00c8.53±0.35a4.96±0.54b0.18±0.04A0.17±0.02A0.26±0.12A
十七碳烯酸 C17:1−−−0.51±0.03A0.55±0.02A0.37±0.10B
硬脂酸 C18:01.84±0.76a0.93±0.17a1.57±0.42a1.44±0.02A1.09±0.05B1.03±0.06B
油酸 C18:1n9c23.00±0.93a19.39±0.59b15.77±0.65c19.18±1.54A20.01±0.22A12.36±0.22B
反式油酸 C18:1n9t−−0.17±0.040.91±0.67A0.20±0.05A0.31±0.09A
反式亚油酸 C18:2n6t−−−−1.21±0.12−
亚油酸 C18:2n6c10.68±2.59a4.19±0.57b7.02±0.25b9.31±0.44A5.99±0.09C7.69±0.11B
γ-亚麻酸 C18:3n63.23±1.03−−13.54±0.97A−0.11±0.01B
花生酸 C20:0−0.11±0.01−−0.13±0.03−
花生烯酸 C20:116.13±1.99c21.21±0.27b28.10±1.05a9.07±0.27C27.37±0.31A32.3±0.40B
α-亚麻酸 C18:3n3−−−0.24±0.01−−
二十一烷酸 C21:01.38±0.62a0.06±0.00b−−−−
二十碳三烯酸 C20:3n3−−−−0.52±0.06B2.64±0.15A
二高-γ-亚麻酸 C20:3n6−0.38±0.07b1.84±0.48a−−−
芥酸 C22:1n92.31±0.42a0.82±0.05b−−−−
二十二碳六烯酸 C22:6n3−−−−−2.36±0.05
饱和脂肪酸43.94±3.83b53.23±0.93a46.66±0.88b38.61±1.22A36.67±0.62B35.32±0.77B
单不饱和脂肪酸42.14±1.09b42.20±0.45b44.48±0.97a38.29±1.90C55.61±0.37A51.87±0.73B
多不饱和脂肪酸13.91±2.85a4.57±0.52c8.86±0.34b23.10±0.77A7.73±0.26C12.81±0.05B
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新疆北部地区马乳中菌群结构与游离氨基酸及脂肪酸的相关性分析
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付志昂 1 , 武运 1, * , 巴哈提古丽·马那提拜 2, * , 陈卫林 1 , 汤凯 1 , 唐弦 1 , 加依娜特汗·马木尔哈志 3 , 其布日其其格 4 , 徐鹏 5
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(4): 248-259
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (4) : 248 -259
新疆北部地区马乳中菌群结构与游离氨基酸及脂肪酸的相关性分析
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付志昂1 , 武运1, * , 巴哈提古丽·马那提拜2, * , 陈卫林1, 汤凯1, 唐弦1, 加依娜特汗·马木尔哈志3, 其布日其其格4, 徐鹏5
作者信息
  • 1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2乌鲁木齐海关技术中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830018
  • 3伊宁海关技术中心,新疆伊宁 835008
  • 4新疆天润生物科技股份有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830088
  • 5中国检验认证集团新疆有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
通讯作者:
武运(1965−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
巴哈提古丽·马那提拜(1979−),女,博士,高级兽医师,研究方向:食品、化妆品的微生物检测与研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

付志昂(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Correlation Analysis among Microbial Structure, Free Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Mare's Milk from Northern Xinjiang
Zhiang FU1 , Yun WU1, * , BAKHETGUL·Manatbay2, * , Weilin CHEN1, Kai TANG1, Xian TANG1, JIAYINATEHAN·Mamuerhazhi3, Qiqige QIBURI4, Peng XU5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2Urumqi Customs Technology Center, Urumqi 830018, China
  • 3Yining Customs Technology Center, Yining 835008, China
  • 4Xinjiang Tianrun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830088, China
  • 5China Inspection and Certification Group Xinjiang Co., Ltd., Urumqi, 830011, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020191
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为研究新疆北部地区马乳中微生物多样性及其与游离氨基酸和脂肪酸的相关性,本实验利用宏基因组学技术结合超高效液相质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS)和气相色谱(gas chromatography,GC)分别解析不同地区马乳的微生物多样性、游离氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)和Pearson分析样本间差异及优势微生物与营养物质相关性。结果显示:三个地区马乳的菌群结构在属水平上存在明显差异,优势菌属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),优势菌种为瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母(Kazachstania unispora)和马克思克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)。共测定出35种游离氨基酸和27种脂肪酸,三个地区马乳样本在游离氨基酸和脂肪酸含量上存在显著差异(P<0.05),甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸、牛磺酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸和肉豆蔻酸推测是三个地区马乳特征物质。巴氏醋杆菌(Acetobacter pasteurianus)、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与亮氨酸、赖氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等22种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),布鲁塞尔酒香酵母(Brettanomyces bruxellensis)与丙氨酸、精氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等10种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),乳杆菌属与酵母菌属对多不饱和脂肪酸的形成具有贡献作用。植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)是与真菌呈正相关最多的细菌,布鲁塞尔酒香酵母是与细菌呈正相关最多的真菌。研究结果可为更好地为调控马乳的品质提供理论基础。

马乳  /  菌群结构  /  游离氨基酸  /  脂肪酸  /  宏基因组学  /  相关性分析

The investigation of microbial diversity and its correlation with free amino acids (FAAs) and fatty acids (FAs) in mare's milk from Northern Xinjiang plays an important role in food industry. In this work, the advanced methods including metagenomic sequencing, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and gas chromatography (GC) were employed to profile microbial communities, FAAs, and FAs across regions, respectively. Subsequently, the regional differences, as well as interactions between dominant microbiota and nutrients were further evaluated using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with Pearson correlation. Results revealed that distinct microbiota structures could be found at the genus level among the three regions, with dominant genus of Lactobacillus and predominant species of Lactobacillus helveticus, Kazachstania unispora, and Kluyveromyces marxianus were identified. In particular, a total of 35 FAAs and 27 FAs were quantified in mare's milk within three regions, with significant regional differences (P<0.05). Among above FAAs, glycine, alanine, arginine, proline, valine, taurine, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and myristic acid were proposed as region-specific markers. Additionally, the significant positive correlations (P<0.05) between three microorganisms (Acetobacter pasteurianus, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Lacticaseibacillus kefiri) and 22 FAAs (leucine, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, etc). The similar positive correlations (P<0.05) also could be observed between Brettanomyces bruxellensis and 10 FAAs (alanine, arginine, etc). The above positive correlations among Lactobacillus, yeast genera and FAAs indicated the great contributions of Lactobacillus and yeast genera in formation of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Notably, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Brettanomyces bruxellensis demonstrated the strongest positive associations with fungi and bacteria species, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing mare's milk quality through microbiota regulation.

mare's milk  /  microbial community  /  free amino acids  /  fatty acids  /  metagenomics  /  correlation analysis
付志昂, 武运, 巴哈提古丽·马那提拜, 陈卫林, 汤凯, 唐弦, 加依娜特汗·马木尔哈志, 其布日其其格, 徐鹏. 新疆北部地区马乳中菌群结构与游离氨基酸及脂肪酸的相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 248 -259 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020191
Zhiang FU, Yun WU, BAKHETGUL·Manatbay, Weilin CHEN, Kai TANG, Xian TANG, JIAYINATEHAN·Mamuerhazhi, Qiqige QIBURI, Peng XU. Correlation Analysis among Microbial Structure, Free Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Mare's Milk from Northern Xinjiang[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 248 -259 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020191
马乳,作为一种具有悠久食用历史的天然饮品,在不同文化和地域中都占据着独特地位。鲜马乳富含多种营养成分,是理想的营养来源。酸马乳经过发酵工艺制成,不仅具有独特的风味,还因发酵过程中微生物的存在,产生了新的生物活性成分,赋予其特殊的营养价值和潜在的保健功能[1]。而影响酸马乳营养特性的主要有地理位置和海拔高度、气候条件、奶源、原料混合物变化、制作工艺和微生物组成[2]。其中,微生物结构对马乳的营养特性起着关键作用。Sun等[3]分析了中国不同地区传统发酵酸马乳中细菌多样性,研究表明马乳中瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus),干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei),植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)为优势乳酸菌;张晓旭等[4]对内蒙古和新疆传统酸马乳中酵母菌的研究表明,内蒙古地区鉴定出的优势酵母菌菌株为马克斯克鲁维酵母、毕赤酵母和发酵毕赤酵母,新疆地区的优势酵母菌菌株为涎沫假丝酵母和马克斯克鲁维酵母,因地区差异性,两地区之间的酵母菌组成差别较大。
开放的自然发酵方式使马乳中菌群结构复杂,从而形成与其相关的代谢物质。马乳中微生物代谢关系着其风味和营养,游离氨基酸是为其独特风味贡献较大的呈味物质[5]。游离氨基酸和脂肪酸不仅是营养物质也是产生风味的前体物质。菌群的丰度及结构对脂肪酸生成起着关键的调控作用[6],与发酵食品的营养品质和理化性质密切相关[7]。马乳中的优势菌群可利用其特异性酶系,催化蛋白水解产生游离氨基酸,启动脂肪酶水解生成脂肪酸,有效改善酸马乳风味,提升其营养品质[8]。于佳琦[9]研究了内蒙古酸马乳发酵过程中微生物群落结构与风味物质的相关性,发现鲜马乳及发酵初期酸马奶的优势菌属为Enterobacter,发酵9 h优势菌属为Lactococcus,发酵12 h后厚壁菌门的Lactobacillus为唯一优势菌属,并且Lactobacillus、德克酵母属Dekkera分别与32种和29种风味物质合成有关,刘振东等[10]系统分析了中国特色干制发酵乳制品中细菌、游离氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及其相关性,结果发现丙氨酸与Acetobacter、Lactobacillus及Streptococcus相关,乙酸和丁酸与Acinetobacter相关。李思敏等[11]对发酵乳制品中微生物结构与短链脂肪酸和游离氨基酸的相关性进行分析,发现羟脯氨酸和谷氨酸与Lactococcus和Lactobacillus呈正相关,Pseudomonas与丁酸、己酸、辛酸和癸酸呈正相关。目前,关于马乳的研究仅在菌群结构对风味的影响方面,对于马乳中菌群结构对游离氨基酸和脂肪酸影响的相关研究较少。
本文通过分析新疆阿勒泰、塔城和伊犁地区鲜马乳和传统发酵酸马乳的菌群结构,以及与游离氨基酸、脂肪酸等代谢物质的相关性,以期为调控马乳制品的品质提供理论基础。本研究有助于了解微生物在马乳发酵过程中的作用机制,发掘有益微生物资源,分析其中的营养物质,能为马乳的营养价值评估、产品开发和质量控制提供科学依据。深入研究对于推动马乳产业发展、促进地方特色食品的传承与创新意义重大。
马乳 采自新疆北部阿勒泰、塔城、伊犁地区,每个地区选自4个采样点,每个采样点采集鲜马乳(发酵0 h)和传统发酵酸马乳各3批,共72批样品。将同个地区的鲜马乳、酸马乳分别进行混样,其混样名称为:阿勒泰鲜马乳(AX)、阿勒泰酸马乳(AS)、塔城鲜马乳(TX)、塔城酸马乳(TS)、伊犁鲜马乳(YX)、伊犁酸马乳(YS)设置三个重复,共18个样本;甲醇、乙腈、乙酸铵、衍生剂、丙酮、碳酸氢钠、盐酸、正己烷、异丙醇、硫酸钠、氢氧化钠 均为分析纯,上海拜力生物科技有限公司;土壤DNA提取试剂盒 美基生物科技有限公司;37种脂肪酸甲酯混合标准品(辛酸、癸酸、十一烷酸等)、71种氨基酸混合标准品(丙氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸等) 默克公司。
TW12恒温水浴锅 德国优莱博公司;LE200E电子分析天平 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司;Thermo vanquish UHPLC System超高效液相-质谱联用仪、Heraeus Fresco17 centrifuge离心机 赛默飞世尔科技;Agilent 8860 GC气相色谱仪配FID检测器 安捷伦科技有限公司;YM-080S超声仪 深圳市方奥微电子有限公司;JXFSTPRP-24研磨仪 上海净信科技有限公司;CV600冷冻离心浓缩仪 北京吉艾姆仪器有限公司。
根据基因组DNA提取试剂盒的说明书提取样品中总DNA,利用Qubit荧光定量仪对DNA浓度进行精确定量,使用Qsep 400高通量生物片段分析仪对DNA片段完整性进行质检,检测合格的DNA样品用酶切法打断成长度约为300 bp的片段,进行整个文库制备。使用Qubit4.0进行初步定量,随后使用Qsep400对文库的insert size进行检测。库检合格后,进行Illumina PE150测序。实验流程如图1所示:
基于各样品及混合样组装的contigs(≥500 bp),用MetaGeneMark进行ORF(Open Reading Frame)预测[12],采用默认参数。根据预测结果,过滤掉长度小于100 nt的预测基因,并简化预测基因名称[13]。合并各样品及混合组装的ORF预测结果,利用CD-HIT软件进行去冗余,选取代表性序列为Unigenes,默认以identity 95%,coverage 90%进行聚类,并选取最长的序列为代表性序列;采用参数:-c 0.95,-G 0,-aS 0.9,-g 1,-d 0。
利用Bowtie2将各样本的CleanData比对到各Unigene序列上,计算各个Unigenes在各样本中比对上的reads数目,比对参数:-end-to-end,-sensitive,-I 200,-X 400。过滤掉在所有样本中比对上reads数目≤的Unigenes,获得最终用于后续分析的Unigenes[14]。根据基因reads比对数目和基因长度,计算得到各基因在各样品中的丰度信息,按公式(1)计算。
$ \rm{G}_{\text{k}}=\frac{r_k}{L_k}\cdot\frac{1}{\sum_{ }^{ }\limits_{i=1}^n\frac{r\mathrm{_i}}{L_\text{i}}} $
式中:G为基因丰度值;r为比对上基因的reads数目;L为基因的长度;n为基因总数。
参考Kivrak等[15]的方法,取50 μL样本加200 μL提取液(乙腈:甲醇,体积比1:1,含内标混合液),涡旋混匀30 s;冰水浴超声15 min;样本在4 ℃,12000 r/min离心15 min;取上清液100 μL旋转蒸发至干;用100 μL,50%甲醇水复溶,加入100 μL衍生剂,加入50 μL,浓度为1 mol/L的碳酸氢钠,涡旋混匀;40 ℃ 水浴锅衍生1 h,取出后冷却至室温,加入50 μL,浓度为1 mol/L的盐酸,旋转蒸发至干;200 μL甲醇复溶,上机。
色谱条件:A相为乙酸铵,B相为乙腈。柱温箱温度为45 ℃,样品盘设为4 ℃,进样体积为2 μL,进样流速为0.3 mL/min。
质谱条件:喷雾电压−3300 V,鞘气流量40 Arb,辅助气流量10 Arb,吹扫气流量1 Arb,离子传输管温度325 ℃,汽化器温度350 ℃。
参考吕小青等[16]的方法,取2 g样本加4 mL正己烷/异丙醇溶液,再加硫酸钠溶液2 mL,室温以3000 r/min离心20 min。提取上清液在20 mL水解管中,混合后40 ℃氮气吹干。加入2 mL氢氧化钠甲醇溶液在50 ℃水浴15 min,冷却后加入2 mL盐酸/甲醇溶液在80 ℃水浴1.5 h。冷却至室温,加入3 mL水和6 mL正己烷,振荡后静置或低速离心分层。吸取上层液体,氮气吹干,加入1 mL 正己烷,漩涡振荡1 min,将溶液吸取至1.5 mL离心管中,以12000 r/min离心2 min,取上层清液上机测定。
色谱条件:进样量:1 μL;进样器:260 ℃;检测器:260 ℃;分流比:30:1;载气(氮气);色谱柱条件:100 ℃保持10 min,以6 ℃/min升温至160 ℃,保持10 min,以5 ℃/min升温至200 ℃保持20 min,以4 ℃/min升温至240 ℃保持 12 min。后运行15 min。
所有实验重复3次,使用Excel和IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件中的单因素方差分析和 Duncan 多重比较法进行数据处理与分析,显著性水平设定为0.05;使用QIIME2软件计算特征序列水平α多样性指数,利用SIMCA 14.1软件进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA),使用迈维云(https://cloud.metware.cn)和Origin 2021制作柱状图和相关性热图,揭示微生物与游离氨基酸和脂肪酸之间的潜在关联。
α多样性反映出新疆三个地区马乳的菌群多样性和丰富度,observed species(Obs)指数代表直观观测到的物种数目;Chao1指数是用Chao1算法估计样本中所含物种数目的指数,Chao1指数越大,表明群落的丰富度越高;Shannon指数表示微生物物种不确定性大,Shannon指数越大,物种多样性越高;Simpson 指数代表微生物群落内物种分布的多样性和均匀度。由表1可知,阿勒泰鲜马乳样本中微生物的Obs指数和Chao1指数均高于其他马乳样本,表明阿勒泰鲜马乳中微生物群落的丰富度最高。塔城鲜马乳样本中微生物Shannon指数和Simpson指数均高于其他马乳样本,表明塔城鲜马乳中微生物群落的多样性和均匀度最高。阿勒泰鲜马乳样本中Shannon指数和Simpson指数不是最高的原因可能因为微生物的分布不均匀导致。
基于基因的物种分类学注释,比对NR数据库,获得每个样本中的各个分类学水平(界、门、纲、目、科、属、种)的物种和丰度信息。通过NR物种注释共鉴定出60个门、90个纲、170个目、315个科、777个属、2995个种。
发酵食品中的微生物丰度及多样性直接影响其品质、风味和安全性[17]。为更清楚了解新疆不同地区马乳中菌群结构,选取出在各样本中不同分类层级的相对丰度前10的物种,并将其余的物种设为Others。由图2a可知,三个地区马乳的优势门均为厚壁菌门(Bacillota),相对丰度达到65%;阿勒泰鲜马乳的第二主要门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota),相对丰度为18%;伊犁酸马乳的第二主要门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),相对丰度为3.4%。这与OYUNSuren等[18]研究结果基本一致。
由图2b可知,三个地区马乳的主要科均为乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae);塔城鲜马乳和伊犁鲜马乳的第二主要科为链球菌科(Streptococcaceae),相对丰度为11%和14%。阿勒泰鲜马乳的第二主要科为醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae),相对丰度为13%。
由图2c~图2d可知,三个地区马乳的主要目为乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales),主要属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus);塔城鲜马乳和伊犁鲜马乳的第二主要属为乳球菌属(Lactococcus),相对丰度为11%和13%;阿勒泰鲜马乳的第二主要属为醋杆菌属(Acetobacter),相对丰度为12%。从科、目、属水平可以看出,不同地区的鲜马乳菌群结构更具有差异性,塔城鲜马乳中物种均匀度最高,推测不同地区的草场环境、温度、海拔、水源可以直接影响鲜马乳中菌群结构。另外,三个地区马乳样本中均含有食源性致病菌,如肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)等,由于鲜马乳通常是由牧民在牧场中直接进行采集的,并且酸马乳采用传统发酵生产工艺,所以此期间容易受到挤奶方式、马生理状况和饲养方式、发酵方法的影响,导致菌群结构中存在致病菌。改善挤奶和酸马乳发酵过程中的环境卫生条件,有助于减少或避免致病菌的污染,提升马乳制品的质量安全。
本研究中三个地区样本中发现细菌物种丰富度远高于真菌物种,但有研究表明真菌在乳制品发酵过程中也发挥着重要作用,酵母菌产生的酶促使物质分解生成脂肪酸,随后经历酯化反应生产芳香味的酯类物质,同时,酵母菌还能与乳酸菌协同作用,共同分解蛋白质,从而产生大量的氨基酸等产物[19]。为具体了解菌属中的菌种,本研究在细菌种水平上选取丰富度前10的菌种,由图3a可知,丰富度前十的有瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、东方醋杆菌(Acetobacter orientalis)耐久肠球菌(Enterococcus durans)、巴氏醋杆菌(Acetobacter pasteurianus)、开菲尔基质乳杆菌(Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens)、霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)、卷曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus crispatus)、乳明串珠菌(Leuconostoc_lactis)、植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantaru)。从各样本组的种水平上来看,马乳中主要优势细菌为瑞士乳杆菌,与孙哲航[20]研究结果相似。瑞士乳杆菌是一种同型发酵、嗜热和具有高蛋白水解能力的乳酸菌,在发酵乳制品中具有加速其成熟和依靠蛋白水解作用改善风味等作用[21],也能通过水解蛋白释放生物活性肽发挥免疫调节、抗高血压等功能[21]。阿勒泰鲜马乳的东方醋杆菌,阿勒泰酸马乳的巴氏醋杆菌,伊犁鲜马乳的乳酸乳球菌、东方醋杆菌和耐久肠球菌和塔城鲜马乳的乳酸乳球菌、耐久肠球菌和霍氏肠杆菌分别为各自地区马乳中的优势细菌。东方醋杆菌可以将酒精转化为醋酸,在乳制品中参与发酵,产生酯类、醛类等风味物质,提升乳品品质[22]。乳酸乳球菌是乳制品中主要的香气产生菌,产生的胞外多糖可以增加食品的黏度和硬度,改善风味,更容易被人体吸收利用[23]。
在真菌种水平上选取丰富度前10的菌种,由图3b可知,丰富度前十的有马克思克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)、单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母(Kazachstania unispora)、布鲁塞尔酒香酵母(Brettanomyces bruxellensis)、珍珠巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora margarita)、多布式克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii)、叶状奥格塔酵母(Ogataea philodendri)、少根根霉(Rhizopus arrhizus)、卡斯泰利诺莫夫氏酵母(Naumovozyma castellii)、异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)、平常假丝酵母(Candida inconspicua)。从各样本组的种水平上来看,阿勒泰鲜马乳和塔城酸马乳的优势真菌为单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母,阿勒泰酸马乳、伊犁鲜马乳、伊犁酸马乳和塔城鲜马乳的优势真菌为马克思克鲁维酵母。研究表明,单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母主要存在于马奶酒中,在马奶酒发酵过程中,它能利用马乳中的乳糖、葡萄糖等糖类,产生多种氨基酸和脂肪酸,不仅降低了马乳的pH,抑制有害微生物生长,还赋予马奶酒独特的酸味和清爽口感[24]。马克思克鲁维酵母在乳制品发酵过程中,可以产生多种芳香物质,赋予乳制品独特的风味特点[25],其发酵产物及细胞自溶物中还存在糖类、蛋白质类、氨基酸类、寡肽、低聚糖、维生素、低聚核苷酸、矿物质、微量元素、凝集素、抗生素等有机物质[26]。丰富乳制品的营养及益生功能特性。
游离氨基酸不仅能反映食品的营养价值,还可参与人体的代谢、生长、免疫等功能[27],同时也能体现出鲜、甜、酸、苦及涩等味感,有助于风味的形成,可作为分解代谢反应的前体,通过转氨、脱氢、脱羧、还原等反应产生酸、醇、醛、酯以及含有N、S的风味物质为食品提供独特的风味和香气,从而形成食物丰富的味觉层次[28]。由表2可知,三个地区马乳中共测定出35种游离氨基酸,必需氨基酸8种,非必需氨基酸27种,伊犁酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量最高,达到11107.81 mg/L,伊犁鲜马乳在各地区鲜马乳样本中游离氨基酸含量最高,达到8277.32 mg/L,说明发酵乳品质与原料乳品质息息相关。阿勒泰鲜马乳和酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量分别为4114.03 mg/L和9405.37 mg/L;塔城鲜马乳和酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量分别为3466.25 mg/L和8473.69 mg/L,三个地区的马乳发酵前后的游离氨基酸总含量差异显著,从两个地区微生物丰度来看,推测是微生物在发酵过程中使蛋白质分解产生氨基酸。阿勒泰酸马乳中必需氨基酸含量最高,达到2110.59 mg/L。六个样本中甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸和牛磺酸含量较高,推测是马乳的特征游离氨基酸,且相较鲜马乳酸马乳中以上6种游离氨基酸含量普遍升高。其中精氨酸和牛磺酸为早产儿所必需,精氨酸被用于生产多种药物,用于治疗高氨血症、口服氨基酸补充剂、缓解疲劳、改善肝功能以及调节内分泌等[29]。此外,还可以促进人体的生长发育,修复肠道损伤,提高机体免疫力并且预防各种疾病的发生[30]。牛磺酸是机体内含量丰富的游离氨基酸,被广泛用于保健食品原料,具有强化营养,增强免疫力、缓解体力疲劳等功能[31]。在马乳中还发现较多的呈味氨基酸,其中甘氨酸(甜味,阈值较低,对甜味贡献显著)、丙氨酸(甜味,略带鲜味,与甘氨酸协同增强甜感)、精氨酸(低浓度时微甜,高浓度时偏苦,可能增强风味复杂性)、脯氨酸(甜味,阈值较高,但高浓度时甜感明显)、缬氨酸(苦味,阈值较低,易掩盖甜味)含量较高[32]。根据五种呈味氨基酸的含量和其味觉特性可以看出三个地区酸马乳较于鲜马乳甜味更加突出,说明酸马乳更适合作为即饮乳品。阿勒泰酸马乳甜味突出(Pro、Ala、Gly均高),苦味最强(Val和Arg均高),甜苦双高,可能形成强烈对比,适合偏好风味浓郁的饮品;塔城酸马乳甜味极高(Pro超量,Ala中等),苦味明显(Arg和Val中高)脯氨酸的甜味可能掩盖部分苦味,但精氨酸和缬氨酸仍可能带来后苦感;伊犁酸马乳甜味最强(Pro、Ala、Gly均超高),苦味最弱(Val最低,Arg中高但被甜味掩盖)甜味占绝对优势,口感柔和,可能最受大众欢迎。
脂肪酸在乳制品中起着重要作用,其能够抑制致病菌的生长,促进益生菌的生长[33]。通过对马乳中脂肪酸的检测分析,由表3可知,三个地区马乳共测定出27种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸和肉豆蔻酸相对含量较高且共有的物质,可能是三个地区马乳中特征脂肪酸。Chen等[34]比较不同哺乳动物乳汁中脂肪酸发现马乳主要由棕榈酸、油酸和α-亚麻酸组成。这与本研究结果基本一致但又有所差异,可能与地域环境有关。塔城地区鲜马乳的饱和脂肪酸(Saturated Fattyacid,SFA)相对含量最高,达到53.23%,饱和脂肪酸是能量的重要来源,在神经系统中,饱和脂肪酸助力髓鞘形成,保障神经信号有效传递,但过量摄入会使血液胆固醇升高,增加心血管疾病风险[35]。塔城地区酸马乳的单不饱和脂肪酸(Monounsaturated Fatty Acid,MUFA)相对含量最高,达到55.61%。单不饱和脂肪酸对心血管健康有益,能调节血糖,改善胰岛素敏感性,利于血糖稳定[36]。伊犁地区酸马乳的不饱和脂肪酸相对含量最高,达到64.68%,并含有二十二碳六烯酸,又称为DHA,DHA是大脑和视网膜发育的关键[37]。阿勒泰地区酸马乳的多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFA)相对含量最高,达到23.10%,其中亚油酸含量较高,其对儿童的生长发育有重要作用[38]。不饱和脂肪酸除上述益处,还能调节基因表达,影响脂肪代谢和细胞生长分化[39],对维持身体正常生理功能意义重大。
SFA:MUFA:PUFA是评价脂肪酸营养价值的重要指标,国际上认可的最合理的比例是FAO/WHO推荐的SFA:MUFA:PUFA=1:1:1。越接近这个比例,说明脂肪酸营养价值越高[40]。三个地区鲜马乳和酸马乳SFA:MUFA:PUFA的比例依次为1:0.96:0.32、1:0.79:0.09、1:0.95:0.19和1:0.99:0.60、1:1.52:0.21、1:1.47:0.36。阿勒泰酸马乳比较接近FAO/WHO推荐的SFA:MUFA:PUFA=1:1:1。评价脂肪酸的另一个指标就是(SFA/UFA),SFA/UFA值愈小,其脂肪酸营养价值愈高[41]。三个地区鲜马乳和酸马乳的SFA/UFA分别依次为0.78、1.14、0.87和0.63、0.58、0.55。三个地区的酸马乳相较于鲜马乳SFA/UFA值均较小,其伊犁地区酸马乳的SFA/UFA值最小,说明酸马乳中的脂肪酸营养价值要高于鲜马乳。Chen等[34]研究发现马乳的PUFA百分比最高,SFA:MUFA:PUFA的比例为1:0.69:0.84。与阿勒泰酸马乳SFA:MUFA:PUFA的比例相似。
OPLS-DA得分图中(如图4a、图4c所示),组内较为聚集,组间存在较好的分离度。如图4a所示,阿勒泰酸马乳和塔城酸马乳位于第三象限,伊犁鲜马乳和酸马乳位于第一象限,阿勒泰鲜马乳和塔城鲜马乳位于第四象限。说明阿勒泰和塔城地区鲜马乳、酸马乳较为相近,与伊犁地区鲜马乳、酸马乳差异显著(P<0.05)。如图4c所示,阿勒泰鲜马乳位于第一象限,阿勒泰酸马乳位于第二象限,塔城酸马乳和伊犁酸马乳位于第三象限,塔城鲜马乳和伊犁鲜马乳位于第四象限。说明塔城和伊犁地区鲜马乳、酸马乳较为相近,与阿勒泰鲜马乳、酸马乳差异显著(P<0.05)。在响应排序检验中(如图4b、图4d所示),将游离氨基酸、脂肪酸作为因变量,不同地区作为自变量,其自变量拟合指数(R2 X)分别为0.961、0.889,因变量拟合指数(R2Y)分别为0.990、0.974,模型预测指数(Q2)分别为0.966、0.925,R2和Q2超过0.800表示样本具有较好的分化效果[42]。经过200次置换检验,Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点小于0,说明模型不存在过拟合,该模型验证有效,表明此结果可以充分显示出三个地区的氨基酸、脂肪酸差异。
选取微生物(细菌、真菌)丰度top 10的菌属与35种游离氨基酸和27种脂肪酸进行Pearson相关性分析。如图5a所示,巴氏醋杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等22种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。三株细菌是与游离氨基酸呈现正相关最多的菌株。植物乳杆菌、卷曲乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与丙氨酸、精氨酸、瓜氨酸、鸟氨酸、脯氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸呈正相关。华朝丽[43]利用瑞士乳杆菌发酵乳制品分析其代谢产物发现在乳发酵过程中能产生多种氨基酸和生物活性物质。如图5b所示,布鲁塞尔酒香酵母与丙氨酸、精氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等10种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),是与游离氨基酸呈正相关最多的真菌。此酵母和平常假丝酵母、异常威克汉姆酵母与γ-氨基丁酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。说明乳杆菌属对游离氨基酸的生成具有贡献作用,且上述乳杆菌和酵母菌对γ-氨基丁酸的形成具有贡献作用。据研究表明γ-氨基丁酸可以影响人体睡眠的早期阶段,增加非快速眼动睡眠时间,能改善焦虑和抑郁症状的效果[44]。吕欣然等[45]利用植物乳酸杆菌发酵萝卜发现植物乳杆菌能够提高发酵萝卜的γ-氨基丁酸含量,改善其风味及品质。
如图6a所示,植物乳杆菌、卷曲乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与棕榈油酸、十七碳烯酸、二十碳三烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸呈正相关,东方醋杆菌与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、顺式油酸、顺式亚油酸、二十一烷酸、芥酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),巴氏醋杆菌与γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸等5种脂肪酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。如图6b所示,布鲁塞尔酒香酵母、多布式克鲁维酵母、平常假丝酵母、异常威克汉姆酵母与二十碳三烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。说明上述细菌对不饱和脂肪酸的形成具有贡献作用,且上述细菌和酵母菌对二十二碳六烯酸的形成具有贡献作用。二十二碳六烯酸又称DHA,大量研究表明,DHA能够维持脑的正常生长和发育,延缓大脑功能的衰退。还可以预防或治疗心血管和脑血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病以及降低高血压、动脉粥样硬化、精神分裂症和抑制癌症风险[37]。有研究表明裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium sp)是目前最理想的产DHA的海洋真菌[46],而乳品中的真菌是否能够作为理想产DHA的真菌还需进一步研究。
马乳中的微生物并不是孤立存在的,而是形成了复杂和相互作用的生态网络[47]。如图7所示,巴氏醋杆菌与植物乳杆菌和瑞士乳杆菌呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。植物乳杆菌、卷曲乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),乳杆菌之间可能具有协同作用,乳杆菌属为游离氨基酸和脂肪酸的生成发挥着巨大作用。植物乳杆菌与多布氏克鲁维酵母、马克斯克鲁维酵母、叶状奥格塔酵母、平常假丝酵母和异常威克汉姆酵母呈显著正相关(P<0.05),植物乳杆菌是与真菌呈正相关最多的细菌。布鲁塞尔酒香酵母与植物乳杆菌、卷曲乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与呈正相关,布鲁塞尔酒香酵母是与细菌呈正相关最多的真菌。正相关微生物群形成的功能模块,可能通过资源分区,减少种间竞争,增强群落对外界影响因素的抵抗力,并且推测乳杆菌与酵母菌的协同网络可能加速底物利用,缩短发酵时间,同时提高产物多样性。
本研究通过分析新疆北部三个地区马乳中微生物结构和游离氨基酸、脂肪酸差异及其之间相关性,结果表明:三个地区马乳中优势微生物为瑞士乳杆菌、单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母和马克思克鲁维酵母,东方醋杆菌、巴氏醋杆菌、乳酸乳球菌、耐久肠球菌、霍氏肠杆菌为各地区马乳中的优势微生物。共测定出35种游离氨基酸和27种脂肪酸,伊犁鲜马乳和酸马乳游离氨基酸含量最高,达到8277.32 mg/L和11107.81 mg/L,阿勒泰地区酸马乳PUFA相对含量最高,达到23.10%,甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸、牛磺酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸和肉豆蔻酸推测是三个地区马乳特征物质,伊犁酸马乳甜味最强、苦味最弱,可能最受大众欢迎。阿勒泰鲜马乳的SFA:MUFA:PUFA为1:0.96:0.32相较接近FAO/WHO推荐比例,三个地区的酸马乳相较于鲜马乳SFA/UFA值均较小,说明酸马乳中的脂肪酸营养价值要高于鲜马乳。利用Pearson相关性发现巴氏醋杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和开菲尔基质乳杆菌与亮氨酸、赖氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等22种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),布鲁塞尔酒香酵母与丙氨酸、精氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等10种游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),乳杆菌属与酵母菌属对UFA的形成具有贡献作用。植物乳杆菌是与真菌呈正相关最多的细菌,布鲁塞尔酒香酵母是与细菌呈正相关最多的真菌。
本文揭示了新疆北部地区马乳中优势微生物的功能模块化互作对发酵过程的深层影响。为开发高附加值马乳制品提供了理论依据,尤其在精准调控微生物群落、定向增强营养功能及风味特性方面具有重要应用价值,以期为新疆马乳产品开发和产业化发展提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020191
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
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    1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    2乌鲁木齐海关技术中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830018
    3伊宁海关技术中心,新疆伊宁 835008
    4新疆天润生物科技股份有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830088
    5中国检验认证集团新疆有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011

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武运(1965−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
巴哈提古丽·马那提拜(1979−),女,博士,高级兽医师,研究方向:食品、化妆品的微生物检测与研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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