Article(id=1320889437085614802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734624000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854182739, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854182739, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854182739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854182739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=77, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889438733976276, articleId=1320889437085614802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Citrus Fiber on the Stability of Chicken Myofibrillar Protein Emulsions Under Low-salt Conditions, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this experiment, myofibrillar proteins were extracted from chicken breast meat to prepared emulsions. The effects of different concentrations of citrus fiber (0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, CF) on the stability of chicken myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsions under low-salt conditions (0.3 mol/L NaCl) were investigated by measuring the apparent stability, Turbiscan stability index, droplet size, rheological properties, microstructure of emulsion and the content of adsorbed protein in the oil-water phase. The results showed that with the increase of citrus fiber concentration, Turbiscan stability index value and oil droplet size of the emulsions gradually decreased, while the apparent stability, apparent viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, and adsorbed protein content of the emulsion layer obviously increased. Laser confocal results showed that myofibrillar proteins were uniformly distributed around the oil droplets, and cryo-electron microscopy results showed that the oil droplets were uniformly distributed in the three-dimensional network structure formed by citrus fibers. When the addition amount of citrus fiber was 4.5%, the prepared emulsions reached a relatively stable state after being stored at 4 ℃ for 7 days, and no emulsion stratification was observed. These above results indicate that citrus fiber might be a potential emulsifier in improving the stability of low-salt myofibrillar protein emulsions.

, authors=Qingquan FU1, Di WU1, Jintang YANG2, Quanzhan CHEN1, Chun QIN3, *, Wei ZHANG1, authorsList=Qingquan FU, Di WU, Jintang YANG, Quanzhan CHEN, Chun QIN, Wei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chun QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889440713687782, articleId=1320889437085614802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=柑橘纤维对低盐条件下鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本实验以鸡胸肉为原料提取肌原纤维蛋白制作乳液,通过测定乳液表观稳定性、Turbiscan稳定指数、液滴粒径、流变特性、微观结构以及油水相吸附蛋白含量,研究不同柑橘纤维浓度(0%、1.5%、3%、4.5%)对低盐条件下(0.3 mol/L NaCl)鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,乳液Turbiscan稳定指数值和液滴粒径逐渐减小,而乳液表观稳定性、表观粘度、储能模量、损耗模量和乳液层吸附蛋白含量明显增加。激光共聚焦结果表明,肌原纤维蛋白均匀分布在油滴周围,而冷冻电镜结果表明,油滴均匀分布在柑橘纤维形成的三维网状结构中。当柑橘纤维添加量为4.5%时,制作的乳液在4 ℃贮藏7 d已达到一个相对稳定的状态,未见乳液出现分层。以上结果表明,柑橘纤维在改善低盐肌原纤维蛋白乳液的稳定性方面可能是一种有潜力的乳化剂。

, authors=扶庆权1, 吴迪1, 杨金堂2, 陈全战1, 秦春3, *, 张伟1, authorsList=扶庆权, 吴迪, 杨金堂, 陈全战, 秦春, 张伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=秦春, authorNote=

扶庆权(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制、乳液凝胶及食品添加剂和配料,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
秦春(1981−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:植物原食品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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扶庆权(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制、乳液凝胶及食品添加剂和配料,E-mail:

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扶庆权(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制、乳液凝胶及食品添加剂和配料,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=N84nSE7UgxmimQEOYIH2vQ==, figureFileBig=kYxJ4AmmW+1edf2/P3BHcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889448074691366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889437085614802, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different concentrations of CF on SDS-PAGE pattern of low-salt MP emulsions, figureFileSmall=vHCHotghIXHfSuTtJ0a7Ig==, figureFileBig=Cjm57bZVLsFlJ91wEEmkFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889448171160359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889437085614802, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同浓度柑橘纤维对低盐肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶电泳图像的影响

注:1表示标准Mark蛋白样品,2~5、6~9分别表示添加0%、1.5%、3.0%、4.5%柑橘纤维制备的蛋白乳液样品。

, figureFileSmall=vHCHotghIXHfSuTtJ0a7Ig==, figureFileBig=Cjm57bZVLsFlJ91wEEmkFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889448242463528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889437085614802, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different concentrations of CF on the average droplet size of low-salt MP emulsions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膳食纤维添加量(%)D[4,3] (µm)
045.38±3.95a
1.537.96±3.63b
3.031.44±0.92c
4.530.30±1.14c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889448309572393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889437085614802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同浓度柑橘纤维对低盐肌原纤维蛋白乳液油滴平均粒径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膳食纤维添加量(%)D[4,3] (µm)
045.38±3.95a
1.537.96±3.63b
3.031.44±0.92c
4.530.30±1.14c
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柑橘纤维对低盐条件下鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响
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扶庆权 1 , 吴迪 1 , 杨金堂 2 , 陈全战 1 , 秦春 3, * , 张伟 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(2): 77-83
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (2) : 77 -83
柑橘纤维对低盐条件下鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响
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扶庆权(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制、乳液凝胶及食品添加剂和配料,E-mail:

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扶庆权1 , 吴迪1, 杨金堂2, 陈全战1, 秦春3, * , 张伟1
作者信息
  • 1南京晓庄学院食品科学学院,江苏南京 211171
  • 2安徽省药品审评查验中心,安徽合肥 230041
  • 3南京农业大学生命科学学院,江苏南京 210095
通讯作者:
秦春(1981−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:植物原食品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

扶庆权(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制、乳液凝胶及食品添加剂和配料,E-mail:

Effects of Citrus Fiber on the Stability of Chicken Myofibrillar Protein Emulsions Under Low-salt Conditions
Qingquan FU1 , Di WU1, Jintang YANG2, Quanzhan CHEN1, Chun QIN3, * , Wei ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
  • 2Anhui Drug Evaluation and Certification Center, Hefei 230041, China
  • 3College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120255
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本实验以鸡胸肉为原料提取肌原纤维蛋白制作乳液,通过测定乳液表观稳定性、Turbiscan稳定指数、液滴粒径、流变特性、微观结构以及油水相吸附蛋白含量,研究不同柑橘纤维浓度(0%、1.5%、3%、4.5%)对低盐条件下(0.3 mol/L NaCl)鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,乳液Turbiscan稳定指数值和液滴粒径逐渐减小,而乳液表观稳定性、表观粘度、储能模量、损耗模量和乳液层吸附蛋白含量明显增加。激光共聚焦结果表明,肌原纤维蛋白均匀分布在油滴周围,而冷冻电镜结果表明,油滴均匀分布在柑橘纤维形成的三维网状结构中。当柑橘纤维添加量为4.5%时,制作的乳液在4 ℃贮藏7 d已达到一个相对稳定的状态,未见乳液出现分层。以上结果表明,柑橘纤维在改善低盐肌原纤维蛋白乳液的稳定性方面可能是一种有潜力的乳化剂。

肌原纤维蛋白  /  乳液  /  柑橘纤维  /  稳定性  /  低盐

In this experiment, myofibrillar proteins were extracted from chicken breast meat to prepared emulsions. The effects of different concentrations of citrus fiber (0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, CF) on the stability of chicken myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsions under low-salt conditions (0.3 mol/L NaCl) were investigated by measuring the apparent stability, Turbiscan stability index, droplet size, rheological properties, microstructure of emulsion and the content of adsorbed protein in the oil-water phase. The results showed that with the increase of citrus fiber concentration, Turbiscan stability index value and oil droplet size of the emulsions gradually decreased, while the apparent stability, apparent viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, and adsorbed protein content of the emulsion layer obviously increased. Laser confocal results showed that myofibrillar proteins were uniformly distributed around the oil droplets, and cryo-electron microscopy results showed that the oil droplets were uniformly distributed in the three-dimensional network structure formed by citrus fibers. When the addition amount of citrus fiber was 4.5%, the prepared emulsions reached a relatively stable state after being stored at 4 ℃ for 7 days, and no emulsion stratification was observed. These above results indicate that citrus fiber might be a potential emulsifier in improving the stability of low-salt myofibrillar protein emulsions.

myofibrillar protein  /  emulsion  /  citrus fiber  /  stability  /  low salt
扶庆权, 吴迪, 杨金堂, 陈全战, 秦春, 张伟. 柑橘纤维对低盐条件下鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 77 -83 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120255
Qingquan FU, Di WU, Jintang YANG, Quanzhan CHEN, Chun QIN, Wei ZHANG. Effects of Citrus Fiber on the Stability of Chicken Myofibrillar Protein Emulsions Under Low-salt Conditions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 77 -83 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120255
乳液是油滴通过乳化剂均匀分散在水中形成的一种混合体系,而乳化型肉糜制品就是一种典型的水包油型乳液[1]。乳液通常是一种热不稳定体系,在贮藏过程中容易发生聚集、絮凝甚至分层沉淀,最终导致油水分离[2]。因此,添加乳化剂是一种有效改善乳液稳定性的方法。纯肉糜中肌原纤维蛋白的含量约占肉蛋白总量的55%~60%[3],它是一种优良的天然乳化剂,能够吸附在油滴的表面形成界面膜从而稳定乳液[4],在保持乳化型肉制品的质构中起着关键的作用[5]。然而,肌原纤维蛋白是一种盐溶性蛋白,需要在0.6 mol/L氯化钠的高盐溶液中才能充分溶解发挥作用。而长期过量食盐的摄入则对消费者的健康有害,容易引起高血压、心血管疾病和胃癌等疾病[6]。因此,生产中通常加入其它合成或天然乳化剂才能保证乳液的稳定性并实现减盐目的。出于安全考虑,近年来天然来源的乳化剂逐渐受到食品行业的青睐。
柑橘纤维是从柑橘皮渣中提取出来的一种天然膳食纤维,其主要成分为纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶及少量的蛋白和橙皮苷[7],具有良好的保水保油性、增稠性、抗氧化性和乳化稳定性[8],因此,柑橘纤维广泛应用于饮料、乳制品,冰淇淋、焙烤制品和肉制品中[9]。目前,关于柑橘纤维在乳化型肉制品中的应用主要集中在香肠动物脂肪替代[10]和香肠持水力改善[11]方面,然而柑橘纤维对低盐条件下鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性影响及对乳化型肉制品品质影响的潜在机制还未见报道。
因此,本研究将不同浓度的柑橘纤维(0%、1.5%、3%、4.5%)添加到水包油型乳液中,通过测定表观稳定性、Turbiscan稳定指数、液滴粒径、流变性质、微观结构和油水界面吸附蛋白浓度等指标,研究不同浓度柑橘纤维对乳液稳定性影响,以期为柑橘纤维在乳化型肉制品中的应用和开发提供理论依据。
新鲜白羽肉鸡鸡胸肉 南京市江宁区天印山农贸市场;柑橘纤维颗粒(粒径<150 μm,蛋白含量为5.2%,总膳食纤维含量为87.58%,可溶性膳食纤维含量为8.02%,不溶性膳食纤维含量为79.56%) 北京美年美月生物科技有限公司;金龙鱼一级食用大豆油 南京苏果超市江宁店;无水磷酸氢二钠、无水磷酸二氢钠、六水氯化镁、乙二醇双(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸、无水氯化钠、氢氧化钠、五水硫酸铜、牛血清蛋白 南京化学试剂有限公司;尼罗红、尼罗蓝 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;以上化学试剂均为分析纯。
IMS-100全自动雪花制冰机 常熟市雪科电器有限公司;PX224ZH电子天平 奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司;XHF-DY高速分散机 宁波新芝生物科技有限公司;HR21M高速冷冻离心机 湖南赫西仪器装备有限公司;UV-2400紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;Mastersizer 3000激光粒度仪 英国马尔文公司;Turbiscan稳定性分析仪 法国Formulaction仪器公司;MCR301流变仪 奥地利安东帕公司;TCS SP8 X激光共聚焦显微镜 德国徕卡公司;SU8010冷冻扫描电镜 日本日立公司;164-5050电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;GT-800F扫描仪 日本爱普生公司。
肌原纤维蛋白的提取参考FU等[12]的方法。新鲜鸡胸肉去掉筋膜和可见脂肪,称取200 g鸡胸肉用搅拌机搅碎,加入4倍体积预冷的磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1 mol/L NaCl,2 mmol/L MgCl2,1 mmol/L EGTA,10 mmol/L NaH2PO4, pH 7.0),使用高速分散机以10000 r/min匀浆60 s,匀浆过程中匀浆30 s停30 s,匀浆液接着以2000 r/min离心10 min,沉淀物以上述相同的条件重复提取3次。得到的沉淀接着加入0.1 mol/L氯化钠溶液(pH 6.25)润洗3次,每次均以2000 r/min离心10 min。在最后一次离心前需使用100目纱布过滤匀浆液中的结缔组织,离心后得到的沉淀即为肌原纤维蛋白。蛋白浓度以牛血清蛋白做标准品并采用双缩脲方法进行测定[13]。蛋白整个提取过程中均控制在4 ℃条件下进行操作。
蛋白乳液的制备参考FU等[14]的方法。每个样品乳液制作总体积为60 mL。不同质量的柑橘纤维加入适量的低盐缓冲液(0.3 mol/L NaCl,10 mmol/L NaH2PO4,pH7.0)浸泡过夜目的是进行溶胀,接着加入一定比例的肌原纤维蛋白溶液,用均浆机以10000 r/min匀浆60 s,匀浆30 s停30 s,接着加入15 mL大豆油,同样以上述相同的转速和时间进行匀浆,所有制得的粗乳液最终蛋白浓度为15 mg/mL,脂肪浓度为25%,食盐浓度为0.3 mol/L,柑橘纤维浓度分别为0%、1.5%、3%、4.5%(根据预实验结果选择的3个添加量)。获得的新鲜乳液在24 h内使用完毕。
新鲜乳液用一次性胶头滴管加入到干净的20 mL顶空瓶中,所有乳液高度保持一致,接着放入4 ℃冰箱进行贮藏7 d,观察不同乳液在1 h、1 d和7 d三个时间点的稳定性情况并用手机进行拍照。
乳液Turbiscan稳定性指数根据FU等[15]的方法采用Turbiscan稳定性分析仪进行测定。取20 mL新鲜制备的乳液加入专用圆柱形玻璃样品槽中,要求乳液不能有气泡,仪器平衡后立即进行测定。测定条件设置为总扫描时间150 min,90 s扫描一次,测定温度为25 ℃,波长800 nm,测定结果通过仪器自带软件自动获得。
乳液液滴粒径采用马尔文激光粒度分析仪进行测定。1 mL新鲜乳液加入石英比色皿中,采用动态光散射进行测定。测定条件为折射率1.436,吸收指数0.001,测定温度为25 ℃。
乳液的表观粘度和频率扫描使用流变仪进行测定,流变仪带有直径为50 mm的平行板,间隔为1.0 mm。新鲜乳液在25 ℃条件下平衡120 s,然后进行测定。表观粘度采用剪切速率在0.1~100 s−1范围内进行测定,频率扫描包括储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")采用角频率在0.1~10 rad/s范围内进行测定,剪切应变为1%。所有的测量都是通过振荡应变扫描在线性范围内进行的。
乳液中油滴和蛋白的大小和分布根据HU等[16]的方法采用激光共聚焦进行观察。1 mL新鲜乳液加入40 μL含有0.01%尼罗蓝和0.01%尼罗红的混合液进行染色,取50 μL染色后的样品装在载玻片上,盖上载玻盖,使用配备40倍放大镜捕捉蛋白乳液的微观结构。尼罗河蓝和尼罗河红的激发波长分别为488 nm和633 nm。
乳液微观结构和网络结构根据FU等[17]的方法用放大500倍下的冷冻扫描电镜进行观察。新鲜乳液用超纯水稀释10倍,取20 μL滴在专用平板上,盖上盖子,然后在–196 ℃的液氮下冷冻2 min,样品接着转移到冷冻室并进行断裂,再在–70 ℃的真空状态下升华5 min,然后用10 mA电流镀金60 s,在3 kV加速电压下观察样品。
新鲜乳液吸收蛋白和非吸收蛋白的浓度和组成根据LI等[18]的方法进行测定。30 mL乳液在4 ℃以10000 r/min离心30 min,底部水相部分的非吸附蛋白含量用双缩脲方法进行测定,而顶部油相部分的吸附蛋白含量用乳液总蛋白含量减去水相部分蛋白含量来表示。水相非吸附蛋白的组成直接用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)来鉴定,而乳化层的吸附蛋白先用低盐缓冲液(0.3 mol/L氯化钠,10 mmol/L 磷酸二氢钠,pH7.0,1:4,v/v)溶解,接着在4 ℃以10000 r/min离心30 min,重复上述步骤3次以获得更纯的吸附蛋白(乳化层)。获得的乳化层用定量滤纸进行过滤,收集滤纸上的脱水乳化层同样用SDS-PAGE鉴定其吸附蛋白的组成。每孔上样10 μL,标准蛋白上样4 μL,采用5%浓缩胶和10%分离胶分别以80、120 V进行电泳。电泳结束后,取出凝胶用染色液染色2 h,再进行脱色直到看到清晰的条带为止,使用扫描仪进行扫描获得凝胶图片。
每个处理组重复测定3次,每个样品至少平行测定3次,数据均用平均值和标准差进行表示。使用SAS 8.1软件对数据进行单因素ANOVA方差分析,Duncan多重比较用于分析数据的显著性差异(P<0.05),使用Origin 8.5软件对数据进行作图。
乳液表观观察是评价乳液稳定性最直观的方法,乳液分层越少表明其稳定性越好[19]。由图1可知,柑橘纤维的添加对乳液贮藏7 d期间有显著的影响。当贮藏1 h后,不管是否添加柑橘纤维,乳液均很稳定,未出现分层现象。然而当贮藏1 d后,随着柑橘纤维添加量的增加,乳液稳定性提高,当柑橘纤维添加量为4.5%时,乳液稳定性最好,未出现分层现象。当贮藏7 d后,不管是否添加柑橘纤维,所有乳液均趋于稳定,未出现进一步分层现象。以上结果表明,随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,乳液稳定性显著改善,这些结果可能与柑橘纤维含有的蛋白质和可溶性膳食纤维含量有关。柑橘纤维中的蛋白质具有较好的乳化活性,能够提高乳液的乳化能力。而水溶性膳食纤维能够增加乳液的粘度,不溶性膳食纤维则抑制了油滴的分散,从而诱导包裹在脂肪球表面的蛋白出现位阻排出和皮克林效应[20−21],因此柑橘纤维的添加提高了乳液的稳定性。该研究结果与ZHU等[22]报道的结果部分相同,其研究认为水溶性柑橘纤维改善了羊肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液物理稳定性,而不溶性膳食纤维则严重影响羊肉蛋白乳液的稳定性。
为了证实柑橘纤维乳液的稳定性,接着进一步测定TSI值研究新鲜乳液的整体稳定性。TSI值越小表明乳液稳定性越好[15]。由图2可知,对照组乳液的TSI值随着贮藏时间的延长而快速增加,而添加柑橘纤维乳液的TSI值则随着贮藏时间的延长而缓慢增加,这表明乳液稳定性均随着贮藏时间的延长而变差。从图2还可看出,乳液TSI值随着柑橘纤维添加量的增加而减小,说明柑橘纤维的添加有利于维持乳液稳定性。这个结果与上面乳液的表观稳定性结果相一致,其主要原因可能是柑橘纤维的添加增加了乳液的粘度导致液滴均匀分散从而改善乳液稳定性。柑橘纤维中含有果胶,其可以水合形成弱凝胶网络结构,这种较弱的凝胶结构可以限制脂肪颗粒的聚集,获得更好的乳液稳定性[23]。
乳液的液滴大小是评价乳液稳定性的重要指标,液滴尺寸越小乳液越稳定[24]。乳化过程、乳化剂的种类以及亲水胶体决定乳液的油滴大小[25]。由图3可知,乳液的粒径呈现两个峰,尤其是第二峰,随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加峰的轮廓趋向于左迁移,这表明液滴的粒径随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加逐渐减小。此结果的可能原因有两个,一方面柑橘纤维含有的膳食纤维增加乳液的粘度,防止油滴在贮藏过程中形成聚集;另一方面柑橘纤维的蛋白和可溶性膳食纤维和肌原纤维蛋白相互作用,在脂肪的表面形成界面膜从而防止油滴聚集[26]。ZHU等[22]研究发现,柑橘纤维的添加也使乳液粒径呈现明显的两个峰分布,可溶性柑橘纤维降低了乳液的油滴尺寸,而不溶性柑橘纤维却增加了乳液的油滴尺寸,分析原因可溶性柑橘纤维增加了蛋白质之间的聚集作用,而不溶性柑橘纤维含有大量的水合纤维素也导致蛋白质的聚集[27]。如表1所示,当柑橘纤维添加量为3.0%或4.5%时,乳液粒径较低且差异不显著(P>0.05),即再提高添加量可能对乳液粒径的影响较低,并且4.5%添加量时,乳液稳定性表现已良好。
膳食纤维尤其多糖类物质在乳液水相中形成三维凝胶网络,能够捕获油滴并具有较高的粘度[28],而粘度增加可以改善乳液的物理稳定性。由图4可知,所有乳液显示的流动曲线是相似的,随着剪切速率的增加乳液的表观粘度均下降,这表明乳液具有剪切变稀行为,类似于假塑性流体[29]。随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加乳液的粘度逐渐增加,这表明柑橘纤维的添加改善了乳液的稳定性。其可能原因是柑橘纤维中的可溶性多糖增加乳液的粘度,防止了油滴的聚集和絮凝,从而增加了乳液稳定性。另外柑橘含有的蛋白质也能起到很好的乳化作用,通过降低界面张力和增加油水界面的静电排斥作用改善乳液稳定性[30]。本研究结果和ZHOU等[31]的研究结果具有相似的趋势,发现羧甲基纤维素的添加改善了猪肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液的表观粘度,且随着纤维素浓度的增加乳液表观粘度随之增加。ZHAO等[32]也研究发现,改性膳食纤维的添加增加了肉糜乳液的表观粘度,而且随着改善膳食纤维添加量增加,其表观粘度越大。
由图5可知,无论是否添加柑橘纤维,乳液的G'和G"值随着角频率的增加均在一定程度上呈现上升的趋势,且乳液的G'值总是大于G"值,这表明乳液具有较好的粘弹性和类似凝胶行为。由图5还可看出,乳液的G'和G"值随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加而增大,这表明柑橘纤维的添加对乳液的整体结构有重要的影响。G'和G"值的增加表明乳液具有相对较高的弹性,柑橘纤维中的果胶与水形成弱凝胶网络结构,并随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,网络结构稳定性更好。ZHOU等[31]的研究表明,羧甲基纤维素的添加增加了肌原纤维蛋白乳液的G'和G"值,且随时羧甲基纤维添加量的增加G'和G"值快速增加。FU等[15]也研究表明,改性纤维素的添加增加了蛋白乳液的G'和G"值,且G'和G"值随着纤维素浓度的增加而增加。
激光共聚焦是一种有效的观察乳液油滴实际大小和分布以及蛋白和油滴相互作用的方法[32]。由图6可知,对照组乳液的油滴分布不均匀且油滴尺寸较大,而加入柑橘纤维后的乳液油滴和蛋白尺寸均变小且油滴数量显示较多,蛋白也均匀分布在油滴周围。随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,油滴和蛋白尺寸均减小且分布越来越均匀,这表明柑橘纤维的添加有利于乳液油滴和蛋白的均匀分布,且促进了蛋白质和油滴的分散。与此同时,蛋白质包裹在油滴的表面,从而保护油滴不聚集或絮凝,最终形成稳定的乳液。
由图7可知,随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加乳液形成的网状结构变得更加稠密,所有油滴均分布在网络中,对照组油滴尺寸大且呈现椭圆形,而随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,油滴尺寸减小。这可能的原因是柑橘纤维含有的多糖增加乳液的粘度并形成凝胶网络结构[15],从而使得乳液随着柑橘纤维含量的增加而更加稳定。这个研究结果和粒径测定结果以及激光共聚焦测定结果一致。
蛋白质是一种优良的乳化剂,它能均匀分布在油滴的表面形成界面膜,从而将油滴分布在水相中[27]。肌原纤维蛋白降低油滴表面周围界面张力的能力与吸附蛋白的含量密切相关,而蛋白吸附量的增加会增加蛋白质膜的厚度和油滴的密度,从而进一步提高乳液的稳定性[33]。由乳液共聚焦图6结果可知,随着柑橘纤维添加量增加,蛋白包裹油滴使其不易形成大颗粒乳液液滴,乳液尺寸的降低增加了整体结构的灵活性,易快速形成油滴周围的蛋白界面膜,降低界面张力[18]。由图8电泳结果可知,水相中的非吸收蛋白和油相中吸收蛋白均含有肌球蛋白重链、α-辅肌动蛋白、肌动蛋白、原肌球蛋白、肌球蛋白轻链1和肌球蛋白轻链2。随着柑橘纤维浓度的增加,乳液水相中的肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白、原肌球蛋白和肌球蛋白轻链含量显著降低,而油相中的肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白、原肌球蛋白和肌球蛋白轻链含量则显著增加,这表明柑橘纤维的添加改善了乳液稳定性。其可能原因是肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白分布在油滴的表面降低了界面张力并增加油滴的静电排斥从而改善了乳液稳定性[34]。
柑橘纤维添加量对低盐肌原纤维蛋白乳液的稳定性、粒径、流变性质和微观结构具有显著的影响。油滴尺寸的减小和乳液粘度的增加可能是改善低盐肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的主要原因。当柑橘纤维浓度为4.5%时,乳液稳定性表现最好。总之,柑橘纤维对稳定水包油型乳液可能是一种有效的乳化剂,有望在乳化型肉制品行业发挥潜在的应用。然而,柑橘纤维吸水能力强,继续增加乳液中的柑橘纤维浓度会使得溶液非常粘稠。另外,柑橘纤维在乳化型肉制品中的实际应用还未研究,未来的研究将聚焦柑橘纤维在乳化型肉制品中的实际应用。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120255
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
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    1南京晓庄学院食品科学学院,江苏南京 211171
    2安徽省药品审评查验中心,安徽合肥 230041
    3南京农业大学生命科学学院,江苏南京 210095

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秦春(1981−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:植物原食品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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