Article(id=1320889450486419964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854185934, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854185934, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854185934, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854185934, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889452138975741, articleId=1320889450486419964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Microbial Community Analysis of Northeast Soybean Paste Produced Traditionally and Commercially Based on Illumina PE300 High-throughput Sequencing, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To understand the microbial differences in traditional and industrial production of Northeast soybean paste and identify potential risk microorganisms, this study analyzed the microbial communities in Northeast soybean paste that are produced traditionally and commercially. The bacterial 16S rDNA V3-V4 region (338F/806R) and fungal ITS1 region (ITS1F/ITS2R) were amplified and sequenced using Illumina PE300 sequencer followed by bioinformatics analysis. The results revealed that in the traditionally produced soybean paste, the abundance of bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Tetragenococcus, and Bacillus, and fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, and Trichosporon were relatively high. Among these, potential risk microorganisms such as Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus were present. There were significant differences in the abundance of high-abundance bacteria like Leuconostoc and fungi like Sterigmatomyces and Fusarium between different soybean pastes that are family-produced. In commercially produced soybean paste, the high-abundance bacteria were Lactobacillus, while the predominant fungus was Aspergillus, albeit with a less diverse microbiota. The differences in microbial community and metabolic functions between traditional and commercial production processes were evident. Functional prediction analysis using PICRUSt2 revealed that traditional soybean paste had higher gene expressions in functions related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycerol metabolism, organic acid conversion, protein phosphorylation, purine metabolism, and acetaldehyde acid cycle. In contrast, commercial soybean pastes showed higher expressions in protein degradation and amino acid metabolism, which explains why traditional soybean paste has a better flavor, while industrial soybean paste has more stable flavor and shorter production cycle. Comparison with a self-constructed full-length 16S rDNA gene database of pathogens revealed that the biosafety of commercially produced soybean paste is better, while traditional soybean paste may contain more pathogens such as Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. This indicates that during the fermentation of traditional soybean paste, there may be a risk of insufficient control for anaerobic environment, raw material, or hygiene level in the processing stages, leading to the proliferation of toxin-producing strains. Commercial production have a significant advantage in controlling potential risk bacteria. This study provides scientific evidence for optimizing soybean paste production processes, improving product quality, and ensuring food safety.

, authors=Yingliang GE*, Yizhen WANG, Ruiwen ZHONG, Mingcui LI, authorsList=Yingliang GE, Yizhen WANG, Ruiwen ZHONG, Mingcui LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingliang GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889454437454358, articleId=1320889450486419964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于Illumina PE300高通量测序的传统与工业化生产东北豆酱微生物群落分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为掌握传统与工业化生产东北豆酱中微生物差异,获取风险微生物信息,研究采用Illumina PE300技术对传统与工业化生产东北豆酱中细菌16S rDNA序列V3-V4区(338F/806R)和真菌ITS序列1区(ITS1F/ITS2R)扩增测序,进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,传统工艺生产豆酱中,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、四链球菌属(Tetragenococcus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等属的细菌及曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、念珠菌属(Candida)和丝孢菌属(Trichosporon)等属的真菌丰度较高,其中存在肠杆菌(Enterobacteriaceae)和葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)等潜在风险微生物,不同家庭生产豆酱中高丰度的明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)等细菌和梗孢酵母属(Sterigmatomyces)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)等真菌丰度存在明显差异。工业化生产豆酱中高丰度细菌为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、真菌为曲霉属(Aspergillus),群落构成简单,在微生物群落组成和代谢功能等方面与传统工艺生产豆酱相比存在的差异明显。经PICRUSt2功能预测分析知:传统工艺生产豆酱在糖酵解、糖异生、甘油酸代谢、有机酸的转化、蛋白质的磷酸化、嘌呤代谢、乙醛酸循环等功能丰度占优,工业化生产豆酱中在蛋白质降解和氨基酸代谢功能方面具有较高的丰度,揭示了传统工艺生产豆酱风味更佳,而工业化生产豆酱风味更稳定且生产周期短的原因。采用自建风险菌16S rDNA全长基因数据库比对发现:工业化生产豆酱的生物安全性更好,传统工艺生产豆酱可能存在更多的风险菌如:创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)等,揭示传统豆酱发酵过程中可能存在厌氧环境控制不足、原料污染或加工环节卫生缺陷导致产毒菌株增殖风险,工业化生产工艺在控制潜在风险菌方面具有显著优势。本研究为优化豆酱生产工艺、提高产品质量和保障食品安全提供了科学依据。

, authors=葛英亮*, 王艺臻, 仲瑞文, 李明翠, authorsList=葛英亮, 王艺臻, 仲瑞文, 李明翠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=葛英亮, authorNote=

葛英亮(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、饮用水生物安全、食品加工废弃物资源化,E-mail:

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Tobacco Science and Technology, 2024, 57(11): 36−46.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889465040654978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU X F, WU G L, LI X J, et al. Isolation and identification of key mold-causing fungi in cigar tobacco leaves and screening of antagonistic bacterial strains and their anti-mold effects[J]. 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Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2024.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889465221010052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X K. Study on ethanol fermentation of Candida glycerinogenes under aerobic conditions[D]. Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889465309090437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEFAN FREESE T V F S. C- and N-catabolic utilization of tricarboxylic acid cycle-related amino acids by Scheffersomyces stipitis and other yeasts[J]. Yeast, 2011, 28(5): 375−390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889465388782214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋琛琛, 何丽君, 王若冰, 等. 食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检测及去除研究进展[J]. 河南工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 46(1): 114−125. [SONG C C, HE L J, WANG R B, et al. Research progress on detection and removal of deoxynivalenol in food[J]. Journal of Henan University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 46(1): 114−125.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889465455891079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG C C, HE L J, WANG R B, et al. Research progress on detection and removal of deoxynivalenol in food[J]. 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Food Control, 2021, 127: 108−120., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889454668141079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889454676529688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, companyId=1320889454668141079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889454684918297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, companyId=1320889454668141079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889458325574204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Traditional sauce making process in a farmer in Suihua area, figureFileSmall=cIoDqpPq6fBaBiWhHv7gVA==, figureFileBig=G/l/30XlEVwikOtFDAqKlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458392683069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图1, caption=绥化地区某农家传统制酱工艺, figureFileSmall=cIoDqpPq6fBaBiWhHv7gVA==, figureFileBig=G/l/30XlEVwikOtFDAqKlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458573038142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Industrial sauce making process of a certain enterprise, figureFileSmall=NM++iVcPpkhK9wjYpwdYHQ==, figureFileBig=4AyuQ7O+piYA45Ny007BzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458644341311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图2, caption=某企业工业制酱工艺, figureFileSmall=NM++iVcPpkhK9wjYpwdYHQ==, figureFileBig=4AyuQ7O+piYA45Ny007BzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458715644480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=PCR amplification product agarose gel electrophoresis, figureFileSmall=76VCfbOv3wsvzfQBZQK7/w==, figureFileBig=oKHbG1Q/bA1gELF/IooN2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458795336257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PCR扩增产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳

注:图中序号1~5分别为样品CT-1、CT-2、CT-3、CT-4、GY-1的16S rDNA PCR扩增产物,6~10分别为CT-1、CT-2、CT-3、CT-4、GY-1的ITS1F-2RPCR扩增产物,Marker为DNA marker 2000,CK为对照组。

, figureFileSmall=76VCfbOv3wsvzfQBZQK7/w==, figureFileBig=oKHbG1Q/bA1gELF/IooN2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458858250818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sample sequencing Shannon index curve, figureFileSmall=GvhDMc0hFUrt+bnPIStGbw==, figureFileBig=iPKL7qptcQYA9RV8PZ4gnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458921165379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图4, caption=样本测序Shannon指数曲线

注:a和b分别为细菌样本和真菌样本的Shannon指数曲线。

, figureFileSmall=GvhDMc0hFUrt+bnPIStGbw==, figureFileBig=iPKL7qptcQYA9RV8PZ4gnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889458979885636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Venn diagram of genera from different sources, figureFileSmall=0FaNys/utFLcBOVN/wqHjQ==, figureFileBig=SlrZ+EiXz5LVpS9POylwGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889459059577413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同来源样本属水平Venn图

注:a和b分别为样本细菌群落和真菌群落。不同椭圆区域代表不同样本,重合区域代表共有微生物的属的数量,非重合区域为样本独有微生物的属的数量。

, figureFileSmall=0FaNys/utFLcBOVN/wqHjQ==, figureFileBig=SlrZ+EiXz5LVpS9POylwGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889459130880582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Heatmap of bacteria at the genus level in different samples, figureFileSmall=FpNusQC5QVax3Dt6RphgjQ==, figureFileBig=j/rqsk2eSk3n3ptAMO87NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889459227349575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同样本细菌(属水平)heatmap图, figureFileSmall=FpNusQC5QVax3Dt6RphgjQ==, figureFileBig=j/rqsk2eSk3n3ptAMO87NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460456280648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Heatmap of fungi at the genus level in different samples, figureFileSmall=gbQB4nMJUld8u6+mMUcQ9g==, figureFileBig=evL18NtFonFx7eXYktqCAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460548555337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同样本真菌(属水平)heatmap图, figureFileSmall=gbQB4nMJUld8u6+mMUcQ9g==, figureFileBig=evL18NtFonFx7eXYktqCAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460619858506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis between samples, figureFileSmall=Z/YVqHLpsxupBkAkzdmbww==, figureFileBig=6eoy8+5thV1cxtrC7/khUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460691161675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图8, caption=样本间非度量多维尺度分析

注:a和b分别为样本细菌群落和真菌群落。

, figureFileSmall=Z/YVqHLpsxupBkAkzdmbww==, figureFileBig=6eoy8+5thV1cxtrC7/khUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460770853452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of bacterial communities between samples, figureFileSmall=4wmjpl7m2Ad2lPlezX4CxA==, figureFileBig=luMkryNMNEj6E0VKkwxnig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460837962317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图9, caption=样品间细菌群落差异性比较, figureFileSmall=4wmjpl7m2Ad2lPlezX4CxA==, figureFileBig=luMkryNMNEj6E0VKkwxnig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460913459790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of differences in fungal communities between samples, figureFileSmall=RA/hp3hInIZfYVNrRCetqQ==, figureFileBig=f5pu4lVHEaArOo4CsrV4kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889460976374351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图10, caption=样品间真菌群落差异性比较, figureFileSmall=RA/hp3hInIZfYVNrRCetqQ==, figureFileBig=f5pu4lVHEaArOo4CsrV4kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889461060260432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Microbial community enzyme functional abundance analysis, figureFileSmall=NWavtbAy8c1sNEoJmaurMg==, figureFileBig=Ja9+8d+PBm/frGOO+CEXSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889461131563601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图11, caption=微生物群落酶功能丰度分析

注:a和b分别为细菌群落和真菌群落的酶功能Heatmap图。

, figureFileSmall=NWavtbAy8c1sNEoJmaurMg==, figureFileBig=Ja9+8d+PBm/frGOO+CEXSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889461202866770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Heatmap of risk bacteria in different bean paste products, figureFileSmall=NAJHDnGfk1B9Pm2VJWJfLQ==, figureFileBig=tOhX7q9HL/AwmBAt5zGw7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889461290947155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同豆酱产品风险菌heatmap图, figureFileSmall=NAJHDnGfk1B9Pm2VJWJfLQ==, figureFileBig=tOhX7q9HL/AwmBAt5zGw7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889461383221844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample genome extraction information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目样本
CT-1CT-2CT-3CT-4GY-1
OD260/2801.521.611.581.551.56
浓度(ng/μL)12.779.6110.5310.4011.63
), ArticleFig(id=1320889461462913621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本基因组提取信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目样本
CT-1CT-2CT-3CT-4GY-1
OD260/2801.521.611.581.551.56
浓度(ng/μL)12.779.6110.5310.4011.63
), ArticleFig(id=1320889461550994006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Alpha diversity analysis results of sample 16S rDNA sequencing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号sobsShannonSimpsonACEChao1Coverage
CT-1330.6375630.70689237.7192237.20.999888
CT-2531.847140.23671956.1926154.8750.999859
CT-3480.2916040.907953.2970352.50.999809
CT-4561.9539720.2789960.4416759.50.999861
GY-1290.1670220.94913530.3205229.750.999937
), ArticleFig(id=1320889461634880087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本16S rDNA测序Alpha多样性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号sobsShannonSimpsonACEChao1Coverage
CT-1330.6375630.70689237.7192237.20.999888
CT-2531.847140.23671956.1926154.8750.999859
CT-3480.2916040.907953.2970352.50.999809
CT-4561.9539720.2789960.4416759.50.999861
GY-1290.1670220.94913530.3205229.750.999937
), ArticleFig(id=1320889461714571864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Alpha diversity analysis results of sample ITS sequencing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号sobsShannonSimpsonACEChao1Coverage
CT-1260.2227760.92715927.79434290.99996
CT-2391.7189130.22968139.9360939.333330.999973
CT-3461.2022870.4579347.7106246.750.999958
CT-4551.6283490.28607757.3707256.428570.999932
GY-1511.7288650.2434351511
), ArticleFig(id=1320889461794263641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889450486419964, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样本ITS测序Alpha多样性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号sobsShannonSimpsonACEChao1Coverage
CT-1260.2227760.92715927.79434290.99996
CT-2391.7189130.22968139.9360939.333330.999973
CT-3461.2022870.4579347.7106246.750.999958
CT-4551.6283490.28607757.3707256.428570.999932
GY-1511.7288650.2434351511
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基于Illumina PE300高通量测序的传统与工业化生产东北豆酱微生物群落分析
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葛英亮 * , 王艺臻 , 仲瑞文 , 李明翠
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(2): 217-226
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (2) : 217 -226
基于Illumina PE300高通量测序的传统与工业化生产东北豆酱微生物群落分析
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葛英亮* , 王艺臻, 仲瑞文, 李明翠
作者信息
  • 海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
通讯作者:
葛英亮(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、饮用水生物安全、食品加工废弃物资源化,E-mail:。
作者简介:

葛英亮(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、饮用水生物安全、食品加工废弃物资源化,E-mail:

Microbial Community Analysis of Northeast Soybean Paste Produced Traditionally and Commercially Based on Illumina PE300 High-throughput Sequencing
Yingliang GE* , Yizhen WANG, Ruiwen ZHONG, Mingcui LI
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020027
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为掌握传统与工业化生产东北豆酱中微生物差异,获取风险微生物信息,研究采用Illumina PE300技术对传统与工业化生产东北豆酱中细菌16S rDNA序列V3-V4区(338F/806R)和真菌ITS序列1区(ITS1F/ITS2R)扩增测序,进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,传统工艺生产豆酱中,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、四链球菌属(Tetragenococcus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等属的细菌及曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、念珠菌属(Candida)和丝孢菌属(Trichosporon)等属的真菌丰度较高,其中存在肠杆菌(Enterobacteriaceae)和葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)等潜在风险微生物,不同家庭生产豆酱中高丰度的明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)等细菌和梗孢酵母属(Sterigmatomyces)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)等真菌丰度存在明显差异。工业化生产豆酱中高丰度细菌为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、真菌为曲霉属(Aspergillus),群落构成简单,在微生物群落组成和代谢功能等方面与传统工艺生产豆酱相比存在的差异明显。经PICRUSt2功能预测分析知:传统工艺生产豆酱在糖酵解、糖异生、甘油酸代谢、有机酸的转化、蛋白质的磷酸化、嘌呤代谢、乙醛酸循环等功能丰度占优,工业化生产豆酱中在蛋白质降解和氨基酸代谢功能方面具有较高的丰度,揭示了传统工艺生产豆酱风味更佳,而工业化生产豆酱风味更稳定且生产周期短的原因。采用自建风险菌16S rDNA全长基因数据库比对发现:工业化生产豆酱的生物安全性更好,传统工艺生产豆酱可能存在更多的风险菌如:创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)等,揭示传统豆酱发酵过程中可能存在厌氧环境控制不足、原料污染或加工环节卫生缺陷导致产毒菌株增殖风险,工业化生产工艺在控制潜在风险菌方面具有显著优势。本研究为优化豆酱生产工艺、提高产品质量和保障食品安全提供了科学依据。

Illumina PE300测序  /  东北豆酱  /  微生物群落  /  评估  /  传统工艺  /  工业化生产  /  功能预测

To understand the microbial differences in traditional and industrial production of Northeast soybean paste and identify potential risk microorganisms, this study analyzed the microbial communities in Northeast soybean paste that are produced traditionally and commercially. The bacterial 16S rDNA V3-V4 region (338F/806R) and fungal ITS1 region (ITS1F/ITS2R) were amplified and sequenced using Illumina PE300 sequencer followed by bioinformatics analysis. The results revealed that in the traditionally produced soybean paste, the abundance of bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Tetragenococcus, and Bacillus, and fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, and Trichosporon were relatively high. Among these, potential risk microorganisms such as Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus were present. There were significant differences in the abundance of high-abundance bacteria like Leuconostoc and fungi like Sterigmatomyces and Fusarium between different soybean pastes that are family-produced. In commercially produced soybean paste, the high-abundance bacteria were Lactobacillus, while the predominant fungus was Aspergillus, albeit with a less diverse microbiota. The differences in microbial community and metabolic functions between traditional and commercial production processes were evident. Functional prediction analysis using PICRUSt2 revealed that traditional soybean paste had higher gene expressions in functions related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycerol metabolism, organic acid conversion, protein phosphorylation, purine metabolism, and acetaldehyde acid cycle. In contrast, commercial soybean pastes showed higher expressions in protein degradation and amino acid metabolism, which explains why traditional soybean paste has a better flavor, while industrial soybean paste has more stable flavor and shorter production cycle. Comparison with a self-constructed full-length 16S rDNA gene database of pathogens revealed that the biosafety of commercially produced soybean paste is better, while traditional soybean paste may contain more pathogens such as Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. This indicates that during the fermentation of traditional soybean paste, there may be a risk of insufficient control for anaerobic environment, raw material, or hygiene level in the processing stages, leading to the proliferation of toxin-producing strains. Commercial production have a significant advantage in controlling potential risk bacteria. This study provides scientific evidence for optimizing soybean paste production processes, improving product quality, and ensuring food safety.

Illumina PE300 sequencing  /  northeast soybean paste  /  microbial community  /  evaluation  /  traditional process  /  commercial production  /  functional prediction
葛英亮, 王艺臻, 仲瑞文, 李明翠. 基于Illumina PE300高通量测序的传统与工业化生产东北豆酱微生物群落分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 217 -226 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020027
Yingliang GE, Yizhen WANG, Ruiwen ZHONG, Mingcui LI. Microbial Community Analysis of Northeast Soybean Paste Produced Traditionally and Commercially Based on Illumina PE300 High-throughput Sequencing[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 217 -226 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020027
中国制酱的历史悠久,自西汉即有以大豆和面粉为主要原料的发酵型酱制品出现[1−2]。在豆酱的发酵制作过程中,霉菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌等微生物协同发酵,大豆蛋白质在酶的作用下进行蛋白质水解、有机酸发酵等一系列生化反应,赋予豆酱独特的风味、优良的口感、丰富的营养和一定的健康功能[3−5]。
中国东北地区是豆酱的主要生产和消费地区,农村多采用传统制酱工艺进行豆酱的制作,其中微生物菌群多样性丰富,风味良好,但制酱过程繁琐、生产方式较为原始,发酵条件控制随机且相对粗放,导致不同农户制作的豆酱在风味和品质上存在显著差异,同时,豆酱的发酵过程也容易受到外源微生物的干扰[6−8]。随着豆酱生产技术的发展,工业化逐渐成为东北豆酱生产的主要方式,其发酵控制工艺相对严格,发酵微生物控制相对精确,避免了传统制酱过程中温度、发酵微生物的不可控因素,使得豆酱的安全、品质和风味得到更好的保障。研究表明,无论是传统发酵还是工业发酵,动态变化的微生物群落在豆酱发酵过程中都是至关重要的[9]。在豆酱生产中存在大量复杂的微生物,如:生念珠菌、乳酸克鲁维酵母菌、胭脂酵母菌和土星拟威尔酵母等[10];在同样食用发酵豆制品的韩国发酵豆砖中也发现了复杂多样的微生物群落[11]。Lee等[12]研究了不同工业化生产豆酱微生物多样性和代谢物,强调了了解工业环境中微生物组成的重要性。然而,当前研究尚未充分关注同一气候条件、同一地区内,采用相同传统制作工艺的不同农家豆酱中的微生物群落及其潜在生物风险,同时也未深入探讨传统工艺与工业化生产豆酱在风险微生物群落及功能上的差异,因此有必要进一步加强对豆酱中风险微生物的分析。
Illumina PE300生物多样性测序具有成本低、通量高、速度快、数据准确等优点,被广泛应用于食品、土壤、人体内环境等生物多样性分析检测[13−14]。本研究以中国东北传统和工业化生产工艺生产的豆酱为样本,基于Illumina PE300生物多样性测序技术进行多样性测序比较分析,将获得的细菌16S rDNA序列与自建的风险菌16S rDNA基因全长数据库进行比对分析,分析传统和工业化生产发酵豆酱产品风险菌多样性,以期高效、快速、高通量获得豆酱产品风险微生物信息,降低检测成本,提高东北豆酱产品的生物风险分析预测能力,为保障传统豆酱产品的生物安全提供有益参考,为进一步建立豆酱生产风险微生物基因数据库奠定基础。
FastDNA Spin Kit For Soil 北京智杰方远科技有限公司;Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA 北京博迈斯生物科技有限公司;QuickClean II PCR抽提试剂盒 南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司;TransStart Fastpfu DNA Polymerase 北京全式金生物技术有限公司;TruSeq TM DNA Sample Prep Kit Illumina公司;AxyPrepDNA凝胶回收试剂盒 AXYGEN公司。
GeneAmp9700 PCR仪 美国应用生物系统(ABI)公司;DYCZ-24K/S型双板垂直电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;Miseq PE300二代高通量测序仪 美国Illumina公司;Micro 17R高速冷冻离心机、Nano-Drop2000超微量紫外分光光度计 ThermoFisher公司;BSC-1300IIS A2型生物安全柜 上海沪净医疗器械有限公司;Scan500全自动菌落计数仪 Interscience 公司;HS-IE数显振荡培养箱 上海和盛仪器科技有限公司;QuantiFluorTM-ST蓝色荧光定量系统 Promega公司;PCR扩增引物:338F-806R、524F10extF-Arch958RmodR、ITS1F-ITS2R 均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
传统制酱工艺样本采自东北某地区四个农户(同一村落,气候基本一致),并将样本分别编号为CT-1、CT-2、CT-3、CT-4进行进一步分析。
农户制酱工艺及参数如下:采用自然发酵工艺,平均气温范围为12.6 ℃至20.6 ℃,发酵时间自农历三月初十至四月二十八,共计约50个自然日。制酱基础工艺如图1所示。
工业化生产豆酱样本取自与传统制酱相同的地区(某企业,两地气候相近),该企业年产量4000吨。研究样本依据生产流程,在与农家酱相同的取样时期进行采集,并编号为GY-1。
工业化制酱工艺及参数如下:豆酱发酵周期为20 d,制曲时间为48 h,制曲室温度为38±2 ℃,发酵温度为45 ℃。如图2所示。
上述样本均为多点采样、并均一化后4 ℃暂存,后置于−80 ℃冰箱保存送样及备用。
将所获样本进行基因组DNA抽提,基因组抽提按照FastDNA Spin Kit For Soil试剂盒说明进行,后采用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳120 V、30 min检测提取基因组质量,浓度合格样本用于PCR扩增。
基因组分别以338F-806R引物扩增16S rDNA片段、524F10extF-Arch958RmodR引物扩增古菌特异基因片段、以ITS1F-ITS2R扩增真菌ITS片段,每个样本进行三个重复,将各样本获得的PCR扩增产物分别混合后进行2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测(120 V,30 min)。经多次预试验后古菌524F 10extF-Arch 958 RmodR通用引物序列扩增失败,古菌特异性序列无法扩增,古菌含量极低或不存在,后续无法对古菌进行多样性测序及分析。
实验确定16S rDNA扩增采用20 µL反应体系[15]:5×FastPfu Buffer 4 µL、2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 µL、Forward Primer(5 µmol/L)0.8 µL、Reverse Primer(5 µmol/L)0.8 µL、FastPfu Polymerase 0.4 µL、BSA 0.2 µL、Template DNA 10 ng、补ddH2O至20 µL;ITS序列扩增采用20 µL反应体系:10×Buffer 2 µL、2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 μL、正向引物(5 µmol/L)0.8 µL、反向引物(5 µmol/L)0.8 µL、TaKaRa rTaq DNA Polymerase 0.2 µL、BSA 0.2 µL、Template DNA 10 ng、补ddH2O至20 µL。PCR反应参数为:95 ℃、3min;35个循环:95 ℃ 30 s、退火温度(338F-806R为55 ℃、ITS1F-ITS2R为55 ℃)30 s、72 ℃ 45 s;72 ℃、10 min、4 ℃保存。
切胶回收PCR产物,Tris HCl洗脱,2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。获得PCR产物委托上海美吉生物医药有限公司进行定量、采用Illumina PE300进行DNA测序、拼接、质控和过滤。
基于美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com)按照97%相似性对非重复序列进行OTU(Operational Taxonomic Units)聚类分析和分类学分析、多样性指数分析[16];基于细菌Silva138 (https://www.arb-silva.de)及真菌ITS数据库UNITE8.0(https://unite.ut.ee)数据库进行细菌、真菌群落结构统计学分析;采用mothur软件(http://www.mothur.org/wiki/Calculators)计算Alpha多样性[17];采用Wilxocon秩和检验进行Alpha多样性的组间差异分析;采用基于bray-curtis距离算法的PCoA分析(主坐标分析)检验样本间微生物群落结构的相似性,并结合PERMANOVA非参数检验分析样本组间微生物群落结构差异是否显著;用LEfSe分析(Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size, http://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/LEfSe)(LDA>2,P<0.05)确定不同组间从门到属水平丰度显著差异的细菌类群[18];基于spearman相关性|r|>0.6,P<0.05挑选物种进行相关性网络图分析[19];使用PICRUSt2(version 2.2.0)软件进行16S功能预测分析[20]。
采用16S rDNA测序的方法可获得大量的基因信息,难以逐一分辨风险菌,导致风险微生物群落的丰度和多样性研究相对困难。本研究依据VFDB(http://www.mgc.ac.cn /VFs /main.htm)常见人畜及植物致病菌、条件致病菌的信息[21−22],从NCBI基因组数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)中抽取风险微生物16S rDNA全长序列构建数据库,共享至百度网盘(链接:https://pan.baidu.com/s/1_MZkHvAFv1RCOBld__ko8w?pwd=path),此数据库共包含352种常见致病微生物(动物、植物、人类致病菌),共1549条16S rDNA全长序列,研究采用美吉生物云平台进行比对分析,以了解传统工艺和工业生产豆酱可能出现的风险菌多样性。
提取基因组采用NanoDrop 2000检测,见表1。
表1表明,OD260/280≥1.5且浓度≈10 ng/μL说明提取基因组质量较好、浓度适当,可以按1.2.3进行PCR扩增,扩增产物进行2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,见图3。
基因组PCR扩增后的16S rDNA扩增产物DNA条带长度400~500 bp左右,ITS扩增产物DNA条带长度为700~800 bp左右,条带长度与预期相符,浓度适中(见图3),可以满足后续测序实验的要求。
样本进行338F_806R PCR扩增,并测序后进行双端序列质控拼接,共获得265915条序列(Sequences),114055742 bp(base pair),平均长度为428.92 bp,传统工艺组(A~D)样本测序获得序列数量差异较大,且均略高于工业化组(E)样本测序获得序列数量,测序获得88个OTU,被注释到6个门、11个纲、24个目、39个科、58个属、86个种。样本ITS1f_2R扩增后测序,获得序列进行双端序列质控拼接,共获得359277条序列,86982558 bp,平均长度为242.10 bp,传统制酱样本测序获得序列数目差异较大,且均高于工业化制酱样本测序获得序列数量。测序获得105个OTU,被注释到4个门、14个纲、22个目、35个科、53个属、81个种。
分别对样本16S rDNA和ITS扩增序列测序结果进行Alpha多样性分析,以评估样本细菌和真菌群落的多样性,见表2和表3。
图4显示样本中细菌和真菌群落的稀释曲线趋近平缓,并且覆盖度高,样本细菌和真菌群落的测序比率接近饱和,测序量能够覆盖样本中的绝大部分物种,不同样品来源的Shannon曲线说明,同一地区的传统制酱样品微生物群落多样性可能存在较大差异,且工业化制酱样本中细菌和真菌群落多样性与传统制酱样本也存在差异。
基于Venn图分析传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)和工业化组(GY-1)样本中细菌群落和真菌群落的属水平多样性差异,见图5。
传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)中的细菌群落结构复杂,共有属数量众多,且在不同样本间表现出较大变化,这反映出传统发酵过程中细菌群落的多样性及相对较低的稳定性。组间共有属比例的波动较大(例如CT-1组的6.45%与CT-4组的5.48%)进一步揭示了自然发酵对环境因素的强烈依赖性。工业化组GY-1细菌属的数量相对少,可能与标准化菌种添加有关,同时提示其细菌组成与传统工艺不同样品间差异较大。传统工艺组中CT-4组独有真菌属最多为6(占16.13%),工业化组GY-1独有属为16(占53.33%),工业化生产的真菌群落展现出极高的独特性,这很可能源于人工接种特定的发酵真菌。相比之下,传统工艺组间的共有属比例较低,群落异质性较高,更多地依赖于自然接种及环境条件,从而反映出传统工艺样本中的真菌群落显著受到环境波动的影响。初步揭示工业生产酱的样品风味不如农家酱风味丰富,但风味较为稳定,可能存在的微生物风险更小。
为进一步揭示传统工艺与工业化生产样本中微生物群落差异,分析样本中微生物的群落变化,分别绘制细菌(图6)和真菌(图7)群落属水平的heatmap图。
聚类树表明,尽管传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)样本选取地点为同一地理区位,气候条件一致,但样本CT-1、CT-3与样本CT-2、CT-4间细菌群落亦存在较大差异。
在传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)样本中丰度较高的属为:Lactobacillus(乳酸菌属),降低pH,抑制样品中杂菌,且贡献酸味和风味物质[23],揭示了自然发酵中乳酸菌的相对主导地位;Tetragenococcus(四联球菌属)耐高渗环境,参与氨基酸代谢,可能贡献鲜味[24];Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)可产蛋白酶、淀粉酶等,分解蛋白质和碳水化合物[25],生成风味前体物质。同时存在unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae(肠杆菌属)、Leuconostoc(明串珠菌属)、Staphylococcus(葡萄球菌属)、Serratia(沙雷氏菌属)等潜在的风险微生物,环境微生物及气候条件对细菌群落影响较大。相较而言,工业化组(GY-1)高丰度细菌较少,但Lactobacillus的丰度更高,Tetragenococcus和Bacillus丰度较低,而传统工艺组中存在的风险微生物在工业化组中均未发现,这表明工业化生产对关键发酵微生物的依赖性更高,细菌群落多样性更简单,标准化接种、外源微生物污染的减少,虽导致细菌群落多样性的丧失,风味变劣,但食品生物安全风险更低。
聚类树表明,传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)样本真菌群落相关度较高,其与工业化组(GY-1)真菌群落丰度及种类差异明显。
传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)中主要的真菌有:Aspergillus(曲霉属)产酶(如蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶),分解蛋白质和碳水化合物,生成风味前体物质,在自然发酵中占主导地位[26−28];Penicillium(青霉属)部分菌株产酶(如脂肪酶),可能贡献风味物质(如酯类),也有部分产毒素,可能影响食品安全[29−30];Candida(假丝酵母属)发酵糖类产乙醇和有机酸,贡献风味和香气[31];Trichosporon(丝孢酵母属)参与氨基酸代谢,可能贡献风味[32]。也存在较多种属的风险真菌:Fusarium(镰刀菌属)部分菌株产酶(如纤维素酶),部分种(如F. graminearum)产生霉菌毒素(如脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,DON),需监控其丰度[33];Alternaria(链格孢属)部分种产生霉菌毒素(如交链孢霉烯,AOH)[34];Penicillium(青霉属)部分种(如P. citrinum)产生霉菌毒素(如桔青霉素)[34]。在传统工艺组中高丰度真菌较细菌更为集中,说明其对豆酱的发酵贡献较大。
总体而言,工业化组(GY-1)的真菌群落相对单一,优势菌属显著,反映人工菌种添加和灭菌工艺对菌群结构的强烈影响。工业化组(GY-1)中Aspergillus(曲霉属)丰度显著高于传统组,反映工业化工艺对曲霉的依赖,其为工业化生产的核心菌种;Penicillium(青霉属)和Candida(假丝酵母属)丰度则显著低于传统组,工业化发酵真菌菌种控制更为严格,同样在传统工艺生产中可能存在的风险真菌,在工业化生产中也未出现,进一步说明工业化生产的生物风险较低。
研究基于NMDS(非度量多维尺度分析,non-metric multidimensional scaling)在OTU水平对传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)和工业化组(GY-1)样本进行降维分析,用于可视化样本间的群落相似性或差异性,见图8。图中不同颜色点的距离越近,表示样本间群落结构越相似;距离越远,表示差异越大。图8a表明传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)相互距离较近,细菌群落组成相似度远远高于工业化组(GY-1);图8b中各样本点距离相对分散,这表明在不同样本中,真菌群落的组成存在显著差异。特别是工业化组(GY-1),其群落结构的差异性尤为突出,这可能与工业化酿造环境的特定条件有关。
基于2.2.4中NMDS分析,选取差异性最大的样本CT-1(传统工艺样本)和GY-1(工业化生产样本)基于Fisher检验(Fisher's exact test)对传统工艺CT-1样本与工业化GY-1样本在细菌群落(图9)和真菌群落(图10)属水平上的比例差异进行分析,并计算95%置信区间及P值,以进一步分析其细菌群落构成和真菌群落的构成,获取具有显著性差异的细菌和真菌信息,这些差异的微生物可能是样本差异风味的关键物种。
研究运用Fisher精确检验对传统工艺CT-1样本与工业化GY-1样本在细菌属水平的差异进行了比较分析,并计算了95%置信区间及P值。结果显示,Kocuria、Streptomyces、Leuconostoc、Corynebacterium_1、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12、Staphylococcus、Enterococcus、Lactobacillus、Tetragenococcus和Bacillus等细菌属在两组样本间存在显著差异(P值分别为3.728×10−9、1.363×10−18、5.519×10−12、2.82×10−41、6.195×10−133、7.448×10−114等,均小于0.001),同样的分析表明:Rhizomucor、Wickerhamomyces、Sterigmatomyces、Microascus、Wallemia、Meyerozyma、Trichosporon、Candida、Aspergillus和Penicillium等真菌在两组样本间也存在显著差异(P值均小于0.001),这些细菌和真菌在工业化和传统工艺生产大豆酱中可能扮演重要角色,其丰度变化可能对产品的风味、质地和保质期产生影响。Log2FC值进一步揭示了两组样本间细菌和真菌属丰度的变化方向,正值表示工业化E样本中该细菌(或真菌)属的丰度高于传统工艺A样本,负值则表明传统工艺A样本中该细菌(或真菌)属的丰度更高。传统工艺A样本可能保留了更多的传统发酵微生物,对产品的传统风味和质地有重要贡献,而工业化E样本可能通过优化发酵条件或引入特定菌种,改变了微生物群落结构,从而影响产品的品质和稳定性。其中Streptomyces和Bacillus等细菌可能参与蛋白质和碳水化合物的分解,影响风味物质的生成;Lactobacillus和Leuconostoc等乳酸菌属可能参与乳酸发酵,影响产品的酸度和保存性;Staphylococcus和Enterococcus等细菌属可能参与氨基酸代谢,影响产品的风味和营养价值。Aspergillus和Penicillium等真菌常见于食品发酵过程,参与蛋白质和碳水化合物的分解,影响风味物质的生成;Candida等酵母菌则参与酒精和有机酸的代谢,影响产品的酸度和香气。
本研究通过PICRUSt2预测的功能Heatmap对传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)与工业化组(GY-1)豆酱细菌群落(图11a)和真菌群落(图11b)在多个酶功能分类(EC编号)上的预测丰度进行了比较分析,揭示了两组间在代谢功能上的显著差异。
由图11a知:传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)中各样本多个酶的功能丰度表现出较好的同一性,传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)中EC 3.6.4.12(3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸磷酸化酶)、EC 3.2.1.86(β-半乳糖苷酶)、EC 2.7.7.7(蛋白激酶A)、EC 2.7.1.69(甘油激酶)、EC 2.7.13.3(磷酸果糖激酶2)、EC 2.7.7.6(磷酸甘油酸激酶)、EC 3.6.3.21(焦磷酸酶)、EC 3.6.3.3(焦磷酸酶)等功能丰度较高。在硫酸化反应和糖苷水解、蛋白质磷酸化和甘油代谢、糖代谢调节、无机焦磷酸代谢和能量代谢方面均具有较高的活性,为豆酱的复杂风味奠定了基础。相比之下,工业化组(GY-1)样本中的酶功能丰度展现出显著的差异性,这种差异同样体现在与传统工艺组样本的对比中。其中,仅EC 5.4.2.12(谷胱甘肽合成酶)和EC 5.99.1.2(异构酶)等少数酶功能的丰度较高,这揭示了工业化组细菌功能的相对单一性,尤其在谷胱甘肽代谢及代谢物生成与转化方面展现出明显优势,进而确保了产品品质的均一性。这些差异反映了传统工艺组和工业化生产组在微生物群落结构和功能上的显著不同。传统工艺豆酱保留了更多的传统发酵微生物,这些微生物在多种代谢途径中具有较高的活性,从而影响大豆酱的风味、质地和保质期。工业化生产豆酱微生物群落结构较为单一的,增强了特定代谢途径的活性,从而提高了产品的稳定性。
由图11b知:在真菌群落酶功能丰度方面,传统工艺组(CT-1~CT-4)与工业化组(GY-1)差异并不大,EC 3.6.1.3(3-磷酸甘油酸磷酸酶)、EC 5.3.1.4(甘油酸-2-脱氢酶)、EC 2.7.7.6(磷酸甘油酸激酶)、EC 3.2.1.3(α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶)、EC 5.2.1.8(顺乌头酸水合酶)、EC 1.14.14.1(黄嘌呤氧化酶)、EC 3.2.1.18(草酰乙酸水解酶)、EC 2.7.7.7(蛋白激酶A)等丰度略高,在糖酵解、糖异生、甘油酸代谢、有机酸的转化、蛋白质的磷酸化、嘌呤代谢、乙醛酸循环等催化功能丰度占优,可能与传统发酵过程中微生物群落的多样性和复杂性有关,这些微生物可能在发酵过程中产生了更多的风味物质和代谢产物,工业化组(GY-1)则在EC 2.4.2.30(N-乙酰神经氨酸合成酶)、EC 3.1.3.16(磷酸二酯酶)、EC 3.4.25.1(肽基脯氨酸水解酶)、EC 1.6.5.5(甲硫氨酸合成酶)等功能上表现出较高的丰度,在蛋白质降解和氨基酸代谢方面具有较高的活性,在糖苷代谢和核酸代谢方面具有显著优势,也揭示在一定条件下工业化生产周期更短,风味更为稳定的原因。
通过1.2.6方法,对获得的16S rDNA序列进行blast分析,以识别不同生产方式下豆酱中的风险菌见图12。
基于不同分组豆酱样本(传统工艺组CT-1~CT-4与工业化组GY-1)的风险菌heatmap图分析,两组样本在可能存在的风险菌构成上存在显著差异,传统工艺组中,尤其是样本CT-1和样本CT-2中,致病性弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)等风险菌丰度显著偏高;产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)与艰难梭菌(C. difficile)的存在则提示传统发酵过程中可能存在厌氧环境控制不足;蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的高检出可能源于原料污染或加工环节卫生缺陷导致产毒菌株增殖风险。这些微生物可能引起食源性疾病的风险菌种,其存在可能对豆酱的食品安全性构成威胁。工业化组(GY-1)中这些风险微生物的相对丰度显著降低,表明工业化生产工艺在控制潜在致病菌方面具有显著优势。因此,在豆酱生产,特别是传统工艺的生产过程中,必须高度重视潜在风险菌的控制。
本研究对中国东北地区传统工艺和工业化生产的豆酱样本进行微生物群落结构分析发现,不同农户传统工艺生产的豆酱微生物群落稳定性差、代谢功能复杂,发酵的核心微生物为乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)、曲霉属(Aspergillus),微生物代谢功能如硫酸化反应、糖苷水解、蛋白质磷酸化和甘油代谢等活性高,更好地解释了豆酱的复杂风味生成原因。基于自建风险菌16S rDNA全长基因数据库比对发现传统工艺生产的豆酱中可能存在致病性弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)等风险菌。相比之下,工业化生产通过标准化菌种接种和工艺控制明显减少了风险菌的存在,虽然微生物群落结构单一,风味多样性丧失,但菌群稳定性强(乳酸菌属和曲霉属丰度提升),在蛋白质降解、氨基酸代谢、糖苷代谢、核酸代谢等方面具有显著优势,工业化生产的周期短,食品安全性更高。研究揭示了生产工艺对豆酱微生物生态和食品属性的双重影响,为传统工艺生产豆酱的生物风险防控和工业化生产豆酱的菌群优化提供了理论依据,未来可通过功能性菌种的筛选培育或可控混合发酵等生产策略平衡豆酱风味和安全性。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020027
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
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    海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022

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葛英亮(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、饮用水生物安全、食品加工废弃物资源化,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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